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Research Paper Chemical Science

E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 4 | Issue : 11 | Nov 2018

ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS: A REVIEW 1

Mrs. Swati Sarwa | Dr. Piyush Kumar Thakur | Dr. Shweta Choubey 1 2

School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, MATS University, Raipur (C.G). Professor and Head, Department of Basic Sciences, Govt. Engineering College Raipur (C.G.) PIN:492001.

ABSTRACT Drinking water is an important constituent for all types of living beings. Groundwater is one of the most valuable natural resources, which supports human health, economic development and ecological diversity. The various physico-chemical parameters such as color, Water temperature, alkalinity, acidity, hardness, pH, sulphate, chloride, DO, BOD, COD, EC, TDS, Calcium and Magnesium, Sulphate, Nitrate, Nitrogen as Ammonia, Nitrogen as Nitrate and Nitrogen as Nitrite used for testing of water quality are discussed and studied in this paper. The objective of study was to know the important water quality parameters for Drinking, Irrigation and Aquatic life i.e. multipurpose from surface water bodies as well as ground water. Various researchers explained their views about water quality parameters that are explained below. From this study it will seen that, all parameters are equally important. There is lot of parameter for drinking water quality parameter like world health organization (WHO), Indian Standard IS 12500:2012, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Environmental Quality Standards (EQA). Some water analysis reports with physic-chemical parameters have been given for the exploring parameter study. Guidelines of different physic-chemical parameters also have been given for comparing the value of real water sample. KEYWORD: Drinking water, water quality parameters, underground water INTRODUCTION: Water quality is a major environmental issue. Pollution from nonpoint sources is the single largest remaining source of water quality impairments in the United States. Agriculture is a major source of several nonpoint-source pollutants, including nutrients, sediment, pesticides, and salts. Envirmental no point pollution decreasing policies can be structure to induce producers to change their production bodes in ways that improve the environmental and related economic consequences of production. The information necessary to design economically efficient pollution control policies is almost always lacking. Instead, policies can be designed to achieve specific environmental or other similarly related goals at least cost, given transaction costs and any other political, legal, or informational constraints that may exist. This research paper outlines the economic character of 5 instruments that can be used to decreasing envirmental no point source pollution (economic incentives, standards, education, liability, and research) and discusses empirical research related to the use of these instruments. Water quality, nonpoint-source pollution, envirmental incentives, standards, education, liability, research, environmental ecological and policy. Water quality refers to the chemically, physically, biologically, and radio logically characteristics of water. It is a measure of the methods of water relative to the apparatus of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. It is most tendons used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally achieved through treatment of the water bodies, can be assessed. The most same standards useable to assess water quality relate to health of ecology systems, protect of human contact, and drinking water. These parameters for water quality are prediction by the intended use. Work in the area of water quality tends to be main point on water that is treated for human consumption, industrial use, or in the environment. Sub area changes, fertilizer selection from farms, storm water from streets, and other forms of diffuse pollution are now recognized as having serious environmental consequences. In more than fifty percent of estimated cases in which water quality goals are not achieved, diffuse pollution is cited as the main cause. This surveys the major problems and a challenge presented by this form of pollution, and offers a wide range of feasible, cost effective solutions for dealing with them. Water quality: prevention, identification, and management of degraded pollution covers aspects of diffuse pollution ranging from sources and sites to health and legal consequences. The research provides an integrated approach to water quality control and explain advanced pollution abatement methodologies, such as the use of wetlands. Sections on repercussions to the ecological include discussions of benefit analyses of abatement programs and the payments that support the programs. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: Water column physicochemical parameters: Water is formed by the covalent union of two hydrogen (H) atoms and one oxygen (O) atom. These atoms are joined in an unsymmetrical arrangement where the hydrogen end of the molecule has a slight positive charge and the oxygen end a slight negative charge. This arrangement of unbalanced electrical charges creates the dipolar characteristic that gives the molecule the remarkable ability to act as both an acid and a base and be a solvent for cations, anions, and some types of organic matter. This arrangement also allows water molecules to form hydrogen

