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Research Paper

Psychology

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 6 | Issue : 5 | May 2020

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTAL ACCEPTANCE-REJECTION, REJECTION SENSITIVITY AND EMPATHY IN YOUNG ADULTS BELONGING TO MILITARY AND CIVILIAN FAMILIES 1

Rachel Revathi Veronica | Munnangi Prardhana Deborah | Arupuda Mary Rajan 1

St Francis College for Women, Begumpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

ABSTRACT It is widely acknowledged that parental influence is crucial for the overall development of a child. The key to shaping a child's personality and behavior is understanding the individual differences in the relationship between a child and his or her parents. The present study was conducted on young adults belonging to military and civilian families between the ages 17-23. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the three variables, i.e. Parental AcceptanceRejection (PAR), Rejection sensitivity and Empathy and to analyze the effect of the dimensions of Parental Acceptance-Rejection in the levels of Rejection sensitivity and Empathy respectively among the sample of young adults belonging to military and civilian families. The difference between the dimensions of PAR in father and mother was also studied along with the difference in the levels of the dimensions of Parental Acceptance- Rejection (PAR), Rejection sensitivity and Empathy. The results of the present study showed a correlation between the three variables i.e. the dimensions of Parental Acceptance-Rejection (PAR), Rejection sensitivity and Empathy. It also showed a significant difference among the young adults belonging to military and civilian families in the levels of the dimensions of Parental Acceptance-Rejection, Rejection sensitivity and Empathy. KEY WORDS: Parental Acceptance-Rejection (PAR), Rejection sensitivity, Empathy. INTRODUCTION: Out of the many different relationships one forms over the entire course of their life, the most important relationship is the one that is formed between parent and child. (Tamcai lian, 2011). It is widely acknowledged that parental influence is crucial for the overall development of a child. The key to shaping a child's personality and behavior is understanding the individual differences in the relationship between a child and his or her parents. Various research studies have proposed different personal and social variables and also in which way different parenting behaviors are associated with the development of a child's personality. Steady with this case, one of the most important parenting behaviors is showing love and acceptance towards their child. According to various research studies, Parental acceptance and rejection seems to have played a major role in a child's ability to perceive rejection. There are a wide range of cultural differences in parenting styles and personality assessment of a child. According to Rohner, each individual experiences some degree of warmth and affection in their life time from the person with whom they grow up and his life is influenced by the same. The idea of Parental relationship with their children has been formed with regards to interaction between the 2 sets of parental attributes i.e., parental warmth /acceptance and rejection. These dimensions help in explaining the various ways in which parents can bring up their children and the way their behavior fosters positive feelings within the child, therefore promoting normal social development. Thus, one can understand the importance of parental figures and their behavior in the development of the psychological well-being of a child. However, a child belonging to an environment where he or she is faced with a consistent absence of one or both parents, is bound to have a major impact on the child's behavior and personality development. For instance, a child belonging to a military family has to deal with continuous deployments of one or both parents or any other close family members like a sibling, which is going to have a definite impact on the child. Studies have shown that military personnel who are deployed in war zones or other unstable regions are at an increased risk for developing mental health disorders, as well as post-traumatic stress disorder. It is recognized that consequences will extend to family members as well, particularly in children whose parents are deployed. Studies that dealt with this matter were rare until the 1970's. The term “military family syndrome” initially came into use after the Vietnam War to explain the behavioral and psychosocial issues of children of deployed parents, and also the effects of deployment on the relationship between the child and the parent that remains at home. Stressors such as these can result in the decrease in family involvement, reduced emotional warmth and responsiveness, controlling behaviors, rejecting behaviors, and even hostility. Moreover, domestic violence, or child abuse and neglect might occur in those families. Through this study, the researcher seeks to explore the relationship between Parental Acceptance- Rejection, Rejection sensitivity and Empathy in young adults belonging to military and civilian families in Hyderabad, India. No single research study has been found on this combination of variables, and no study that compares the two different environments i.e. military and civilian. The few stud-

