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INTERNATIONAL LAW OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO DE LA EDITORIAL TIRANT LO BLANCH María José Añón Roig

Marta Lorente Sariñena

Ana Cañizares Laso

Javier de Lucas Martín

Catedrática de Filosofía del Derecho de la Universidad de Valencia Catedrática de Derecho Civil de la Universidad de Málaga

Jorge A. Cerdio Herrán

Catedrático de Teoría y Filosofía de Derecho. Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México

José Ramón Cossío Díaz

Ministro en retiro de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación y miembro de El Colegio Nacional

María Luisa Cuerda Arnau

Catedrática de Derecho Penal de la Universidad Jaume I de Castellón

Carmen Domínguez Hidalgo

Catedrática de Derecho Civil de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Eduardo Ferrer Mac-Gregor Poisot

Juez de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos Investigador del Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM

Owen Fiss

Catedrático emérito de Teoría del Derecho de la Universidad de Yale (EEUU)

José Antonio García-Cruces González

Catedrático de Derecho Mercantil de la UNED

José Luis González Cussac

Catedrático de Derecho Penal de la Universidad de Valencia

Luis López Guerra

Catedrático de Derecho Constitucional de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

Ángel M. López y López

Catedrático de Derecho Civil de la Universidad de Sevilla

Catedrática de Historia del Derecho de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Catedrático de Filosofía del Derecho y Filosofía Política de la Universidad de Valencia

Víctor Moreno Catena

Catedrático de Derecho Procesal de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

Francisco Muñoz Conde

Catedrático de Derecho Penal de la Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla

Angelika Nussberger

Catedrática de Derecho Constitucional e Internacional en la Universidad de Colonia (Alemania) Miembro de la Comisión de Venecia

Héctor Olasolo Alonso

Catedrático de Derecho Internacional de la Universidad del Rosario (Colombia) y Presidente del Instituto Ibero-Americano de La Haya (Holanda)

Luciano Parejo Alfonso

Catedrático de Derecho Administrativo de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

Consuelo Ramón Chornet

Catedrática de Derecho Internacional Público y Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad de Valencia

Tomás Sala Franco

Catedrático de Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social de la Universidad de Valencia

Ignacio Sancho Gargallo

Magistrado de la Sala Primera (Civil) del Tribunal Supremo de España

Elisa Speckmann Guerra

Directora del Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas de la UNAM

Ruth Zimmerling

Catedrática de Ciencia Política de la Universidad de Mainz (Alemania) Fueron miembros de este Comité: Emilio Beltrán Sánchez, Rosario Valpuesta Fernández y Tomás S. Vives Antón Procedimiento de selección de originales, ver página web: www.tirant.net/index.php/editorial/procedimiento-de-seleccion-de-originales

INTERNATIONAL LAW OF CULTURAL HERITAGE: Illicit Trafficking Of Cultural Goods

ANAUENE DIAS SOARES

tirant lo blanch Valencia, 2023

Copyright ® 2023 Todos los derechos reservados. Ni la totalidad ni parte de este libro puede reproducirse o transmitirse por ningún procedimiento electrónico o mecánico, incluyendo fotocopia, grabación magnética, o cualquier almacenamiento de información y sistema de recuperación sin permiso escrito de los autores y del editor. En caso de erratas y actualizaciones, la Editorial Tirant lo Blanch publicará la pertinente corrección en la página web www.tirant.com.

© TIRANT LO BLANCH EDITA: TIRANT LO BLANCH C/ Artes Gráficas, 14 - 46010 - Valencia TELFS.: 96/361 00 48 - 50 FAX: 96/369 41 51 Email: tlb@tirant.com www.tirant.com Librería virtual: www.tirant.es ISBN: 978-84-1197-465-3 MAQUETA: Analu Brettas Si tiene alguna queja o sugerencia, envíenos un mail a: atencioncliente@tirant.com. En caso de no ser atendida su sugerencia, por favor, lea en www.tirant.net/index.php/empresa/politicas-de-empresa nuestro procedimiento de quejas. Responsabilidad Social Corporativa: http://www.tirant.net/Docs/RSCTirant.pd

“[…] no experience was meaningless: the smallest happening unveils itself as destiny.” Letters to a young poet, Raine Marie Rilke

To my beloved nephews, Rafaela and Samuel.

