Research Paper
Botany
E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 4 | Issue : 7 | July 2018
FLORA OF SAVANNAH THREATENED IN THE TAPAJ S RIVER BASIN, AMAZON: ETHNOBOTANY AS A CONSERVATION TOOL 1
Beatriz Souza | Patricia Chaves de Oliveira
2
1
Interdisciplinar Bachelor of Water Science and Technology- Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará- UFOPA, Santarém, Pará, Brazil. 2 Associate Professor of Biodiversity and Forest Institute- Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará- UFOPA, CEP 68040-070, Santarém, Pará, Brazil. ABSTRACT Riverside communities in the Tapajós Basin have vast traditional knowledge about uses of local flora. Such traditional knowledge transmitted from generation to generation is threatened by anthropic pressure on such ecosystems in the Amazon. The Juá Environmental Preservation Area (APA Juá) is one such area. The objective of this work was to characterize the traditional knowledge of a women and last group living on APA Juá, Santarém city, Pará state, through an Ethnobotanical study. From interviews with a semi - structured questionnaire, guided visit and herborization of the mentioned plant species, the method was configured, for later treatment of ethnobotanical variables by non - parametric analysis. Thirty - six ethnospecies useful for families were identified, distributed in 23 families and 34 genera. The species with the highest relative frequency of citations were Jurú (C. icaco), Piranga (M. apiranga) and Muruci (B. crassifolia.). Açaí (E. oleracea) was the specie with the highest Value of Use, suggesting the importance of conservation of it for sub existence and reproduction of these families over time. Among the medicinal plants, the boldo (P. barbatus), the lemon grass (L. alba), the guava (P. guajava) and the mint (M. villosa) stand out. Ethnobotanical research demonstrates that it is a good tool for popularizing and valuing traditional knowledge of riverside communities, but it is mainly used as a tool for socioenvironmental denunciation of savannas degradation in the Tapajós Basin. KEYWORDS: Value of Use, Açaí, Murici, Medicinal Plants, riverside community, traditional knowledge, agroecosystems. INTRODUCTION: The Amazon region has many traditional populations in its territory, including indigenous and non-indigenous peoples, such as quilombolas (afro descendants), rubber tappers, riverside people, babaçú coconut crackers, among many others (ROCHA 2014). From the second half of the 1940s onwards, with the implementation of large developmental projects that did not fit the reality and needs of the region (OLIVEIRA et al. 2014), intense cultural, environmental and economic changes began to occur in the Amazon, generating reflections that until now are visible in regional public policies, where the interest of the appropriation of natural assets by private initiative continues to prevail, without taking into account the local actors' lifestyles and internal capacity to put into practice a development socially, economically and environmentally generating benefits for all equitably (LOCATELLI 2009). According to Lira and Chaves (2016), riparian peoples can be characterized as communities marked by sociocultural and historical values of the Amazon region, engaging in agriculture, fishing, extractives, hunting and gathering according to their needs and available natural resources, maintaining thus ample relations of history, time and knowledge with the environment. Riverside communities are generally included in the Conservation Units (UCs), which are divided into two types: those of integral protection and sustainable use (BRASIL 2000), according to the National System of Nature Conservation Units (SNUC). The Environmental Protection Area (APA) allows traditional communities living in to continue to use and manage natural resources for their benefit, not degrading nature. In the city of Santarém, in the western state of Pará (eastern Amazon), the APA of Juá is an example of a protection area created in an urban border (ABREU 2015). However, it is included in a territory of increasing anthropic pressure of land occupation, many and illegal land invasions around the APA have begun to emerge, which has caused several environmental impacts, mainly in Lake Juá, which was used for traditional riverside people, affecting their ways of life and the accomplishment of fishing and agro-extractive activities. According to Flor and Barbosa (2015), the cultural habit of cultivating medicinal plants in traditional communities constitutes an important local resource for the collective health and environmental sustainability of the area, mainly because these populations do not have an effective health care and that be easily accessible, and have a close contact with nature and its plant species, knowing how to use them according to their needs (ELISABETSKY 1997). This tradition of learning to use plants, mainly medicinal, through experimentation, coexistence and oral conversations with older people is well represented in the literature, mainly in the works of Diegues (2000), Lima (2000), Allut (2001), Rodrigues 2002), Pizzolatto (2004) and Zambon and Agostini (2015), showing that these knowledges, transmitted orally between generations, are part of culture of these peoples, being intertwined with their life histories, identities and memories. Thus, the present work aimed to recover, register and disseminate the traditional knowledge of the residents of Juá community about the use, cultivation, extractivism and management of useful vegetable species to this population, through ethnobotanical survey and their non-parametric analyzes, contributing
to the appreciation of traditional riverside knowledge. The hypothesis of work was that the ethnobotany studies on savannah communities can be a conservation tool of threatened environments as Lake of Juá. METHODS: The research developed on September of 2017 in Santarém (2 ° 24 '52 "S and 54 ° 42' 36" W), west of Pará state, a mesoregion of Low Amazon, on the right side of Tapajós River, at its confluence with the Amazon River, (ABREU 2015). The Juá Environmental Protection Area (APA) was created through the Municipal Law 19,206, of December 28, 2012, it has 126 hectares, which cover the Lake of Juá, Igarapé of Juá and their respective riparian forests. The community has an association, led by one of the interviewees, Mrs. Raimunda (64 years old). The research followed the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and Tokyo for humans. For authorization of field work and in compliance with Provisional Measure 2186-2001 and Resolution No. 05 CGEN, the Instrument of Prior Consent (TAP) was signed by community leaders. The climate is of humid equatorial type (Ami) according to Köppen classification (1948), average annual temperature of 26ºC, with relative air humidity around 86% and annual rainfall with variations of 1,287 to 2,538 mm, (CAVALCANTE 2014; KEYS 2016). The rainy season occurs in the months of December to May, with monthly rainfall between 170 and 300 mm, and the dry season from August to November, with precipitation of 60 mm (BARLOW and PERES 2004). According to Chaves (2016), the regional climate is strongly influenced by the El Niño climate phenomenon, and when this occurs, the drought period is longer and more intense, which leaves vegetation coming vulnerable to forest fires. The soil is diverse and may be dystrophic yellow latosol (ROCHA 2014a) in the APA (secondary forest) regions, but it is also sandy where the beach community lives because of Tapajós River sediment deposit. The main economic activity is the artisanal fishing using nets, harpoons and reeds, made in small motor boats. The vegetation is a savannah type, composed of grasses and shrubby, herbaceous and arboreal dicotyledonous plants, the latter being susceptible to fires (SANAIOTTI & MAGNUSSON 1995; SCHOLES & ARCHER 1997). The interviews were conducted with 3 residents of Juá community, the only families who still lived in the area and the only one still maintain the knowledge. The questionnaire was semi-structured form adapted from Cavalcante (2014) containing social questions and about use of plants (ALBUQUERQUE et al. 2010) for food, therapeutic, energy and artisanal purposes. The botanical collections were carried out by touring-guided by the backyard, beach and community forest environments, with georeferencing of the collection points of plants, which were photographed, pressed and herborized (EMBRAPA 2008). The variables analyzed by means of non-parametric statistics (BIOESTAT PROGRAM 5.3 2007) were: 1. Relative Frequency of Citations (FRC) = FC / N according to LARDÍO E PARDO-DE-SANTAYANA(2008); where FC represents the number of informants who indicated the use of species and N expresses the total number of informants; 2. Value of Use (VU) according to Rossato et al. (1999); VU = (ΣU) / N; where ΣU is the sum of total number of uses
Copyright© 2018, IERJ. This open-access article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License which permits Share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and Adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) under the Attribution-NonCommercial terms.
