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Research Paper Public Administration

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 4 | Issue : 11 | Nov 2018

A STUDY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS IMPACT ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING M.Yerriswamy Research Scholar, Public Administration, Rayalaseema University, Kurnool Distinct, Andhra Pradesh State. ABSTRACT The present study has been focused on the psychological and behavioural factors impact on the human trafficking in the kadiri revenue division of Andhra Pradesh. The primary data has been considered and collected the information from the human trafficking victims. The chi-square test has been applied to know the association between the human trafficking victims' demographic factors with the psychological and behavioural factors. The structure equation model has been framed and the result indicated that the behavioural factors influence is observed higher than the psychological factors. This paper is useful to the stake holders of various government organizations and NGO's. KEYWORDS: Human Trafficking, Psychological and Behavioural factors, Trafficking of women and girls, Kadiri Revenue Division, Demographic factors, Human Exploitation. INTRODUCTION: Trafficking of women and girls is one of the most corrosive forms of violation of human rights. It results in the destruction of an individual's personal identity, and their right to live as a free human being in a civilized society. In the course of this exploitation, the victim is subjected to gross violence, humiliation, emotional trauma and is denied any liberty and security. The problem of trafficking – women, and girls being recruited and moved within or across national borders without their consent and coerced into work against their will – is not new. But the term trafficking is of relatively recent usage and currency worldwide, stemming primarily from the initiatives and efforts of international agencies and legislations, aimed at its prevention. Further, although the problem of trafficking has existed since centuries, the recognition of trafficking as an organization crime, as a violation of human rights and of women's rights in particular, is recent and in consonance with rights-based and feminist perspectives. The present study has considered the two factors i.e., psychological and behavioural influence on the human exploitation in the kadiri division of Andhra Pradesh state. In the kadiri division many research scholars have done extensive research but present study made an attempt by considering the behavioural and psychological factors.

Biswajit Ghosh (2009): This article is focused on the nature, causes, modes and volume of trafficking in south Asian regions for human trafficking in which India has failed to comply with internationally to combat the crime. The study also focused on the structural factors of trafficking such as economic deprivation and downturns, attitudes to gender, and the demand for prostitutes etc and also recommended the meaningful stratagems to support the social evil. The study has found that the multidimensional approach has to be developed and set up certain measures to reduce the trafficking. Human Rights Watch (2001): This paper examines the abasement of the domestic workers working in the United States mainly several women suffered physically and also psychologically. The study includes the specific examination of the forced labour, women victims and trafficking in humans. The study resulted that the government should implement strict the legal guidelines, laws, procedures and regulations for these trafficking. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1. To the association of human trafficking victims demographic factors with the psychological and behaviour factors. 2.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Sanjoy Roy (2017): This paper presents the trends and situation of trafficking from a human rights pattern and clear several issues surrounding it. It has also included the role of NGO's, society and family. This study has found that human rights are snatched away from most of the vulnerable groups instead the human rights discourses are profoundly silent. It had concluded that India is fast becoming source as well as transit point and destination for human trafficking. Deshpande NA and Nour NM (2013): This study is based on the female perpetrators of human trafficking i.e. sex trafficking of women and girls which has been forced to exploit as prostitution and also significantly growing in larger global community. The study says that sex trafficking is increasing because of degradation of human and women rights, poor public health, poor social development and also low-level communities. It had been found that sex trafficking is a critical health issues along with social limitations that requires both medical and legal attention. Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Conceiçao Gomes and Madalena Duarte (2010): The study is based on the issues on both emerging and absent from the legal framework for the sexual trafficking and its empirical situations. It reveals that is has conferred greater visibility of sex trafficking in both national and international level and policies are designed to prevent and combat it. The result of this study indicates the lack of understanding of specific features of the trafficking of women and the policies which has been designed does not fulfil the subjective needs and expectations of the trafficked women. It has been suggested to have powerful legal actions towards the human trafficking.

To study the impact of Psychological and behavioural factors on human exploitation.

