EVALUATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE, GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM AND TERRITORY MUSEUM TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
APPLICATION OF TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT IN PERU
Authors Jorge Hermosilla Pla Director Mónica Fernández Villarejo Ghaleb Fansa Sandra Mayordomo Maya Miguel Antequera Fernández Esther Haro Carrasco
Authors Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú: Luis Repetto Málaga, Coordinator Amalia Castelli Gonzalez Viviana Munguia Monterroso Claudio Mendoza Castro
Roberto Escrivá Almiñana
Assistant team from the Dirección Desconcentrada de Cultura, La Libertad, Ministerio de Cultura
Technical team Esther Alba Pagán Catherine Andrés Langa Miguel Antequera Fernández José Vicente Aparicio Vayà Roberto Escrivá Almiñana Esther Haro Carrasco Emilio Iranzo García José Luis Jiménez Salvador Joan Carles Membrado Tena Carme Piqueras Sanchis
María Elena Córdova Burga Former Deputy Minister of Cultural Heritage and Industries
Jhon Juárez Urbina DDC Director, La Libertad
César Gálvez Mora DDC Sub director, La Libertad
Luis Chaparro Frías Responsible for Intangible Cultural Heritage, DDC La Libertad
Víctor Vallejo Martell Head of the Citizen Participation Unit, PECACH
David LLancari Oliden GIS Operator, PECACH
Collaborators
Rolando Paredes Grados
Anna García
Responsible for Archaeological Site of Chan Chan and Site Museum
Museo de la Universitat de València de Historia Natural
Flor Díaz Deza
Ernesto Manzanedo
Responsible for Cultural Heritage Defence
Museo de Cerámica de Paterna
Roger Montealegre Barrientos
Eva Sanz
Responsible for Communications and Institutional Image
Museu de la Rajoleria de Paiporta
Francesc Martínez Museu del Palmito d’Aldaia
Javier Martí y Laura Torres Museu d’Història de València
Mari Carmen Barcos Museu de L’Horta d’Almàssera
Clara Pérez Museu Comarcal de L’Horta Sud (Torrent)
Carlos Barberà Castillo Palacio de Alaquàs
Sara Blanes y Ana García Museu de Cerámica de Manises
Design Begoña Broseta
© edition: Universitat de València, 2020 © texts: the authors © pictures: the authors © TIRANT HUMANIDADES EDITA: TIRANT HUMANIDADES C/ Artes Gráficas, 14 - 46010 - Valencia TELFS.: 96/361 00 48 - 50 FAX: 96/369 41 51 Email: tlb@tirant.com www.tirant.com Online bookshop: www.tirant.es ISBN: 978-84-1655-689-2
EVALUATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE, GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM AND TERRITORY MUSEUM TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
PREFACE Dr. Karen Brown
School of Art History, Director, Museums, Galleries and Collections Institute, University of St Andrews, Scotland Co-ordinator, EU-LAC-MUSEUMS Horizon2020 project
The EU-LAC-MUSEUMS project (2016-2020) was explicitly designed in response to the Horizon2020 Work Programme call INT 12 (2015), the cultural, scientific and social dimension of EU-LAC relations, to study ‘close connections between Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean’ in the world of community museology.1 Museums and cultural heritage hold an unequalled responsibility to communicate the ‘shared history’ and ‘cultural, political and economic ties’ between Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean. Museums have enormous capacity to reach all levels of community, from towns to remote villages, and can be neutral spaces for building social cohesion and reconciliation in a varie1 The EU-LAC-MUSEUMS project is funded by the European Union Horizon2020 programme under Grant Agreement number 693669. The consortium consists of: The University of St Andrews (Scotland) (Coordinator), The University of Valencia (Spain), The National Museum of Archaeology, Lisbon (Portugal), the International Council of Museums (based in France), The Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (Peru), The University of Austral (Chile), the National Museum of Costa Rica (Costa Rica), and the University of the West Indies (Jamaica).