I thank the tireless patience of my loved ones, my family: Pretuxinha, Zizico e Nanzinho. To my friend, archeologist Prof. Dr. Rossano Bastos, for the attention and dedication during the process of defining this work. To my friend and professor, a man of vast knowledge, creator of questions and uncertainty, Prof. Dr. Renato Kirchner. To my dear friend, Jefferson Martins, for motivating me to question my studies in this tireless search for a little bit of knowledge. To my friend Gabriel Hattori, for always being on my side. To my friend Márcio Yonamine, for just being with me. To my friends and masters, Buti e Musa, for always making my choices and artistic doings difficult. To many friends, always remembered, who I couldn`t name. To Radiohead, Tom Waits, Bob Dylan, Jaco Pastorius and Charles Mingus for the moments of disquiet and pleasure To Sokurov, Kore-eda, Bergman, Godard and Fellini for the perception and apprehension of colors, music and art movement. To certain artists, for always contributing with my artistic production, to whom I don’t give back with this book.

SUMARY LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS....................................................

LIST OF IMAGES...................................................................................................

LIST OF CHARTS AND FRAMES.........................................................................

PRESENTATION....................................................................................................

Rossano Lopes Bastos

PREFACE.................................................................................................................

Lucas Lixinski

PROLOGUE............................................................................................................

PART I CHAPTER 1 CULTURAL HERITAGE.........................................................................................

Multiple faces of cultural heritage...................................................................................

Building cultural heritage and patrimony as a legally protected good..............................

Brazilian cultural heritage and patrimony.......................................................................

Cultural property and heritage in the conventions on illegal trafficking of cultural goods..............................................................................................................................

Special legal regulation of archeological artifacts and sites...............................................

CHAPTER 2 ILLICIT TRAFFICKING OF CULTURAL HERITAGE.........................................

Historical outlines..........................................................................................................

Preventing and fighting the illegal trafficking of cultural goods.......................................

CHAPTER 3 INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE FIGHT AGAINST ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING OF CULTURAL GOODS IN TIMES OF WAR.......................................................

The Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its Protocols of 1954 and 1997..................................................................

“El Cristiano” Case, Brasil vs. Paraguay..........................................................................

The humanitarian nature of the protection of cultural heritage.......................................

United Nations Security Council Resolution 2347.........................................................

Timbuktu Case, Mali.....................................................................................................

CHAPTER 4 INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE FIGHT AGAINST ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING OF CULTURAL GOODS IN TIMES OF PEACE...................................................

The Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property of 1970................................................

Equador vs. Italy Case....................................................................................................

Case Peru vs. Germany...................................................................................................

The UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Objects of 1995..............

Good faith, lex origins and lex situs in the international transactions of cultural heritage..........................................................................................................................

Winkworth v. Christie, Manson & Woods Ltd. Case.....................................................

UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage of 2001......

Lighthouse of Alexandria Case, Alexandria, Egypt..........................................................

Tek Sing Case, South China Sea.....................................................................................

Elizabeth and Mary Case (Phips Fleet), Baie-Tinité, Canada..........................................

CHAPTER 5 REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN SOUTH AMERICA AND THE FIGHT AGAINST THE ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING OF CULTURAL GOODS..................

MERCOSUR.................................................................................................................

100

UNASUR......................................................................................................................

104

MERCOSUR-UNASUR cooperation in the prevention and fighting of illegal trafficking of cultural goods.............................................................................................................

105

Argentina.......................................................................................................................

108

Paraguay.........................................................................................................................

112

Uruguay.........................................................................................................................

113

Argentina vs. Paraguay Case...........................................................................................