bonds with adjacent water molecules. These bonds are responsible for water’s high viscosity, high cohesion and adhesion, high surface tension, high melting and boiling points, and the large temperature range through which it is a liquid. As water travels across the landscape, it interacts with its environment through a variety of chemical processes. In the process transports dissolved gases, positive ion and negative ion, amorphous organics, trace metals, and particulates. The most common positively charged ions, or cations, include calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++),sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and ammonium (NH4+). The most common anions, or negatively charged ions, include nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO4-), chloride (Cl-), and several different forms of phosphorus (P). The physical characteristics of concern in river water are temperature, colour, turbidity, sediments, taste and odour. Because of its hydrogen bonds and molecular structure, water has an unusual trait—the density of its solid phase (ice) is lower than that of its liquid phase (water). Because of this trait, ice floats, pipes and plant tissues rupture when the water within them freezes and expands. The rates of chemical and metabolic reactions, viscosity and solubility, gas-diffusion rates, and the settling velocity of particles depend on temperature. Pure water is colorless in thin layers and bluish green in thick layers. Particulates and insoluble compounds typically add color and reduce transparency. Consequently, the presence of light-dependent aquatic organisms can affect esthetic appeal and taste of water as well as the effectiveness of certain wastewater treatment processes. Turbidity is an optical property related to the scattering of light and clarity. It is typically controlled by the presence of suspended particles or organic compounds. Turbidity itself is not injurious to human health. Approximately 50 percent of the total incident light is scattered or transformed into heat within the first meter of water. Sediment is a major water-quality concern because of its ability to transport harmful substances and its impacts on the cost of water treatment and the maintenance of water distribution systems. While sediment is derived during the natural weathering and sculpturing of the landscape, accelerated levels of erosion and sedimentation are associated with many anthropogenic activities. The general term sediment includes both organic and inorganic particles that are derived from the physical and chemical weathering of the landscape. Individual particles are eroded, transported, and deposited. Aquatic organisms are usually grouped into those that obtain the carbon they need for biosynthesis from carbon dioxide (autographs) and use existing organic compounds as their carbon source (heterotrophy). Generally, autographs increase DO concentrations in water through photosynthesis, while heterotrophy’s are responsible for breakdown and recycling of dead organic materials and decreased DO concentrations. Most microbial contaminants in water are caused by heterotrophy’s that are transmitted to a water system via human and animal fecal matter. Most waterborne pathogenic microorganisms are bacteria or viruses that survive in sewage and septic leach ate. Bacterial pathogens are generated by both animal and human sources, while viral pathogens are usually only generated by human sources. Viruses that infect animals normally do not cause illness in humans. However, animal sources for some

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E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 4 | Issue : 11 | Nov 2018

viruses that effect humans are suspected, particularly viruses that infect the respiratory system like the sin hombre virus, Hantavirus, influenza virus, and Ebola virus. Common bacterial diseases spread by aquatic microorganisms include Legionnaire’s disease, cholera, typhoid, and gastroenteritis. Waterborne viral diseases include polio, hepatitis, and forms of gastroenteritis. Waterborne parasitic diseases include amoebic dysentery, flukes, and giardiasis. Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. is parasitic protozoans that are transferred between a animals and humans via the fecal-oral route and are significant sources of gastrointestinal illness. They are common in surface water in back-country areas, including in many national forests and parks. Table 1. Physicochemical parameter & there units Serial No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 30

Physical parameter Water temperature pH Dissolved oxygen Biochemical oxygen demand Chemical oxygen demand Conductivity Salinity Secchi Depth of collection Depth of sample site Air temperature Wind direction Wind velocity Cloud cover Color Turbidity Total suspended solids Total solids Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll c Pheopigments Chlorophyll a corrected Chlorophyll a/ pheopigment ratio Total kjeldahl nitrogen as N Nitrate + nitrite as N Total phosphorus as P Total orthophosphorus as P