Evaluation of Cultural Heritage, Geographic Information System and Territory Museum. Tools for Sustainable Management PREFACE
‘Heritage constitutes a source of identity and cohesion for communities disrupted by bewildering change and economic instability. Creativity contributes to building open, inclusive and pluralistic societies. Both heritage and creativity lay the foundations for vibrant, innovative and prosperous knowledge societies.’ (UNESCO, ‘Protecting our heritage and fostering creativity’, 2015)
ty of contexts. Together, our research teams are determining ‘synergies and cross-fertilization, as well as identifying asymmetries in bi-lateral and bi-regional relations’ at the level of museum practice, theory, and policy. The project partner research team ESTEPA in the University of Valencia has run a Work Package entitled ‘Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Museums’, bringing a common concern to share academic knowledge and research into cultural heritage beyond the academy, and to witness the real benefits of their research for society through the application of their research and methodologies in heritage territories. By focusing on the theme of Museums and Community: Concepts, Experiences, and Sustainability in Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, all partners in the EU-LAC-MUSEUMS project are creating a common vision for sustainable, small to
medium-sized local and regional museums and their communities, and reinforcing mutual understanding and cooperation between regions. This vision is being built to last beyond the lifespan of our project, as we aspire towards future interaction and cooperation in the field of cultural and natural heritage management. The outcomes of the Valencia group’s research have led to two publications: on the one hand, Strategic Planning and Comprehensive Management Model of Cultural Heritage. Implementation in Territory Museums; and on the other, Evaluation of Cultural Heritage, Geographic Information System and Territory Museum. Tools for Sustainable Management. The first publication focuses on the theory of territorial planning for heritage and sustainable development, while the second turns Preface
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to the methodologies used by the ESTEPA team, notably the deployment of design and implementation of a Cultural Heritage Evaluation Method, and a Geographic Information System. Both methodologies have been implemented first in Valencia and then in Perú. As the first manual elucidates, ‘territory’ as a term has special significance in the world of museums and heritage, including a long history dating back to the late 1960s and early 1970s when the concept of the ‘integral museum’ was born in Latin America and subsequently brought back to Europe and shared with the world. In 1972 a Round Table on the role of museums in relation to the social and economic needs of modern-day Latin America was held in Santiago de Chile, bringing together museologists from Central and South America, and representatives from UNESCO and ICOM as well as local representatives including farmers. The resulting Declaration, published by UNESCO in 1973, presents the conviction that museums have the responsibility to address the needs of their communities. There must be a paradigm shift from a museum focused on traditional values of custodianship, preservation and interpretation, to one where the needs of the community are located at its core. In Europe, we seek to learn from the LAC region’s innovative approaches to community museums developed since the 1970s including their territory museums, so-called ‘integral museums’, while also sharing concepts and experiences of related European initiatives such as social inclusion policies, the development of ecomuseums and territory museums in a European context. Building an EU-LAC knowledge area in museums and community has the potential to impact upon policy for future actions in social inclusion and sustainability in museums. In exploring these concepts and experiences, EU-LAC-MUSEUMS ultimately seeks to inform future research into regional museums and the communities they serve. 6
Preface
Sustainability is a word used frequently in today’s policy agendas and publicity, but often ill defined. And yet, ‘sustainability’ has proven to be the single most pressing issue for our local museums and heritage sites. Returning to the 1972 Round Table of Santiago, key discussions which took place then still have resonance today: how can museums and heritage initiatives play a role in economic development? How can they contribute to regeneration and development of territories geographically isolated, or living in poverty? To answer these questions, our research needs to function at a range of levels – from community-level, to regional and national policy. All of these levels are present in the research approach taken by the ESTEPA team from Valencia. There are a number of novel applications and approaches within the EU-LAC-MUSEUMS project destined to impact upon our immediate consortium communities in each region, and which are being implemented beyond the lifespan of the project. Not least of these initiatives are the ESTEPA team publicly-accessible innovation actions into the themes of investment, entrepreneurship, and sustainability. Building on years of successful programmes in cultural heritage and climate change, ESTEPA is producing plans and arrangements for designing new, altered, or improved products and processes for sustainable museums including a model of Participatory Strategic Planning (PSP) for sustainable museums, and the Integral Management Model (IMM), and Method of Evaluation of Cultural Heritage (MECH) described in these two publications. Valencia’s research thereby works to combat ineffective management in small museums, which are often constrained in their endeavours by lack of funding and support, through the efforts of ‘territory museums’. Planned to re-energise museums through novel and robust management systems, these systems are being recognised by the relevant official institutions. Decision makers working
Evaluation of Cultural Heritage, Geographic Information System and Territory Museum. Tools for Sustainable Management PREFACE
at different levels (municipal, regional and state) continue to be the recipients of Valencia’s research proposals and outputs, and through this official recognition, in addition to the project and academic outputs, the dissemination of these scientific achievements is being guaranteed. These systems have been applied locally to the Huerta de València, and the huerta de Cortes de Pallás. Furthermore, building on these innovations developed and tested in the region of Valencia, ESTEPA is creating models and methods capable of being applied in both Europe and LAC. In particular, the M.E.C.H and the design and application of the Geographic Information System, G.I.S., as an instrument of management of cultural heritage, can be applied to any territory, and the impact of the implementation of these models will ultimately be economic. Fostering investment and entrepreneurship for sustainable museums will affect the local economy and GDP, making them stronger and more competitive.
