Issuu

Research Paper

Education

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 5 | Issue : 5 | May 2019

MADHYAMIK STAR PAR ADHYAYANRAT ANUSUCHIT JATI EVAM SAMANYA VARG KE VIDHYARTHIO KE AATMA SAMPRATYAY KA ADHYAYAN

ekè;fed Lrj ij vè;;ujr vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa lkekU; oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe lEizR;; dk v/;;u Dr. Naveen Kumar Yadav Principal, Taj Memorial T. T. College, Kotputli (Jaipur), India. ABSTRACT

fd'kksjkoLFkk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh 'kkjhfjd o ekufld fLFkfr;ksa esa <sjksa ifjorZu gksrs gSa ;gh le; mudh ek/;fed Lrj dh f'k{kk dh izkfIr dk Hkh gksrk gSA os ,d ubZ eukso`fÙk] LoizR;; dk fodkl djus yxrs gSaA ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;u djus okys fo|kFkhZ ds vkRe izR;; ds dqN uohurk,a rFkk fofHkUurk,a izrhr gksrh gSaA 'kks/k ifj.kkeksa ds }kjk iwoZ esa fl) gks pqdk gS fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds lek;kstu esa ldkjkRed mPp vkRe izR;; egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrk gSA blh rF; dks n`f"Vxr j[kdj izLrqr v/;;u ds }kjk fo"k;okj Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa ds LoizR;; dks tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA KEY WORDS :

ek/;fed fo|ky;] vkRe lEizR;;] vuqlwfpr tkfr] lkekU; tkfr

izLrkouk % euq"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gS rFkk lkekftd thou esa mldh miyfC/k egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA og lekt dk fuekZrk ,oa laj{kd gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd euq"; ds thou esa f'k{kk ,d ikSf"Vd inkFkZ gS ftlds }kjk mls 'kfDr vkSj cy izkIr gksrk gS rFkk mlesa ,d f'k{kd egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuokZg djrk gSA euq"; vkSj lekt nksuksa f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls fodflr rFkk iYyfor gksrs gSa rFkk f'k{kk ds dkj.k gh ukxfjd vius drZO; dks le>rs gSa vSj viuk mÙkjnkf;Ro iwjk djrs gSaA ek/;fed f'k{kk og f'k{kk gS tks fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk ls igys vkSj izkFkfed f'k{kk ds ckn esa nh tkrh gSA ek/;fed Lrj ij f'k{kk izkIr djus okys fo|kFkhZ lkekU;r% fd'kksjkoLFkk ds fo|kFkhZ gksrs gSa ftls rwQku rFkk >a>kor dh voLFkk dgk x;k gSA bl voLFkk esa ckyd ,oa ckfydkvksa dh 'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld fLFkfr esa <sjksa ifjorZu gksrs gSaA os lewg esa jguk ilUn djrs gSa rFkk os Loa; rFkk nwljksa ds ckjs esa dqN /kkj.kk,a Hkh cukus yxrs gSa tSlk fd fi;kts ¼1969½ us dgk gS rhoz ekufld fodkl gksus ds dkj.k ckyd o;Ld ds lekt esa vius vkidks laxfBr ekurk gSA og ,d ubZ eukso`fÙk] laizR;; rFkk ifjiDork dk fodkl djrk gSA bl fn'kk esa ldkjkRed fodkl ds fy, f'k{kdksa dh vge~ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA f'k{kd oxZ mUgsa mfpr fn'kk&funsZ'k iznku dj ,d ifjiDo lksp rFkk eukso`fÙk dk;e djus esa enn djrs gSaA tks fd'kksjksa dks ,d LoLFk lek;kstu esa dkQh lgk;d fl) gksrs gSaA vkRe lEizR;; 'kCn dk izFke iz;ksx jkstlZ }kjk fd;k x;kA vkRe&laizR;; ls rkRi;Z O;fDr ds mu lHkh igyqvksa ,oa vuqHkwfr;ksa ls gksrk gS ftls O;fDr voxr gksrk gS] gkykafd mldk ;g izR;{k.k ges'kk lgh ugha gksrkA vkRe&laizR;; dks O;fDr izk;% fo'ks"k dFkuksa ds :i esa O;Dr djrk gSA tSls ^^eSa ,d O;fDr gw¡ tks---**A vkRelaizR;; dh nks fo'ks"krk;sa gSa– igyh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd vkRe&laizR;; dk ,d ckj fuekZ.k gks tkus ij mlesa lkekU;r% ifjorZu ugha gksrkA gk¡] cgqr dksf'k'k djus ls mlesa ifjorZu gks ldrk gS tks vuqHkwfr;k¡ O;fDr ds

