PROTECTED AREAS IN ANDALUSIA
The impact of information, communication and artificial intelligence technologies on their protection and conservation
COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO DE LA EDITORIAL TIRANT LO BLANCH
María José Añón Roig
Catedrática de Filosofía del Derecho de la Universidad de Valencia
Ana Cañizares Laso
Catedrática de Derecho Civil de la Universidad de Málaga
Jorge A. Cerdio Herrán
Catedrático de Teoría y Filosofía de Derecho.
Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México
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Catedrática de Derecho Penal de la Universidad Jaume I de Castellón
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Eduardo Ferrer Mac-Gregor Poisot
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José Antonio García-Cruces González
Catedrático de Derecho Mercantil de la UNED
José Luis González Cussac
Catedrático de Derecho Penal de la Universidad de Valencia
Luis López Guerra
Catedrático de Derecho Constitucional de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Ángel M. López y López
Catedrático de Derecho Civil de la Universidad de Sevilla
Marta Lorente Sariñena
Catedrática de Historia del Derecho de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Javier de Lucas Martín
Catedrático de Filosofía del Derecho y Filosofía Política de la Universidad de Valencia
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Francisco Muñoz Conde
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Angelika Nussberger
Catedrática de Derecho Constitucional e Internacional en la Universidad de Colonia (Alemania)
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Héctor Olasolo Alonso
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Presidente del Instituto Ibero-Americano de La Haya (Holanda)
Luciano Parejo Alfonso
Catedrático de Derecho Administrativo de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Consuelo Ramón Chornet
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Público y Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad de Valencia
Tomás Sala Franco
Catedrático de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social de la Universidad de Valencia
Ignacio Sancho Gargallo
Magistrado de la Sala Primera (Civil) del Tribunal Supremo de España
Elisa Speckmann Guerra
Directora del Instituto de Investigaciones
Históricas de la UNAM
Ruth Zimmerling
Catedrática de Ciencia Política de la Universidad de Mainz (Alemania)
Fueron miembros de este Comité:
Emilio Beltrán Sánchez, Rosario Valpuesta Fernández y Tomás S. Vives Antón
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PROTECTED AREAS IN ANDALUSIA
The impact of information, communication and artificial intelligence technologies on their protection and conservation
Editors
DIEGO J. VERA JURADO
Full Professor of Administrative Law
University of Málaga
ELSA MARINA ÁLVAREZ GONZÁLEZ
Tenured professor of Administrative Law
University of Málaga
tirant lo blanch
Valencia, 2023
Copyright ® 2023
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En caso de erratas y actualizaciones, la Editorial Tirant lo Blanch publicará la pertinente corrección en la página web www.tirant.com.
UNIQUE KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER PROJECT
CAMPUS OF INTERNATIONAL EXCELLENCE, ANDALUCÍA TECH. INNOVATIVE ECOSYSTEM WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR ANDALUSIA 2025.
Research and innovation strategy for the smart specialization of Andalusia (RIS3) under the ERDF Operational Programme for Andalusia 20142020, within measure A1122062E0. ‘Smart Protected Areas in Andalusia’ CEIATECH-20.
