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EDR LIVE THE UAV & ROBOTICS PUBLIC SAFETY EVENT

Fire Service College, Moreton-in-Marsh, UK. 6 & 7 June 2024

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Editor’s NOTE Welcome to Issue 6 of the Emergency Drone Responder Magazine. A year ago, we decided to launch a magazine and a shared learning ecosystem for Public Safety Drone users. The primary aim of The Emergency Drone Responder Magazine is to report, educate, validate, and promote the use of drones and emerging technologies in support of the work of emergency services and Emergency Drone Responders worldwide. It serves as the global voice for operational Fire, Police, Search and Rescue, and Counter UAS teams, covering and promoting the use of drones, emerging technologies, and robotics. The magazine features input and opinions from experts worldwide, highlighting the value and effectiveness of operational drone teams within fire, law enforcement, and rescue arenas. It is now read by thousands of public safety drone professionals and policymakers from over 70 countries around the globe. I would like to publicly thank all of the expert contributors and our commercial partners for their support and enthusiasm over the past year and your continuing support as we believe it is vital to provide a platform & keep promoting the use and the technology that is saving lives and keeping our public safety girls and guys safe. With this in mind I would like to introduce EDR LIVE, The UAV & Robotics Public Safety Event, happening on June 6th and 7th, 2024, at the esteemed Fire Service College in Moreton-in-Marsh, UK.

and a comprehensive exhibition. Law enforcement personnel can benefit from a specialised "Blue Room" Police Conference. EDR Live is a unique combination of a high-level Public Safety Drone Conference with International keynotes and two days of hands-on demonstrations of tech and platforms in actual physical scenarios and the world-class Fire Service College Facility (Hazmat, Wide Area Search, Accident Mapping, Swat, ISAR etc etc) where SME's demonstrate the products and tech. The visitor can fly and try on the props for a unique interactive event connecting the end user with the supplier. The event offers hands-on Masterclass Workshops, Fly and Try sessions to test advanced drones and robotics in real-life scenarios using the props at The Fire Service College training grounds and captivating LIVE Demonstrations showcasing real-world applications in various emergency scenarios across ten incident ground venues. EDR Live provides a unique opportunity for all Public Safety UAS Drone professionals to meet, network and learn, so don't miss this unparalleled opportunity to connect, learn, and experience the forefront of UAV and robotics advancements in Public Safety UAS at EDR LIVE. You will find further details by using the QR code on the promotion inside this magazine.

This exclusive gathering unites professionals from the Fire, Law Enforcement, and Search and rescue fields, featuring cutting-edge technology, a dynamic conference, The Emergency Drone Responder Magazine

About The Magazine The Emergency Drone Responder is a Bi-Monthly magazine wholly dedicated to Emergency Drone Operations, robotics and innovative new technologies that will assist Law Enforcement, Fire, Search and Rescue teams. The primary aim of the Drone Responder Magazine is to report, educate, validate and promote the use of drones and emerging technologies in support of the work of the emergency services and Emergency Drone Responders worldwide. The Emergency Drone Responder Magazine is the global voice for the operational Fire, Police, Search and Rescue, Counter UAS teams, and will cover and promote drone use & emerging technologies and robotics with input and opinions from experts from around the world promoting the use & value of operational drone teams within a fire, law enforcement and rescue arena.

Paul Budgen Publisher Tel: + 44 (0) 1305 831 768 Email: paul.budgen@emergencydroneresponder.com

Lora Lammiman Editorial Coordinator Tel: + 44 (0) 1305 831 771 Email: lora.lammiman@edicogroup.net

Adam Long Design & marketing

Tel: +44 (0) 1305 831 786 Email: adam.long@edicogroup.net

CONTENTS THE EMERGENCY DRONE RESPONDER

06 TEAM PROFILE: BRITISH TRANSPORT POLICE Exploring the Integration of Drones in Modern Railway Policing: An Exclusive Interview with Will Russell, Drone Lead for the British Transport Police (BTP)

10 FLEX 2023 IN BR Č KO, BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA AN AMBITIOUS EXERCISE A week-long exercise in Bosnia & Herzegovina, demonstrated successful international collaboration in drone operations for search, rescue, and disaster assessment

14 ADVANCING PUBLIC SAFETY WORLDWIDE WITH DRONE TECHNOLOGY Exploring the Global Impact of Drones in Public Safety: Unveiling Their Role in International Operations and Advancements

18 IEDO INTERNATIONAL POLICE DRONE TRAINING: THE USE OF DRONES BY FRONT LINE SERVICES 29 students, 10 countries, 5 days, 1 mission. That mission; the exchange of knowledge and tactics to create universally better UAS Public Safety pilots.

21 LEVERAGING DRONES FOR ENHANCED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS WITH THE NORTHAMPTONSHIRE JOINT OPERATIONS TEAM The Northamptonshire Joint Operations Team utilizes advanced drone tech for swift deployment and live aerial perspectives, enhancing situational awareness in emergency response

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24 UK POLICE DRONES: USES, CHALLENGES, FUTURES Exploring the Evolving Landscape of Drones in the UK: An In-Depth Look at Policing, Challenges, and Future Visions

28 JOUAV TRIUMPHS IN HIGH-ALTITUDE DRONE EMERGENCY DRILL JOUAV demonstrates high-altitude drone prowess in BVLOS communication and disaster detection at 3,665 meters, enhancing rescue mission capabilities.

30 DRONE COMMAND UNIT: REVOLUTIONIZING ENTERPRISE OPERATIONS Delving into the Features That Make the Drone Command Unit a Game-Changer for Enterprise Drones

34 HIGH FLYING ARTEMIS COMES DOWN TO EARTH WITH THE RELEASE OF THE ARTEMIS MOUNTAIN RESCUE BACKPACK Smith Myers ARTEMIS launches the ARTEMIS Mountain Rescue (MR) Backpack, a groundbreaking system aiding Mountain Rescue Teams globally.

36 UNHUMANNED FACTORS An article delving into the impact of human factors on unmanned aerial systems, highlighting the importance of human input in aviation safety and technology performance.

40 HARNESSING AI AND AR FOR ENHANCED SEARCH AND RESCUE MISSIONS WITH UNMANNED AIRCRAFT AI and AR-equipped drones transform search and rescue with enhanced data analysis, pattern recognition, and real-time information, revolutionizing emergency response

44 NEWS: PRODUCT SPOTLIGHT 46 NEWS: INDUSTRY SPOTLIGHT The Emergency Drone Responder Magazine

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LAW ENFORCEMENT

team profile: british transport police Exploring the Integration of Drones in Modern Railway Policing: An Exclusive Interview with Will Russell, Drone Lead for the British Transport Police (BTP)

In an age where technology continually shapes and refines modern policing, the integration of drones into law enforcement has become increasingly prevalent. The British Transport Police (BTP) has been at the forefront of this transformation, leveraging drone technology to enhance railway safety and response capabilities. With a focus on safety, compliance, and inclusivity, the BTP's drone program is not merely an operational necessity but a symbol of innovation within the policing landscape. EDR recently had the privilege of engaging in a comprehensive interview with Will Russell, Drone Lead for the BTP, delving into their extensive experience, training structures, and future plans.