HYPOTHESIS: H0: There is no association of women demographic factors with the psychological and behavioural factors H0: There is no impact of Psychological and behavioural factors on human exploitation. Sampling Method: The present study is focused on the psychological and behavioural factors impact on the human exploitation. The study has considered the primary data in kadiri division. The convenient sampling methodology has been applied for the collection of primary data. The 86 schedules have been collected and applied the reliability and the result stated with the Crone Bach's Alpha is observed to be 0.825. Research Methodology: The study has considered demographic factors of Age, Gender and Area of domicile of the respondents who are affected with the human trafficking in the kadiri division. Schedule has been designed with the likert scale and applied the chisquare method to know the association between the demographic factors to psychological and behavioural attributes. The structure equation model has been framed to know the impact of the psychological and behavioural attributes on the human exploitation. DATA ANALYSIS: 1st Objective: To study the association of the demographic factors of human trafficking victims with the behavioural and psychological attributes

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Research Paper

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 4 | Issue : 11 | Nov 2018 Frequency Distribution of Psychological Effect Strongly Disagree

Psychological Effect

Strongly Agree

Total

Count

14.00%

12.80%

18.60%

26.70%

27.90%

100.00%

Count

% of Total

12.80%

16.30%

25.60%

29.10%

100.00%

Lack of Obedience

Count

% of Total

24.40%

20.90%

9.30%

14.00%

31.4

100.00%

Count % of Total Count

15 17.40% 18 20.90%

18 20.90% 13

21 24.40% 14

15.10%

16.30%

20 23.30% 27 31.40%

86 100.00% 86

% of Total

12 14.00% 14 16.30%

Count

% of Total

20.90%

14.00%

30.20%

14.00%

100.00%

Total Count

14.66667

15.66667

13.5

19.66667

22.5

% of Total

17.07%

18.20%

15.70%

22.87%

26.16%

100.00%

Lack of self-confidence

Stockholm Syndrome

Agree

Neutral

% of Total

PTSD

Emotional Instability

Disagree

Self -Mutilation

Above table depicts the frequency distribution of psychological effects of human exploitation. Among total respondents (86), Most of the respondent are strongly agreed (26.16%) that they are psychologically affected by human exploitation in which 31.4% of respondent affected by Stockholm syndrome and 31.4% of them

100.00%

are observed to be having lack of self-confidence. 29.1% of respondent think that due to lack of obedience is the reason for trafficking and 27.9% of them are suffering from Post-traumatic stress disorder. Finally 23.3% of respondents seem to be emotional instability.

Chi-Square Results of Psychological Effects Psychological Effects

PTSD

Lack of Obedience

Lack of self-confidence

Emotional Instability

Stockholm Syndrome

Self –Mutilation

Age

Gender

Area of domicile

Pearson Chi-Square

36.367

11.169

16.383

Sign.

0.001

0.003

0.000

Critical value

26.296

9.488

Pearson Chi-Square

43.728

23.206

18.038

Sign.

0.002

0.024

0.019

Critical value

26.296

9.488

Pearson Chi-Square

28.934

12.174

24.587

Sign.

0.013

0.000

0.032

Critical value

26.296

9.488

Pearson Chi-Square

24.663

25.52

17.523

4 0.000

Sign.

0.116

0.011

Critical value

26.296

9.488

Pearson Chi-Square

32.517

24.816

19.065

Sign.

0.001

0.006

Critical value

26.296

9.488

Pearson Chi-Square

14.634

24.786

22.478

Sign.

0.312

0.001

0.002

Critical value

26.296

9.488

Table chisquare test reflects the association of socio demographic factor with psychological factors of human trafficking. Result indicates that socio demographic factor “age” chi- square calculated value seems to be greater than critical value (< 26.296), but the factor such as Emotional stability and self-mutilation's chisquare value calculated value observed to be less than critical value (> 26.296) and p-value for these factors are observed to be statistically insignificant which signifies that Null hypothesis has been rejected and Alternative hypothesis has been accepted i.e., there is no association between the socio demographic factor “Age' with Psychological factors namely Emotional stability and Self- Mutilation. Remaining psychological effected factors namely Post-traumatic stress disorder, Lack of Obedience, Lack of self-confidence, Stockholm syndrome, pvalue for these factors are observed to be statistically significant which indicates that rejection of null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis has been accepted i.e., there is an association between the socio demographic factor “Age” with factors related to psychological effects.

