Issuu

Research Paper

Education

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 5 | Issue : 6 | June 2019

क ा-क म सूचना संचार तकनीक की उपयोिगता KAKSHA-KAKSH ME SUCHANA SANCHAR TAKNIK KI UPYOGITA Bharti Rawat Researcher, Himgiri Ji Vishwa Vidhyalaya, Dayalay, Dehradun, India. ABSTRACT

f'k{kk lekt dk es:naM gksrh gS vkSj Hkkoh ih<+h dks lqlaLd`r cukus ds fy;s ,d lkaps dk dk;Z djrh gS A ;g thou dk ikFks; ,oa ekuoh; thou dk l'kDr gfFk;kj gSa cnyrs lkekftd ifjizs{; esa ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh dk Kku djk;k tk;sA vkt ds vk/kqfud ;qx esa ge Kku vkSj rduhd dks vyx&vyx djds ugha ns[k ldrs gSA f'k{kk dks rduhd dh vkSsj rduhd dks f'kf{kr O;fDr;ksa dh vko';drk gSA fo'o esa rsth ls cnyrh t:jrksa vksSj izfr;ksfxrkvksa esa l{ke cukus gsrq fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh ds Kku dh vR;Ur vko';drk gSA nqfu;k rsth ls cny jgh gS vkSj oDr ds vuqlkj u;s&u;s Kkuksa dk v/;k; lfEefyr fd;k tk jgk gSA vxz.kh u;s fodflr gksrs f'k{kk {ks=ksa esa ÅtkZ] okrkoj.k] lapkj ds lk/ku vkfn dks lfEefyr fd;k tk jgk gSA ICI ds ek/;e ls ge Kku dh dzec} ÁfØ;k dks vius ikl j[krs gaSA vkSj tc gekjs ikl tkudkjh ,d+= gks tkrh gS rks mls ICI ds ek/;e ls vkxs gLrkUrfjr djrs gSaA ICI nwjLFk vf/kxe esa ennxkj lkfcr gksrk gS f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ dks Ldwy mijkUr Hkh ICI ls izsj.kk feyrh gS ftlls og viuh ikB;kstuk dks Hkyh&Hkkafr rS;kj dj ldrs gSzaA lkFk gh og vius ikB~;oLrq dks vkxs forfjr dj ldrs gaSA Kku ds lzksrksa dks] ,d nwljs ls feyh tkudkjh dks vkil esa ckaV ldrs gaSA vkSj mlesa egkjFk gkfly dj fdlh dks lykg &e'kfojk ns ldrs gSA ICI ,d cgqeq[kh midj.k gSA izLrkouk: lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh ,d O;kid {ks= gS] ftlesa lwpuk ds lapkj ds fy;s gj rjg dh izksS|ksfxdh dk lekos'k gksrk gSA bl izksS|ksfxdh esa lwpuk ds lapkyu dh ;ksX;rk gksrh gSA vkSj lapkj ds fofHkUu ek/;eksa tSls jsfM;ks] Vh-oh- lsyQksu] dBksj mikxe] dksey mikxe vkfn ls lwpuk ds izlj.k dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA dqN lkyksa ls rduhd gekjh f'k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ vax cu pqdk gs vkSj cgqr gh ykHkdkjh vkSj mRlkgo/kZd ifj.kke lkeus vk jgs gSa] ftldh otg ls f'k{kk jkspd gksrh tk jgh gSA ij vHkh Hkh dbZ {ks=ksa esa lq/kkj dh vko';drk gSA le; ds lkFk&lkFk Ldwyh ikB~;dze esa fo'ks"k LFkku fn;k x;k gSa d{kk esa f'k{k.k dk;Z dks :fpdj o izHkko'kkyh cukus esa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gks ldrh gSa blds fy;s vko';d gS fd f'k{kdksa ds }kjk d{kk esa i<+kus vkSj fl[kkus dh izfdz;k esa lg;ksx djus ds fy;s lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh dks l'kDr djus dh j.kuhfr;ksa dks ykxw djus dh le>nkjh gksuh pkfg;sA fo|ky;ksa esa lw-l0 izkS0 dh 'kq:vkr gksus ds ckn ls Nk=ksa dks ikjaifjd d{kk ds okrkoj.k dh rqyuk esa izkS|ksfxdh okrkoj.k esa i<+uk T;knk LQwfrZnk;d vkSj :fpdj yxrk gSA f'k{kk dk Lrj f'k{kdksa dh ;ksX;rk ij fuHkZj djrk gS vkt dh f'k{kkk dk mnns'; ijh{kk mRrh.kZ djuk gS vxj gesa f'k{kk ds Lrj dks c<+kuk gS rks gesa f'k{kdksa ds Lrj dks c<+kuk gksxckA f'k{kk dh lkoZHkkSfed igqqap izxfr ds fy;s vko';d gSsA vkfFkZd txr esa oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh cnyko dks f'k{kk esa lfEefyr djuk pkfg;s ge lHkh tkurs gaS fd Nk= igys ls gh rduhfd;ksa esa :fp ysrs gsA blfy;s f'k{kdksa dks bl volj dk ykHk mBkuk pkfg;sA f'k{kd vxj Øzec} rjhds ls f'k{k.k dk;Z dks djs rks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh i<+us dh {kerk esa dkQh o`f} gksrh gSA