EDR: Could you elaborate on how the drone operations are integrated into railway policing and the main purposes they serve?

The primary function of our drones is to respond swiftly to emergencies on the railway. This involves saving lives and minimizing disruptions on the railway network. Beyond emergency response, we conduct planned drone deployments to monitor trespass hotspots, capture crime scene imagery, and provide support during large events. Recently, our team contributed to the Commonwealth Games and the World Cycling Championships in Scotland. We also employ live streaming capabilities, allowing us to share real-time visual data with control rooms, officers, and partner agencies, facilitating efficient coordination and decision-making during emergencies. In the current year alone, our drone teams have undertaken 276 life-saving or crime-fighting flights and 319 patrol flights at trespass and crime hotspots on the rail network.

Will: Our drone teams are strategically aligned with Network Rail operating routes across various regions in the UK.

EDR: You mentioned that drones do not replace police helicopters but complement their capabilities. Could you explain how

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this collaboration between drones and helicopters works in practical situations? Will: Absolutely. While drones are a cost-effective tool and have distinct capabilities, they do not replace National Police Air Service (NPAS) helicopters. However, they play a vital role in supporting helicopter operations. There have been instances where a BTP drone operated below an NPAS helicopter. In these cases, the NPAS crew tasks the drone to investigate specific areas of interest they identify. We always coordinate with NPAS before every emergency drone flight to ensure that the right resource is used for a particular incident. This collaboration enhances the effectiveness and efficiency of our response while leveraging the unique capabilities of both drones and helicopters. EDR: In terms of future plans, you mentioned a focus on growth and innovation. Could you provide more insight into the specific innovations or

developments your team is working towards?

the wider drone community and industry professionals?

Will: Our future vision includes achieving parity of cover across all BTP areas. We aspire to expand our operating permissions to enable longer-distance flights and work towards a Drone as a First Responder and BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line of Sight) project when it becomes safe and viable. As a department driven by technology and innovation, we collaborate closely with other agencies such as London Fire Brigade (LFB) and National Police Chiefs' Council (NPCC) drones to explore and innovate new ways that drones can support railway policing. Our commitment to innovation means we continually explore and implement cutting-edge technologies that can advance our policing objectives. These ambitious plans align with our impressive track record, which, as per the analysis of last year's value, contributed a net benefit of £15.8m to the UK economy, resulting in a remarkable Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of 26.21, classifying BTP's drone use in the top category of Very High value for money.

Will: We actively engage with the commercial drone industry and seek guidance from new suppliers regularly. This proactive engagement is critical for staying informed about the latest developments and innovations in the field. By participating in forums like ARPAS and similar platforms, we ensure open communication, learn from safety occurrences, and remain updated on advancements. This collaborative approach helps us not only share best practices but also learn from mistakes, ensuring the delivery of safe, effective, and value-driven drone deployments.

Will Russell Drone Operations Sgt, Drone Safety Team British Transport Police Force Headquarters

EDR: Regarding inclusivity in drone training, what specific efforts are being made to ensure diverse representation within your team and support inclusivity during training? Will: We've placed a strong emphasis on creating an inclusive training environment. To address concerns surrounding inclusivity, especially for females and neurodiverse officers, we've restructured our training methodologies. This includes actively busting myths about drone training being a male-dominated culture and ensuring that the course is accessible and supportive for all. We've made exams more inclusive, providing neurodiversityaware trainers, additional support, and accommodations, such as extra time or alternatives to written tests. Moreover, our efforts extend to promoting female officers using drones and providing opportunities for prospective trainees to engage and clarify any misconceptions about drone piloting. These initiatives are reflected not only in our commitment to inclusivity but also in the tangible results of our drone program, where, since its inception, there have been 12 occasions directly attributed to saving someone's life and approximately £10.7m in savings for the rail industry. EDR: How do you ensure ongoing engagement and collaboration within The Emergency Drone Responder Magazine

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SEARCH & RESCUE

FLEX 2023 in Brčko, Bosnia & Herzegovina An ambitious exercise A week-long exercise in Bosnia & Herzegovina, demonstrated successful international collaboration in drone operations for search, rescue, and disaster assessment

For almost 10 months, the Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Initiative for South Eastern Europe (DPPI SEE) carefully and meticulously planned, prepared and organized a full scale flood exercise titled DPPI FLEX 2023. The exercise lasted one week (from October 23 to 27, 2023), located in the small town of Brcko in Bosnia and Herzegovina and was implemented in collaboration with the Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sector for Rescue and Protection and the Department for Public Safety of Brcko District. DPPI FLEX 2023 consisted of three parts: camp management, logistics and drone operations as primary focus. The exercise built on the lessons learnt from the major floods in 2014 which affected the region. DPPI SEE aim was to test the operational, technical and organizational capabilities of the international teams taking part in

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the exercise, particularly regarding drone operations, with the aim of finding areas for improvement. DPPI SEE is a regional Initiative composed of 10 countries represented by their national authorities for disaster management. The DPPI SEE is contributing to the development of a coherent regional strategy for disaster preparedness and prevention for its member states (Albania, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Republic of North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and Turkey). This exercise was a real challenge, as it required operating 12 drones over two days of aerial operations (day and night) in an urban area of approximately 35 km2 bordering the Croatian border.

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This involved simulating a multitude of search & rescue missions, assessment of buildings and structures as well as operational mapping. As a drone expert hired under on site technical assistance (OSA) project funded by the DirectorateGeneral for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (DG ECHO) and implemented by GOPA PACE, my task was to design a scenario for drone flying operations, prepare the exercise locations and flight safety of drones, which was a crucial point for me. Several preparation conferences were organised throughout the 10 months of preparation to define the broad outlines of the scenario, the challenges to be resolved, the needs and the interactions between the working groups (camp management, logistics and drone).

The first identified challenge was the fact that the 10 DPPI countries had a very different and heterogeneous level of experience in drone operations compared to each other. Some had already invested in expensive and efficient drone systems and gained a lot of experience, others were at ground zero. To equalize the knowledge, share experiences, understand risks and develop a common drone culture, a training session in the form of a workshop was organized in July 2023 in Croatia. Participants from each DPPI SEE country attended the training. .

This airspace was divided into four distinct areas of operation with an incident commander in each responsible for field operations locally. These four areas of operations have been subdivided into 21 flight zones. As flying over urban areas is not authorized in Bosnia and Herzegovina , it was necessary to identify all unpopulated areas (fields, woods, rivers) to carry out the mission scenarios. This phase was delicate because some fields were private, and the owners were not always cooperative. Once the zoning was

established (taking into account horizontal segregation between the 21 flight zones and the four operating zones), 25 missions were built with scenarios for searching for victims (day/night), assessing impact on four bridges, several buildings (homes, industries, places of worship) and several roads. Different targets had to be found and documented (photo), mannequins and extras for the victims, tape on buildings and bridges to simulate the water level and white crosses in the grass to simulate flooded roads.