Units Degrees Celsius pH units Milegram/liter Miegram/liter Milegram/liter µmhos/cm Parts per thousand Meters Meters Meters Degrees Celsius Degrees Miles per hour Percent PCU NTU Milegram/liter Milegram/liter µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l Milegram/liter Milegram/liter Milegram/liter Milegram/liter

Water Quality Related Problems in Public Health Environment & Agriculture: The knowledge of water quality and its contents is very essential for judging its suitability for different purpose such as drinking, irrigation, industry, public health and environmental safety. There are various types of standards in view of the consumption of water like: (a) Drinking water standards: Water is directly consumed by all human beings. There are certain national as well as international authorities, who have laid down various standards for domestic use of drinking water. For this purpose the main Indian agencies are like Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), and Ministry of Works and Housing (MWH) where as international agency is named as World Health Organization (WHO). Some important drinking water standards are as follows: Table2. Drinking Water Standards Accord- According Ministry of Ministry of to WHO Characteristics ing to works & hous- works & housWHO maximum of ing (1975) ing Causes of physicochemical highest permissiAcceptable rejection desirable ble Turbidity (JTU)

5.0

25.0

2.5

10.0

Color (Pt-scale)

5.0

50.0

5.0

25.0

DisagreeUnobjectionable Unobjectionable able

Taste & odour

Nothing

pH Total solids

7.0-8.5

6.5-9.2

7.0-8.5

6.5-9.2

500

1500

500

1500

Accord- According Ministry of Ministry of to WHO Characteristics ing to works & hous- works & housWHO maximum of ing (1975) ing Causes of physicochemical highest permissiAcceptable rejection desirable ble Total hardness

100

500

200

600

Chlorides

200

600

200

1000

Sulphates

200

400

200

400

Fluorides

1.0

1.5

1.0

1.5

Nitrates

Calcium

200

Magnesium

150

Iron

0.1

1.0

0.1

1.0

Manganese

0.05

0.5

0.05

0.5

Copper

0.05

1.0

0.05

1.5

Zinc

5.0

15.0

5.0

15.0

Phenolic compounds

0.001

0.002

0.001

0.002

Detergents, anionic

0.2

1.0

0.2

1.0

Mineral oil

0.01

0.30

0.01

0.30

Arsenic

0.05

Chromium

0.01

0.05

Cyanide

0.05

Lead

0.10

Selenium

0.01

Cadmium

0.01

Mercury

0.001

PCBs(µg/l)

0.2

Gross α-activity (PCi/l)

3.0

Gross β-activity (PCi/l)

30.0

(b) Bacteriological standards: Bacteriological standards in water are standardized by WHO and Ministry of Works and Housing, both such as: By WHO (A) Water entering distribution system: Coliform bacteria Count in any sample of hundred ml should be zero. (B) Water in distribution system: All samples taken from the distribution system including consumer's premises should be free from coliform organisms. Since in practice it is not always possible, even then following standards can be followed: (i)

Throughout the year, 95% of the samples examined should not have any coliform organisms.

(ii) E.coli count in any 100ml sample should be 0. (iii) Coliform organisms not more than 10/100ml should be given present in any reagent sample. (iv) Coliform organisms should not be detectable in 100ml of any two consecutive samples. Ministry of works & housing (A) Water entering distribution system: Coliform count in any sample of 100ml should be 0. (B) Water in distribution system: Shall be satisfied by all the three criteria given below: (i)

E-coli count in 100ml of any sample should be 0.