ies that have combined at least two of the given variables are drawn from Western and European countries. The sample chosen for this study are young adults. Individuals that fall between the age groups of 17 to early 30's are called young adults or “emerging adults”. Entering adulthood can be overwhelming considering all the important decisions one has to make in order to lead a content life. It is a known fact that one's mental state influences their decision making which in turn can impact their lives in the long run. Any underlying fears or issues one has can influence the way they live. As we have noted, parents have a crucial role to play in the development of one's mental health. The developing mindset of young adults is perfect to study for parental influences that might impact their mindset and which can in turn affect the way they live. Parental acceptance - rejection: According to Rohner's Parental Acceptance - Rejection theory (PAR), parental warmth is a bipolar dimension where acceptance and rejection fall on the opposite sides of the scale. Rohner defines acceptance and rejection as the child's perceived parental behavior. Parental acceptance refers to the love, warmth and affection shown by parents towards their children. It can be expressed physically and verbally. Parents can showcase their warmth physically by hugging, caressing, kissing, smiling etc. Verbal expressions of affection and warmth can include praising, appreciating, complementing etc., all of these can boost a child's self-esteem and confidence and make them feel loved and wanted. Parental rejection refers to the withdrawal of the love, warmth and affection by parents towards their child. Parents can express their lack of love by being hostile, unaffectionate, cold and aggressive towards their children. Parental rejection can also be experienced in the form of undifferentiated rejection. Undifferentiated rejection refers to the feeling where one thinks if their parents really love and care about them even without any objective indicators of parents being hostile, unaffectionate, cold, aggressive, indifferent or neglecting. PAR theory further postulates that a rejected child is likely to feel anxious and insecure. Additionally, parental rejection can lead to other personality outcomes like aggression, hostility, or face problems with aggression and hostility management, become sensitive to rejection and become emotionally unresponsive, emotionally unstable, low self-esteem. Rejected individuals are likely to view the world in a negative manner and believe that everyone around the world in general are hostile, threatening or view them negatively in some or the other way. All of the above mentioned personality dispositions form the basis of mental representations or social cognition of rejected individuals. Santiago Mendo-Lázaro et.al, (2019) conducted research focusing on analyzing the relationship between the parental acceptance–rejection perceived by adolescents and emotional instability from the early stages of adolescence. Special attention was paid to potential differences between mothers and fathers. The analysis performed showed a clear association between emotional instability with maternal/paternal criticism and rejection. Rejection sensitivity: The need to be acknowledged by others, to have a method for satisfaction, might

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Research Paper

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be a significant human inspiration, one that is felt in a route from birth all through life. Our common state is to live in networks. Having a place with a network adds to a method for character and reason. When someone is dismissed by individuals from an ideal bunch, outrage, dejection, nervousness and discouragement regularly result. Rejection isn't exclusively difficult anyway; rejection that happens from the get-go in life is expected to decrease the individual's capacity to address future connections. While one usually dislikes rejection, some individuals are more sensitive to rejection than others. Individuals who are extremely sensitive to rejection are highly aversive and fearful of rejection that it has a major impact on their day to day lives. Such individuals expect rejection constantly. There are numerous causes for one to develop Rejection sensitivity. Early experiences of rejection, emotional abuse and neglect can cause one to become sensitive to rejection. Especially rejection by parents or loved ones. Research studies have shown an important relationship between parenting styles and Rejection sensitivity. In order to be healthy from psychological aspects and self-actualize, an individual desires love, happiness and acceptance. Acceptance is to get verbal or nonverbal messages in the way of “I accept your individuality and uniqueness. It is right to be yourself. I do not suppose you think, feel and see like me. `` Parents have to consider the emotional and physical needs of their children and must understand the difference between their needs and that of their children'. When a child feels accepted by their parents, he or she will learn to trust by developing a realistic personality and to feel safe. While developing the capacity to love, they will also learn to cope with disappointments and will be able to share and express their emotions with others by experiencing them. They will learn to accept themselves if they feel they are accepted by others and self-acceptance leads to selfesteem, self-respect and self-sufficiency. Acceptance has both positive and negative effects on an individual. (Ç ardak, M., Sarıçam, H., & Onur, M. 2012) Julie McLachlan et.al, (2014) in their study suggested that Rejection sensitivity, a social cognitive processing style characterized by anxious and angry expectations of rejection, develops from experiences of rejection or acceptance by others. Expectations of rejection, develops from experiences of rejection or acceptance by others. The study's findings show how young people's relationships in several different domains uniquely co-vary with Rejection sensitivity and interact in accounting for angry and anxious expectations of rejection by others. (Julie McLachlan et.al, 2014) Empathy: Berger describes Empathy as the ability to understand the emotions and issues of another person. Empathy sometimes becomes evident at a young age and may be seen to develop throughout one's lifetime.. Berger discovered that some children protect their own emotions by avoiding contact with the person in need, which illustrates the importance of emotional development and regulation and therefore the essential influence of cultural norms. For Barnett, family context is the platform to develop Empathy in an individual. He considered that Empathy is presumably to occur in a family that (a) satisfies the child's own emotional wants and discourages excessive self-interest, (b) encourages the kid to experience and express a broad variety of emotions, and (c) provides opportunities for the kid to watch and interact with others. For a lot of consultants, family, caregivers and {particularly} parents have a vital part to play within the emotional and cognitive growth of their kids. (Splattstoesser, s. f, 2016)