The second challenge was the fact that the 10 DPPI countries are not all governed by the European Authority for aviation safety (EASA ) rules nor by GDPR rules. Drone and data protection regulations are not the same depending on the country. The exercise planned in Bosnia and Herzegovina therefore required compliance with host country drone regulations and data protection regulations. The collaboration with the Civil Aviation Directorate of Bosnia and Herzegovina prior and during the exercise was excellent, which facilitated the securing of the airspace above Brcko with the declaration of the equivalent of a Temporary Restricted Area named of temporary (ad-hoc) airspace structure . In order to protect the drone aerial operations of the exercise, a Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) was issued by the authorities to temporarily (one week) close the airspace above the town of Brcko from the ground to 150m AGL (800ft AMSL) including 100ft of buffer zone. As it was difficult to predict the weather during the exercise several months in advance, 3 alternatives were constructed: a plan A with optimal good weather conditions; a plan B with slightly degraded weather but below a critical threshold defined by criteria i.e.,wind, rain, visibility and Kp index having a strong impact and preventing any drone flight in acceptable safety conditions; and a Plan C with indoor activities combined with a workshop on drafting a protocol for deployment of drone teams in international civil protection operations. Fortunately, during the days of October 25 and 26, the weather was sunny with a few brief episodes of strong winds and a downpour at the end of the night flights. The Emergency Drone Responder Magazine

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SEARCH & RESCUE Incident command, safety officer and liaison officers (attached to all incoming teams) benefited from a global briefing on drones, the associated risks, good practices (human factor) and scenarios. Likewise, the drone teams had a briefing but lighter and more focused on the rules imposed on authorized flight zones, NOTAM, aerial coordination and host country drone regulations. Six countries out of 10 members of the DPPI SEE participated with an operational drone detachment each (Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia and Turkey) representing ten drones. In addition, the drone team from the Brcko Police helped. Most came with systems that were either light and compact (around 1 kg), quick to deploy, or with heavier platforms (10 kg) with high-performance cameras (thermal, zoom, laser and IR). Note that for international deployment, TB60 batteries are not easy to deploy in air transport because of the power of 274 Wh, which is well above the 100 Wh threshold of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) standard (even if some airlines are flexible in this regard). This was the case with the team from Türkiye, which travelled by commercial plane and used the batteries offered to them by the host country. In addition to these 11 rescue drones, a video recording company was present to document the exercise, film and photograph with an ultra-light drone. This additional drone was taken into account in the administrative procedures and the security briefing as well as in aerial coordination.

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Shortly after the arrival of the international teams and establishment of the On-Site Operations Coordination Centre (OSOCC) by the European Civil Protection (EUCPT) team ,three cells were set up: a camp cell, logistics and a drone cell. The latter was not easy to build and set up because no participant had previously activated such a cell (which was one of the expected learning objectives of the exercise). But quickly, common sense and team cohesion facilitated its implementation in the form of: a drone cell leader who distributed the missions to the drone teams, an experienced drone pilot from the host country taking the role of air coordinator (air boss) and a data team in charge of collecting and processing data from the field. Aerial coordination took place on a radio frequency with a callsign system allowing horizontal and vertical segregation of air vectors to be applied during the exercise. Penetration of restricted airspace was simulated with a mock military helicopter bringing military equipment to test the reaction of the air coordinator and the drone cell. The data team was mainly composed of a detachment of Albanian GIS officers in charge of collecting data from the drone teams to inform the EUCPT team and the OSOCC. This team was also reinforced by experts from the Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sector for Rescue and Protection who were applying a new incident command software. This software allowed to track the location of each team deployed, to upload photos from the field

to the collaborative platform and also live broadcasts from certain connected drones.

From the first day of deployment, ahead of the relief operations, flights were also carried out to support the two other cells, that of the camp management and logistics. An aerial assessment was carried out over a large soccer field potentially serving as a location where a camp for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) was and benefited from aerial photography to work on the camp plans. Another assessment was carried out on the logistics hub hosted by a local Red Cross warehouse to assess capacity and access of a potential humanitarian assistance distribution point. Subsequent flights were dedicated to search and rescue missions using simulated victims from local high schools (Red Cross volunteers). All were quickly located, whether day or night. The second day 's flights were mainly dedicated to infrastructure assessments. The exercise was a great success, with no security incidents and many efficiently coordinated missions, not to mention the fact that it was the very first exercise of this scale in the Balkans involving simultaneous drone deployments. It was also an opportunity to identify processes or actions that had been a little difficult to implement, and thus a lot of lessons and food for thought to fill these organizational and guideline gaps in the years to come.

Capt. (ret) CLICQUES Vendelin Firefighter officer, IEDO president, Drone specialist & Pink firefighter

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Embedding Trust Into Connected Devices

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SPECIAL FEATURE

Advancing Public Safety Worldwide with Drone Technology Exploring the Global Impact of Drones in Public Safety: Unveiling Their Role in International Operations and Advancements

Drones have emerged as valuable tools in public safety, playing a crucial role in emergency response situations. But what is the global impact of drones in public safety? While drones have certainly made their mark at local and national levels, it's their international deployment that truly underscores their significance. Today, these aircrafts are crossing borders, transcending geographical barriers, and playing a pivotal role in ensuring the safety and security of nations worldwide. Whether it's search and rescue missions in the aftermath of natural disasters, monitoring vast international borders, or simply responding to local incidents, drones have become unifying agents of global public safety. In the following sections, we'll unveil the growing importance of drone usage overseas, shedding light on the role they play in maintaining order and safeguarding lives, their diverse applications across international borders, the advantages they offer, and the challenges they face.

Historical Context: Early Drone Applications in Public Safety The integration of drones into public safety operations is a story that began decades ago. In the early days, drones were primarily associated with military applications. However, it didn't take long for their potential in public safety to become evident. The first notable applications of drones in public safety were for search and rescue missions. In 2005, a drone was employed to assist in locating a missing person in the small, rural town of Ocila, Georgia. These early forays into using drones demonstrated their ability to access challenging terrains and provide aerial views, greatly expediting search efforts. However, as technology advanced, the applications expanded. Fire departments began using drones to gain a better vantage point during firefighting efforts. Law enforcement agencies started

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employing them for surveillance, accident reconstruction, and crowd monitoring during public events. These early adopters paved the way for the widespread adoption of drones in public safety. The first notable applications of drones in public safety were for search and rescue missions. In 2005, a drone was employed to assist in locating a missing person in the small, rural town of Ocila, Georgia. These early forays into using drones demonstrated their ability to access challenging terrains and provide aerial views, greatly expediting search efforts. However, as technology advanced, the applications expanded. Fire departments began using drones to gain a better vantage point during firefighting efforts. Law enforcement agencies started employing them for surveillance, accident reconstruction, and crowd monitoring during public events. These early adopters paved the way for the widespread adoption of drones in public safety.