115

Argentina vs. Peru Case..................................................................................................

115

CHAPTER 6 CULTURAL HERITAGE PROTECTION IN BRAZILIAN LAW...........................

117

Brazilian Cultural Heritage: protected legal good in the administrative scope.................

124

Legal heritage: a legal good protected in the penal sphere...............................................

128

Protection of underwater cultural heritage in Brazil........................................................

134

PART II BANCO SANTOS CASE..........................................................................................

138

The process of forming a collection: the Cid Collection, the Banco Santos Cultural Institute and the private collection of Edemar Cid Ferreira.............................................

139

The archaeological collection of the Banco Santos Cultural Institute according to documents and files........................................................................................................

149

Incompatibility around the constitution of the collection and international and national regulations of illegal trafficking of archaeological cultural heritage..................................

206

REFERENCES.........................................................................................................

212

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CODEPOC

General Coordination of Research and Documentation (Coordenação Geral de Pesquisa e Documentação)

DELEMAPH

Police Office for Repression of Crimes against the Environment and Historical Heritage (Delegacias de Repressão ao Crime contra o Meio Ambiente e Patrimônio Histórico)

FBI

Federal Bureau of Investigation (Escritório Federal de Investigação)

ICBS

Santos Bank Cultural Institute (Instituto Cultural Banco Santos)

ICOM

International Council of Museums (Conselho Internacional dos Museus)

IEB

Institutes for Brazilian Studies (Institutos de Estudos Brasileiros)

INTERPOL

International Criminal Police Organization (Organização Internacional de Polícia Criminal)

IPHAN

Institute for the National Historical and Artistic Heritage (Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional)

MAE

Museum of Archeology and Ethnology of the University of São Paulo (Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo)

MAC

Museum of Contemporary Art of the University of São Paulo (Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo)

Ipiranga Museum (Museu do Ipiranga)

MERCOSUL

Southern Common Market (Mercado Comum do Sul)

Superintendence of IPHAN

STF

Supreme Federal Tribunal of Brazil or Supreme Federal Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal) Highest Federal Court

STJ

Superior Tribunal or Court of Justice (Superior Tribunal de Justiça) Second highest federal court

UNASUL

Union of South American Nations (União das Nações Sul-Americanas)

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura)

UNIDROIT

International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (Instituto Internacional para a Unificação do Direito Privado)

LIST OF IMAGES

Image 1 - Map of relevant thefts of books registered since 2003. Source: Folha de São Paulo, 21.01.2014

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Image 2-ordinance n.228/2002, n.2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 55.

case

141

Image 3 - Publishing of ordinance n.228/2002, from IPHAN, in the Official Diary. Source: Source: Criminal federal case n.2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 56.

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Image 4 -page 289 of the catalogue of the exhibition “Before - the stories of prehistory”. Source: Criminal federal case n.2005.61.81.900396-6.

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Image 5 - Listing and evaluation of existing works at Mr. Edemar Cid Ferreira’s residence in São Paulo, state capital, 2005. Source: Appendix n. 01, from federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, pg. 02.

150

Image 6 - Listing and evaluation of existing works at Mr. Edemar Cid Ferreira’s residence in São Paulo, state capital, from 2005. Source: Appendix n. 01, from federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 03.

151

Image 7 - Listing and evaluation of archaeological goods existing in the residence of Mr. Edemar Cid Ferreira in São Paulo, state capital, 2005. Source: Appendix n. 01, from federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 08.

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Image 8 -Listing and evaluation of archaeological goods existing in the residence of Mr. Edemar Cid Ferreira in São Paulo, state capital, 2005. Source: Appendix n. 01, from federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 09.

152

Image 9 - Listing and evaluation of archaeological goods existing in the residence of Mr. Edemar Cid Ferreira in São Paulo, state capital, 2005. Source: Appendix n. 01, from federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 10.