International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]
1
Research Paper
E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 4 | Issue : 7 | July 2018
of particular plant species (U) and N, the total number of informants; 3. Fidelity level (FL): presented by Friedman et al. (1986), this index is used only for the medical use category and can be calculated by the formula: FL = (Ip / Iu) x 100%, where Ip represents the number of informants who mentioned the main use of the species and Iu total number of respondents who indicated the species for any purpose; 4. Rank Order Priority (ROP) refers to identification the order of priority medicinal species for that community and therefore important for management and conservation, calculated according to Albuquerque et al. (2010) by the formula ROP = FL x RP, where FL reflects the level of fidelity and RP describes the relative popularity, calculated by the ratio between the number of respondents who mentioned a given species, by the number of informants who cited the most indicated species. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Thirty-six ethno- uses for Juá community were cited and identified. These were grouped into 34 genera of 23 families (Table 1), among which, the most representative was Arecaceae, with 5 species, which is explained by the natural occurrence of these species in sandy environments, such as some palm trees as Açaí, Tucumã, Curuá and Najá. This taxonomic family also has the greatest species richness in the Chaves study (2016), which the author explains by the diversity of palm trees in the life of traditional communities, where they are used in food, house building, handicrafts and health care (GERMANO et al. 2014; SOUZA 2010). Another important family was Lamiaceae, which has taxa of great therapeutic importance, because they contain essential oils with aromatic and medicinal properties (Pinto et al. 2006; JUDD et al. 2009), such as those cited in this study; boldo, hortelãzinho and large leaf mint. These species were also observed in research by Di Stasi et al. (2002) and Alves and Povh (2013). An Anacardiaceae, was also an expressive family in this study, such data are in accordance with Almeida et al. (2014), these species being generally used for food and for treating diseases, such as mango, cashew and taperebá. Myrtaceae, was another family found in this work, which according to Santos et al. (2009), are species related to food and medicinal use, such as guava, pitomba and black olives. The number of species found in this study was lower in relation to the works of Braga (2013), which registered 90 useful species in an indigenous community in the region of Tapajós (Pará) and Rocha (2014), which identified 215 ethnospecies in the Extractive Reserve of Soure (Pará). Such a scenario can be explained by the low sample size of people interviewed. However, this scenario represents the exodus of riverside peoples from APA JUÁ to cities and therefore erosion of traditional knowledge, due to the impossibility of their traditional ways of staying and surviving. However, the number of plants cited in this study is still higher than those of Cavalcante (2013), which raised 33 multiutility ethno-uses for Saracura Quilombo, floodplain ecosystem, Santarém-PA. Most of plants cited are exotic (53%) and 47% of plants are native. The most cited form of life was tree (64%), followed by herbaceous (8%). This research has a gender characteristic, where both interviewees and interviewers were women, where the perceptions of diseases and plants useful to them is due strictly to the female scenario lived under different generations. The plants cited by the residents were divided into seven categories, for food, medicinal, handicraft, construction, fuel, shading and fishing purposes. Thus, it is inferred that the primordial use of the plants is for the own use of the living people in Juá, helping them in their subsistence, and not using them to increase the family income. The category of use with the highest number of plant citations was food, with 23 plants (44%) as shown in Figure 1.