vkRe&laizR;; ds lkFk vlaxr gksrh gSa] mls O;fDr Lohdkj ugha djrk gS vkSj ;fn Lohdkj Hkh djrk gS rks fod`r :I esaA ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;u djus okys fo|kFkhZ ds vkReizR;; esa dqN uohurk,a rFkk fofHkUurk,a izrhr gksrh gSaA ;s fofHkUurk;sa mudh viuh lksp ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa] ¼Lo;a lgikfB;ksa dh muds izfr lksp½ Lo;a lekt ds joS;s ds dkj.k gksrh gSaA fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds lkekftd lek;kstu esa ldkjkRed mPp vkReizR;; egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA vr,o 'kks/kdÙkkZ us mPprj ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kFkhZ ds vkReizR;; dk v/;;u djuk egRoiw.kZ le>k gSA leL;k dFku : ^^ekè;fed Lrj ij vè;;ujr vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa lkekU; oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe lEizR;; dk v/;;u^^ rduhdh 'kCnksa dk ikfjHkk"khdj.k : ek/;fed Lrj& ,sls fo|ky; ftlesa d{kk 9oha o 10oha rd ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{k.k djok;k tkrk gS] ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|ky; dgykrs gSA ;gk¡ ek/;fed Lrj esa d{kk 10oha ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fy;k x;k gSA vkRe lEizR;; % Lo&igpku dk leqPp; tks fd iwoZ vuqHkoksa ls fufeZr gksrs gSa vkSj ftudk iz;ksx lkekftd okrkoj.k ls lacaf/kr míhiu esa O;ofLFkr ,oa O;k[;kfir djus ds fy, gksrk gS] vkRe lEizR;; dgykrk gSA v/;;u ds mís'; % 1- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe lEizR;; dk v/;;u djukA 2- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr lkekU; oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds

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International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]

Research Paper

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 5 | Issue : 5 | May 2019

2- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr lkekU; oxZ ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds vkRe lEizR;; esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

vkRe lEizR;; dk v/;;u djukA v/;;u dh ifjdYiuk,¡ % 1- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds vkRe lEizR;; esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA 2- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr lkekU; oxZ ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds vkRe lEizR;; esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA U;kn'kZ % izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa t;iqj laHkkx ds ek/;fed Lrj ds dqy 1000 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk p;u ;kn`fPNr fof/k }kjk fd;k x;k gSA buesa 500 fo|kFkhZ vuqlwfpr tkfr ds rFkk 500 fo|kFkhZ lkekU; oxZ ls fy;s x;s gSA ftlesa ls izR;sd oxZ esa 250 Nk= rFkk 250 Nk=kvksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA v/;;u fof/k % izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa iznr ladyu gsrq losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA izLrqr v/;;u esa iz;qDr midj.k % izLrqr v/;;u esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe lEizR;; ds ekiu gsrq vkjds- lkjLor }kjk fufeZr vkRe lEizR;; ekiuh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA blesa vkRe lEizR;; ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ls lEcfU/kr 48 iz'uksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;k gSA bl midj.k esa 6 vk;ke gSA tks fuEu {ks=ksa ¼'kkjhfjd] lkekftd] LoHkko] f'k{kk] uSfrdrk] ckSf)drk½ dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSA 'kks/k esa iz;qDr lkaf[;dh % izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa e/;eku] ekud fopyu] ØkfUrd vuqikr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA iznrksa dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa O;k[;k % 1- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds vkRe lEizR;; esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA rkfydk&1 lewg

U;kn'kZ

e/;eku

Nk= Nk=k

250 250

148-20 152-08

ekud fopyu 9-94 8-20

ØkfUrd lkFkZdrk vuqikr Lrj 0-05 Lrj 2-74 ij LkkFkZd

¼df = N1+N2–2 = 250+250–2 = 498½

mi;qZDr rkfydk 1 eas ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds vkRe lEizR;; dk e/;eku Øe'k% 148-20 ,oa 152-08 izkIr gqvk gS rFkk ekud fopyu Øe'k% 9-94 o 8-20 izkIr gqvk gSA izkIrkadks dh x.kuk ds vk/kkj ij ØkfUrd vuqikr dk eku 2-74 izkIr gqvk gS tks Lora=rk va'k 498 ,oa 0-05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij lkj.kh;u eku 1-96 ls vf/kd gSA vr% blls Li"V gksrk gS fd ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds vkRe lEizR;; esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA vr% ifjdYiuk vLohd`r dh tkrh gSA