(ii) Coliform organisms not more than 10/100 ml should be present in any sample. (iii) Coliform organisms should not be detectable in 100ml of any two consecutive samples of more than 50% of the samples collected for the year. (C) Irrigation standards: The quality of water for irrigation purpose should be up to the mark. The major parameters of concern are:

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E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 4 | Issue : 11 | Nov 2018 ture. Some important effluent standards in land surface water, public sewers, land for irrigation and marine coastal area were fixed by Central Pollution Control Board in 1995. There data are given as follows:

(a) Salinity: The salinity of water should be less for irrigation purpose, because salts in water reduce water should be less for irrigation purpose, because salts in water is denoted by dissolved solids and conductivity. (b) Water infiltration rate: High sodium and low calcium content of water reduces the rate at which irrigation water enters soil to such an extent that sufficient water can not be infiltrated to supply the crop adequately from one irrigation to the next. Specific ion toxicity: The presence of some ions such as sodium, boron or chloride in irrigation water accumulates in crops. It causes crop damage and reduces yield, if the ion concentration is considerably high.

(c)

Table 5. General standards for discharge of effluents (CPCB 1995) S. no.

Parameter

Colour & odour Suspended solid, mg/l max

(d) Miscellaneous: When nutrients in water are in excess, it causes reduction in yield. These nutrients deposit on fruits or foliage. Sodium concentration: Sodium in water can be denoted by- Sodium , Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC). These parameters in water can be calculated by the following formulae and the values of individual constituents are taken in mEq./L.

(e)

Percent sodium=Na+/Ca2++Mg2++K++Na+*100 (d) Stream standards: For each typical use of water(like irrigation, drinking , industry, power generation, recreations, etc.), water quality criteria are established. Any water body can be designed for some particular best use which can be termed as designated best use. On the basis of the designated best use of water, water resources can be classified and zoned in different categories. For fresh water, the water quality criteria are classified by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB). The above named boards have adopted a scheme of classification and zoning of water bodies, which is given below: Table 3. Classification and zoning of water bodies (CPCB 1979 ) Nomenclature for the class of water

Designated best use Fresh water Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfection.

Dissolved sol3 ids (inorganic), mg/l max 4

6 7

8 Class B

Class C

Propagation of wildlife, fisheries

Class D

Irrigation, industrial cooling and controlled waste disposal

Class E

Chloride mg/l max Fluoride mg/l 11 max Dissolved phos12 phate mg/l max 10

SW I

200

2100

5.5-9.0

45 at the point of discharge

1.0

5.0

0.2

1000

600

2.0

5.0

Commercial fishing, non-contact recreation

SW II

Industrial cooling

SW III

Sulphate mg/l max

Harbor Navigation, controlled waste disposal

SW IV

14 Sulphide mg/l

SW V

1000

2.0

5.0

Absent

In above data, there should be no visible discharge of domestic and industrial wastes into class A waters. In case of class B & C, the discharges shall be regulated so as to ensure the maintenance of the stream standards.

1.0

5.0

Table 4. Water quality criteria for fresh water classification (CPCB 1979)

10-7

10-8

10-7

10-6

10-7

10-6

2100

5.5-9.0 Shall not exceed 40 in any section of the Temperature stream within ºC, max 15 meters downstream from the effluent outlet Oil & grease 10 mg/l max Total residual chlorine mg/l 1.0 max Residual sodium carbonate, mg/l max Cyanide mg/l 0.2 max

Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection

Pesticides Phenolic compounds mg/l max Radioactive materials α emitters µC/ml, max αEmitters µC/ml, max Percent Na

(b) For cooling water effluent 10% above total suspended matter of influent cooling water (a) Floatable solids, Max 3mm

600

pH value

Out-door bathing

Salts pans, shell fishing, contact sport

100

Particle size of Shall pass 850 2 suspended solmicron IS sieve ids

Class A

Sea waters (Including Estuaries & coastal waters)

Inland surface Public Land for Marine coastal water sewers irrigation area (a) For process waste water-100

(b) Settable solids max 850 microns

Classes

Criteria

Class A

Dissolved oxygen (minimum 6 mg/l), BOD (Maximum 2 mg/l), MPN of coliforms per 100ml (maximum 50), pH (6.5-8.5)

Class B

Dissolved oxygen (minimum 5 mg/l), BOD (Maximum 3 mg/l), MPN of coliforms per 100ml (maximum 500), pH (6.5-8.5)