153

Image 10 - Listing and evaluation of archaeological goods existing in the residence of Mr. Edemar Cid Ferreira in São Paulo, state capital, 2005. Source: Appendix n. 01, from federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 11.

153

Image 11 - Listing and evaluation of ethnological goods existing in the residence of Mr. Edemar Cid Ferreira in São Paulo, state capital, 2005. Source: Appendix n. 01, from federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 104.

154

Image 12 - Listing and evaluation of ethnological goods existing in the residence of Mr. Edemar Cid Ferreira in São Paulo, state capital, 2005. Source: Appendix n. 01, from federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 105.

154

Image 13 - Listing and evaluation of ethnological goods existing in the residence of Mr. Edemar Cid Ferreira in São Paulo, state capital, 2005. Source: Appendix n. 01, from federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 106.

155

Image 14 - Listing and evaluation of ethnological goods existing in the residence of Mr. Edemar Cid Ferreira in São Paulo, state capital, 2005. Source: Appendix n. 01, from federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 107.

155

Image 15 - Cover of the catalog of the “ Brésil Indien ” exhibition, held in Paris in 2005. Source: Annex III, of Appendix nº 04, of the federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

157

Image 16 - Work from the “Brésil Indien” exhibition catalog, held in Paris in 2005. Source: Appendix III, Appendix n. 04, of federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

157

Image 17 - List of the goods in the “Brésil Indien” exhibition held in Paris in 2005. Source: Annex I, of Appendix nº 04, of the federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 03.

158

from

IPHAN.

Source:

Criminal

federal

Anauene Dias Soares

Image 18 - List of the goods in the “Brésil Indien” exhibition held in Paris in 2005.Source: Appendix I, of Appendix n. 04, of federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p.04.

159

Image 19 - List of the goods in the “Brésil Indien” exhibition held in Paris in 2005. Source: Annex I, of Appendix n. 04, of the federal criminal case nº 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 05.

159

Image 20- List of the goods in the “Brésil Indien” exhibition held in Paris in 2005. Source: Annex I, of Appendix n. 04, of the federal criminal case nº 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 06.

160

Image 21 - List of the goods in the “Brésil Indien” exhibition held in Paris in 2005. Source: Annex I, of Appendix nº 04, of the federal criminal case nº 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 07.

160

Image 22 - List of the goods in the “Brésil Indien” exhibition held in Paris in 2005. Source: Annex I, of Appendix nº 04, of the federal criminal case nº 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 08.

161

Image 23 - List of the goods in the “Brésil Indien” exhibition held in Paris in 2005. Source: Annex I, of Appendix nº 04, of the federal criminal case nº 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 09.

161

Image 24 - Request for authorization from IPHAN for international transit of the goods for the “Brésil Indien” exhibition held in Paris in 2005. Source: Annex IV, of Appendix n. 04, of the federal criminal process nº 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 18.

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Image 25 - Request for authorization from IPHAN for international transit of the works of the “Brésil Indien” exhibition held in Paris in 2005. Source: Annex IV, of Appendix n. 04, of the federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 19.

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Image 26 - List of goods from the collection of the Banco Santos Cultural Institute (ICBS) and the Cid Collection borrowed for the “Before - the stories of prehistory” exhibition. Source: Annex V, of Appendix n.04, of federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 21.

163

Image 27 - List of goods from the collection of the Banco Santos Cultural Institute (ICBS) and the Cid Collection borrowed for the “Before - the stories of prehistory” exhibition. Source: Annex V, of Appendix n. 04, of federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 22.

164

Image 28 - List of goods from the collection of the Banco Santos Cultural Institute (ICBS) and the Cid Collection borrowed for the “Before - the stories of prehistory” exhibition. Source: Annex V, of Appendix n.04, of federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 23.

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Image 29 - List of goods from the collection of the Banco Santos Cultural Institute (ICBS) and the Cid Collection borrowed for the “Before - the stories of prehistory” exhibition. Source: Annex V, of Appendix n.04, of federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 24.