Melot 2007 ds vuqlkj f'k{k.k vkSj vf/kxe dk eq[; mn~ns'; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{kk ds izfr mRlkfgr djuk gS ftlls f'k{kk jkspd vkSj izsj.kknk;d cu ldsA f'k{k.k ds fofHkUu vk;keksa esa lwpuk rduhdh tSls dEI;wVj] baVjusV lfoZl] dBksj o dksey mikxe vkfn dks 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA

lqwpuk lapkj izks|kSfxdh dk f'k{kk esa egRo ;g gdhdr gS fd v/;kid ikB~;dze ifjorZu ds e/; esa fLFkr gS vkSj og f'k{k.k rFkk vf/kxe dh ÁfØ;k dks fu;fU=r djrs gaSA] blhfy;s ;g t:jh gks tkrk gS fd v/;kid lekt ds ukStokuksa dks lw- larduhdh ds mi;qDr cuk;s ftlls fd og Kku dk l`tu dj u;s Kku dh Nkuchu dj lds tks fd vfr vko';d gSA vf/kdrj v/;;u ;g n'kkZrs gSa fd d{kk esa rduhd ds iz;ksx ls Nk=ksa dks fdlh Hkh fo"k; dks vf/kxe djus vkSj lapkfyr djus esa enn feyrh gSA Bransford Atall (2000) ds vuqlkj **21oha lnh d Nk=ksa vkSj f'k{kdksa dks tks f'k{kk esa xq.koRRkk vksj izfrLi/kkZ pkfg;s og lw- la- izkS- ds ek/;e ls gh iw.kZ gks ldrh gSA**

lw- la- izksS- ds egRo dks ge fuEu izdkj ls ns[k ldrs gSa& :fpiw.kZ dk;Z esa O;Lrrk: tc rduhd dk d{kk esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks Nk= mls T;knk :fpiwoZd lh[krs gaSA rduhd ds iz;ksx ls v/;;u cgqr gh ljy] :fpdj vkSj cPpksa ds fy;s [ksy ds leku gks tkrk gSA v/;;u dks [ksy :Ik esa Hkh fy;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ckgjh ;k=kvksa esa mUgsa Online O;oLFkk djs i<+k;k Hkh tk ldrk gS o"kZ 2003 esa lw0 l0a izksS0 dh enn ls vf/kxe okrkoj.k vksSj vPNk curk gS vkSj f'k{k.k dk;Z l`tukRed :Ik ls gksrk gSA**

Copyright© 2019, IERJ. This open-access article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License which permits Share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and Adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) under the Attribution-NonCommercial terms.