According to Amorozo (2002), the fact that most plants indicated in ethnobotanical studies serve for consumption shows that these plants contribute primarily to the continuity of local social groups, since they play the essential role of providing the food base of these residents, together with the animal protein from fish, in the case of riverside communities. These data are in accordance with the studies of Cavalcante (2014) and Zambon and Agostini (2015), revealing that the riverside communities tend to use more vegetal products for food purposes due to their low purchasing power (SEMEDO and BARBOSA, 2007). distance from these urban communities and the high cost of
2
river transport, which hinders access to the city and the purchase of industrialized products (MARTÍNEZ et al. 2010). Associated with this, these populations have high productivity from other food sources, such as fish and wild animals for consumption (MCGRATH, 1991). The second most mentioned category of use was medicinal, with 20 plants (38%) used for this purpose. The high use of medicinal plants in riparian communities is also portrayed in Vásquez et al. (2014) and Santos-Silva and Oliveira (2016), which associates with the difficulty of community access to urban centers and the absence of a local health system. According to Elizabetsky (1997), such a scenario leads to a vast traditional knowledge about the use of plants for the cure of various diseases. This is also corroborated by the high incidence of medicinal plant cultivation in the area, made to improve the collective and individual health of the residents (SOUZA and PAULINO 2017), as well as the extractivism of these species from parts of secondary forest and the beach. The third most mentioned category was the artisanal (3 plants cited), being well below the first two, which alone occupy 82% of the mentions. The plants used for this use are the açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), with the manufacture of utensils such as paneiro (basket) made of braided dry açaí straw and used to load food and other materials (SOUSA 2009)) and a fano (made with the scion of the açaízeiro, and used to "make fire", according to Ribeiro (1985). The manufacture of handicrafts and artifacts for domestic use and as ornaments, produced from plants originating in the Amazon region is portrayed in the study by Sousa (2009), which indicates that these practices, originally belonging only to indigenous populations, were transmitted and appropriated by populations, so that the latter came to learn and perpetuate this knowledge and ways of manufacturing typical of the Amazonian culture. The fourth category of plant use mentioned was relative to the construction, with only 2 species being used for this purpose. Açaí (E. oleracea) and the curuá (Attalea attaleoides (Barb. Rodr.) Wess. Boer) are widely cited in the literature, especially in the works of Silva (2005), Mendonça and Del Bianchi (2014), Brandão et al. (2015) and Chaves (2016), as two of the main palms used in construction in the region, especially for the covering of houses with the dry straw (leaves) of these plants. Black olives (S. jambolanum) and muruci (B. crassifolia) were cited in the APA JUÁ study for production of shade in the prairies of the community due to the large size of S. jambolanum (LABAKI et al. 2011). Muruci (B. crassifolia) is cited in Oliveira et al. (2017), as a fuel source, from charcoal with the plant's branches to start fire, mainly because of its high natural regeneration rate (IMANÃ-ENCINAS and DE PAULA 2003). The inhabitants cited as useful plants for the fishery, Najá (M. maripa). With the pulp of its fruit, baits are made to catch fish, but the use found for this fishery-related plant is the manufacture of tapiris and fishing instruments such as pari, matapi and paneiro, according to Oliveira et al. (2006) and Araújo et al. (2014). Regarding the parts of plants used (Figure 2), the fruit was the most cited part with 20 quotations (40%). This strong number of mentions is due to the high incidence of fruit trees in the Environmental Preservation Area of Juá (APA), which produce a great diversity of edible fruits, a factor that per se is the importance of this APA. These results are agreement with Amaral and Neto (2008), Santos et al. (2009) and Chaves (2016). In the community of Juá, this wide use is reflected in the consumption in nature, or in the production of juices, wines, sweets, cakes and creams, being good sources of carbohydrate, lipids and vitamins (AGUIAR et al. 1980).
Figure 2 shows the number of species cited by the plant used. The leaf as a useful part of the plants was quoted 16 times (32%). These data are in accordance with Santos et al. (2008), Alves and Povh (2013) and Baptistel et al. (2008), which is associated with the use of these for medicinal purposes by the greater concentration of active principles and the greater ease of collection (SANTOS et al. 2008). The bark had 7 indications (14%) of use, being generally for medicinal purposes. This category has been of great importance in Oliveira's dissertation (2016), which showed that this use of the bark is intertwined with a great knowledge of large wood species by both men and women. This is in accordance with the present textual discussion, in which the husband of Mrs. Raimunda, who is the person responsible for extracting from the secondary forest the bark of the species cited in the interviews for medicinal use, which shows that the latter knows well these trees in order to identify them in the forest. Regarding the therapeutic indications of the 20 plants listed as medicinal, the greatest use of disease treatment refers to stomach pain, with 6 mentions (17%).
International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]
Research Paper
E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 4 | Issue : 7 | July 2018
The plants used for these purposes were: boldo (P. barbatus), lemon grass (L. alba), guava (P. guajava) and mint (M. x villosa). According to Figure 9 the various therapeutic indications and their relationship to the number of plant species are shown. According to Jesus et al. (2009), plants with curative potential to the present day are the main alternatives for the treatment of diseases by traditional peoples, and these in riverside populations are mainly used for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract diseases, as shown by Moura (2012), Germano et al. (2014) and Gois et al. (2016), in his works carried out jointly with communities of Abaetetuba city, Pará state. Coelho-Souza et al. (2015) state that rural and riverside communities are more vulnerable to gastrointestinal diseases, mainly because they do not have services of water treatment, sewage and garbage collection. In the case of the APA Juá community, the discharge of untreated liquid effluents in the city affects the water quality of the Tapajós river, widely used by people living in the area, as well as the impacts caused by the enterprises Buriti and Salvação Residencial in the lake of Juá, who according to Júnior et al. (2015) brought various harms to the residents of the lake, including a 20% increase in cases of intestinal infections for people who used lake water for fishing, leisure and household chores. The Figure 3 demonstrated that Influenza, headache and wounding had each with 3 indications (9% individually); the species being indicated for influenza was açaí (E. oleracea), the Angola stick (Piper divaricatum G. Mey) and the pion-pajé (Jatropha gossypiifolia L); for headache, boldo (P. barbatus), holy grass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.) and coramina (Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit.) and for injuries, the guava (P. guajava), the jucá (Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul.) and the Bahia pitomba (Eugenia luschnathiana (O. Berg) Klotzsch ex BD Jacks.).
In addition, it is inferred that the preparation of teas in APA Juá occurs preferably by means of decoction, that is, by the boiling of the water together with the part of plants to be used (usually the harder parts, such as roots and peels). França et al. (2008) says that each plant species, can be a food, poison or medicine, this distinction being made only in relation to the dose, the route of administration and the purpose with which they are used. According to Figure 10 the methods of preparation, consumption and use of the plants are shown. The second and third forms of preparation and consumption are respectively the intake of raw fruit (17%) and juice (14%). As species of condiments, chicory and chives, which according to Murrieta (2001) are typical species of the Amazonian riverside diet, to improve the flavor of their food. Species used for the bath (5 mentions, 7% of the total) and syrup (3 records, 4%) were also reported. The syrup is listed in the survey of medicinal plants of Silva et al. (2006) as the most used form of herbal preparation for the treatment of influenza, while bath (topical), is the way to combat diseases of the respiratory system (including influenza). The Relative Frequency of Citations (FRC) showed on Figure 5 is an ethnobotanical analysis that aims to identify species of major community importance through their citation numbers. Thus, the three species most cited for the community of Juá were jurú (C. icaco), Piranga (M. apiranga) and muruci (B. crassifolia) since they were cited by all the interviewees. The values of this index ranged from 0.333 to 1.0 in 36 species raised.