Ammonical 20 nitrogen mg/l

Class C

Dissolved oxygen (minimum 4 mg/l), BOD (Maximum 3 mg/l), MPN of coliforms per 100ml (maximum 5000), pH (6.0-9.0)

100

Class D

Dissolved oxygen (minimum 4 mg/l), pH (6.5-8.5), Free ammonia as N (maximum 1.2mg/l)

Total Kjeldahal 21 (nitrogen) mg/l max

5.0

Class E

pH(6.0-8.5), Electrical Conductivity (maxmimum mS/cm 2250), Sodium absorption ratio. SAR (maximum 2mg/l)

350

100

(e) Effluent standards: The standards of effluent are related to the quality of waste waters, which are originated from industry, community and agricul-

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18 19

Free ammonia mg/l max Biochemical oxygen 23 demand(5 days at 20ºC max) 22

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E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 4 | Issue : 11 | Nov 2018

S. no.

Parameter

Chemical oxygen demand mg/l max

250

Arsenic mg/l max

0.2

Mercury mg/l max

0.01

27 Lead mg/l max

0.1

1.0

Cadmium mg/l max

2.0

1.0

2.0

Hexavalent 30 chromium mg/l max

0.1

2.0

1.0

Inland surface Public Land for Marine coastal water sewers irrigation area

Total chromium mg/l

2.0

Copper mg/l max

3.0

33 Zinc mg/l max

5.0

Selenium mg/l 34 max

0.05

Nickel mg/l max

3.0

5.0

Boron mg/l max

2.0

Table 6. Summary of water quality induces development on a national level Index

Objective

Method

Author

The scatter score

Water quality

Assesses increases or Kim & Cardone decreases in parameters (2005) over time & space

The well-being of nations

Human & ecosystem

Assesses human indices Prescott & Allen against ecosystem (2001) indices

Environmental performance

Environmental health & ecosystem vitality

Uses a proximity-totarget measure for sixteen indices categorized into six policy objectives

River health

Uses multiplicative aggregate function of standardized scores for a number of water quality parameters

River water quality

Overall index of pollution

Chemical water quality

Water quality for freshwater life

River health

Lake basin

Inland water

Levy et al. (2006)

Liou et al. (2004)

Assessment & classification of a number of water quality parameters by comparing observations against Indian standards & other accepted guidelines for example WHO

Sargaonkar & Deshpande (2003)

Assesses a number of water quality parameters by standardizing each observation to the maximum concentration for each parameters

Tsegaye et al. (2006)

Assesses quality of water against guidelines CCME (2001) for freshwater life

RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Water Quality in some Indian River. Pollution of the Ganges, the largest river in India, poses significant threats to human health and the larger environment. Severely pollution with human waste and industrial waste, the river provides water to about forty percent of India's population across 11 states, serving an estimated population of 500 million people or more, more than any other river in the world. In 1909 the waters of the Yamuna were distinguishable as clear blue, as compared to the silt-laden yellow of the Ganges. However, due to high density