Water Museums (WAMU-NET), hosted by the University of Valencia in 2019. At policy level, the Valencian team involved their local governments as in Peru through the Minister of Culture for Trujillo. Together, in December 2019, the teams deployed the Valencian methodology to document tangible and intangible elements in the landscape. This publication, therefore, includes both the Master Plans for la Huerta de València and the huerta de Cortes de Pallàs, and a report on the application of their methodological system of evaluation of cultural heritage and GIS in Peru.
An example of this application in other territories is documented in this publication: Evaluation of Cultural Heritage, Geographic Information System and Territory Museum. Tools for Sustainable Management, where we read about their collaboration with the EU-LAC-MUSEUMS partner the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Following intense discussions held in Valencia in 2018 about the Spanish and Peruvian partners’ shared research interest in water heritage as an Intangible Cultural Heritage asset, a number of strategic meetings, site visits and research exchange ensued. Notably, at local level The Valencian Water Court, the ‘Tribunal de las Aguas de València’, exchanged with the Peruvian equivalent, the Water Judges of Corongo, at the area of Chan Chan, Trujillo, Peru archaeological site whose traditions have also been inscribed as ICH by UNESCO. At an academic level, the teams also collaborated in the Third International Conference of the World Network of
I trust that the reader will enjoy these substantial publications issuing from ESTEPA’s EU-LAC-MUSEUMS research since 2016, and be inspired about ways in which these theories and methods can be applied to their own territories as well.
The ramifications of our collective shared research are therefore designed to have impact on a number of levels, national, regional and international, as outlined above. Ultimately, our goal is to reinforce the point amongst policy makers that small to medium-sized regional territory museums are not just important, but essential for fostering peaceful and sustainable societies.
Preface
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INDEX
CHAPTER I A MODEL OF EVALUATION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Sandra Mayordomo, Jorge Hermosilla and Miguel Antequera 1. A model of evaluation of the Cultural Heritage for Latin America and Europe-EULAC- MUSEUMS.....................................................................................18 2. Historical evolution of the concept and values of the Heritage..................................22
2.1. Introduction..............................................................................................................22
