Issuu

Research Paper

Education

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 5 | Issue : 2 | Feb 2019

BADALTE SAMAJIK PARIDRUSHYA ME SHIKSHAK PRASHIKSHAN PATHYAKRAM KI AWASHYAKTA

cnyrs lkekftd ifjn`'; esa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k ikB~;Øe dh vko';drk 1

Bharti Rawat | Dr. Anoj Raj 1 2

Research Scholar, Department of Education, Himgiriji University, Dehradun. Ass. Prof. & HOD, Department of Education, Himgiriji University, Dehradun.

ABSTRACT

ifjOkZru ÁÑfr dk 'kk'or ,oa vVy fu;e gSA vkt ds le; es lekt ds lHkh ?kVdksa tSls ekuo] leqnk;] fopkj] laLÑfr] ewY; vkfn lHkh es rhoz xfr ls cnyko gks jgk gSA tc lekt es gj rjQ ifjoZru ifjyf{kr gks jgk gS] rks ,sls es f'k{kk bu ifjoZruksa ls vNwrh dSls jg ldrh gS \ fdlh Hkh ns'k dh méfÙk o rjDdh mlds f'k{kk ds Lrj ij fuHkZj djrh gS] tks fd vUrr% f'k{kdksa dh ;ksX;rk ij vkfJr gSA blfy, f'k{kdksa dks le;≤ ij gksus okys bu ifjoZruksa dk Kku gksuk vR;ar vko';d gSA lekt es f'k{kd dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks ns[krs gq, ;g vko';d gS fd f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k Áfdz;k es cnyrs lkekftd ifj–'; ds vuq:i ikB~;dze dks 'kkfey fd;k tk,A ,ulh,QVhb 2009 us Þf'k{kd f'k{kk vkSj Ldwyh f'k{kk ds e/; /kfu"B laca/k crkrs gq, dgk gS fd nkuksa dh méfÙk ls f'k{kk mPp Lrj rd igqWp ldrh gSßA lekt es ,d rjQ HkweaMyh;dj.k vkSj cktkjhdj.k dk izHkko ,oa ncko rhozrk ls c<+rk tk jgk gS ftlds fy, vR;ar vko';d gS fd orZeku es f'k{kdksa dks Hkh uohu Kku vkSj pqukSfr;ksa ls voxr djkus ds fy, f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k ikB~;dze dks vf/kd O;ofLFkr fd;k tk, vU;Fkk Áf'k{k.k ÁkIr f'k{kd vdq'ky jgsaxs ftlds QyLo:i ekax vkSj iwfrZ ds e/; cM+k vUrj gks tk,xkA f'k{kd izf'k{k.k ikB~;dze bl izdkj ls rS;kj fd;k tk, tks cnyko dh pqukSfr;ksa dks Lohdkj djus es l{ke gks vkSj vkxkeh lekt dh ekWx ds vuq:i f'k{kdksa dks rS;kj dj ldsA ftlls ,d f'k{kd vius dq'ky lkekftd usr`Ro ds }kjk lekt es viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djk ldsA jk"Vª dh vkdak{kk vkSj t:jrsa] lkaLd`frd vkSj lkekftd cnyko gekjs ikB~;dze ds vUrxZr fufgr gksuas pkfg,A f'k{kd dks vk|ru uokpkjksa dh [kkst djds cnyrs lkekftd ifj–'; ds vuq:i ikBp;kZ fodkl es ;ksxnku djuk pkfg,A dgk tk ldrk gS fd f'k{kd f'k{kk dh ikB~;p;kZ O;kid vkSj foLr`r gksus ds lkFk mldk Lo:i p;ukRed Hkh gksuh pkfg,] ;gh ugh cfYd bls vklkuh ls fdz;kfUor Hkh fd;k tk ldsA f'k{kk og çfØ;k gS] tks eu"q; dks ,d laLdkjoku vkSj psru'khy çk.kh cukrh gSA f'k{kk jk"Vª dh cqfu;kn gS ftl ij laiw.kZ jk"Vª vkSj ;qokvksa dk Hkfo"; fuHkZj djrk gSA jk"Vª dh çxfr esa f'k{kk dh Hkkxhnkjh loZfofnr gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k dky dh f'k{kk i)fr es lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ LFkku f'k{kd dk gSA f'k{kk O;oLFkk pkgs tSlh Hkh gks f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk loksZifj gksrh gS vFkkZr~ leLr f'k{kk O;oLFkk mlds pgwW vkSj fopj.k djrh gSA v/;kid 'kSf{kd izfØ;k dk og ikou vax gS] ftlds lrr~ iz;kl ls gh fo|kFkhZ vKku o vU/kdkj dh rkefld 'kfDr;ksa ls la/k"kZ dj Kku ls izdkf'kr gksdj tkou esa vkxs c<rs gSaA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS O;fDr dks i'kqRo ls euq";Ro vkSj euq";Ro ls nsoRo dh vksj ys tkus es f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk loksZifj gS D;ksafd v/;kid gh fo"k; lkexzh dk izLrqrhdj.k djds f'k{kk izfØ;k dks y{; iznku djrk gSA