Similarly, Socio demographic factor “Gender” with psychological effects factor is shown that chi-square calculated value for all psychological effected factors namely Post-traumatic stress disorder, Lack of Obedience, Lack of selfconfidence, Emotional Instability, Stockholm syndrome and Self- Mutilation seems to be greater than critical value (9.488 at df:4).Further p-value for these psychological effected factors are observed to be statistically significant which signifies that Null hypothesis has been rejected and alternative hypothesis has been accepted i.e., there is an association between socio demographic factors “Gender” with the factors related to psychological effects. Whereas under the socio demographic factor “Area of domicile”, calculated chi-square value is observed to be greater than critical value (9.488 at df :4) for all factors related to psychological effects and p-value seems to be less than 0.05 which indicates that null hypothesis has been rejected and Alternative hypothesis has been accepted i.e., there is an association between socio demographic factor “Area of domicile” with factors related to psychological effects.

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Research Paper

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 4 | Issue : 11 | Nov 2018 Frequency Distribution of Behavioural Effects

Behavioural Effects

Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly Agree

Total

Count

% of Total

23.30%

14.00%

11.60%

22.10%

29.10%

100.00%

Count

% of Total

24.40%

17.40%

14.00%

24.40%

19.80%

100.00%

Count

% of Total

17.40%

20.90%

19.80%

20.90%

100.00%

Count

% of Total

19.80%

25.60%

16.30%

14.00%

24.40%

100.00%

Inability to express feelings Frightened of adults and strangers Addiction to drugs and substances Sexual activeness

Count

% of Total

23.30%

17.40%

23.30%

18.60%

100.00%

Count

% of Total

26.70%

16.30%

17.40%

12.80%

26.70%

100.00%

Count

19.33333

16.66667

% of Total

22.48%

18.60%

16.27%

19.40%

23.25%

100.00%

Tendency of Suicide Social Withdrawal

Table illustrate the frequency distribution of behavioural effects. Among the total respondents (86), most of the respondent are strongly agree with the behavioural factors in which 29.10% of them are agreed that to the factors “inability to express feelings” followed by 26.7% of respondent are socially withdrawal, 24.4% of them felt human exploitation leads to addiction to drugs and substances and 19.9% of respondent are Frightened of adults and strangers. lowest percentage i.e., 18.6% of them given to the factor tendency of suicide. Chi-Square Results of Behavioural Effects Age

Gender

Area of domicile

Pearson Chi-Square

32.511

14.291

16.129

Sign.

0.000

Critical value

26.296

9.488

Pearson Chi-Square

34.101

28.685

15.928

Sign.

0.000

0.001

Critical value

26.296

9.488

Pearson Chi-Square

29.751

22.783

25.651

Sign.

0.018

0.002

0.011

Behavioural Effects

Inability to express feelings

Frightened of adults and strangers

Addiction to drugs and substances

Sexual activeness

Tendency of Suicide

Social Withdrawal

Critical value

26.296

9.488

Pearson Chi-Square

15.698

13.585

24.782

Sign.

0.234

0.15

0.031

Critical value

26.296

9.488

Pearson Chi-Square

32.035

12.724

11.778

Sign.

0.042

0.005

0.007

Critical value

26.296

9.488

Pearson Chi-Square

30.238

13.881

21.121

Sign.

0.001

0.009

0.001

Critical value

26.296

9.488

Table chi-square test reflects the association of socio demographic factor with Behavioural factors related to human trafficking. Result indicates that socio demographic factor “age” chi- square calculated value seems to be greater than critical value (< 26.296), but the factor such as sexual activeness factors chisquare calculated value observed to be less than critical value (> 26.296) and pvalue for this factors are observed to be statistically insignificant which signifies that Null hypothesis has been rejected and Alternative hypothesis has been accepted i.e., there is no association between the socio demographic factor “Age' with Psychological factors. Remaining behavioural factors namely Inability to express feelings, Frightened of adults and strangers, Addiction to drugs and substances, Tendency of Suicide and Social Withdrawal and p-value for these factors

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are observed to be statistically significant which indicates that rejection of null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis has been accepted i.e., there is an association between the socio demographic factor “Age” with factors related to behavioural effects related to human exploitation. Similarly, Socio demographic factor “Gender” with behavioural factor is shown that chi-square calculated value for all factors such as Inability to express feelings, Frightened of adults and strangers, Addiction to drugs and substances, sexual activeness, Tendency of Suicide and Social Withdrawal seems to be greater than critical value (9.488 at df:4).Further p-value for these behavioural factors are observed to be statistically significant which signifies that Null hypothesis has been rejected and alternative hypothesis has been accepted i.e., there is an association between socio demographic factors “Gender” with the factors related to behavioural. Whereas under the socio demographic factor “Area of domicile”, calculated chi-square value is observed to be greater than critical value (9.488 at df :4) for all factors related to behavioural factors and p-value seems to be less than 0.05 except social withdrawal factors seems to be greater than 0.05 that signifies it is statistically insignificant. Hence overall table reflects that null hypothesis has been rejected and Alternative hypothesis has been accepted i.e., there is an association between socio demographic factor “Area of domicile” with factors related to behavioural effects. 2nd Objective: To study the impact of psychological and Behavioural effect on the human exploitation Structured Equation Method