International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]

Research Paper

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 5 | Issue : 6 | June 2019

fparu'khy: f'k{kd dk Kku f'k{k.k dk;Z ds }kjk izfrfoafcr gksuk pkfg;sA i<+kus dh fof/k] f'k{kd dh tkx:drk fo|kFkhZ ds vf/kxe ds vuq:Ik gksuh pkfg;s fparu'khy rRoksa dk iz;ksx dzec) lksikuksa }kjk gksuk pkfg;sA tSls&fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ikB ;kstuk nh tk;s] f'k{k.k lgk;d lkexzh rS;kj djuk] ikB~;dzeksa ds lzksrksa dk lekos'k] iqjkus ikB ;kstukvksa dks nksgjkuk vkfn lfEefyr gksA eYVhehfM;k ds iz;ksx ls Nk=ksa esa dzec) Kku vftZr djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA vkSj fparu'khy xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA lkFk gh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks x`gdk;Z iw.kZ djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gS tSls izkstsDV odZ] vlkbesaV vkfnA vlkbesaV ds ek/;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh leL;k dk fuokj.k vkSj vf/kxe dk;Z dk vH;kl djk;k tkrk gSA Dede (1998) }kjk **Nk=ksa dh Le`fr] izsj.kk vkSj le> dks c<+kok nsus esa lw0 la0- izkS0 ennxkj gksrh gSA

O;fDrxr vf/kxe dks izksRlkfgr djuk: izR;sd Nk= ds vf/kxe djus dk viuk vyx <ax vkSj rkSj rjhdk gksrk gSA rduhd dk iz;ksx djds gj Nk= dh v/;;u dh t:jrsa iwjh gksrh gaSA rduhd }kjk Nk= viuh {kerkuqlkj v/;;u djrk gS vkSj viuh {kerk dks c<+k Hkh ldrk gSa dfBu fo"k;ksa ij vf/kd /;ku ns ldrk gS vkSj fdlh fo"k; dks NksM+ Hkh ldrk gS vkSj ckn esa v/;;u dj ldrk gSA rduhd detksj vleFkZ vkSj fodykax fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks dkQh volj iznku djrh gSA baVjusV ds ek/;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikl Kku dk vikj Hk.Mkj gks tkrk gSA blds }kjk og vuqlU/kku dk;Z Hkh dj ldrk gS vkSj vius Kku ds Hk.Mkj esa o`f} Hkh dj ldrk gSA Grimus.M. (2000) us ekuk gS fd lw- la- izksS- ds iz;ksx ls fo|kFkhZ mPp f'k{kk esa Hkfo"; dh rS;kjh dj ldrs gSA** mnkgj.k ds :Ik esa tSls& dksbZ Nk= fdlh izfr;ksfxrk dh rS;kjh dj jgk gS vkSj mlls lEcfU/kr baVjusV ls dbZ o"kksZ ds iz'u i=ksa dks fudkyrk gS vksj mlesa ls og viuh vko';drkuqlj iz'ui=ksa dks Lohdkj vFkok vLohdkj dj ldrk gS vkSj mlds vuqlkj vkxs v/;;u dj ldrk gSA