2.2. From the first civilizations to the nineteenth century................................................23
2.3. The concept and values of the Heritage in the twentieth century.
The creation of UNESCO..........................................................................................26
2.4. Heritage in the twenty-first century: new approaches................................................31
2.5. Characteristics and singularities of Latin American heritage..................................33 3. Analysis of the bibliographic references on the criteria and methodologies of patrimonial evaluation..............................................................38
3.1. General aspects of the bibliographic references
on patrimonial valuation...........................................................................................44
3.2. An analysis of the evaluation criteria for different types of heritage.........................56
3.3. Applied evaluation methodologies...........................................................................69
3.4. Conclusions extracted from the analysis of the bibliographic references...............80 4. A methodology of evaluation for Cultural and Landscape Heritage..........................84
4.1. Conceptualization and definition of the method.....................................................84
4.2. Method of Evaluation: details of categories, criteria and variables..........................89
4.3. Examples of implementation of the method...........................................................138
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5. Applying the model of evaluation of Cultural Heritage. Justification of the selected cultural elements and landscapes...............................176
5.1. Territory of study: La Huerta de València..............................................................176
5.2. Criteria applied to the selection of the collaborating museums............................177
5.3. Criteria applied to the selection of the cultural elements and evolved landscapes to be evaluated..............................................................178
6. Applying the general model of evaluation of Cultural Heritage: implementation and the scoring system. The case of La Huerta de València..........184
6.1. Applying the general model: La Huerta de València..............................................184
6.2. Results of the application of the evaluation methodology in La Huerta de València........................................................................................186
7. Conclusions....................................................................................................................214 8. Appendices.....................................................................................................................217
Appendix I. List of collaborating museums..............................................................218
Apéndice III. Documentation provided to the collaborating museum’s staff for the implementation of the evaluation methodology..................................222
Appendix II. Distribution of collaborating museums and cultural elements and landscapes evaluated........................................................................220
Bibliography.......................................................................................................................228 Index
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CHAPTER II IMPLEMENTATION AND MANAGEMENT OF A G.I.S. SYSTEM APPLIED TO CULTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Jorge Hermosilla, Mรณnica Fernรกndez, Ghaleb Fansa and Sandra Mayordomo INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................240 CARTOGRAPHY AND GRAPHIC SEMIOLOGY................................................................244 Authors: Jorge Hermosilla, Mรณnica Fernรกndez and Sandra Mayordomo 1. Definition of a map....................................................................................................245 2. Characterization of a good map................................................................................245 2.1 Basic elements....................................................................................................246 2.2 Qualities...............................................................................................................248 3. Development of a map..............................................................................................249 3.1. Geographical variables...................................................................................249 3.2. Visual variables................................................................................................251 3.3. Colour...............................................................................................................256 3.4. Complex graphic elements: texture and structure...........................................261 3.5. Schematization and symbology in cartography...............................................262 3.6. Rasters.............................................................................................................267 3.7. Typography and labeling system....................................................................268
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PRACTICAL MANUAL FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION AND MANAGEMENT OF A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM APPLIED TO CULTURAL HERITAGE................................................................................275 Author: Ghaleb Fansa
1. What is a GIS?...........................................................................................................276 2. Information formats: vector and raster.......................................................................277 3. Downloading and installing QGIS.............................................................................278 4. QGIS Interface............................................................................................................280 5. Inserting a vector Layer...............................................................................................282 6. Inserting a raster Layer...............................................................................................284 7. Characteristic table of a vector Layer........................................................................285 8. Base Maps using XYZ Tiles connection....................................................................287 9. Space Objects identification.....................................................................................289 10. Creating a vector Layer...........................................................................................290 11. Vector layers’ symbology........................................................................................295 12. Raster layers’ symbology........................................................................................299 13. Labelling system.....................................................................................................301 14. Items selection according to characteristics and location.....................................305 15. Influence area analysis (Buffer)..............................................................................307 16. Multi-criteria analysis..............................................................................................311 17. Measuring distances, surfaces and angles............................................................314 18. Converting shape-file into Kml................................................................................315 19. Cartographic Output...............................................................................................316
BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................................326 Index
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CHAPTER III MASTER PLANS OF TERRITORY MUSEUMS: LA HUERTA DE VALÈNCIA AND HUERTA OF CORTES DE PALLÁS MASTER PLAN HUERTA DE VALÈNCIA Authors: Jorge Hermosilla, Sandra Mayordomo and Mónica Fernández 01. MASTER PLAN TO THE ENHANCEMENT OF LA HUERTA DE VALÈNCIA: THE TERRITORY MUSEUM...................................332 02. ANALYSIS AND DIAGNOSIS.....................................................................................334
I. The Huerta of València...............................................................................................334
II. Huerta de València, a many-sided definition..............................................................336
III. Values of l’Horta de València.....................................................................................337
IV. The social complexity of l’horta.................................................................................338
V. Patrimonial resources of the València huerta............................................................338
A. Protected natural spaces.......................................................................................338 B. Cultural Heritage...................................................................................................339 03. SWOT Analysis............................................................................................................346 04. INTEGRATED DIAGNOSIS OF LA HUERTA DE VALÈNCIA........................................348 05. ACTION PLAN..............................................................................................................352 06. THE REVALUATION OF THE HUERTA OF VALÈNCIA: THE TERRITORY MUSEUM.........................................................................................358
1. The territory: the delimitation of the Territory Museum............................................359
2. What do we show? Identifying heritage resources and milestones........................359
3. The Interpretation Centre: the “door” of the Territory Museum.....................................364
4. The most interesting places: the thematic windows of the Territory Museum........365
5. The thematic paths of the Territory Museum..............................................................366
6. The events of the Territory Museum..........................................................................367
7. Territory Museum Services.......................................................................................367
BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................................372 . . .