vkt lekt es gesa fur u,&u, ifjorZu utj vk jgs gSA ftldk izHkko O;fDr] leqnk;] fopkj] ewY;ksa vkfn ij iM+ jgk gSA rks Hkyk f'k{kk bu ifjorZuksa ls vNwrh dSls jg ldrh gSA vr% f'k{kd dks bu ifjorZuksa dk Kku gksuk vfr vko';d gSA vksVkos ds vuqlkj ^^f'k{kk lekt dk vuqlj.k djrh gSA lekt esa tSls&tSls lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd ifjorZu gksaxs oSls&oSls f'k{kk ds mÌ';ksa esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrs jgsaxsA** iwoZ jk"Vªifr ,ÛihÛtsÛ dyke us orZeku Hkkjrh; n'kk ls ifjfpr djrs gq, dgk gS fd Þgekjk ns'k pqukSfr;ksa ls xqtj jgk gS ftlesa eq[;r% 260 fefy;u ¼26 djksM+½ yksx xjhch js[kk ls uhps gSa] muds thou Lrj dks lq/kkjuk gSA edku] Hkkstu] LokLF;] j{kk] f'k{kk] jkstxkj vkSj vUrr% ,d vPNk thou O;rhr djuk mudh eq[; vko';drk gSA gekjh ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk Lrj 6% gS ij fo'ks"kKksa dk ekuuk gS fd ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk Lrj de ls de 10% gksuk pkfg, vkSj og Hkh rdjhcu 10 lky rd rHkh ge thou js[kk ls ukps thou ;kiu djus okyksa dk Lrj lq/kkj ldrs gSA** f'k{kk dk gekjh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij

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International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]

Research Paper

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 5 | Issue : 2 | Feb 2019

lh/kk izHkko iM+rk gS vkSj ,d f'k{kd dk ;g iz;kl gksuk pkfg, fd xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou ;kiu djus okys cPpksa dks f'kf{kr fd;k tk,A ftlls ns'k dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gks vkSj f'k{kk ds ewy mnns~';ksa dh izkfIr gksaA

vkt f'k{kk es uohu 'kSf{kd i)fr;ksa dk tUe gks jgk gSA foKku dk izHkko lekt ds lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk es Hkh iM+rk jgk gSA vr% vko';d gS lwpuk ØkfUr ds bl nkSj es uohu lwpukvksa dk Kku f'k{kdksa dks djk;k tk,A

f'k{kd] f'k{kkFkhZ] ikB~;Øe o okrkoj.k f'k{k.k izfØ;k ds bu pkj vk/kkj LrEHkksa es ls ikB~;Øe ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA gekjh ikB~;p;kZ flQZ fo|ky; rd gh lhfer ugha jgrh cfYd fo|ky; ls ckgj Hkh pyrh gS ftudk vk;kstu f'k{kk ds mÌs';ksa ,ao lekt dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

foKku ds bl nkSj esa dEI;wVj dk vkfo"dkj ,d egRoiw.kZ nsu gSA f'k{kd& izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe eas ;fn dEI;wVj f'k{kk dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k rks ;g f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds lkFk vU;k; gksxkA