Source: Compiled through AMOS 24 Version on primary data. The research model exhibited good fit with the observed data as mentioned above. All the different stages hypothesized path seems to be significant at 5 % level (p-value <0.05) and reveals the standardized regression weights of the output as below table. The various common model-fit measures used to assess the model's overall goodness of fit as explained below

Research Paper

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 4 | Issue : 11 | Nov 2018

Fit Statistics of the Measurement Model Table Fit statistic Chi-square

Recommended

Factors

Obtained 163.536

Effect

Estimate S.E.

C.R.

Significant/ nonsignificant

Sexual Activeness

<---

Behavioral Effect

0.116

0.127 0.92 *** Significant

Tendency of Suicide

<---

Behavioral Effect

0.107

0.124 0.866 *** Significant

Social Withdrawal

<---

Behavioral Effect

0.274

0.126 2.178 *** Significant

Df Chi-square significance GFI AGFI NFI

p < = 0.05 <0.90 >0.90 >0.90

29 0.000 0.800 0.736 0.920

RFI

>0.90

0.965

Source: Compiled through AMOS 24 Version on primary data.

CFI TLI RMSEA

>0.90 >0.90 <0.05

0.829 0.913 0.026

The above table represents the Behavioural Effect on the Human Exploitation considering the select factors namely Inability to Express Feelings, Frightened of Adults and Strangers, Addiction to Drugs and Substances, Sexual Activeness, Tendency of Suicide and Social Withdrawal. Result indicates that p-value for all the Behavioural effects observed to be statistically significant at 5% level in which Social Withdrawal and Addiction to Drugs and Substances are having higher behavioural effect on human exploitation with their estimated values as 0.274 and 0.124. Sexual Activeness (0.116) and Tendency of Suicide (0.107) has moderately affected the behaviour of the humans. Hence concluded that least behavioural effects on human exploitation is Inability to Express Feelings and Frightened of Adults and Strangers with their estimated values as 0.026 and 0.008.

Source: Compiled through AMOS 24 Version on primary data. The Fitness model table depicts that Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) is obtained 0.800 which is below the recommended value 0.90. The Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) also seemed to less than the recommended value (0.736<0.90) as well. The Normed Fit indexes (NFI) (0.920<0.90), Relative Fit Index (RFI) (0.965<0.90) are above the recommended value but this statistic says that model fit is satisfactorily acceptable. Whereas, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) is observed to be below the recommended value and Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) seem to be above the 0.90 with their respective values as 0.829,0.913. Further, Root mean square Residual (RMSEA) seems to be less than the 0.05 (0.026<0.05). Hence the model shows an overall strong acceptable fit. It can be concluded that model is fit for structure equation model. Regression Weights for Psychological Effect Effect

Factors

Estimate S.E. C.R.

Significant / nonsignificant

Post Traumatic Psychological <--Stress Effect Disorder

0.084

0.104 0.807 ***

Significant

Lack of Psychological <--Obedience Effect

0.148

0.095 1.551 ***

Significant

Lack of Psychological Self<--Effect Confidence

0.310

0.141 2.201 ***

Significant

Psychological Emotional <--Effect Instability

0.260

0.105 2.471 ***

Significant

Stockholm Psychological <--Syndrome Effect

0.217

0.127 1.705 ***

Significant

Self Psychological <--Mutilation Effect

0.139

0.128 1.084 ***

Significant

The above table depicts the Psychological Effect on the Human Exploitation considering the select factors namely post traumatic stress disorder, lack of obedience, lack of self-confidence, emotional instability, Stockholm syndrome and self mutilation. Result indicates that p-value for all the psychological effects observed to be statistically significant at 5% level in which Lack of Confidence and Emotional Instability are having higher psychological effect on human exploitation with their estimated values as 0.310 and 0.260. Stockholm Syndrome (0.217), Lack of Obedience (0.148) and Self-Mutilation (0.139) has moderately effected the psychology of the humans. Hence concluded that less psychological effect on human exploitation is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder with its estimated value as 0.084 Regression Weights for Behavioural Effect

Inability to Express Feelings

Effect

Estimate S.E.