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MASTER PLAN CORTES DE PALLÁS Authors: Jorge Hermosilla, Mónica Fernández, Sandra Mayordomo and Miguel Antequera 01. MASTER PLAN TO THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE HUERTA OF CORTES DE PALLÁS: THE TERRITORY MUSEUM.............................................376 02. ANALYSIS AND DIAGNOSIS........................................................................................378
I . The Huerta of Cortes de Pallás.....................................................................................378
II. Singularities of the historical Huerta of Cortes de Pallás.............................................379 1. Cortes de Pallás as a model of the irrigation system in the Valencian inland areas................................................................................379 2. The huerta in Cortés de Pallás has an Islamic origin, dated in the eleventh century..................................................................................379 3. A geographic scenario with an appreciated landscape........................................379 4. The great conservation of the Islamic huerta..........................................................379 III. Heritage resources of the Huerta of Cortes de Pallás................................................380 A. Natural spaces......................................................................................................380 B. Heritage analysis of the Huerta of Cortes de Pallás. Water, landscape and sustainability.................................................................................381 C. BIC -Cultural Heritage Assets- and BRL -Locally Relevance Assets-...................383 D. Other Cultural Heritage Assets..............................................................................384 E. Intangible assets...................................................................................................384 03. SWOT Analysis............................................................................................................386 04. INTEGRATED DIAGNOSIS OF THE HUERTA OF CORTES DE PALLÁS..................388 05. ACTION PLAN..............................................................................................................392 06. THE REVALUATION OF THE HUERTA OF CORTES DE PALLÁS: THE TERRITORY MUSEUM..........................................................................................396
1. The territory: the delimitation of the Territory Museum..............................................397
2. What do we show? Identifying heritage resources and milestones...........................397
3. The Interpretation Centre: the door of the Territory Museum.....................................399
4. The most interesting places: the thematic windows of the Territory Museum..........400
5. The thematic paths of the Territory Museum..............................................................401
6. The events of the Territory Museum.........................................................................401
7. Territory Museum Services........................................................................................401
BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................................406 Index
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CHAPTER IV APPLICATION OF THE EU-LAC MUSEUMS PROJECT’S METHODOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF EVALUATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN PERÚ Authors: SPAIN: Miguel Antequera, Ghaleb Fansa and Jose Vicente Aparicio. PERÚ: Luis Repetto Málaga, Amalia Castelli Gonzalez, Viviana Munguia Monterroso and Claudio Mendoza Castro 01. APPLICATION OF THE EU-LAC MUSEUMS PROJECT’S METHODOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF EVALUATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN PERÚ..........................................................................410
1. General context of the Peruvian project..................................................................410
2. Working methodology: phases of a project of international interest........................410
3. Results of the patrimonial evaluation process. The application of the EULAC-MUSEUM’S methodology..................................................................414 02. PHOTOGRAPHIC APPENDIX.....................................................................................436 1. Application of the methodological system of heritage evaluation by the local specialist panel, ddc, Trujillo, Perú...........................................................436 2. Field work of the research teams from Valencia (ESTEPA) and Perú inside the site of Chan Chan......................................................................437
3. Heritage elements evaluated with the implementation of the evaluation method.....439
4. GIS Representation. Site of Chan Chan and surroundings.......................................444
03. CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................446
Evaluation of Cultural Heritage, Geographic Information System and Territory Museum. Tools for Sustainable Management
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Index
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I
CHAPTER I A MODEL OF EVALUATION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE Authors: Sandra Mayordomo, Jorge Hermosilla and Miguel Antequera
01
Introduction
A MODEL OF EVALUATION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE FOR LATIN AMERICA AND EUROPE-EULAC-MUSEUMS Cultural heritage acquires an increasingly evident importance in societies as a consequence of its multiple meanings, values and uses. The preservation and recovery of heritage assets require responsible and sustainable management. However, in the current situation, adequate cultural heritage planning is a complex task as a consequence of the existing challenges and circumstances. Aspects such as socioeconomic inequalities, mass tourism, agglomerations or globalization entail the need to design tasks that consider the benefit of the communities. Patrimonial management destined to the conservation and valorization is advisable, but with the participation of the society that guarantees the development and growth of the territory based on equity and sustainability.