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DEPÓSITO LEGAL: V-1002-2023
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© Diego J. Vera Jurado Elsa Marina Álvarez González
Authors
ALI AHMAD
Professor of Plant Physiology, University of Granada
ELSA MARINA ÁLVAREZ GONZÁLEZ
Tenured professor, University of Málaga
JUAN MANUEL AYLLÓN GONZÁLEZ
Tenured professor, University of Málaga
FRANCISCO CHICANO GARCÍA
Tenured professor, University of Málaga
YOLANDA GARCÍA CALVENTE
Full Professor of Financial and Tax Law, University of Málaga
MARÍA VANESSA MARTOS NUÑEZ
Tenured professor, University of Granada
MANUEL MORENO LINDE
Assistant Professor of Administrative Law, University of Málaga
ESTHER RANDO BURGOS
Assistant Professor of Administrative Law, University of Málaga
REMEDIOS ZAMORA ROSELLÓ
Tenured professor, University of Málaga
Contents List of abbreviations ................................................................................. 17 Chapter 1 Protected areas. Artificial intelligence and a new scenario of solutions DIEGO J. VERA JURADO I. A general approach to the situation ....................................................... 21 II. Possible solutions for some shortcomings in protected areas. With special reference to the Autonomous Community of Andalusia ........ 23 Part I Natural Areas, AI and Regulations Chapter 2 Smart protected areas: concept and areas of action JUAN MANUEL AYLLÓN GONZÁLEZ I. Introduction .......................................................................................... 31 II. The concept of a smart protected area ................................................. 32 III. Applying ICTs to gain better knowledge of the natural values of the protected area ..................................................................................... 35 IV. ICT and tourism in protected areas ..................................................... 40 V. The use of ICTs for monitoring and controlling protected areas ........... 49 VI. The use of ICTs in relief and rescue work ........................................... 53 VII. ICTs for the operational management of protected areas ................... 56 VIII. E-government in PAs ........................................................................ 60 IX. Safeguards for the use of ICT in PAs 61 X. Conclusion .......................................................................................... 65 References ................................................................................................ 67
10 Contents Chapter 3 Smart protected areas as an instrument to achieve SDGs. Developments at the international, European and national levels ELSA MARINA ÁLVAREZ GONZÁLEZ I. Introduction .......................................................................................... 71 II. Smart PAs and SDGs ............................................................................ 74 III. At the international level ..................................................................... 76 1. Actions implemented by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 76 2. Actions implemented by private initiative.................................. 78 3. Cross-border public-private cooperation actions ....................... 81 4. Other initiatives ........................................................................ 84 IV. At the European level .......................................................................... 85 1. Actions in the European Union: Green Europe .......................... 85 1.1 European Green Deal 85 1.2. European Climate Law ....................................... 88 1.3. EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 ....................... 91 1.4. EU Forest Strategy for 2030................................ 95 2. The role of new technologies ..................................................... 96 V. On a national scale............................................................................... 97 1. New technologies in national parks .......................................... 97 2. Specific actions in some autonomous communities .................... 101 2.1 Andalusia ............................................................ 101 2.2 Castile-La Mancha .............................................. 101 2.3 Galicia ................................................................. 102 2.4 Valencia ............................................................... 102 References ................................................................................................ 103 Chapter 4 E-government and smart protected areas JUAN MANUEL AYLLÓN GONZÁLEZ I. Introduction .......................................................................................... 105 II. The implementation of e-government in the management of PAs in Andalusia 106 1. An electronic office for Andalusian environmental administration . 106
11 Contents 2. The right of citizens to interact with administrations using electronic means and electronic records in the Andalusian environmental administration ............................................... 114 3. Electronic notifications in Andalusian environmental administration 118 4. The electronic processing of administrative procedures ............. 120 5. Citizen folders 122 III. Transparency of the Andalusian environmental administration in PA management ....................................................................................... 123 1. General electronic access points of public administrations as vehicles for transparency, and transparency portals............... 123 2. The active right of access to environmental information in Andalusia 126 3. The active right to environmental information as applied to PAs in Andalusia ................................................................... 131 4. Strengthening environmental information in the National Parks Network ...................................................................... 137 5. The incorporation of geographic information into the Land Registry ................................................................................ 140 IV. E-government initiatives to improve PA administration in Andalusia .. 141 V. PA authorizations, automated administrative procedures and artificial intelligence ......................................................................................... 143 VI. Regulatory reforms in the legal system of PAs in Andalusia to achieve better e-government ............................................................................ 