These data are in agreement with Calvano et al (2004), Costa et al. (2013), from which coastal settlements in the Amazon are more susceptible to this disease of the respiratory system than from community-based forest environments, were also indicated for use as a sedative, fever, menstruation and inflammation, (C. alucifera) and lemon grass (L. alba), to combat fever, coramina and both for menstruation and inflammation, the barbatimão (Ouratea hexasperma (A. St.Hil.) Baill var. Planchonii Engl.) and verônica (Dalbergia subcymosa Ducke). The use of the lemon balm as a soothing agent is widely described in the literature, including in the ethnobotanical surveys of Moreira et al. (2002) and Vásquez et al. (2014) and the use of this same plant for fever is also listed in the work of Jannuzzi et al. (2011). The use of coconut as a tranquilizer is mentioned in the work of Anzaldo et al. (1982), although its most common uses are in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, such as diarrhea, or as a natural serum, according to the work of Freitas et al. (2015). However, the use of coramina to reduce fever was not found in the literature consulted, which leads to two hypotheses established by Badke et al. (2011): or that this species has healing properties, but not for the purposes cited, or does it actually have such healing practices, but because of the lack of studies demonstrating its therapeutic effects for these specific purposes, are scientifically stated. The use of species such as barbatimão and verônica have been demonstrated as common by women living in riverside communities within Environmental Protection Areas (MONTEIRO 2012), being used to control menstruation and to contain inflammations. Thus, these two plants are essential for the treatment of women's health also have studies that demonstrate their scientific healing abilities. In accordance with Figure 4, regarding the forms of preparation, tea was the way of preparation made with the vegetable species that obtained the most quotations (13), corresponding to 18% of the total. This method is the most commonly cited in ethnobotanical studies of medicinal plants, especially in the works of Moreira et al. (2002), Franco and Barros (2006), Pasa (2011), Siviero et al. (2012) and Baptistel et al. (2014), for its ease and practicality to be done.
International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]
These results can be explained by Phillips and Gentry (1993) on Ecological Appearance Hypothesis (HAE), proposed by ecologists in the 1970s, the plants most found in a locality, or the most apparent ones, will be the ones most used by this population, due to the greater probability of experimentation of these (ROCHA et al. 2014). Thus, it is inferred that jurú, Piranga and Muruci are quite easy to find in the community of Juá, mainly because they grow spontaneously in this type of Amazonian savannah environment. These species are also shown to be useful in the study of Chaves (2016) in an extractive reserve in western Para and in the work of Carneiro et al. (2010) in a marine extractive reserve of Pará coast. Other plants mentioned also had high FRC (0.6667), among them black olives (S. jambolanum), cashews (A. occidentale), chives (A. fistulosum) and chicory (E. foetidum) because they are grown in the houses of the interviewed, serving to be ingested, or next to the prepared foods. Among the medicinal plants, the boldo (P. barbatus), the mint (M. x villosa) and the coconut (C.
3
Research Paper
E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 4 | Issue : 7 | July 2018
nucifera) are highlights. The Relative Frequency of Useful Species to the community of Juá obtained an average of 0.4537 and a standard deviation of 0.2131. There was low data variance, showing a certain homogeneity of traditional knowledge. According to Phillips and Gentry (1993), Value of Use is a variable that measures the number of uses of a given species in relation to the total number of informants. Figure 6 shows the use values (VU) of the species sampled in the APA Juá savanna. The values ranged from 0.3 to 1.3, with açaí (E. oleracea) being the plant with the highest index (1.3), with food, medicinal, handicraft and construction uses.
According to Albuquerque et al. (2006), the VU can become an overestimate index if only one person knows various uses for such a plant, as in the case of this study. Açaí was also the species that showed the highest value of use in the study of Germano et al. (2014), and a high amount of uses in the study of Costa and Mitja (2010), which proves that this palm tree has multi functionalities that make it essential for the subsistence and ways of life of the local populations, being thus part of the Amazonian culture (Martins et al. 2005). The second species with the highest value of use identified (1.0) was muruci (B. crassifolia), with citations for use in food, in the treatment of diseases and as fuel (firewood). This plant also had high VU in the work of Oliveira (2016) and Rocha et al. (2013), and this fact is related because the murucizeiro being a very occurring plant in savannah and restinga environments. Like the açaízeiro, the murucizeiro should be considered as a key plant for conservation on the Amazon savannah ecosystem as APA DO JUÁ. The black olive (S. jambolanum), holy grass (C. citratus), coconut (C. nucifera), cupuaçú (T. grandiflorum), curuá (A. attaleoides), guava (P. guajava), juru, najá (M. maripa), Bahia pitomba (E. luschnathiana), taperebá (Spondias mobbing L.) and Tucumã (A. aculeatum), also presented significant values of use. The average value of use for the plants raised was 0.4815, and a standard deviation of 0.2316, which demonstrates a certain heterogeneity of the use of plants from traditional knowledge. Another variable studied was the Loyalty Level (FL), which aims to evaluate the consensus of therapeutic indications that these species possess. In this work, the Loyalty Level (FL) ranged from 33.333% to 100% according to Figure 7, with most medicinal plants (17 species) with the maximum fidelity value (100%). Boldo (P. barbatus), was the species that obtained the highest level of fidelity indicating that according to Schardong and Cervi (2000) and Costa et al. (2017), it is being used by all respondents for the same therapeutic purposes.
In accordance with Figure 7, two species had FL equal to 50%, being the coconut (C. nucifera) and the mint (M. x villosa) their representatives. The coconut was mentioned once as soothing and the mint for belly pain as a child. Only one species (C. icaco) had the lowest Loyalty Level (33.333%), where only one of the interviewees pointed out the species for the cure of diabetes. As for the results of the Priority of Ordering (ROP) at Figure 8 they ranged from 33,333 to 66,667. The species that possessed the highest ROP was the Boldo (P. barbatus), being coated as a priority plant in the sub existence of these residents of Juá beach on Tapajós Basin. The results of ROP in this study had higher values than those pointed out by Cavalcante (2014) in ethnobotanical studies in floodplain community (Santarém city), which found ROP between 0.05 and 0.75. This fact is related to the lower sample size of interviewees in this study.