To see if there exists a relationship between all the three variables, i.e.; parental Acceptance-Rejection, Rejection sensitivity , Empathy in young adults belonging to military and civilian families.

To see if there exists a relationship between the levels of all the three variables, i.e.; Parental Acceptance- Rejection, Rejection sensitivity , Empathy in young adults belonging to military and civilian families.

Hypothesis: 1. There will be a relationship between all the variables; i.e. Parental Acceptance - Rejection, Rejection Sensitivity and Empathy. 2.

There will be a difference in the levels of the variables; i.e. Parental Acceptance - Rejection, Rejection Sensitivity and Empathy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study is performed using a quantitative methodology with nonexperimental comparative design between groups. The sample consisted of 200 participants drawn from the metropolitan city of Hyderabad, divided between 100 young adults belonging from Military Families and 100 from Civilian Families. The participants belonging to Civilian families consisted of 71 females and 29 males, while the participants belonging to Military families consisted of 64 females and 36 males. The sample group consisted of students belonging to different universities. The sampling techniques used to collect the sample is Purposive Sampling. Scales used: 1. The Parental Acceptance- Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ): The inventory, developed by Rohner, Saaverda, and Granum (1980) was used to measure the participant's perceptions of Parental Acceptance- Rejection i.e. the warmth dimension of parenting. PARQ consists of the following scales: warmth/affection, hostility/ aggression, indifference/neglect, and undifferentiated rejection. PARQ consists of 60 items each of PARQ for mother and father. It is a 4-point Likert type scale. The reliability coefficient is 0.95. 2.

The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: the inventory, developed by Spreng, R.N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R., and Levine, B (2009) was used to measure the levels of Empathy of the participant. The questionnaire consists of 16 questions, each rated on a five point scale. The scale consists of positively and negatively constructed items which are to be scored accordingly. The cronbach's alpha is 0.85.

The RSQ/RS - Personal (1996): the inventory, developed by Downey, G, and Feldman, S. I. was used to measure the levels of the participant's RSpersonal. The 18 item version was used. Each item consisted of two statements of what an individual would do if put in a particular situation. The rating for the first statement was from 1 to 7 i.e. 'very unconcerned' to 'very concerned' and the second statement from 1 to 7 i.e. 'very unlikely' to 'very likely'. The test- retest reliability for this scale is 0.83.

RESULTS: Table 1: Shows the Mean, Standard deviation and T-test ratios of PAR and its dimensions (paternal and maternal), Rejection sensitivity and Empathy of military and civilian young adults.