tkfdj gqlSu dk er gS fd ^^f'k{kd &f'k{kk dh ikB~;p;kZ bl izdkj gksuh pkfg, fd og vkRek esa Lo&rRo vkSj lR;rk] :i vkSj lkSUn;Z] usdh ,ao ifo=rk] U;k; vkSj LorU=rk tSls ewY;ksa dk fodkl djsA** bl dFku ls Li"V gksrk gS fd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k ikB~;p;kZ eas ewY;oknh n`f"Vdks.k] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk n'kZu vkSj ekuok; ewY;ksa vkSj fopkjksa dks lekfgr fd;k tk,A dksBjh vk;ksx ¼1966½ dh fjiksZV es Li"V :i ls of.kZr gS fd ^^ f'k{kd f'k{kk dk lkjrRo mlds dk;ZØe dh xq.koRrk gSA blds vHkko es f'k{kd f'k{kk u dsoy foÙkh; cckZnh gS] vfirq ;g leLr 'kSf{kd Lrjksa esa fxjkoV dk L=ksr cu tkrk gSA vr% f'k{kd f'k{kk es xq.kkRed lao/kZu lcls egRoiw.kZ dk;ZØe gSA** bl rF; ls Li"V gS fd xq.krk mlds ikB~;Øe esa fufgr gksrh gSA vkSj ikB~;Øe dks le;≤ ij o cnyrs lkekftd ifjn`'; ds vuq:Ik ifjoZru djuk pkfg,A fiNys dqN o"kksZ esa jk"Vªh; ,ao varjk"Vªh; Lrj ij gksus okys 'kSf{kd] jktuSfrd] lkekftd ,ao vkfFkZd n`f"V ls ?kfVr gksus okys rhozxkeh ifjorZuksa us ubZ pqukSfr;k¡ izLrqr dh gS] ftlls f'k{kd izf'k{k.k ikB~;p;kZ ds iquZfuekZ.k dh vko';drk gSA jkeewfrZ leh{kk lfefr ¼1990½ ds vuqlkj ÞikB~;Øe esa iztkrU=] /keZ&fujis{krk] lektokn] oSKkfud &LoHkko] bZekunkjh] lkgl] fu"Bk] fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ds izfr lEeku vkfn ewY;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk,A v/;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØe ds }kjk ,sls leFkZ f'k{kd rS;kj fd, tk,¡ tks fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa bu Hkkoukvksa dks fodflr djus esa l{ke gks vkSj jk"Vªh; lqn`<+rk ds fy, v/;kid&f'k{kk ikB~;Øe esa fofo|rk dk gksuk vko';d gSA vkt vf/kdka'k ukxfjd vius vf/kdkjksa dk rks Kku j[krs gaS ijUrq vius dÙkZO;ksa ds izfr mnklhu jgrs gSaA f'k{kd esa Lao; vius vkpj.k ds ek/;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa dÙkZO; cks/k dh {kerk dks fodflr djus dh {kerk gksA

vkt ;wusLdks] ,eusLVh baVjus'kuy vkfn laLFkk, ekuokf/kdkjksa vkSj buds guu dks jksdus ds fy, dk;Z dj jgh gSaA f'k{kd& izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa ekuokf/kdkj ls lEcfU/kr fo"k;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tk,A fu/kZurk csjkstxkjh] tula[;k foLQksV de mRiknu vkfn vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, vkfFkZd fu;kstu ,ao ekuo 'kfDr fu;kstu vko';d gSA f'k{kk dk O;kolk;hdj.k djds bl leL;k dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA vfLrRookn] ;FkkFkZokn] okLrfodrkokn vkfn lekt dh vko';drkvksa ds vk/kkj ij viuh mi;ksfxrk fl) dj jgs gSaA bu n'kZuksa es euq"; dh Lora=rk] vf/kdkjksa] lekurk dks egRo vkSj oxZ&foHksn] vR;kpkj] 'kks"k.k vkfn fojks/k dks LFkku feyk gSA bl izdkj ds n'kZuksa dks f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku feyuk pkfg,A cnyrs lkekftd ifjn`'; es funsZ'ku ,ao ijke'kZ laca/kh rF;ksa dk lekos'k f'k{kd& izf'k{k.k dk;Zdze es gks ftlls f'k{kd vius Nk=ksa dks lgh funsZ'ku o ijke'kZ iznku dj ldsA lkjka'k es orZeku f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;Zdze ds fuEu mÌs'; gksus pkfg,& 1- izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks uohu f'k{k.k rduhdksa dh tkudkjh iznku djukA 2- izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa es :fp] l`tukRedrk] vfHkizj.kk dks c<+kok nsukA 3- uohu vuqlU/kkuksa dh tkudkjh izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks iznku djukA 4- iqjkus Kku ,ao fo'oklks dk ewY;kadu djukA 5- jk"Vªh; o vUrjkZ"Vªh; le> dks lqn`<+ djukA 6- f'k{k.k dk;Z ds izfr lUrqf"V j[kus ds xq.k o mUufr ds voljksa dk fodkl djukA 7- f'k{kk esa uokpkjksa dh tkudkjh iznku djukA 8- ikB~;lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dks lfEefyr djukA