The wealth of traditional knowledge about the local flora of families living in the beach of Juá proves the resistance of these to all anthropic pressures of surroundings, that now culminated with destruction of Jua's lake, source of artisanal fishing, the main one economic activity. Species of plants such as Juru (C. icaco), Piranga (M. apiranga) and Muruci (B. crassifolia.) are important in the conservation processes of this APA, as well as the açaí (E. oleracea) and boldo (P. barbatus), due to the high value of use and priority of these species for the riverside families. Ethnobotany becomes here as well as an academic instrument in the process of popularization and valorization of traditional knowledge, but also a tool for social and environmental denunciation about degradation in APA of Juá, Amazon.
Table 1 List of plant species useful for community of APA Juá, Santarém city, Pará state, with popular name, scientific name, family, life habitat, use of plant, therapeutically indications, the parts of plant used and the number of collector or registration Herbarium. Nº Popular name
Scientific Name
Family
Life habitat
Use
1
Abacate
Persea americana Mill
Lauraceae
Tree
Nourish
2
Açaí
Euterpe oleracea Mart.
Arecaceae
Tree
k3 Azeitona preta Syzygium jambolanum (Lam.) DC Myrtaceae
Therapeutical Indication x
Parts of plants used
Number Collector/ registration
Fruit
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
Nourish, medicinal, Cold, Couch artesanal e de construction
Fruit, root, seed, bark
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
Tree
Nourish, shade
x
Fruit
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
4
Banana
Musa spp.
Musaceae
Tree
Nourish
X
Fruit
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
5
Barbatimão
Ouratea hexasperma (A. St.-Hil.) Baill var. Planchonii Engl.
Ochnaceae
Tree
Medicinal
Menstruation, Bark inflammation
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
4
International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]
Research Paper
E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 4 | Issue : 7 | July 2018
6
Boldo
Plectranthus barbatus Andrews
Lamiaceae
Tree
Medicinal
Stomachache, Leaf headache,
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
7
Cajú
Anacardium occidentale L.
Anacardiaceae
Tree
Nourish
X
Fruit, nuts
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
8
Cana-mansa
Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw.
Costaceae
herbaceous Medicinal
Sedative for children
Leaf
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
9
Capim santo
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. Poaceae
herbaceous Medicinal, nourish
headache
Leaf
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7 Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
10 Cebolinha
Allium fistulosum L.
Alliaceae
Herbaceous Nourish
X
Leaf
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
11 Chicória
Eryngium foetidum L.
Apiaceae
herbaceous Nourish
X
Leaf (mature)
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
12 Coco
Cocos nucifera L.
Arecaceae
Tree
water, fruit, pulp
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
13 Coramina
Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit.
Euphorbiaceae
herbaceous Medicinal
Fever, headache
Leaf
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
14 Crajirú
Fredericia chica (Bonpl.) L.G. Lohmann
Bignoniaceae
Tree
Medicinal
Anemia
Leaf
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
15 Cupuaçú
Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum
Malvaceae
Tree
Nourish, artisanal
X
seed, bark, pulp
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
16 Curuá
Attalea attaleoides (Barb. Rodr.) Wess. Boer
Arecaceae
herbaceous Construction, nourish
X
Bark, fruits
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
17 Erva cidreira
Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br.
Verbenaceae
Herbaceous Medicinal
Sedative, Leaf stomachache, fever
18 Goiaba
Psidium guajava L.
Myrtaceae
Tree
19 Hortelã large leaf
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.
Lamiaceae
20 Hortelãzinho
Mentha x villosa Huds.
21 Japana branca Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl
Nourish, medicinal sedative
Nourish, medicinal hurt
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
fruit
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
Herbaceous Medicinal
swelling in the Leaf legs
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
Lamiaceae
herbaceous Medicinal
Children Leaf stomachache;
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
Asteraceae
herbaceous Medicinal
Children sedative
Leaf
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
Tree
Medicinal
hurt
Bark
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
22 Jucá
Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul.
Fabaceae
23 Juru
Chrysobalanus icaco L.
Chrysobalanacea Tree e
Nourish, medicinal**
Diabetics
Fruit, bark, leaf, pulp
HSTM10176
24 Manga cuité
Mangifera indica L.
Anacardiaceae
Tree
Nourish
x
Fruit
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
25 Maracujá
Passiflora edulis Sims
Passifloraceae
shrub
Nourish
x
Fruit
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
26 Muruci
Byrsonima crassifolia H.B.K
Malpighiaceae
Tree
Nourish, Shade, fuel
x
Fruit, bark
HSTM10178
27 Najá
Maximiliana maripa (Aublet.) Drude
Arecaceae
Tree
Nourish, for fishing x
Fruit, Fruit pulp, bark
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
Piperaceae
Tree
Medicinal
Cold
Leaf
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
28 Pau-de-Angola Piper divaricatum G. Mey. 29 Pião Pajé
Jatropha gossypiifolia L.
Euphorbiaceae
Tree
Medicinal
Cold
Leaf
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
30 Pimenta “muruci”
Capsicum chinense Jacq.
Solanaceae
Schrub
Nourish
x
Seed, fruit
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
31 Pimenta
Capsicum annum var. glabrisculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill
Solanaceae
Schrub
Nourish
x
Fruit
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
"ova de aruanã"
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
32 Piranga
Mouriri apiranga Spruce
Melastomataceae Tree
Nourish
33 Pitomba da Bahia
Eugenia luschnathiana (O. Berg) Klotzsch ex B. D. Jacks.
Myrtaceae
Tree
Nourish, medicinal Stomachache, Bark, fruit hurt
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
34 Taperebá
Spondias mombin L.
Anacardiaceae
Tree
Nourish, medicinal Assadura, ferimento, Stomachache
Pulp, fruit, bark
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
35 Tucumã
Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer
Arecaceae
Tree
Nourish, artisanal
x
Fruit, seed
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
36 Verônica
Dalbergia subcymosa Ducke
Fabaceae
Tree
Medicinal
Menstruation, Bark inflammation
International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]
x
Fruit
HSTM10177
Souza, B.C.O.Q 7
5
Research Paper
E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 4 | Issue : 7 | July 2018
REFERENCES: 1.