l`tukRedrk: vyx&vyx lzksrksa }kjk u;s Kku dk vtZu vkSj mudks vius fopkjksa }kjk izLrqr djuk gh l`tukRedrk dgykrh gSA l`tukRedrk tfV leL;kvksa dks KkukRed fopkjks esa ifjofrZr dj nsrh gS f'k{kdksa dk dk;Z fHkUu&fHkUu rjhdksa ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izksRlkfgr djuk gskrk gS ftlls fd og mRlkfgr gksdj l`tukRed fopkj o dk;Z izLrqr dj ldsA l`tukRed okrkoj.k lgh fnekx dks lgh fn'kk dh vksj mUeq[k djrk gSA l`tukRedrk esa og dkfcfy;r gksrh gS fd og u;s Kku o u;s vkfo"dkjska }kjk ;ksX;rk dks fodflr djrk gSaA Miller. J. atal (2000) us dgk gS fd lw- la- izkS- mRizsjd dk dk;Z djrk gS dke ds rkSj&rjhdksa esa cnyko ykrk gS] lwpuk dk vknku&iznku] f'k{k.k i}fr] vf/kxe ds rjhdkssa esa] oSKkfud 'kks/k vkSj tkudkjh dk vkdyu xgu fpUru vkfn lc bldh enn ls laHko gksrk gSA**

Kku dk fodkl vkSj fLFkjrk: rduhd dk f'k{kk esa iz;ksx djds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Kku esa o`f} vkSj fLFkjrk vkrh gSA blfy;s gesa fHkUUk& fHkUu izdkj dh rduhd dk iz;ksx f'k{kk esa djuk pkfg;s vksj ns[kuk pkfg;s fd dkSu lh rduhd }kjk fo|kFkhZ T;knk lh[krs gSa mldk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;sA lapkj izkS|ksfxdh ds iz;ksx ls Nk= vksj v/;kidksa vFkkZr~ nksuksa dh {kerk esa o`f} gksrh gSA Law. J. at all (2008). 37

lg;ksx dks c<+kok: vkWuykbu lfØ;rk dh enn ls Nk= ,d lkFk feydj fdlh dk;Z dks dj ldrs gaSA tSls fd og vius vyx&vyx ifj;kstuk ij dke dj ldrs gaSA vkSj fdlh nLrkost dks vkil esa vknku&iznku dj ldrs gaSA rduhd ds lg;ksx ls Nk= ,d gh d{kk esa vkil esa lg;ksx dj ldrs gSa ;k fQj nqfu;k fdlh vU; ns'k ds vU; Nk= ds lkFk feydj Hkh fdlh dk;Z dks iw.kZ dj ldrs gaSA rduhd dh lgk;rk ls fo|kFkhZ fofHkUu izdkj ds dkS'kyksa dks lh[k ldrk gS rduhd dh enn ls Nk= o f'k{kd d{kk ds vUnj gh dke ds dkS'ky lh[k ldrs gSasA fo|kFkhZ ,sls dkS'kyksa ls voxr gksrs gS tks muds Hkfo"; esa dke vk;sA tSls dEi;wVj] eksckby ls lacaf/kr dk;Z vkfnA vk/kqfud f'k{kk dk ewyea= gS vkil esa feydj v/;;u djuk] eqf'dy leL;kvksa dk lek/kku] fparuiw.kZ dk;Z] usr`Ro {kerk dk fodkl] mRiknu {kerk esa o`f} djuk] rduhd }kjk iz;ksxkRed dkS'kyksa dk fodkl] l`tukRed {kerk dk fodkl vkfn dk;Z vkuk pkfg;sA ;g egRoiw.kZ Kku gS ftldk gesa d{kk ds vUnj fodkl djuk pkfg;sA Forcheri. P. atall (2000) ds