150 VII. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 153 References ................................................................................................ 154 Chapter 5 The value of ICTs to effectively coordinate the protection of natural areas: mitigating the discrepancies between territorial and environmental planning ESTHER RANDO BURGOS I. Introduction .......................................................................................... 159 II. Regulatory framework of reference. Focus on Andalucia ..................... 161 III. Protection as the shared objective of environmental and territorial planning ............................................................................................. 164 1. Protected Area Planning in Andalusia ....................................... 164 2. Environmental protection as a territorial planning objective ..... 167 A. European frame of reference ................................. 167 B. Protection through territorial planning in Andalusia 169
Towards smart, creative tourism in protected areas: from destruction to protection
12 Contents IV. An overview of the situation regarding natural resources planning and territorial planning in Andalusia ......................................................... 170 1. Environmental planning in Andalusia ....................................... 170 2. Territorial planning in Andalusia............................................... 176 A. The Territorial Heritage System of the POTA ........ 176 B. Territorial protection in Sub-regional Territorial Management Plans ...................................... 180 V. Shortcomings in the coordination between areas protected by environmental planning and territorial planning, and the usefulness of ICTs .. 185 VI. Conclusion ......................................................................................... 193 References ................................................................................................ 195 Chapter 6 Citizen participation in smart protected areas. The current situation and some proposals MANUEL MORENO LINDE I. Introduction .......................................................................................... 197 II. Governance, citizen participation and new technologies ...................... 198 III. Citizen participation in smart protected areas 202 IV. Functional and organic participation in protected areas ...................... 208 1. Functional participation: public hearing and information procedures ......................................................................... 209 2. Participatory bodies: a critical view........................................... 212 V. New participation tools........................................................................ 216 1. Participatory processes regulated in the new laws on citizen participation ......................................................................... 216 2. Innovative resources for smart citizen participation .................. 223 VI. Conclusion ......................................................................................... 226 References ................................................................................................ 229 Other resources ........................................................................................ 230 Chapter 7
MARÍA REMEDIOS ZAMORA ROSELLÓ I. Introduction .......................................................................................... 233
13 Contents II. Visitors to smart PAs: in search of nature ............................................. 236 III. Tourism’s technological footprint: the environmental impact, data and digital disconnection ........................................................................... 238 3.1. The environmental impact of technology on protected areas ............................................ 239 3.2. The data footprint .............................................. 241 3.3. Digital disconnection in a smart PA .................... 243 IV. Regional planning framework: the General Plan for the Sustainable Tourism of Andalusia – Meta 2027 .................................................... 246 V. Sustainable tourist destinations ............................................................ 251 VI. Smart tourist destinations: adapting the model to PAs ........................ 253 6.1 Smart natural areas in the Valencian Community 257 VII. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 259 References ................................................................................................ 261 Chapter 8 Smart protected areas: developments and prospects in the framework of environmental taxation YOLANDA GARCÍA CALVENTE 1. Introduction. Environmental taxation as an instrument to develop protected areas ................................................................................ 265 I. Smart protected areas as an object of environmental taxation ............... 269 1.1 On the existence of an adequate conceptual definition of the concept of protected areas and smart protected areas ........... 270 1.2 On the existence of an adequate legal framework ................... 270 II. The harm and benefits of a PA tax incentive in light of the equality principle ............................................................................................. 272 III. Concrete measures to encourage smart PAs through state revenue and public expenditure .............................................................................. 273 IV. Conclusion .......................................................................................... 275
The application of novel technologies for the sustainability of
14 Contents Part II AI and big data technologies applied to protected areas Chapter 9