Abreu JRP (2015) Gestão ambiental aplicada ao urbanismo. Estudo de caso: Expansão Urbana no Município de Santarém – Pará – Brasil. Masters Dissertation Universidade Federal do Pará, Pará, Brazil.
2.
Aguiar JPL, Marinho HÁ, Rebêlo YS, Shrimpton R (1980) Aspectos Nutritivos de Alguns Frutos da Amazônia. Acta amazônica, 10(4): 755-758.
3.
Albuquerque UP, Lucena RFP, Monteiro JM, Florentino ATN, Almeida CFCBR (2006) Evaluating Two Quantitative Ethnobotanical Techniques. Ethnobotany Research & Applications, 4:51-60.
4.
Albuquerque UP, Lucena R, Cunha LVT (2010) Métodos e Técnicas na Pesquisa Etnobiológica e Etnoecológica. 1. ed. Nupeea, Recife, 558 p.
5.
Almeida SE, Pasa MC, Guarim VLMS (2014) Uso da biodiversidade em quintais de comunidades tradicionais da Baía de Chacorore, Barão de Melgaço, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Biodiversidade, 13(1):141-155.
6.
Allut AG (2001) O Conhecimento dos Especialistas e Seu Papel no Desenho de Novas Políticas Pesqueiras. In: Diegues AC (org). Etnoconservação: novos rumos para a proteção da natureza nos trópicos. 2 ed. São Paulo: Hucitec e NUPAUB, pp. 101-123.
7.
Alves GSP, Povh JA (2013) Estudo etnobotânico de plantas medicinais na comunidade de Santa Rita, Ituiutaba – MG. Biotemas, 26(3):231-242.
8.
Amaral CN, Neto GG (2008) Os quintais como espaços de conservação e cultivo de alimentos: um estudo na cidade de Rosário Oeste (Mato Grosso, Brasil) (2008) Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Ciências Humanas, Belém, 3(3):329-341.
9.
Amorozo MCM (2002) Agricultura Tradicional, Espaços de Resistência e o Prazer de Plantar. In: Albuquerque UP. et al (eds) Atualidades em Etnobiologia e Etnoecologia. Recife: Sociedade Brasileira de Etnobiologia e Etnoecologia.
10. Anzaldo FE, Ludan AC, Cruz RY, Manalo JB, Liao MTP, Quilao SS, Coronel VQ (1982) Modified coconut water: a suitable fluid for oral rehydration. Philippine Journal of Science, 109(1):9-14. 11. Araújo MVLF, Silva KCA, Silva BB, Ferreira ILS, Cintra IHA (2014) Pesca e procedimentos de captura do Camarão-da-Amazônia a jusante de uma Usina Hidrelétrica na Amazônia Brasileira. Biota Amazônia, Macapá, 4(2):102-112. 12. Ayres M, Ayres M Jr, Ayres DL, Santos AAS (2007) Bioestat 5.3: Aplicações Estatísticas nas Áreas das Ciências Biológicas e Médicas. Belém-PA, 364p. 13. Badke MR, Budó MLD, Silva FM, Ressel LB (2011) Plantas medicinais: o saber sustentado na prática do cotidiano popular. Escola Anna Nery Revista de Enfermagem, 15(1):132-139.
28. EMBRAPA. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (2008_ Manual de prática de coleta e herborização de material botânico. Colombo-PR: 1ª ed., 31 p. 29. Flor ASSO, Barbosa WLR (2015) Sabedoria popular no uso de plantas medicinais pelos moradores do bairro do sossego no distrito de Marudá – PA. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, Campinas, 17(4):757-768. 30. Franco EAP, Barros RFM (2006) Uso e diversidade de plantas medicinais no Quilombo Olho D’água dos Pires, Esperantina, Piauí. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, Botucatu, 8(3):78-88. 31. Freitas AVL, Coelho MFB, Pereira YB, Freitas Neto EC, Azevedo RAB (2015) Diversidade e usos de plantas medicinais nos quintais da comunidade de São João da Várzea em Mossoró, RN. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, Campinas, 17(4):845-856. 32. Friedman J, Yaniv Z, Dafni A, Palewith D (1986) A preliminar classification of the heling potencial of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of na ethnopharmacological field survey among bedouins in the Neveg desert, Israel. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 16(1):275-287. 33. Germano CM, Lucas FCA, Martins ACCT, Moura PHB, Lobato GJM (2014) Comunidades ribeirinhas e palmeiras no município de Abaetetuba, Pará, Brasil. Scientia Plena, 10(11):1-10. 34. Gois MAF, Lucas FCA, Costa JCM, Moura PHB, Lobato GJM (2016) Etnobotânica de espécies vegetais medicinais no tratamento de transtornos do sistema gastrointestinal. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, Campinas, 18(2):547-557. 35. Imanã-Encinas J, De Paula JE (2003) Análise da vegetação de cerrado no município de Santa Quitéria – Maranhão. Brasil Florestal, 78(1):33-42. 36. Jannuzzi H, Mattos JKA, Silva DB, Gracindo LAM, Vieira, RF (2011) Avaliação agronômica e química de dezessete acessos de erva-cidreira (Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Brown) - quimiotipo citral, cultivados no Distrito Federal. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 13(3):258-264. 37. Jesus NZT, Lima JCS, Silva RM, Espinosa MM, Martins DTO (2009) Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas popularmente utilizadas como antiúlceras e anti-inflamatórias pela comunidade de Pirizal, Nossa Senhora do Livramento – MT, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 19(1)130-139. 38. Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellogg EA, Stevens PF, Donoghue MJ (2009) Relações filogenéticas das Angiospermas. In: Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellogg EA, Stevens PF, Donoghue MJ (eds) Sistemática vegetal: um enfoque filogenético. 3. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed, p. 225-508.
14. Baptistel AC, Coutinho JMCP, Lins Neto EMF, Monteiro JM (2014) Plantas medicinais utilizadas na Comunidade Santo Antônio, Currais, Sul do Piauí: um enfoque etnobotânico. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, Campinas, 16(2):406425
39. Júnior GJS, Peregovich BG, Dantas AB, Silva, CGC, Sousa IPN, Silva VM (2015) Levantamento dos impactos causados pelos empreendimentos nas proximidades do Lago do Juá – Santarém-PA. In: Anais do 15º Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia de Engenharia e Ambiental. Associação Brasileira de Geologia de Engenharia e Ambiental, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
15. Barlow J, Peres CA (2004) Avifaunal responses to single and recurrent wildfires in Amazonian forests. Ecological Applications, 14(5):1358-1373.