Pioneering International Countries in Adopting Public Safety Drones While the adoption of public safety drones is a global phenomenon, some countries have emerged as pioneers in harnessing the potential of drone technology. These nations have recognized the transformative impact of drones on public safety and have taken substantial steps to integrate them into their operations. Notable examples include: The United States The United States, with over 18,000 law enforcement agencies and almost 30,000 fire departments, is a leader in the integration of public safety drones. Agencies like the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) have been instrumental in shaping the regulations and strategies for public safety drone usage. In fact, the FAA serves as the primary regulatory authority overseeing drone operations in the U.S. United Kingdom The United Kingdom, with around 46 law enforcement organizations and more than 2,000 fire stations, is a frontrunner in integrating public safety drones into its operations. Multiple agencies across the UK, including the police, fire and rescue services, and search and rescue teams, employ drones in various roles. The regulatory authority governing drones in the UK is the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), which oversees safety and compliance. Australia Australia is renowned for its exceptional proficiency in utilizing drones for public safety. Numerous agencies, such as the New South Wales Rural Fire Service, the Queensland Police Service, and the Australian Maritime Safety Authority, have successfully integrated drones into their operations. In Australia, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) serves as the regulatory agency responsible for overseeing drone operations and safety. Finland Finland has embraced public safety drones for a wide range of applications, including search and rescue missions, border surveillance, and disaster response.

Agencies like the Finnish Border Guard and the Finnish Transport and Communications Agency have adopted drones. Drone regulations in Finland are governed by the Transport and Communications Agency (Traficom). Norway Norway has taken a leading role in the adoption of drones into its public safety operations. Utilizing drones for a wide range of applications, including search and rescue missions and disaster response, are agencies such as the Norwegian Police Service and the Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection. Regulation of drones within Norway is overseen by the Civil Aviation Authority of Norway. These pioneering countries, each with their own regulatory bodies, have not only showcased the effectiveness of public safety drones but have also influenced the global dialogue on their usage. The evolution of drones in public safety continues to gain momentum, driven by innovation, international cooperation, and a shared commitment to making the world a safer place.

International Applications of Drones in Public Safety Search and Rescue Operations • Hurricane Harvey (United States): In the United States, drones were extensively used during Hurricane Harvey to survey flood-affected areas. These drones provided real-time imagery and helped emergency responders pinpoint individuals in need of rescue. • Queensland Floods (Australia): Australia has witnessed the effective use of drones during natural disasters like the Queensland floods. Drones were instrumental in locating and assisting stranded individuals in inundated areas. • Finnish Archipelago (Finland): In Finland, drones are utilized for search and rescue operations in the archipelago. Their ability to access remote and rocky islands has proved vital in locating missing persons. Disaster Response and Humanitarian Aid

aftermath of Hurricane Dorian, drones were instrumental in surveying the affected areas and identifying inaccessible regions in the Bahamas. They provided crucial data for relief organizations in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, enabling them to target their efforts more effectively. • Wildfire Detection (Australia): In Australia, drones are employed to detect wildfires in their early stages, allowing rapid responses to prevent large-scale environmental devastation. Border and Maritime Surveillance • US-Mexico Border (United States): The United States employs drones to patrol its border with Mexico. These drones enhance border security by monitoring remote and rugged areas, providing critical intelligence to border agents • Channel Tunnel (United Kingdom): The United Kingdom uses drones to patrol the Channel Tunnel, ensuring its security. Drones help maintain border integrity and security within this vital international transportation route. • Gulf of Carpentaria (Australia): Drones are deployed by Australian authorities to monitor the vast Gulf of Carpentaria, helping to combat illegal fishing and enhance maritime security in this critical international waterway. • Baltic Sea (Finland & Norway): Finland and Norway use drones for border surveillance, especially in their remote northern areas along the Baltic Sea. Drones contribute significantly to maintaining territorial integrity and security in this international region.

Advantages of Global Drone Usage for Public Safety The adoption of drones for public safety purposes on a global scale has brought forth a myriad of benefits that are universally applicable. These advantages have transformed the landscape of public safety and continue to shape the way nations respond to emergencies and protect their communities.

• Hurricane Dorian (The Bahamas): In the

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SPECIAL FEATURE

Improved Response Times and Situational Awareness One of the most significant advantages of deploying drones in public safety is the remarkable improvement in response times and situational awareness. Drones provide immediate access to aerial perspectives, enabling rapid assessment of critical situations. They can cover large areas in a short span of time, which is particularly valuable during search and rescue missions, disaster response, or monitoring large-scale events. In emergencies, such as natural disasters, accidents, or public disturbances, drones can quickly relay real-time data to ground operators, giving them valuable insights into the situation's development. This enhanced situational awareness allows for more informed and precise decision-making, helping authorities and first responders to allocate resources effectively and coordinate their efforts efficiently. Cost-Effectiveness and Resource Optimization The utilization of drones for public safety is not only efficient but also cost-effective. Drones have the advantage of being considerably more affordable to operate and maintain than traditional aircraft or ground-based surveillance systems. They require fewer personnel, have lower maintenance costs, and reduce the need for extensive infrastructure. By maximizing the utilization of drones, public safety agencies can allocate their financial resources more efficiently. This cost-effectiveness means that more can be achieved with limited budgets, allowing agencies to invest in additional equipment or training programs that enhance their overall capabilities. Minimizing Risks to Personnel Drones play a crucial role in minimizing risks to personnel in hazardous or lifethreatening situations. In scenarios like search and rescue operations, disaster response, or situations involving armed suspects, sending drones to assess the situation is far safer than exposing responders to potential danger.

to approach, such as disaster-stricken zones with unstable structures or hazardous materials. They also reduce the need for first responders to enter unknown or potentially dangerous environments blindly, as drones can provide initial reconnaissance and risk assessments. Enhanced Data Collection and Analysis The data collection and analysis capabilities of public safety drones are a game-changer. Equipped with advanced cameras, thermal imaging, and other sensors, drones can capture high-resolution imagery, video, and environmental data from various perspectives. This rich data can be used for evidence collection, documenting disaster damage, monitoring crowds, and environmental assessments. The ability to process and analyze this data in real-time provides critical insights into the situation at hand. It allows public safety agencies to adapt their strategies and make informed decisions promptly. Moreover, the data collected during drone operations can be archived for future analysis, improving preparedness and response strategies.

Read More: Enhancing Drone Operations: Benefits of Drone Management Software

Challenges and Concerns for Drones in Public Safety Overseas As drones become increasingly integrated into the operations of international countries, they bring not only a host of advantages but also a set of complex challenges and concerns that demand careful consideration. Privacy and Legal Issues Privacy concerns are at the forefront of the challenges surrounding the global use of public safety drones. While these devices enhance security and emergency response capabilities, they also have the potential to infringe on individuals' rights to privacy. International countries are grappling with finding the right balance between using drones to maintain public safety and ensuring citizens' privacy.