Parents and the general home environment have been considered as an important factor that contributes towards children's development including Empathy and other personality traits. The way children view their parents or caregivers and the way they interact with them are likely to contribute to individual differences in Empathy related responding. Katerina Antonopoulou et. Al, in their study, Perceptions of Father Parenting Style, Empathy, and Self-Esteem among Greek Preadolescents, examined the relationship between early adolescents' perceptions of their father's parenting style and two outcomes, global self-esteem and Empathy. Findings suggested a notable link between paternal parenting style as perceived by preadolescents and preadolescents' Empathy and global self-esteem. The present findings support previous evidence attesting to a link between parenting, father–child communication, and aspects of child psychosocial development. (Katerina Antonopoulou, 2012 ) After reviewing various research studies, one can conclude that there are no studies that have been done using a combination of all three variables; Parental Acceptance- Rejection, Rejection sensitivity and Empathy, although there have been studies linking Parental Acceptance- Rejection and Rejection sensitivity and studies linking Parental Acceptance- Rejection and Empathy. It was also found that none of the variables has yet been studied on young adults belonging to military families and that there was no comparative studies done using military and civilian young adults. It is against this backdrop that the present study attempts to study all the three variables together and its effects on young adults belonging to civilian and military families. Objectives: 1. To study the profile of the respondents.

RS: Rejection sensitivity; PARF1: father warmth/affection; PARF2: father hostility/aggression; PARF3: father indifference/neglect; PARF4: father undifferentiated rejection; PARM1: mother warmth/affection; PARM2: mother hostility/aggression; PARM3: mother indifference/neglect; PARM4: mother undifferentiated rejection; EMP: Empathy.

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Research Paper

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 6 | Issue : 5 | May 2020

Note: *p<0.05 **p<0.01 Table 1 shows no significant difference in the levels of Rejection sensitivity (RS) in military and civilian young adults. However, the results show significant difference in the levels of all four dimensions of parental acceptance -rejection (PAR) in both mother and father i.e., warmth/affection (PARF1), hostility/aggression (PARF2), indifference/neglect (PARF3), Undifferentiated rejection (PARF4), warmth/affection (PARM1), hostility/aggression (PARM2), indifference/neglect (PARM3), undifferentiated rejection (PARM4) in military and civilian young adults. There is also a significant difference in the levels of Empathy (EMP) in military and civilian young adults. Table 2: Shows the correlation between the paternal dimensions of PAR, Rejection sensitivity and Empathy in young adults belonging to military and civilian families.

Note: *p<0.0 **p<0.01 The results of table 2 show that there is a significant positive correlation between paternal warmth/affection dimension of PAR i.e. parental acceptancerejection and Rejection sensitivity (r=0.125, p<.05). It also shows a significant negative correlation between paternal hostility/aggression (dimension of PAR) and Rejection sensitivity (r= -0.153, p<.05), indifference/neglect (dimension of PAR) and Rejection sensitivity (r= -0.173, p<.01), undifferentiated rejection (dimension of PAR) and Rejection sensitivity (r= -0.137, p< .05). Table 2 also show that there is a significant positive correlation between paternal warmth/affection (dimension of PAR) and Empathy (r=0.446, p< .01) and a significant negative correlation between paternal hostility/aggression(dimension of PAR) and Empathy (r= -0.546, p< .01), indifference/neglect(dimension of PAR) and Empathy (r= -0.569, p< .01), undifferentiated rejection(dimension of PAR) and Empathy (r= -0.256, p< .01). Table 3: Shows the correlation between the maternal dimensions of PAR, Rejection sensitivity and Empathy in young adults belonging to military and civilian families.

Table 3: Shows the correlation between the maternal dimensions of PAR, Rejection sensitivity and Empathy in young adults belonging to military and civilian families.