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Image 30- List of goods from the collection of the Banco Santos Cultural Institute (ICBS) and the Cid Collection borrowed for the “Before - the stories of prehistory” exhibition. Source: Annex V, of Appendix n.04, of federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 25.

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Image 31 - Loan and lending form for the “Before - The stories of prehistory” exhibition. Source: Annex V, of Appendix n. 04, of federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6, p. 26.

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Image 32 - Cover of the catalog of the “Before - The stories of prehistory” exhibition. Source: Annex VI, of Appendix n. 04, of federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

167

Image 33 - Map of the catalog indicating the regions of origin of the works of the “Before - The stories of prehistory” exhibition.” Source: Annex VI, of Appendix n. 04, of federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

167

Image 34 - Catalogue COVER of the exhibition “The writing of memory”. Source: Annex XII, of Appendix n.4, of the case file n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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Image 35 - Clay tablet, from 2100 BC, of cuneiform writing, from Mesopotamia, part of the exhibition “The Writing of Memory”. Source: Portal dos Condomínio website.

170

Image 36 - Quipu, three-dimensional writing Maia, part of the exhibition “The Writing of Memory”. Source: Portal dos Condomínio website.

170

Image 37 - 4 Mayan artifacts of pre-Hispanic manufacture from the exhibition “The writing of memory”.Source: Technical Information n. 18/2005 -COPEDOC-, of the federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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International Law Of Cultural Heritage: Illicit Trafficking Of Cultural Goods

Image 38 - Images of the transferal and packaging of the pieces at the residence of Edemar Cid Ferreira to the Museum of Archeology and Ethnology at the University of São Paulo (MAE / USP). Source: Appendix n. 05, of federal criminal process n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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Image 39 - Images of transferal and storing of the artifacts parts at Edemar Cid Ferreira’s residence to MAE / USP. Source: Appendix n. 05, of federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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Image 40 - Images of transferal and storing of the artifacts parts at Edemar Cid Ferreira’s residence to MAE / USP. Source: Appendix n. 05, of federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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Image 41 - Physical spaces for keeping collections at Edemar Cid Ferreira’s residence. Source: Appendix n. 05, from federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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Image 42 - Inventories conducted by MAE / USP on the ICBS collection, the Cid Collection and the private collection of Edemar Cid Ferreira. Source: Federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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Image 43 - Inventory of the Brazilian archaeological collection of ICBS made by MAE / USP. Source: Appendix nº 05, from federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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Image 44 - Inventory of the Brazilian archaeological collection of ICBS made by MAE / USP. Source: Appendix n. 05, from federal criminal image n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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Image 45 - Inventory of the Brazilian archaeological collection of ICBS made by MAE / USP. Source: Appendix n. 05, from federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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Figure 46 - Inventory of the ICBS ethnographic ceramic collection made by MAE / USP. Source: Appendix 1, Appendix N. 07, of federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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Image 47 - Inventory of the ICBS ethnographic ceramic collection made by MAE / USP. Source: Appendix 1, Appendix N. 07, of federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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Image 48 - Inventory of the ICBS ethnographic ceramic collection made by MAE / USP. Source: Appendix I, of Appendix n. 01, of federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.9000396-6.

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Image 49 - Inventory of the ethnographic ceramic collection of ICBS made by MAE / USP. Source: Appendix I, of Appendix n. 01, of federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.9000396-6.

200

Image 50 - Inventory of the non-Brazilian archaeological collection of ICBS made by MAE / USP. Source: Annex 2, Appendix no. 07, federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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Image 51 - Inventory of the non-Brazilian archaeological collection of ICBS made by MAE / USP. Source: Annex 2, Appendix no. 07, federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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Image 52 - Inventory of the non-Brazilian ethnographic collection of ICBS made by MAE / USP. Source: Annex 3, Appendix no. 07, federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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Image 53 - Inventory of the non-Brazilian ethnographic collection of ICBS made by MAE / USP. Source: Annex 3, Appendix no. 07, federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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Image 54 - Inventory of the non-Brazilian ethnographic collection of ICBS made by MAE / USP. Source: Annex 3, Appendix no. 07, federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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Image 55 - Inventory of the non-Brazilian ethnographic collection of ICBS made by MAE / USP. Source: Annex 3, Appendix no. 07, federal criminal case n. 2005.61.81.900396-6.