Drones can reach areas that are physically inaccessible or too dangerous for humans

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Legal frameworks are continuously evolving to address these concerns, but creating comprehensive and standardized regulations for drone use across borders is a daunting task. Questions about how data captured by drones is stored, who has access to it, and how it is used are being debated on an international scale. Striking the right balance between public safety and personal privacy remains a significant challenge that requires careful consideration and ongoing adjustments Cybersecurity Threats The cybersecurity threats associated with public safety drones are another area of concern. Drones rely on communication networks, GPS systems, and digital data storage, making them susceptible to cyberattacks. International countries need to take proactive measures to safeguard drones and the data they collect from potential hacking, data breaches, or system vulnerabilities. Ensuring the security of communication channels and data storage is vital, especially in situations where drones are involved in sensitive missions, such as surveillance and reconnaissance. Protecting the integrity of the data collected and transmitted by drones is critical, as any compromise could jeopardize both national and international security Regulatory and International Cooperation Roadblocks The international nature of public safety drone usage complicates the establishment of clear, consistent, and universally accepted regulatory frameworks. Each country has its own set of rules and regulations governing drone operations, leading to discrepancies in standards and expectations. Harmonizing regulations and promoting international cooperation is essential to facilitate the seamless operation of drones across borders. This is particularly important in scenarios involving international disasters, crossborder surveillance, or incidents that require multinational cooperation. Public safety agencies need to work together to create a framework that respects national sovereignty while enabling efficient drone operations in international settings.

Regulatory challenges extend to issues such as air traffic management, drone registration, certification of drone operators, and defining the scope of drone operations in urban and rural areas. International countries are working to find common ground while also recognizing that local nuances and conditions may require different approaches.

Future Trends and Opportunities As public safety drones continue to evolve and integrate into the global landscape, the future holds promise for further advancements and exciting opportunities. These developments are not only beneficial for individual countries but also offer the potential to address global public safety challenges more effectively.

Advancements in Drone Technology on the Horizon The future of public safety drones is teeming with exciting advancements. The relentless pace of technology ensures that drones will become even more capable, versatile, and accessible in the years to come. Some of the imminent technological trends include: • Artificial Intelligence (AI): Drones will increasingly incorporate AI to enhance their autonomy and decision-making capabilities. This will enable them to respond to dynamic situations more intelligently and effectively. • Swarm Technology: The concept of drone swarms, where multiple drones work collaboratively, is gaining ground. This technology can be a game-changer in search and rescue missions, disaster response, and surveillance operations. • Extended Flight Times: Improvements in battery technology and energy-efficient designs will extend drone flight times, allowing for longer missions and wider coverage areas.

• Enhanced Sensors: Advances in sensor technology will provide drones with even more comprehensive data collection capabilities, including improved environmental monitoring and threat detection

Expanding Global Partnerships and International Collaboration The global community is increasingly recognizing the value of international collaboration in harnessing the potential of public safety drones. The future holds substantial opportunities for countries to form partnerships and alliances to address common public safety challenges. Some of the key areas for expanding global partnerships include: • International Disaster Response: Drones can play a pivotal role in coordinating international disaster response efforts. By sharing drone resources, countries can respond more swiftly and effectively to natural disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods. • Cross-Border Security: Combating transnational threats, such as drug trafficking or terrorism, can benefit from international cooperation involving drones. Shared surveillance data and coordinated drone operations can bolster border security. • Knowledge Exchange and Standardization: Countries can work together to exchange best practices, data, and experiences in drone operations. Additionally, international standardization efforts can help harmonize drone regulations and procedures. The growth of global public safety drone usage has been nothing short of remarkable. From their initial adoption in search and rescue missions to their integration into diverse public safety

applications, drones have revolutionized the way countries protect their populations. They have enhanced response times, improved situational awareness, and optimized resource allocation. These uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become indispensable tools in addressing a wide array of challenges, from natural disasters to security threats.

About DroneSense Based in Austin, Texas, DroneSense is the most comprehensive drone management and collaboration platform on the market, and the only software that provides public safety agencies everything they need to fly, share, and manage their drone program. DroneSense is on a mission to help revolutionize public safety by delivering mission-critical software that enables comprehensive situational awareness for first responders in all of their missions. Built by a team of former first responders and technologists, their equipment agnostic platform takes drone programs to the next level with secure, real-time video streaming, built-in collaboration tools, and 24/7 US-based customer support. As part of the robust platform, they also offer DroneSense Remote, a fully customizable Drone as First Responder (DFR) solution which enables agencies to deploy drones from a remote launch site the moment a call comes in. Public safety agencies around the world use DroneSense to fly drones (on-scene or remotely) and access video feeds from robotics, crewed aerial assets (fixed wing airplanes or helicopters), and boots on the ground to gain comprehensive situational awareness, reduce risk, and create positive outcomes. To learn more about DroneSense and how they can help you start or optimize your drone program, visit www.dronesense.com.

• Environmental Adaptability: Future drones will be better equipped to operate in challenging environments, from extreme weather conditions to densely populated urban areas.

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LAW ENFORCEMENT

IEDO International police drone training: The Use of Drones by Front Line Services 29 students, 10 countries, 5 days, 1 mission. That mission; the exchange of knowledge and tactics to create universally better UAS Public Safety pilots.

Gimborn Castle in Gimborn , Germany was the site of the first International Emergency Drone Organization (IEDO) Police Drone Commission training conference held in conjunction with the International Police Association (IPA) on October 2 -6. The 10 countries represented at the training by the 29 students were Iceland, Cyprus, Ireland, Germany, Canada, Netherlands, Belgium Sweden, Greece and the United States. Gimborn Castle was built in 1273 and was originally a moated castle in a small valley in the North Rhine-Westphalia. It is now controlled the IPA and is used for International meetings, conferences and trainings. To paraphrase Andy Olesen, one of the NIST instructors, how much better can it get than flying drones, staying in a castle and drinking excellent German beer! Accommodations for the students were