ALI AHMAD MARÍA VANESSA MARTOS NUÑEZ I. Introduction .......................................................................................... 279 II. Improved mental health ....................................................................... 281 III. Economic values ................................................................................. 282 IV. Applications of new technologies ........................................................ 284 4.1 Remote Sensing (RS) ............................................................... 284 4.2 Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) ............................................. 288 4.3 Satellites 289 4.4 Sensors .................................................................................... 291 4.5 Wireless sensor technologies ................................................... 292 4.6 Artificial Intelligence (AI) ........................................................ 294 4.7 AI cloud applications .............................................................. 296 4.8 Big Data Analysis .................................................................... 298 4.9 Decision Support Systems (DSS) ............................................. 298 4.10 Internet of Things (IoT) ........................................................ 299 4.11 Cloud computing .................................................................. 300 4.12 Mobile computing ................................................................ 301 4.13 Robots .................................................................................. 302 4.14 5G Technology ...................................................................... 302 V. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 303 References ................................................................................................ 303 Chapter 10 Artificial intelligence for protected areas FRANCISCO CHICANO GARCÍA I. Introduction .......................................................................................... 311 II. Artificial intelligence techniques 312 1. Expert system techniques .......................................................... 313 2. Optimization techniques ........................................................... 313
natural parks
15 Contents A. Iterated Local Search (ILS) .................................... 315 B. Evolutionary Algorithm ......................................... 317 3. Regression techniques ............................................................... 318 A. Multiple linear regression ...................................... 319 B. Random forests ..................................................... 320 4. Classification techniques 321 A. K-nearest neighbors............................................... 321 B. Neural networks .................................................... 321 C. Support vector machines ....................................... 323 III. Artificial intelligence initiatives for the environment ........................... 325 1. The opportunities AI offers for the environment ....................... 326 2. Initiatives applying AI to support the environment 327 IV. Examples of AI to protect natural spaces ............................................ 328 1. Land surface protection ............................................................ 328 2. Crop protection and improvement ............................................ 329 3. Prevention of natural disasters .................................................. 330 4. Monitoring and protecting biodiversity..................................... 331 5. Monitoring and reducing pollution ........................................... 332 V. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 333 References ................................................................................................ 334
List of abbreviations
AI Artificial Intelligence
Decree 347/2011
Decree 622/2019
Spanish Decree 347/2011, of November 22, which regulates the structure and operation of the Andalusian Environmental Information Network and access to environmental information [Spanish: Decreto 347/2011, de 22 de noviembre, por el que se regula la estructura y funcionamiento de la Red de Información Ambiental de Andalucía y el acceso a la información ambiental]
Spanish Decree 622/2019, of December 27, on Electronic Administration, simplification of procedures and organizational streamlining of the Regional Government of Andalusia [Spanish: Decreto 622/2019, de 27 de diciembre, de Administración electrónica, simplificación de procedimientos y racionalización organizativa de la Junta de Andalucía]
EU European Union
GICA
Spanish Law 7/2007, of July 9, on Integrated Management of Environmental Quality in Andalusia [Spanish: Ley 7/2007, de 9 de julio, de Gestión Integrada de la Calidad Ambiental de Andalucía]
GSA General State Administration
ICT Information and Communication Technology
IoT Internet of Things
IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature
Law 27/2006
Spanish Law 27/2006, of 18 July, regulating the rights of access to information, public participation and access to justice in environmental matters [Spanish: Ley 27/2006, de 18 de julio, por la que se regulan los derechos de acceso a la información, de participación pública y de acceso a la justicia en materia de medio ambiente]
LISIGE
Spanish Law 14/2010, of 5 July, on Infrastructures and Geographic Information Services in Spain [Spanish: Ley 14/2010, de 5 de julio, sobre las infraestructuras y los servicios de información geográfica en España]
LPAC
Spanish Law 39/2015, of 1 October, on Common Administrative Procedure [Spanish: Ley 39/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Procedimiento Administrativo Común]
LPN
LPNB
LPCA
Spanish Law 30/2014, of 3 December, on National Parks [Spanish: Ley 30/2014, de 3 de diciembre, de Parques Nacionales]
Spanish Law on Natural Heritage and Biodiversity [Spanish: Ley Patrimonio Natural y de la Biodiversidad]
Spanish Citizen Participation Law of Andalusia [Spanish: Ley Participación Ciudadana de Andalucía]
LRJSP
Spanish Law 40/2015 of 1 October, on the Legal Regime of the Public Sector [Spanish: Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público]
PA Protected Area
PORN
Spanish Natural Resource Management Plans [Spanish: Planes de Ordenación de los Recursos Naturales]
POTA Andalusian Land Management Plan [Spanish: Plan de Ordenación Territorial de Andalucía]
PRUG
RD 203/2021
Uses and Management Master Plan [Spanish: Planes Rectores de Uso y Gestión]
Spanish Royal Decree 203/2021, of March 30, approving the regulation on the performance and functioning of the public sector by electronic means [Spanish: Real Decreto 203/2021, de 30 de marzo, por el que se regula el Reglamento de actuación y funcionamiento del sector público por medios electrónicos ]
REDIAM Andalusian Environmental Information Network [Spanish: Red de Información Ambiental de Andalucía]
18
RENPA Network of Protected Areas of Andalusia [Spanish: Red de Espacios Naturales Protegidos de Andalucía]
SAA Statute of Autonomy of Andalusia
SAC Special Area of Conservation
SC The Spanish Constitution of 1978
SDGs Sustainable Development Goals
SPAs Special Protection Area for Birds
19
List of abbreviations