rkfydk&2 lewg U;kn'kZ e/;eku Nk= Nk=k

250 250

159-24 156-40

ekud ØkfUrd lkFkZdrk fopyu vuqikr Lrj 11-21 0-05 Lrj 1-68 ij vLkkFkZd 9-22

¼df = N1+N2–2 = 250+250–2 = 498½

mi;qZDr rkfydk 1 eas ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr lkekU; oxZ ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds vkRe lEizR;; dk e/;eku Øe'k% 15924 ,oa 156-40 izkIr gqvk gS rFkk ekud fopyu Øe'k% 11-21 o 9-22 izkIr gqvk gSA izkIrkadks dh x.kuk ds vk/kkj ij ØkfUrd vuqikr dk eku 1-68 izkIr gqvk gS tks Lora=rk va'k 498 ,oa 0-05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij lkj.kh;u eku 1-96 ls de gSA vr% blls Li"V gksrk gS fd ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr lkekU; oxZ ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds vkRe lEizR;; esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA vr% ifjdYiuk Lohd`r dh tkrh gSA fu"d"kZ % 1- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds vkRe lEizR;; esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA vFkkZr~ fu"d"kZ :Ik esa ge dg ldrs gS fd ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa dh vis{kk Nk=kvksa dk vkRe lEizR;; mPp ik;k x;kA 2- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr lkekU; oxZ ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds vkRe lEizR;; esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA vFkkZr~ fu"d"kZ :Ik esa ge dg ldrs gS fd ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr lkekU; oxZ ds Nk=kvksa dh vis{kk Nk=ksa dk vkRe lEizR;; mPp ik;k x;kA v/;;u dh 'kSf{kd fufgrkFkZ % ;qok ih<+h fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh Hkk"kk mUufr dk vk/kkj gS vkSj f'k{kk ;qok ih<+h dh ekxZn'kZdA jk"Vª dk Hkfo"; fo|ky;ksa esa fufeZr gksrk gSA blfy, ;g vko';d gS fd bl Hkfo"; dk vkadyu fd;k tk,A ek/;fed Lrj esa v/;;ujr Nk=&Nk=kvksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa lkekU; oxZ ds vkRe lEizR;; ds vkadyu ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ldkjkRed lksp fodflr djuh pkfg, rFkk mUgsa Lora=rkiwoZd viuk fopkj izLrqr djus dk ekSdk nsuk pkfg,A vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa lkekU; oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks le;≤ ij fofHkUu lk/kuksa }kjk ekxZnf'kZr djds muds vkRe lEizR;; dks vkSj vf/kd c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA vFkkZr~ ge dg ldrs gS fd f'k{kdksa ,oa vfHkHkkodksa dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh mPp miyfC/k ,oa ldkjkRed lek;kstu rFkk mPp vkRe lEizR;; ds fy, vfHkizsfjr djds d{kk okrkoj.k dks mÙke cuk;k tk ldrk gSA lUnHkZ xzUFk % 1- dfiy] ,p-ds- ¼2004½ % ^^vuqla/kku fof/k;k¡^^] gj izlkn HkkxZo iqLrd izdk'ku] vkxjkA 2- eaxy] ,l-ds- ¼2006½ % f'k{kk euksfoKku] izdk'k cznlZ] yqf/k;kukA

International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]

Research Paper 3- JhokLro] Mh-,u- ¼2007½ % ^vuqla/kku fof/k;ka^^ vkxjk] lkfgR; izdk'ku

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 5 | Issue : 5 | May 2019

4- flag] v:.k dqekj ¼2010½ % ^euksfoKku] lekt'kkL= rFkk f'k{kk esa 'kks/k fof/k;k¡^^ eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] ubZ fnYyhA 5- xSjsV] gsujh bZ- ¼2011½ % ^f'k{kk ,oa euksfoKku esa lkaf[;dh ds iz;ksx^ dY;k.kh ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyhA 6- jk;] ikjlukFk ¼2012½ % ^vuqla/kku ifjp;^^ y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk 7- xqIrk] foosd ¼2013½ % ^mPPkrj ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds Lo izR;; dk v/;;u^^A ifjis{; o"kZ 20] vad 3 ist ua- 106&114 8- xqIrk] jkts'k dqekj ¼2017½ % ^dyk ,oa foKku ladk; d lsokiwoZ v/;kidksa ds vkRe lEizR;; ,oa f'k{k.k O;olk; ds izfr vfHko`f) dk rqyukRed v/;;u^ ,sf'k;u tuZy vkWQ ,T;wds'ku fjlpZ ,.M VªsDukWyksth] okWY;we 7 ¼2½ ist ua32&37

International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]