v/;;u ds vuqlkj lwa larduhdh }kjk Nk=ksa esa lg;ksxiw.kZ vf/kxe] f'k{k.k esa eq[; Hkwfedk] leL;k lek/kku izfdz;k }kjk lewg dh leL;k dk fuokj.k djuk gksrk gSA f'k{kdksa ds fy;s ykHknk;d: rduhd ds vUnj dbZ izdkj ds rkSj&rjhds gSa ftlls fd f'k{k.k esa lq/kkj yk;k tk ldrk gSA f'k{kd ikB;kstuk] xzsfMax lk¶Vos;j] vkWuykbu vkdyu vkfn dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gaSA ftlls le; dh cpr gksrh gS vkSj blh cps le; dks f'k{kd Lrjh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk fcrk ldrs gSasA okLrfod vf/kxe dh enn ls Ldwy ds vUnj lkSgknZiw.kZ okrkoj.k cu tkrk gS f'k{kdksa esa Kku dk vkil esa vknku&iznku gksrk gS lkFk gh v/;;u vkSj lg;ksx dk Lrj c<+rk gSA lwpuk lapkj rduhd }kjk f'k{k.k vf/kxe dks izHkko'kkyh cukus okys dkjd: f'k{kd dk euksHkko% fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh dk;Z djus ds izfr ftKklk gh mldks ml {ks= esa egkjFk gkfly djk ldrh gS vU;Fkk fcuk :fp ds dk;Z djuk fujFkZd lkfcr gksrk gSa O;fDr dh vknr ;k >qdko gh fdlh Hkh d;Z ds izfr mldh ilan vksj ukilan ij fuHkZj djrh gSA Aizenl (1998) fo|ky; esa rduhd izksxzke dks ykxw djus ls igys lcls eq[; fcUnq f'k{kd dk lw- la- rduhd ds izfr >qdko vkSj vfHko`fRr gS fd og lw- l- rduhd ij fdruk fo'okl djrs gSA rduhd dk iz;ksx rHkh laHko gS tc vkidh dEI;wVj ds izfr ftKklk gksA Zhao.Y.at all (2003) f'k{kdksa dk lw- la- rduhd ds izfr ldkjkRed O;ogkj gh Nk=ksa dks dEI;wVj dk vf/kd ls vf/kd iz;ksx djus ds fy;s izsfjr djrk gS lkFk gh f'k{kdksa dk rduhd ij fo'okl gh lw- larduhd dk izpyu c<+krk gSA

fyax: lw- l- rduhd ds iz;ksx esa fyax egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS vuqla/kkudrkZvksa ds vuqlkj efgykvksa dh rqyuk esa iq:"k lwa- larduhd dk iz;ksx f'k{kk esa vf/kd djrs gSa vkSj bldk eq[; dkj.k fL=;ksa esa rduhdh Kku dh deh vksj :fp dk vHkko ik;k x;k gSA Jamieson at all (2006) us Hkh bl ckr dk leFkZu fd;k gS ij dqN fjlpZ ;g Hkh n'kkZrh gS fd iq:"k f'k{kdksa dks lw- la- rduhd esa T;knk egkjFk gkfly gS] fdUrq fQj Hkh iq:"k vksSj efgyk f'k{kdksa esa dEI;wVj ds izfr muds O;ogkj vkSj ;ksX;rk esa dksbZ T;knk vUrj ugha ik;k x;k International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]

Research Paper

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 5 | Issue : 6 | June 2019

gS vxj gekjh rduhdh f'k{kk dk Lrj Å¡pk gS rks fyaxh; HksnHkko lekIr gks tkrk gSA f'k{k.k vuqHko: f'k{kd dk f'k{kk esa vuqHko rduhd ds iz;ksx esa dkQh egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS tks f'k{kd dEI;wVj dk vPNk Kku j[krs gSa og Nk= vkSj f'k{kk dh t:jr ds vuqlkj ikB~;dze dks <ky ysrs gSA Back.Y.G. atall (2008) us ik;k fd iqjkus vuqHkoh f'k{kdksa dk lwa- larduhd ds izfr de :fp ik;h x;h gSA U.S. esa vuqla/kkudrkZvksa us ik;k fd de vuqHkoh f'k{kd( iqjkus) FksA bldk dkj.k ;g ik;k x;k fd u;s f'k{kdksa dk rduhdh mi;ksx esa T;knk Kku gksrk gSA cfUkLir iqjkus v/;kidksa dsA Guma Ali at all (2013) ftu v/;kidksa dks ICI dk vPNk Kku gksrk gS og mldk f'k{k.k esa T;knk ls T;knk iz;ksx djrs gSaA vkSj ICI ds iz;ksx ds fy;s Nk=ksa dks izksRlkfgr djrs gSa ftlls fd muds Kku esa c<+ksRrjh gks ldsA