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actually in the castle or in one of the buildings on the grounds. All meals were taken in the Schlosshouse Restaurant, provided by IBZ Castle Gimborn, and they did a wonderful job of taking care of the students. The week of training began just before lunch on Monday as some of the students were still arriving. David Danielson (also IEDO Fire & Rescue Drone Commission head) and Andy Olesen provided instruction from NIST, and Bjorn Mulder, a German pilot from Dusseldorf and John Kuch, head of training for the IEDO Police Drone Commission provided trainings and presentations. The presentations covered Drones in Public Safety, Drones in Disaster Recovery, Flight Preparation and flight planning, and general settings on cameras. The NIST training provided at IBZ Gimborn www.emergencydroneresponder.com

delivered an overview on the NIST Aerial Test Methods and how it is used to develop basic drone pilot proficiency. It has been used as a basic certification for training pilots, then build upon to developing tactics. Participants were provided training on the NIST Open Lane level 1. This course focuses on basic maneuvering and traverse flight paths. Upon completion of the training, participants were tested and provided a completion certificate by the IPA. There was also a presentation on the use of thermal drones to locate clandestine graves. In addition to the classroom presentations, there were many opportunities to actually fly drones. Besides the NIST course, students flew inside the castle demonstrating the ability of one of the drones to penetrate deep down the hallways. A group of the newer pilots had the chance to learn about deploying drones, proper launch techniques and then flew a series of drills helping to improve their understanding of the controls. We were able to do night flights and Bjorn demonstrated the spotlight on one of his drones. The castle grounds made for some stunning video and photography during the flights. On Wednesday, after class, IBZ Castle

Gimborn provided a bus and everyone went into Cologne for the evening. We got the opportunity to walk around and shop a little, tour the Cologne Cathedral and then everyone met at a restaurant for dinner and networking. Then on Thursday night, IBZ Castle Gimborn provided a barbeque that was amazing. With the help of the Greek students we had some amazing delicacies coming off that grill.

hesitate to reach out with training ideas and subjects you would like to see. This organization and conference are here for you and we want to make sure we are providing the most relevant and useful training possible. Let us hear from you. You can reach out to John Kuch, Head of Training for the Police Drone Commission at john.kuch@iedo-drone.org.

Since we are on the topic of networking, the castle had a beautiful, three level pub, with one of the levels being a wine bar. The pub is an unmanned bar with the main level being a full bar with taps, refrigerators, glasses, everything you need. It is the 'Honesty Bar' and you mark down anything you use, put it in a post box on your way out and then settle up at the end of the week. What an amazing networking venue. There was a well-tuned guitar on the well and one of the Swedish pilots regaled us with songs. Quite an amazing amenity! The IEDO, the IPA and IBZ Castle Gimborn already have the training conference scheduled in for next year so we will be back! The beauty and tranquility of the venue made for a wonderful training experience and we are looking forward to returning next year with an even better conference. In the meantime, don't

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The DRONERESPONDERS Global Public Safety Drone Map Dashboard was a result of a partnership with NASA AMES Research Institute and ESRI. The Map Dashboard was designed to serve as a way to share Public Safety Drone Program information between agencies around the world. It has also been used to help facilitate regional mutual aid cooperation and regional training. The Map Dashboard is open to all public safety agencies and is managed by former Pearland TX Police Officer Brandon Karr. This also allows for filtering by state, discipline and more. Here's a 3 minute survey to add your organization's info:

https://bit.Lu/2RHlwyj Here is the Map Dashboard link to nearly 1300 already participating:

https://droneresponders.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/5dd2710f19e24 703823789eb9c2a7b70

SPECIAL FEATURE

Leveraging Drones for Enhanced Situational Awareness with the Northamptonshire Joint Operations Team The Northamptonshire Joint Operations Team utilizes advanced drone tech for swift deployment and live aerial perspectives, enhancing situational awareness in emergency response

The Joint Command Unit, a collaborative project between Northamptonshire Police and Fire & Rescue Service, has been at the forefront of ensuring public safety through cutting-edge technology and seamless coordination since its launch in 2016. This remarkable vehicle provided by Excelerate, serves as a mobile command centre for both live incidents and preplanned events. In this article, we will be taking a closer look at the role of this vehicle and the innovative use of drones for enhanced situational awareness.

as a testament to the power of joint working, facilitating the coordination of responses to live incidents and pre-planned events within the county. For the Fire and Rescue Service, the Joint Command Unit plays a pivotal role during large-scale incidents, offering invaluable support in command and control. Conversely, the Police leverage its capabilities to proactively plan and enhance security measures during preplanned events and operations. Key Advantages of Drone Technology

The Dual Role The Northamptonshire Joint Command Unit showcases what can be achieved through collaboration among different emergency services. This multi-purpose vehicle stands

While the entire spectrum of technology integrated into the Joint Command Unit is impressive, the standout innovation here is the live-streaming capability. The unit incorporates drone technology to elevate The Emergency Drone Responder Magazine

situational awareness to unprecedented levels. Here's how: • Aerial Insights: Drones provide a unique perspective. With their ability to fly above the scene, they offer real-time aerial views that were previously unattainable. This is invaluable for understanding the extent and dynamics of an incident, whether it's a fire, a police operation, or a major event. • Rapid Deployment: One of the key advantages of drones is their ability to be rapidly deployed. When an incident unfolds, operators can launch a drone quickly, allowing it to provide eyes in the sky within minutes. This is particularly critical in emergency situations where time is of the essence. • Versatile Applications: Drones can EDR 21

SPECIAL FEATURE images and footage that cover a wide range of needs. Whether it's monitoring a fire's progress, overseeing crowd dynamics at a major event, or assisting in a police operation, drones can adapt to various scenarios. Connectivity: The Drone's Lifeline The success of drones in enhancing situational awareness hinges on realtime data transmission. This is where the importance of connectivity becomes evident. Maintaining a strong and stable connection is vital for ensuring that the data captured by the drones is transmitted back to cooperating responders. The Joint Command Unit shines in its ability to maintain connectivity, which is essential for effective drone operations. In rural areas or congested environments, the Excell 4G LTE Optimisation Antenna and satellite communication capabilities ensure that data is consistently transmitted back to the JCU and to any other authorised location. This real-time information is invaluable for operators who need up-to-the-minute insights to make informed decisions. 360-Degree Awareness: Piecing Together the Full Picture

inside and outside the vehicle, display the drone footage in a user-friendly dashboard format. Utilising Excelerate's Exstream Video Management Service, operators onboard can also pull in feeds from other cameras including a roof-mounted predator camera for 360-degree panoramic views, a rapid deploy camera, which can be placed up to one kilometre away from the vehicle for remote monitoring, body-worn cameras, and police helicopter footage. The combined video feeds build a full picture of any situation. What's more, video can be accessed and shared not only from the vehicle, but from any authorised device on or off-site for enhanced situational awareness. Neal King, Operational and Technical Support Officer said "the ability to live stream real-time aerial footage back to our command unit has provided us with unparalleled situational awareness. This feature allowed us to respond with a level of precision and confidence that was previously unattainable." "During incidents like wildfires or flooding, where time is of the essence and conditions can change rapidly, the drone's live streaming function has proven to be a game-changer. It allows our team to quickly assess the extent of the incident, identify potential hazards, and plan our

Large screens, strategically placed both

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response accordingly." "The live feeds have given us eyes in the sky, enabling us to make well-informed decisions and adapt to evolving situations quickly. This technology not only provides a bird's-eye view but also an additional layer of protection for our first responders." Innovation Through Collaboration The Northamptonshire Joint Command Unit is truly unique, showcasing the power of collaboration, communication, and JESIP (Joint Emergency Services Interoperability Programme) principles. It represents not only the future of emergency services but also the potential for transformative technology. As we look ahead, this groundbreaking initiative sets a precedent for the evolution of emergency response, emphasising the role of aerial technology in achieving efficiency, cooperation, and safety. For more information visit www. excelerate-group.com or scan the QR code Below:

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The Emergency Drone Responder is the global voice for the Fire, Law Enforcement, Search & Rescue and cUAS teams. Promoting drone use and emerging technologies with input and opinions from public safety drone professionals from around the world. Subscribe to The Emergency Drone Responder and receive a magazine every 2 months packed full of essential information for the public safety drone responder delivered directly to your home, office, or station. When you subscribe to The Emergency Drone Responder, not only will you receive your magazine, but also 10% of the value of your subscription will be donated to provide equipment to voluntary organisations and self-funding public safety units, helping them obtain the drones and equipment they need to help their communities.