In the present study, a GENERAL MODEL OF EVALUATION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE has been designed, from which three methods of patrimonial evaluation are developed that allow the valuation of the material, immaterial and landscape cultural elements. This allows the knowledge of 18 Introduction
the heritage value of tangible and intangible goods and the landscapes to be evaluated for the benefit of the community, the decision makers and / or any interested users. The method is adaptable for different types of elements and cultural landscapes and in any geographical area. Its application enables a hierarchy of cultural elements and territories to be established according to their value and patrimonial interest. This information is relevant for the prioritization of adequate and coherent actions and strategies aimed at their protection, management, and valuation. The proposed methodologies are configured as effective instruments of cultural asset management and decision-making. They have the potential to become systems recognized and widely used by the administrations for heritage management and planning. Institutionalization is essential for its implementation as useful tools for the valuation and management of heritage. We consider it is important to develop homogeneous, standardized and consensus- based methods.
The evaluation designed is a quantitative multi-criteria type. The data are based on objective and sometimes measurable parameters, although a certain degree of
Evaluation of Cultural Heritage, Geographic Information System and Territory Museum. Tools for Sustainable Management
01
INTRODUCTION
subjectivity is inevitable. It is not possible, or even convenient, to suppress subjectivity completely; but it is desirable to achieve control of it and use criteria that are as objective as possible, in order to establish transparent and reproducible methods. The development of systematic procedures and the adequate definition of the indicators will allow a reduction of the subjectivity inherent to any evaluation method. The systems aim to cover the complexity of the cultural heritage and its landscapes, but with an application that is both practical and simple to use. Their values used consider factors that are specific to the heritage and to exogenous criteria. In addition, they contemplate the incorporation of complementary actions based on the participation of the community and other social agents. It is desirable, indeed essential, to involve the local population and other actors of the territory in the identification and assessment of their own heritage - cultural manifestations, nature and landscapes.
4. Restitution and enhancement for any te-
In short, the proposed patrimonial evaluation methodologies have been designed with the purpose of being used as tools to undertake the tasks inherent to the treatment of cultural heritage: 1. Research: cataloguing and inventories 2. Conservation 3. Dissemination and disclosure
sed on elements of their cultural heritage.
rritory within the scope of influence of the EULAC-MUSEUMS project.
In this sense, it has been present from the
first phase of the design of the GENERAL
MODEL OF EVALUATION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE, the singularities of the La-
tin American cultural heritage compared to
the European, as well as some experiences
that in the matter of heritage assessment has been addressed in its museums and research centres. In particular, attention has been paid to:
• The unique characteristics of the Latin
American cultural heritage, based on bi bliography and documents generated by the Chilean and Peruvian partners of the EULAC-MUSEUMS project.
• The consultation of several methodologies
that have originated in countries of South America and the Caribbean (LAC), focu-
• The revision and subsequent validation of
the GENERAL MODEL OF EVALUATION
OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE, by the Scottish, Chilean and Peruvian partners, and the technical staff of the EULAC MUSEUMS project.
Introduction
19