miyC/krk: Ldwy f'k{kk esa lwa larduhdh dk iz;ksx miyC/krk esa fuHkZj djrk gSA f'k{kdksa dks vxj lwala- rduhd ds lzksrksa dk Kku ugha gS rks og mldk iz;ksx de ls de vFkok ugha djrs gSA blfy;s dEI;wVj dks le;≤ ij viMsV] muds o gkMZos;j dh miyC/krk lwala- rf'k{kk dk eq[; dkj.k gSA rduhdh lg;ksx: f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ea vxj lwa larduhd ds iz;ksx ds nkSjku vxj f'k{kdksa dks le;≤ ij rduhdh lg;ksx ugah feysxk rks f'k{kdksa dk f'k{k.k dk;Z vo:} gks tk;sxk ftl otg ls Nk=ksa dks rduhd dk Qk;nk ugha fey ik;sxkA blfy;s ;g t:jh gS fd le;≤ ij dEI;wVj ds dksey o dBksj mikxe dh fcuk le; u"V fd;s gq;s lIykbZ dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s ftlls f'k{k.k O;oLFkk lqpk: :Ik ls py ldsA us ekuk fd izcU/kdksa vkSj f'k{kdkas dh le;≤ ij lwa larduhd dk izf'k{k.k gksuk pkfg;s vFkkZRk~ ftlls u;s&u;s rduhfd;ksa dks f'k{kk esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldsA vkSj f'k{kdksa vkSj izcU/kdksa ds dkS'ky esa o`f} gks ldsA Guma Ali At all (2013)

usr~`Ro ifjorZu: Ldwy esa lwa larduhd ls lacaf/kr ewyHkwr lqfo/kk;sa gksuh pkfg;s vkSj rduhdh usr`Ro dEI;wVj ds iz;ksx eas eq[; vk/kkj gSaA usr`Ro tks iw.kZ:Ik ls rduhd ij fo'okl djrk gSA f'k{kdksa dks rduhd ds fy;s iz;ksx ds fy;s d{kk esa izsj.kk nsrk gSa mnkgj.k& fdlh Ldwy dk izcU/kd f'k{kk esa lwa la- ds egRo dks le>rk gS rks og f'k{kdksa dks Hkh T;knk ls T;knk blds iz;ksx ds fy;s izksRlkfgr djsxkA ftlls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ykHk gksxk vkSj u;s Kku dk lapkj gksxkA ljdkj dh uhfr;ka: ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa }kjk gh f'k{kk esa lw-a larduhd dk iz;ksx fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS vkSj mlds vuqlkj gh lzksr dk vkoaVu Hkh f'k{kk esa gksrk gS lwala- rduhd ds mfpr iz;ksx vkSj j[k&j[kko dh iwjh ftEesnkjh ljdkj dh gksrh gS vFkkZr~ vxj og lzksr vo:} gks tk;s rks f'k{kk ij lh/kk izHkko iM+sxkA laLFkk ds vUnj tks tokcnkj O;fDr gSa mudh ;g tokcnkjh gks tkrh gS fd og d{kk esa lwala- rduhd }kjk vf/kxe o f'k{k.k ds nkSjku ;g lqfuf'pr djsa fd bldk iz;ksx lqpk: :Ik ls pys] dksbZ ck/kk u mRiUu gksA International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]