40. Köppen W (1948) Climatologia: con un estudio de los climas de la tierra. Fondo de Cultura Econômica. México, 479p.
16. Brandão CRF, Barros AL, Lameira CC, Palheta FC, Galvão JR (2015) O açaí no estado do Pará e seu potencial para o desenvolvimento sustentável da região. In: Anais do 2º Congresso Técnico Científico da Engenharia e da Agronomia. 72º Semana Oficial de Engenharia e da Agronomia, Ceará, Brazil.
41. Labaki LC, Santos RFS, Bueno-Bartholomei CL, Abreu LVA (2011) Vegetação e conforto térmico em espaços urbanos abertos. Fórum Patrimônio, 4(1):23-42.
17. Braga J (2013) Etnobotânica e ecofisiologia de vegetações em cenários indígenas na região do Tapajós como indicadores de estudos de interação biosfera-atmosfera na Amazônia. Masters Dissertation, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Pará, Brazil. 18. BRASIL. Lei no 9.985, de 18 de julho de 2000. Regulamenta o art. 225, § 1o, incisos I, II, III e VII da Constituição Federal, institui o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza e dá outras providências. [http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9985.htm]. Acessed: 26 December 2017. 19. Calvano CCA, Canabarro R, Belmonte SK, Hajar AS, Ethur LZ (2011) Perfil de consumidores de plantas medicinais da comunidade ribeirinha do município de ItaquiRS. In: Anais do 3º Salão Internacional de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 20. Carneiro DB, Barboza MSL, Menezes MP (2010) Plantas nativas úteis na Vila dos Pescadores da Reserva Extrativista Marinha Caeté-Taperaçu, Pará, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 24(4):1027-1033. 21. Cavalcante SC (2014) Ecossistema de várzea: Etnobotânica e Ecofisiologia. Masters Dissertation, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Pará, Brazil. 22. CHAVES, M. S (2016) Plantas alimentícias não convencionais em comunidades ribeirinhas na Amazônia. Masters Dissertation, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. 23. Coelho-Souza SA, Marba PL, Miranda MR, Ribeiro RA, Pitarello BB, Vannier-Santos MA, Panetti CS, Brito EF, Cabral DK, Azevedo e Silva CE, Malm O, Bastos WR (2015) Alternativas sustentáveis na falta de saneamento básico para populações ribeirinhas amazônicas: uma abordagem desde a indagação comunitária até a bioconstrução coletiva. In: Anais do 7º Simpósio Nacional de Geografia da Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brasília, Brazil. 24. Costa IBC, Bonfim FPG, Pasa MC, Montero DAV (2017) Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal flora in the rural community Rio dos Couros, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 16(1):5367 25. Di Stasi LC, Guimarães EM, Santos CM, Hiruma-Lima CA (2002) Lamiales medicinais. In: Di Stasi LC, Hiruma-Lima CA (eds) Plantas medicinais na Amazônia e na Mata Atlântica. 2. ed. São Paulo: UNESP, p. 406-448. 26. Diegues AC (2000) Etnoconservação da natureza: Enfoques alternativos. In: Diegues AC (org) Etnoconservação. Novos rumos para a conservação da natureza. HUCITEC, NUPAUB-USP, São Paulo, Brasil, p.1-46. 27. Elisabetsky E (1997) Etnofarmacologia de algumas tribos brasileiras. In: Ribeiro D. Suma etnológica brasileira. Petrópolis: Vozes.
6
42. Lima CB (2000) Plantas medicinais utilizadas em duas localidades do Município de Bandeirantes, PR. Masters Dissertation, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil. 43. Lira TM, Chaves MPSR (2016) Comunidades Ribeirinhas na Amazônia: Organização Sociocultural e Política. Interações, Campo Grande, MS, 17(1)66-76. 44. Locatelli SH (2009) Plano Amazônia Sustentável: uma nova concepção estatal de desenvolvimento para a Amazônia? Masters Dissertation, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil. 45. Martins AG, Rosário DL, Barros MN, Jardim MAG (2005) Levantamento Etnobotânico de Plantas Medicinais, Alimentares e Tóxicas da Ilha do Combu, Município de Belém, Estado do Pará, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 86(1):21-30. 46. Martínez GB, Junior MM, Junior SB (2010) Seleção de Ideótipos de Espécies Florestais de Múltiplo Uso em Planícies Fluviais do Baixo Amazonas, Pará. Acta Amazonica, 40(1):65-74. 47. Mcgrath DG (1991) Varzeiros, Geleiros e o Manejo dos Naturais na Várzea do Baixo Amazonas. Belém, PA: Núcleo de Altos Estudos Amazônicos - UFPA, 25p. 48. Mendonça VCM, Del Bianchi VL (2014) Agronegócio do Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) no Município de Pinheiro-MA. Revista SODEBRAS, 9(100):62-65. 49. Monteiro MJS (2012) Conhecimento e uso de plantas medicinais nas comunidades de uma unidade de conservação: uma contribuição para a gestão da APA Algodoal Maiandeua. Masters Dissertation, Universidade Federal do Pará, Pará, Brazil. 50. Moreira RCT, Costa LCB, Costa RCS, Rocha EA (2002) Abordagem Etnobotânica Acerca do Uso de Plantas Medicinais na Vila Cachoeira, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil. Acta Farmacéutica Bonaerense, 21(3):205-211. 51. Moura PHB (2012) Estudo etnobotânico e caracterização dos constituintes minerais de chás medicinais utilizados pela comunidade Rio Urubueua de Fátima, Abaetetuba-PA, Brasil. Masters Dissertation, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Pará, Brazil. 52. Murrieta RSS (2001) Dialética do sabor: alimentação, ecologia e vida cotidiana em comunidades ribeirinhas da Ilha de Ituqui, Baixo Amazonas, Pará. Revista de Antropologia, São Paulo, 44(2):39-88. 53. Oliveira J, Potiguara RCV, Lobato LCB (2006) Fibras vegetais utilizadas na pesca artesanal na microrregião do Salgado, Pará. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Ciências Humanas, Belém, 1(2):113-127. 54. Oliveira RLC (2016) Uso e conhecimento das espécies lenhosas em uma comunidade indígena na savana de Roraima. 2016. 123 f. Doctoral Thesis, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Amazonas.