population growth and rapid industrialisation today Yamuna is one of the most polluted rivers in the world, especially around New Delhi, the capital of India, which dumps about 58% of its waste into the river. A recent study shows that there is 100% urban metabolism of River Yamuna as it passes through the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. New Delhi generates 1,900 million litres (500,000,000 US gal) per day (MLD) of sewage. Though many attempts have been made to process it, the efforts have proven futile. The Gomti River is pollution at all points of its course through the 940-kilometre stretch of alluvial plains in Uttar Pradesh. The major sources of pollution are industrial waste and effluentfrom sugar factories and distilleries and residential wastewater and sewage. The mutha in 2010, areas all round the river experienced flash floods due to high levels of pollution and garbage dumped into the river. The College of Engineering, Pune (CoEP) holds an annual boating festival at the river near its premises. In 2012, it was found that the river was not navigable from Khadki to CoEP because the Maharashtra Natural Gas Limited had obstructed the flow of the river by constructing a mud path to lay a pipeline. The Mithi river has been pollution by dumping of raw sewage, industrial waste and municipal waste into the river. Besides this, illegal activities like washing the vessels, animals and oily drums, discharge of not authorized hazardous waste are also carried out along the course of this river. Cattle sheds in some areas contribute animal waste. Barrel cleaners, scrap dealers and others dump sludge oil, effluent and garbage in the river. The organiaum waste, sludge and garbage dumping has reduced the carrying capacity of the river. The water with mixture of sewage and industrial waste is a threat to marine life. The river bed is full of sludge, garbage and vegetation growth like water hyacinth in many parts. The city of Mumbai earned the epithet – 'Cottonopolis of India' due to its vibrant cotton textile mills. The mills over the years have utilized water from this river and dumped their waste into it leading to the present polluted state of the river. Major River Basins in Chhattisgarh State: The major rivers flowing in Chhattisgarh state are given in table 3. The Mahanadi river and its tributaries Seonath, Hasdeo, Mand and Arpa drain part of Raipur, Durg, Rajnandgaon, Bilaspur, Raigarh and Surguja districts. The Indravati river is a tributary to Godavari river and drains the districts of Kanker, Baster and Dantewada. Most of the river are perennial in nature. The drainage patterns in the state are dendritic, parallel, angular and radial types. Son is the tributary of Ganga river and drains parts of Sarguja and Koriya districts. Table 7. Shows the Drainage existing in the State S.No.

Major Rivers

Tributaries

Districts

Ganga 18407 Sq.Km.

Son

Surguja, Koriya, Jashpur & Bilaspur

Mahanadi 75858 Sq.Km.

Ib, Hasdeo, Seonath, Tel, Mand

Raipur, Mahasamund, Dhamtari and parts of Durg, Rajnandgaon, Kawardha, Korba, Kanker, Bastar, Surguja, Raigarh & Bilaspur

Godavari 38694 Sq.Km.

Indravati, Sabari Wain ganga

Parts of Durg, Bastar, Rajnandgaon, Kanker & Dantewada

Narmada 744 Sq.Km.

Narmada

Parts of Rajnandgaon, Bilaspur, & kawardha

Bramhani 1394 Sq.Km.

Sankh

Parts of Jashpur

Government of Chhattisgarh Water Resources Department: Table 8. Description of Chhattisgarh water area Description India Surface water 18,69,000 MCM Ground water 4,35,420 MCM Geographical area 32,68,090 Sq.Km Population 1030.0 Million

Chhattisgarh 48,296 MCM 14,548 MCM 135,097 Sq.Km 20.8 Million

Percentage 3.20 3.17 4.13 2.00

Table 9. Comparison of water quality with drinking standards (Indian & WHO) Serial no.

Parameters

ISI

WHO

1 2

pH Sp.conductivity (mS/cm at 25ºC)

6.5-8.5 -

7.0-8.0 -

Total dissolved solids

500

1000

Total hardness as CaCO3 (mg/l)

300

Bicarbonate (mg/l)

Chloride (mg/l)

250

Sulphate (mg/l)

200

250

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Serial no.

Parameters

ISI

WHO

Phosphate (mg/l)

Nitrate (mg/l)

Fluoride (mg/l)

Calcium (mg/l)

Magnesium (mg/l)

Sodium (mg/l)

200

Potassium (mg/l)

Silicate (mg/l)

CONCLUSION: This paper is show about all water quality parameter and show the India and Chhattisgarh what will be improved for the water quality. This work for the fames rivers quality and water is directly consumed by all human beings. There are certain national as well as international authorities, who have laid down various standards for domestic use of drinking water. They are also informing the standards of effluent are related to the quality of waste waters, which are originated from industry, community and agriculture. REFERENCES: 1.

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International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]

A CASE STUDY IN WATER QUALITY IN VARIOUS AREA & DEFERENT PARAMETER