fu"d"kZ: lwala- rduhd dh mUUfr ls 21 oha lnh esa mYys[kuh; izxfr ns[kus dks fey jgh gS vkSj ;gh otg gS fd d{kk esa bldk T;knk ls T;knk iz;ksx gks jgk gSA lw-a larduhd dk d{kk esa iz;ksx f'k{kd vkSj izcU/kd ds fy;s ,d pqukSrh gSA f'k{kdksa vkSj izcU/kdksa dk n`<+ fu'p; jgrk gS fd ge T;knk ls T;knk lwala- rduhd dk f'k{kk esa iz;ksx djsa] ij jkLrs eas dbZ vojks/k mRiUUk gks tkrs gaSA blhfy;s ;g bartke fd;k tk jgk gS fd f'k{kd dkss lwala- rduhd dk fu;fer iz;ksx djukk pkfg;s vkSj blds dkS'kyksa dk iw.kZ Kku pkfg;s f'k{kdksa dks vius& vius fo"k;ksa dk iw.kZ Kku gksuk pkfg;s rHkh og laq- la- rduhd dk d{kk f'k{k.k esa lgh <ax ls iz;ksx dj ldsxkA REFERENCES: 1.

Ajzen, I. "Attitudes, personality, and behavior". Chicago: Dorsey Press, 1988.

Baek, Y.G. Jong, J. & Kim, B. "What makes teachers use of technology in the classroom? Exploring the factors affecting faclilitation of technology with a Korean sample". Computers and Education, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 224234, 2008

Baishakhi, B. & Kamal, D. (2016) Role of ICT in 21st Century's Teacher Education; International Journal of Education and information Studies. ISSN: 2277-3169, Vol., No. 1, PP.1-6.

Borghans, L. & ter Weel, Bas. "Are computer skills the new basic skills? The returns to computer, writing and math skills in? Britain," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 11(1) pages 85-98, 2004.

Bransford, J. D. Brown, A.L. & Coocking, R.R. "How people learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School": Expanded Edition. Washignton, D.C. National Academy Press, 2000.

Dede"Learning with Technology". Yearbook of the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (Alexandria, VA: ASCD), 199215, 1998.

Forcheri, P. & Molfino, M.T. "ICT as a tool for learning to learn". Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic. pp 175-184, 2000.

Grimus, M. "ICT and multimedia in the primary school". Paper presented at the 16th conference on educational uses of information and communication technologies Beijing, China 2000

Guma, A Faruque, A (2013)" The Role of ICT to make teaching-learing effective in higher Insttutions of Learning in Uganda. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.2, Issue 8, ISSN: 2319-8753 August 2013.

10. Jamieson- Proctor, R.M.Burnett, P.C. Finger, G. & Watson G. "ICT Integration and teachers' confidence in using ICT for teaching and learning in queensland state schools'" Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, vol,22 no. 4, pp.511-530,2006. 11. Louw, J. Muller, J. & Tredoux,C. "Time-on-task, technology and mathematcis achievement". Evaluation and Program Planning 31, 41-50, 2008. 12. Maimun, A.L. Melor Md.Y. & Mohamed, A.E. (2010), ICT and systematic steps in teaching and Learning language in the Classroom", Procedia. Social and Behavioral Science 9 (2010), 1055- 1061. 13. Miler, J.W. Martinearu, L.P. & Clark, R.C. "Technology Infusion and Higher Eduation: Changing Teaching and Learning, Innovative Higher Education", Vol. 24 No.3 Spring 2000. 14. Newhouse, P. "The impact of ICT on learning and teaching," Perth, Western Austraia: Department of Education, 2002. 15. Pano, S (2016) "Top 6 benefits of using technology in the Classroom," (https://www.webanywhere.co.uk) 16. Vaibhav, J. (2011) ICT and Teacher Education", Internatonal Educational, E-Journal,(quarterly), Vol.-I, Issue-1, Oct-Nov 2011. 17. Yelland, N. "Teaching and learning with information and communication technology (ICT) for numeracy in the early childhood and primary year of schooling". Australia: Department of Educatin, tranining and Youth Affairs, 2001. 18. Zhao, Y., & Frank, K.A. "Factors affecting technology uses in schools" An ecological perspective, 2003.