International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]

Research Paper

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 5 | Issue : 2 | Feb 2019

iwjh ekuo lH;rk ds vUnj bl ckr dh gksM+ gS fd og vPNk dk;Z djsa vkSj f'k{kd &izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa le;≤ ij fn, x, lq>koksa ds vuqlkj cnyko djsaA vkt O;fDr tc vU; O;olk;ksa es lQy ugha gksrk gS rks og vfrae fodYi ds :Ik es f'k{k.k O;olk; dks viuk jgk gS vFkkZr fodYi ds :i esa bl O;olk; ds izfr og de mRlkfgr vkSj vkfFkZd :Ik ls Hkh fpafrr jgrk gSA tcfd f'k{k.k O;olk; dks loksZifj gksuk pkfg, vkSj ns'k ds loZJs"B vkSj ;ksX; O;fDr;ksa dk blesa lekos'k gksuk pkfg,A

f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;Zdze gsrq fu/kkZfjr ikB~;dze esa vko';d cnyko gksus ls dq'ky f'k{kdksa dk fuekZ.k laHko gS] ftlls d{kkvksa esa f'k{k.k&vf/kxe izfdz;k dks uohu thou fey ldsxk vkSj Hkkjr ds HkkX; dk fuekZ.k d{kkvksa esa rHkh laHko gSA

jk"Vªh; ifjn`'; dks /;ku es j[krs gq, f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa fuEu ifjorZu fd, tkus pkfg, os bl izdkj ls gSa& Ÿ izf'k{k.k dh xq.koÙkk c<+kus ds fy, lw{e f'k{k.k ,ao

vuqdj.kh; f'k{k.k dks vf/kd egRo fn;k tk,A Ÿ ikB~;Øe dks jkstxkjksUeq[k cuk;k tk,A Ÿ izf'k{k.kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, xksf"B;ksa] lsfeukjksa] odZ'kki vkfn

dk vk;kstu fd;k tk, ftlls uohu vuqlU/kkuksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gks ldsA Ÿ v/;kid ls visf{kr dk;Z dq'kyrk ds vuq:Ik v/;kid

f'k{kk dk dk;ZØe o ;kstuk cukbZ tk,A Ÿ jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,dhd`r ikB~;Øe rS;kj fd;k tk,A Ÿ de ls de N% eghus dh bUVuZf'ki ds ek/;e ls

izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks okLrfod :Ik ls fo|ky; esa dke djus dk vuqHko iznku djk;k tk,A Ÿ ikB~;Øe ds ek/;e ls yksdrkfU=d ewY;ksa dk fodkl

fd;k tk,A Ÿ f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa fl)kUr vkSj vH;kl ds

chp lkeatL; cuk;k tk,A Ÿ n`';& JO; midj.kksa dk ;Fkk laHko mi;ksx fd;k tk,

ftlls Nk=ksa esa fo"k;&oLrq ds izfr :fp mRiUu gks lds vkSj Hkfo"; esa budk iz;ksx dj ldsaA Ÿ ikB~;Øe fodkl] lapkyu ,ao ewY;kadu dh {kerk esa

o`f) djus ds fy, ^ikB~;p;kZ fuekZ.k o fodkl* rFkk fo|ky; izcU/k* dks ikB~;Øe esa vfuok;Z :Ik ls j[kk tk,A

Ÿ f'k{kd& izf'k{k.k ikB~;Øe esa 'kSf{kd vkSj O;kolkf;d

izfrLi/kkZ dks 'kkfey fd;k tk,A Ÿ f'k{kd& izf'k{k.k ikB~;Øe esa le; vkSj lalk/kuksa ds

vuq:Ik yphykiu gksA Ÿ ikB~;Øe es ICT ds iz;ksx dks c<kok feyuk pkfg,A Ÿ jk"Vªh; ,drk] lkekftd ,drk vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; vocks/k

dks c<+kok fn;k tk,A mijksDr foospu ls Li"V gS fd International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]