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LAW ENFORCEMENT

UK Police Drones: Uses, Challenges, Futures Exploring the Evolving Landscape of Drones in the UK: An In-Depth Look at Policing, Challenges, and Future Visions

© Ed Dunens, via Flickr (CC BY 2.0) Drones are an increasingly common sight in UK skies. In January 2023 the UK's aviation regulator, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), confirmed that it has 500,000 drone 'operators and flyers' registered under its Drone and Model Aircraft scheme, processes 7,000 operational authorisation applications per year, and that the total number of drone pilots and aircraft are already '80% larger than the General Aviation and commercial air sector added up' (Westminster Business Forum 2023). The UK Government continues to support drone innovation, with a 2022 report articulating a vision that 'by 2030 commercial drones will be commonplace in the UK' and will 'share airspace equitably and safely with other users' (HM Government 2022). In parallel, drones are increasingly popular tools for UK

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emergency services, with estimates that at least 40 of the UK's 48 police forces are using drones, and that at least 288 drones are operated by police forces in the UK (UK Drone Watch 2020).

accidents/ serious incidents' involving drones reported to the CAA in 2022 and a total of '334 high severity occurrences' involving drones reported between 2017 and 2022 (CAP2590 2023).

Yet, while praised as tools carrying out 'tasks faster, safer, cheaper and will less impact on the environment than traditional methods' (HM Government 2022), drones also remain associated with incidents of both reckless and negligent, and malicious and criminal drone flight and misuse (POST 2020). From drone flights in proximity to manned aircraft and over sensitive sites, to drones transporting contraband into prisons, drone misuse continues to raise a range of safety, security and nuisance concerns. This is echoed in recent figures from the aviation regulator, with '80

Led by Dr Anna Jackman (University of Reading) and funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, the Diversifying Drone Stories research project explored the use, perception and impact of drones in changing UK airspace. As introduced in a Special Feature in Issue 2, the project engaged with a range of stakeholders (including emergency services and responders, lawyers, industry, local authorities, pilots, air traffic controllers, and members of the public) who variously deploy, design and live with drones. Drawing on focus groups with UK police

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and exploring the operational uses and benefits of drones in policing, challenges and barriers to police drone use, responding to drone misuse, and aspirations for police drone use in the future, the project recently published two outputs which it hopes will be of interest and utility to UK Police and emergency responders using drones more widely. Key findings from the briefing note and report include: Operational uses and benefits of drones in policing Drones are in regular use by emergency services across the UK. UK police forces deploy drones in a growing range of routine, pre-planned and spontaneous operations, from command oversight and crime scene monitoring to organised crime and thermal flyovers. Drones are understood as operationally valuable because they enable the rapid collection of image, video and sensor data which can be rapidly shared to provide critical real-time information and can be used to enter and assess remote, inaccessible and dangerous locations and environments, lowering risks to officers on the ground. Drones can support the provision of police air support by increasing access (e.g. for forces located between National Police Air Service bases), increasing speed of deployment, and deploying in less environmentally impactful ways. Police participants described exploring and trialling a range of novel drone applications, including livestreaming, LiDAR, tethered drones, modified attachments (e.g. winch, loudspeaker), and sensors (e.g. electronic sniffers, CBRN kit, sonar). Challenges and barriers to drone use While adoption grows, there remain challenges and barriers to police drone use, including around regulation, resourcing, national and/or centralised conversations, and technical and operational limitations. • With regard to regulation, participants expressed frustration at the frequency of changes to regulation and described the knock on effects of these on officer workload. They also raised the withdrawal of the exemption for emergency service drone use and awaiting the establishment of replacement policy in this area, as well

as limitations to flying within Visual Line of Sight (VLOS). • With regard to resourcing, participants raised financial pressures and the challenges of securing funding for equipment, managing budgeting in the context of shorter aircraft lifespans, and the need for further ongoing internal training. • National and/or centralised conversations were identified as a challenge and barrier to police drone use, though participants presented differing views on desires for the centralisation of police drone training provision and/or the standardisation of police drones to a similar level of police driving or taser use, with some participants indicating a preference for the continuation of locally and force-driven approaches, given the diverse contexts and needs of UK police forces. • Participants raised technical limitations (e.g. weather resilience, carrying capacity, battery life and flight time), and operational limitations (e.g. confinement to static operations, encountering connectivity issues, and issues with operating frequencies, including congestion, interference). Responding to drone misuse While drones can be transformative policing tools, they are also accessible to a range users. While many fly in accordance with relevant rules, drones have been variously misused. Per a Memorandum of Understanding with the CAA, the police are responsible for responding to drone misuse. • While recognising different forms of drone misuse (e.g. accidental and reckless, malicious and criminal), participants described a desire to focus on education as opposed to enforcement in the first instance. • Relevant legislation that can be used in response to drone misuse includes The Air Navigation Order 2016 (which includes Articles 240 and 241, stipulating that a person must not endanger an aircraft, nor permit an aircraft to endanger any person or property), and The Air Traffic Management and Unmanned Aircraft Act 2021 (detailing police powers and The Emergency Drone Responder Magazine

permitting officers who suspect a drone could be involved in the commission of an offence various powers). • Participants highlighted encountering issues with external drone use at emergency response events (e.g. by hobbyists, journalists/ media). CAA guidance instructs that drone flights must not hamper emergency service response where action is ongoing to preserve life, protect the public or respond to a crime in progress. • While recognising budgetary constraints, participants expressed a desire for additional resourcing (e.g. training, skills building, information provision) on police powers and responding to incidents of drone misuse, specialist skills (e.g. drone forensics), as well as ongoing training in such areas. Such provision, they argued, would also assist with challenges raised by 'drone auditors'. • Some police forces are deploying and/ or trialling counter-drone technology to detect, track, identify and/or intercept drones. Both the Government's CounterUnmanned Aircraft Strategy and the National Police Chiefs' Council have dedicated resource in this area. Aspirations for police drone use in the future When asked how they imagined drones being used in the future and what they'd like to see possible, participants described different visions. These included a drone in every police car and remotely piloted drones offering 24/7 coverage, as well as regulatory clarity and progress (e.g. around sector specific qualifications, on emergency service exemptions, and the realisation of Beyond Visual Line of Sight flight). In addition, participants described the desires for technological developments at both the small scale (e.g. obstacle avoidance, camera zoom) and large scale (e.g. pairing drones with other technologies such as augmented reality and facial recognition). Participants also recognised that UK airspace is changing and that skies are forecast to get busier. They expressed concerns about how emergency service drone operations would be prioritised, and how threat identification may change and evolve (e.g. both determining routine business versus EDR 25