International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]
Research Paper
E-ISSN No : 2454-9916 | Volume : 4 | Issue : 7 | July 2018
55. Oliveira RLC, Scudeller VV, Barbosa RI (2017) Use and traditional knowledge of Byrsonima crassifolia and B. coccolobifolia (Malpighiaceae) in a Makuxi community of the Roraima savanna, northern Brazil. Acta Amazonica, 47(2):133-140. 56. Oliveira WP, Trindade JR, Fernandes DA (2014) O planejamento do desenvolvimento regional na Amazônia e o ciclo ideológico do desenvolvimentismo no Brasil. Ensaios FEE, Porto Alegre, 35(1):201-230. 57. Pasa MC (2007) Interpretação zoocultural na comunidade de Conceição-Açu (Alto da Bacia do rio Ariçá-Açu-MT, Brasil). Biodiversidade, Cuiabá, 6(1):2-12. 58. Pasa MC (2011) Saber local e medicina popular: a etnobotânica em Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Ciências Humanas, Belém, 6(1):179-196. 59. Phillips O, Gentry AH (1993) The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: I. Statistical Hypoteses tests with a new quantitative technique. Economic Botany, 47(1):15- 32. 60. Pinto EPP, Amorozo MCM, Furlan A (2006) Conhecimento popular sobre plantas medicinais em comunidades rurais de Mata Atlântica – Itacaré, BA, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica, Feira de Santana, 20(4):751-762. 61. Pizzolatto M (2004) Estudos etnobotânicos de plantas medicinais utilizadas por produtores orgânicos da região de Botucatu – SP. Masters Dissertation, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil. 62. Ribeiro BA (1985) Arte do trançado dos índios no Brasil: um estudo taxonômico. Belém: Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi; Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Folclore. 63. Rocha EMS, Silva AS, Medeiros PM, Nascimento VT (2014) A abundância local de um recurso afeta o conhecimento sobre as espécies vegetais em uma área de Cerrado? In: Anais do 10º Simpósio Brasileiro de Etnobiologia e Etnoecologia. Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. 64. Rocha JFG (2014a) Solos da região sudeste do Município de Santarém, estado do Pará: Mapeamento e classificação. Masters Dissertation, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, PA, Brazil. 65. Rocha TT (2014b) Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas utilizadas pelas comunidades da Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Soure, Pará, Brasil. Masters Dissertation, Universidade Federal do Pará, Pará, Brazil. 66. Rocha TT, Martins ACCT, Lucas FCA (2013) Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas úteis do povoado do Céu, Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Soure - PA. In: Anais do 64º Congresso Nacional de Botânica. Sociedade Brasileira de Botânica, Minas Gerais, Brazil. 67. Rodrigues AG (2002) Biodiversidade e etnociência de plantas medicinais da comunidade Miguel Rodrigues-MG. Doctoral Thesis, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. 68. Rossato SC, Leitão Filho H, Begossi A (1999) Ethnobotany of Caiçaras of the Atlantic Forest Coast (Brazil). Economic Botany, 53(1):387-395. 69. Sanaiotti TM, Magnusson WE (1995) Effects of annual fires on the production of fleshy fruits eaten by birds in a Brazilian Amazonian savanna. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 1(11):53-65. 70. Santos MG, Fevereiro PCA, Reis GL, Barcelos JI (2009) Recursos vegetais da restinga de Carapebus. Revista Biologia Neotropical, 6(1):35-54. 71. Santos MRA, Lima MR, Ferreira MGR (2008) Uso de plantas medicinais pela população de Ariquemes, em Rondônia. Horticultura Brasileira, 26(2):244-250. 72. Santos-Silva JPG, Oliveira PC (2016) Etnobotânica de plantas medicinais na comunidade de várzea Igarapé do Costa, Santarém-Pará, Brasil. Revista Ambiente y Sostenibilidad, 6(1):136-151. 73. Schardong RMF, Cervi AC (2000) Estudos etnobotânicos das plantas de uso medicinal e místico na comunidade de São Benedito, Bairro São Francisco, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil. Acta Biológica Paranaense, Curitiba, 29(1):187-217. 74. Scholes RJ, Archer SR (1997) Tree-grass interactions in savannas. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 28:517-544. 75. Semedo RJCG, Barbosa RI (2007) Árvores frutíferas nos quintais urbanos de Boa Vista, Roraima, Amazônia Brasileira. Acta Amazonica, 37(1):497-504. 76. Silva KKS (2005) Identificação de recursos florestais em três comunidades de agricultores familiares na estrada da várzea, no município de Silves-AM. Masters Dissertation, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Amazonas, Brazil. 77. Silva MS, Antoniolli AR, Batista JS, Mota CN (2006) Plantas medicinais usadas nos distúrbios do trato gastrintestinal no povoado Colônia Treze, Lagarto, SE, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 20(4):815-829. 78. Siviero A, Delunardo TA, Haverroth M, Oliveira LC, Mendonça AMS (2012) Plantas medicinais em quintais urbanos de Rio Branco, Acre. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, Botucatu, 14(4):598-610. 79. Sousa MJS (2009) Etnografia da produção de artefatos e artesanatos em comunidades da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Amanã – Médio Solimões. UAKARI, 5(1):21-37. 80. Souza BCOQ, Paulino IR (2017) Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas medicinais cultivadas na comunidade quilombola de Arapucu (Óbidos-PA). In: Anais do III Encontro Regional Sobre Biodiversidade e Biologia de Organismos Neotropicais. UFOPA, Pará, Brazil. 81. Souza CCV (2010) Etnobotânica de quintais em três comunidades ribeirinhas na Amazônia Central, Manaus – AM Masters Dissertation, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Amazonas, Brazil. 82. Tardío J, Prado-De-Santayana M (2008) Cultural importance indices: a comparative analysis based on useful wild plants of Southern Cantabria (Northern Spain). Economic Botany, 62(1):24-39.
International Education & Research Journal [IERJ]
7