Note: *p<0.0 **p<0.01 Results of table 4 shows a significant positive correlation between Rejection sensitivity and Empathy (r= 0.349, p< .01) DISCUSSION: Santiago Mendo-Lázaro et.al, (2019) conducted research focusing on analyzing the relationship between the parental acceptance–rejection perceived by adolescents and emotional instability from the early stages of adolescence. Special attention was paid to potential differences between mothers and fathers. The analysis performed showed a clear association between emotional instability with maternal/paternal criticism and rejection. Results of the present study show that there is a significant difference found among the young adults belonging to military and civilian families in the levels of the dimensions of Parental AcceptanceRejection in both father and mother i.e. warmth/affection, hostility/aggression, indifference/neglect and undifferentiated rejection, Rejection sensitivity and Empathy. The warmth/affection dimension of PAR is found to be higher in military young adults when compared to civilian young adults and the hostility/aggression, indifference/neglect, undifferentiated rejection dimensions of PAR is found to lower in military young adults when compared to civilian young adults. This could be because the parent(s) of military young adults are consistently absent due to deployment which results in them missing them and when they do spend time with their children, they tend to be more loving, warm and affectionate (warmth/affection dimension of PAR) towards them thus, reducing the levels of hostility/aggression, indifference/neglect and feelings of undifferentiated rejection. In the case of civilian young adults, the parent(s) are usually always present and are constantly involving themselves in their children's lives and influence their way of living which can result in them being strict and impose restrictions on their children on a regular basis which can push their children to perceive them as less loving, affectionate and warm) warmth/affection dimension of PAR) which will in turn result in the increase of the other dimensions of PAR i.e. hostility/aggression, indifference/neglect and the feelings of undifferentiated rejection. The results of the study also shows no significant difference in the levels of Rejection sensitivity in Military young adults even though the parental warmth/affection is higher when compared to civilian young adults and this could because of other existing factors which are not included in this study like the effects of peers, and relationships outside of parental relationship. Further studies in this area are suggested for a more clear analysis of the cause. One should note that not all accepted children and adults grow up in a favorable manner. These individuals can develop adjustment issues similar to rejected individuals for reasons other than parental acceptance and rejection. One should also keep in mind that not all rejected individuals develop adjustment issues. Some of them are able to cope with the pain of rejection more effectively when compared to other rejected individuals. Important components of rejection are likely to linger into adulthood, putting those that were rejected during their childhood at somewhat greater risk of social and emotional issues throughout life than those that were loved continuously.

Note: *p<0.0 **p<0.01 The results of table 3 show that there is a significant positive correlation between maternal warmth/affection dimension of PAR i.e. parental acceptancerejection and Rejection sensitivity (r=0.273, p<.01), It also shows a significant negative correlation between maternal hostility/aggression(dimension of PAR) and Rejection sensitivity ( r = - 0 . 2 3 4 , p < . 0 1 ) , b e t w e e n i n d i ff e rence/neglect(dimension of PAR) and Rejection sensitivity (r= -0.224, p<.01), between undifferentiated rejection(dimension of PAR) and Rejection sensitivity (r= -0.216, p< .01). Table 3 also show that there is a significant positive correlation between maternal warmth/affection (dimension of PAR) and Empathy (r=0.515, p< .01) and a significant negative correlation between maternal hostility/aggression(dimension o f PA R ) a n d E m p a t h y ( r = - 0 . 5 5 5 , p < . 0 1 ) , b e t w e e n i n d i ff e rence/neglect(dimension of PAR) and Empathy (r= -0.544, p< .01), between undifferentiated rejection(dimension of PAR) and Empathy (r= -0.191, p< .01).

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Julie McLachlan et.al, (2014) in their study suggested that Rejection sensitivity, a social cognitive processing style characterized by anxious and angry expectations of rejection, develops from experiences of rejection or acceptance by others. Expectations of rejection, develops from experiences of rejection or acceptance by others. The purpose of this study was to examine how relationship experiences are directly and interactively associated with their Rejection sensitivity. In a statistical analysis, there was an association of rejection by parents and by peers with Rejection sensitivity, with a stronger association between peer rejection and sensitivity than between parent rejection and sensitivity. The present study has also shown the difference between dimensions of paternal and maternal acceptance-rejection(PAR) in military perceiving their mothers to be more warm, loving and affectionate (warmth/affection dimension of PAR), Less hostile (hostility/aggression dimension of PAR), less neglecting (indifference/neglect dimension of PAR), and less rejecting (undifferentiated rejection dimension of PAR). Saima Arzeen et.al, in their research showed that emotionally empathetic adolescents perceive their mothers to be more warm, loving and affectionate than

Research Paper

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 6 | Issue : 5 | May 2020

fathers. (Saima Arzeen et.al, 2012). CONCLUSION: The purpose of this study was to explore if there exists a significant relationship between Parental Acceptance - Rejection, Rejection Sensitivity and Empathy among the two samples, military and civilian young adults. Significant correlation and difference was found between the three variables. These results can provide insights about the mental health of young adults belonging to two different groups and the importance of Parental Acceptance - Rejection in the lives of young adults also known as “emerging adults”. REFERENCES: 1.

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