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LIST OF CHARTS AND FRAMES Frame 1 - Chart II - Total of the archeological collections kept at ICBS

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Frame 2 - Chart III - Objects, sets of objects and fragments deposited at the Instituto Cultural Banco Santos, SP listed by IPHAN on 16-17/02/2005.

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Frame 3 - Summary chart from Chart III.

190

Frame 4 - Chart IV - artifacts lent by ICBS to MAG +cultural network to appear in the exhibition BEFORE.

191

PRESENTATION I am tasked here with presenting this work that discusses international law in relation to cultural heritage, specifically the issues related to the illegal trafficking of cultural goods. It is not easy to adhere to such a task, once one considers that the subject many times gets mistaken as our work as archeologist in the Institute for the National Historical and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN), that took part for several times in the procedures related to the Banco Santos collection, which is described in the second part of the book. However, let us present this work and hope that the expert public receives it with respect, and in it that they may see a warning to all on how cultural heritage can be used and misused, including in money laundering, in the production of a cultural sub citizenship. I met the author, Anauene Dias Soares, in 2011, when she was special student in the master course on Social Change and Political Participation at the University of São Paulo (USP), where I gave a lecture on the protection of cultural heritage. From that moment on, I have followed with joy the dedication towards the protection of cultural heritage that I believe I awoke in her. Recently (2015), I took part in her master’s evaluation board on the same subject, an in-depth and very well conducted work, of impact. Her work, that I now present, starts from that point and solidifies with other examples that are very well attributed in the text. If I had to define in one word the author’s qualities, it would be brave. I could not avoid mentioning that our first encounter in the fine arts course at USP her interest for the Banco Santos collection of cultural goods was immediate, and that since then she dedicated part of her academic production to understand how the intricate world of arts and its commerce works, as well as the illicit trafficking of cultural goods in Brazil. With this, she focused in documents scattered through several places, IPHAN, Museum of Archeology and Ethnology of USP, the Vara da Fazenda (Court of matters linked to the Treasury), the Federal Criminal Court, to then create this document that now comes filled of information, questions and many remarks about what are Law, heritage, cultural goods and the several agents that deal with and act in the handling of cultural goods, be it protected, catalogued, listed as heritage and safeguarded.

Anauene Dias Soares

The discussion that the author brings comes from the elucidation, both historical and philosophical, of the conception of cultural goods and heritage. It introduces with accuracy the discussion of cultural property versus individual property. Overall, the discussion between common law and civil law, enriching the debate on the matter. Her work goes through national and international legal regulation that deal with the protection and illicit trafficking of cultural goods and with cultural and archeological heritage. It shows this emphatically, specially in the evaluation of infra constitutional text that affect in a decisive fashion, or tangent, the sphere of Brazilian cultural goods and heritage. The dive in this work takes the reader to many thoughts, amongst them, some of legal order, others of philosophical order and some yet in the cultural sphere, unfolding in the conception of cultural identity, belonging and nation. Inside this, in the legal aspect, the text conducts towards the identification of the need of betterment of national legislation on illegal trafficking of cultural goods. On the other side, it draws attention to cultural, archeological, artistic and ethnographic richness, allowing us to believe that this portion constituted by such cultural goods of social reach deserve a qualified attention, a socially including one, that can be constituted in a form of cultural alphabetization. It is useful to say that from now on the theme in debate, illegal trafficking of cultural goods, will not be able to be discussed without the ideas in this work. It explores notions such as the principle of good-faith and the elements of connection of the lex origins. And lex situs, that are intimately linked to the illicit trafficking of cultural goods and its restitutions and returns to the expropriated or original country. Having said this, I hope that all of those that go over this subject can have in this work a contribution of the most fruitful to the understanding and interpretation of the illicit trafficking of cultural goods in Brazil. Summer 2018