C.R.

0.026

0.133 0.195 *** Significant

Frightened of Behavioral Adults and <--Effect Strangers

0.008

0.117 0.07 *** Significant

Addiction to Drugs and Substances

0.124

0.119 1.045 *** Significant

<---

Behavioral Effect

Human Psychological <--Exploitation Effect Human <--Exploitation

Behavioral Effect

Estimate S.E.

C.R.

Significant / nonsignificant

0.05

0.13 0.384 *** Significant

0.035

0.123 0.287 *** Significant

The above table illustrates the Psychological and Behavioural effects on the Human Exploitation. The analysis results that Behavioural effect has a higher influence on the Human exploitation through its estimated value 0.035. Psychological effect has less influence on the Human Exploitation with its estimated value 0.05, hence the analysis concluded that humans are more psychologically affected through human exploitation. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY: 1. The study observed with the chi-square that the human trafficking victims' demographic factors are having the association with psychological attributes, as the p value is observed to be significant at 5% level. The frequency data distribution reveals that the 26.16% of the respondents are strongly agreed that they are psychologically affected by the human exploitation, followed by the lack of self-confidence (31.4%). 2.

The study observed with the chi-square that the human trafficking victims' demographic factors are having the association with behavioural attributes, as the p value is observed to be significant at 5% level. The frequency data distribution reveals that the 29.10% of respondents are agreed that to the factors “inability to express feelings” followed by 26.7% of respondent are socially withdrawal.

The study found with the structure equation model that p-value for all the psychological attributes effect on human exploitation is observed to be statistically significant at 5% level. The psychological antecedent component “Lack of Confidence (0.310)” is having the higher influence and followed by the psychological antecedent component of “Emotional Instability (0.260)”

The study found with the structure equation model that p-value for all the Behavioural attributes effect on human exploitation is observed to be statistically significant at 5% level. The behavioural antecedent component “Social Withdrawal (0.274)” is having the higher influence and followed by the behavioural antecedent component of “Addiction to Drugs (0.124)”

Psychological and Behavioural effects on the Human Exploitation has been studied with the SEM and the analysis results reveals that Behavioural coefficient (0.035) influence is observed the higher influence on the Human exploitation. The Psychological (0.05) coefficient indicated the less influence on the Human Exploitation.

Significant / nonsignificant

Behavioral Effect

<---

Effect

Source: Compiled through AMOS 24 Version on primary data.

Factors

Regression Weights for Human Exploitation

CONCLUSION: The present study has been concludes the titled on the psychological and behavioural factors impact on the human trafficking has been examined with the primary data in the kadiri division. The study has been done based on the primary

International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]

Research Paper

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 4 | Issue : 11 | Nov 2018

data with the schedule from the human trafficking victims. The chisquare has been applied to identify the association between the human trafficking victims' demographic factors and the attributes of psychological and behavioural factors. The study framed the structured equation model has been applied and the result observed that the lack of self-confidence many of them became victims with the exploitation. The study also observed that the social withdrawal and addiction to drugs. Hence there is a need to do further research in this area by considering the other external factors which are having the significance impact on the human trafficking. REFERENCES: 1.

Human Rights Watch (2001), Hidden in the Home: Abuse of Domestic Workers with Special Visas in the United States. Volume. 13, No. 2 (G). 2001.

Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Conceição Gomes and Madalena Duarte (2010), The Sexual Trafficking of Women: Representations of Illegality and Victimisation, RCCSR Journal, Volume 3 Issue 2, https://journals.openedition.org/rccsar/247

Deshpande NA and Nour NM (2013), Female perpetrators of human trafficking, Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Volume 6(1), e22-7. https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/

Biswajit Ghosh (2009), Trafficking in Women and Children in India: Nature, Dimensions and Strategies for Prevention Pages 716-738, online https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/

Sanjoy Roy (2017), Human Rights and Trafficking in Women and Children in India Journal of Historical Archaeology and Anthropological Sciences Volume 1 Issue 5

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