ROSSANO LOPES BASTOS Archeologist - IPHAN

PREFACE The book deals with the Brazilian position in relation to the protection of its cultural movable goods, especially archeological artifacts. This work is important not only to specialists in the areas of cultural heritage, archeology, and the legal organization of these subjects, but also to legal thinkers of all areas, in demonstrating the importance of the interaction between separate legal areas and the tensions that arise when a situation is treated as crime, as an administrative act or as a corporative procedure. To the general public, this book tells an important story about the construction of historical and national identity through archeological artifacts, the actors involved, the corruption in the field, and, overall, the irresistible callings of the story that defines us and of the artifacts that tell this story. It is important to highlight the skill with which the book inserts Brazil in international debates on the subject. Cultural heritage is evermore present in the world zeitgeist through events such as the destruction of monuments in the Middle East during conflicts, the degradation of places such as our Amazon and the Great Barrier Reef in Australia (both listed as UNESCO’s world heritage places), and the theft and illicit circulation of cultural objects, such as the marbles of the Parthenon. On this last subject -referring to the illicit trafficking of cultural books- the book will focus. Contextualizing Brazil in the world, both historically and in present times, the book causes two effects. Firstly, we understand Brazil as an heir and part of the current international debates. We situate Brazil as part of a movement that uses cultural heritage to build its national identity and value the feeling of belonging to Brazil. This feeling and the usage of cultural heritage are especially important in times of national crisis. During the global monetary crisis of 2008, for example, Greece, a country coming to bankruptcy, used the cause of the return of the marbles of the Parthenon, at the time in the British Museum, as a form of trying to reunite the Greek nation. In the same way, in Brazil, the construction of national identity through cultural artifacts can remind us that, even with all our differences, there is much that gives us pride and that unites us in belonging to this nation.

Anauene Dias Soares

Secondly, and under a more technical perspective, to encompass the debate in Brazil under International Law has the effect of giving a greater repercussion to the book. International Law of Cultural Heritage, developed in the last sixty years or so by international organizations such as UNESCO, reached the goal of presenting to the world a uniform language for the treatment of the subject. Although there is a growing number of studies on the international legal perspective, there are few studies that analyze the domestic practices, and especially in a way that can be easily compared to other countries (using the common language of International Law). The fact that the Brazilian practice is anchored in International Law helps in the translation of this knowledge in other contexts. The book offers important examples to the world, which are not well known even inside Brazil, but especially abroad. Thus, the studies in this work are a great contribution to the legal field as well, both in Brazil and outside of it. However, the content of the book is not restricted to the global and domestic perspectives. It also dedicates some energy to the regional perspective that affects Brazil, especially through MERCOSUR and UNASUR, and through the analysis of internal Law of some member countries. In doing this, this work also contributes to a bigger communication between border countries that share interests in this area. The author also contributes because of her unique perspectives. Under a multidisciplinary viewpoint, she is trained as a jurist and a restorer of works of art, being able to communicate with audiences that, although committed to the same goal (protection of cultural heritage) frequently do not find a common language. In the same way, the author communicates. Both with theory and practice, through her work as Expert in Works of Art of the Federal Revenue Service of Brazil. The case of the Banco Santos Cultural Institute is key to the relevance of the book. It talks about the constitution of a private collection, followed by it acquiring legitimacy through governmental action. In telling this story, the book explores the fluidity of the categories of public and private when it comes to cultural heritage. It also explores the role of collectors -are they heroes, which preserve cultural heritage, or villains, who stimulate illicit practices of appropriation and circulation of artifacts? In the case of the Banco Santos Cultural Institute, a little bit of both.