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'malicious aircraft', and the introduction of new risks, such as the targeting of police drone fleets). Accessing the Publications: The short briefing note, Jackman A (2023) Briefing note: Police Drones, is available to read online at https://research.reading. ac.uk/drone-geographies/wp-content/ uploads/sites/271/2023/09/Policebriefing.pdf The longer form report, Jackman A (2023) Police Drones: Uses, Challenges, Futures, is available to read online here at https:// research.reading.ac.uk/drone-geographies/ wp-content/uploads/sites/271/2023/09/ Police-report.pdf

About the Author Dr Anna Jackman Dr Anna Jackman is a Lecturer in Human Geography at the University of Reading. Anna acted as the Specialist Adviser to the Science and Technology Committee Inquiry into 'Commercial and recreational drone use in the UK', and as an expert witness for the Defence Committee's Inquiry into the 'Domestic threat of drones'. You can reach Anna at: a.h.jackman@ reading.ac.uk or on Twitter @ahjackman.

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SEARCH & RESCUE

JOUAV Triumphs in HighAltitude Drone Emergency Drill JOUAV demonstrates high-altitude drone prowess in BVLOS communication and disaster detection at 3,665 meters, enhancing rescue mission capabilities.

In a groundbreaking demonstration of technological prowess, JOUAV, a leading innovator in VTOL drone technology, recently excelled in a high-altitude drone emergency communication test. The test, conducted on a 3,665-meter plateau, showcased JOUAV's commitment to pushing the boundaries of drone capabilities in challenging scenarios. Key Achievements: Successfully tested "beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) communication support capability" and "BVLOS disaster detection capability." Commendation from the Ministry of Emergency Management for outstanding results under adverse conditions.

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The drill addressed severe challenges posed by factors such as "network disconnection, power failure, road disconnection" in 3665m-high altitude and complex terrain during rescue missions. Tasks included establishing timely communication links, rapidly reporting disaster situations and field conditions, and enhancing command and dispatch support for better decision-making in communication assurance efforts. This drill aimed to test and verify the combat capabilities of cutting-edge unmanned aerial systems (UAS) under harsh conditions at high altitudes, focusing on identifying key directions to overcome challenges associated with UAS applications based on the actual needs of rescue operations.

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During the exercise, JOUAV used a CW-100 and a CW-25E VTOL drone. The CW-100, serving as the mission drone, carried a MESH relay module, an emergency network 370M-PDT base station, and an emergency network AD hoc network link, providing airborne communication support for the disconnected area. The CW-25E, acting as a relay drone, carried a MESH relay module and an emergency network AD hoc network link to relay data for the mission drone. Dedicated ground-based satellite communication equipment facilitated communication between PDT and the Ministry of Emergency Management network, connecting unconnected areas to the Ministry of Emergency Management.

relay networking, UAV data background management, JOUAV achieves an integrated, immediate, and effective emergency respond solution. Especially suitable for (wide-distance/ long-range) special environments or emergency communication, such as special activity communication, earthquake, flood rescue, and other occasions. It also provides multi-hop expansion for existing wireless and wired networks.

Successfully tested "beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) communication support capability" and "BVLOS disaster detection capability."

The trunk network's dynamic and flexible construction, independent of infrastructure, makes the system easy to build and deploy.

Commendation from the Ministry of Emergency Management for outstanding results under adverse conditions.

In the future, the professional capabilities

of drones in the emergency field will continue to be verified in the real world application. Drones are expected to play a key supporting role in the stages before, during, and after emergency events, assisting in the leapfrog development of the emergency management system. For more information on JOUAV's emergency rescue plan, please Scan QR code to watch their video or visit the website.

VIDEO

website

Mission Details: Takeoff height: 3665 meters Cruising altitude: CW-100 @ 4820 meters, CW-25E @ 4650 meters. Relative altitude: The CW-100 and CW-25E maintained a relative altitude of more than 1000 meters. Features & Advantages of the JOUAV Air-ToGround Relay System : Through Mesh radio AD hoc networking technology, dynamic routing technology,

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SPECIAL FEATURE

Drone Command Unit: Revolutionizing Enterprise Operations Delving into the Features That Make the Drone Command Unit a Game-Changer for Enterprise Drones

An innovative Drone Command Unit with live monitoring capabilities, remote satellite connectivity, and drone-in-a-box integration has been unveiled. The custom-modified Ford Transit Trail has been designed and developed in continued partnership between UAS specialist heliguy™ and industry-leading emergency vehicle manufacturer Venari. Featuring a suite of integrated features, this state-of-the-art vehicle has been engineered to facilitate real-time UAS operations and enable operators to obtain mission-critical situational awareness.

Key features include: • Dual operator workstation with built-in screen array for live streaming, payload control and two-way audio communication using DroneControl FirstResponder, as well as displaying real-time weather and airspace data;

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• Flat Panel Starlink ROAM, capable of providing satellite communications, even while on the move. Starlink is complemented by a multi-network 5G cellular SIM, with failover managed by Peplink. • Rear compartment features DJI Dock, complete with cargo ramp, interior winch and custom-made levelling trolley. Rear compartment also features a 43" UHD TV visible from the rear doors, enabling commanders to view the drone feed without interfering with the operation. • Integrated power supply, comprising two 3000W petrol generators and 2 x 160W solar panels on the roof. • Support for DJI D-RTK 2 high-precision GNSS mobile station. • Personal welfare station with refrigerated cool-box, microwave and boiling vessel. www.emergencydroneresponder.com

• On-board weather station. • Equipment storage. The Drone Command Unit was unveiled at the Emergency Services Show, at The NEC, Birmingham, in September. It follows the release of the UK's most advanced Drone Support Vehicle last year. The Drone Support Vehicle is a rapid response vehicle, whereas the new Drone Command Unit is designed for more persistent drone missions and drone-in-a-box operations. heliguy™ will be using the vehicle on selected training courses.

Drone Command Unit: In-depth Look At Features The Drone Command Unit (DCU) is a fullyintegrated command and control hub for multi-faceted enterprise drone operations. Let's take a deep-dive into its key features.

associated ancillaries are housed within the vehicle safely. Rear Compartment The rear compartment houses the DJI Dock drone in a box, thanks to its lightweight cargo ramp, interior winch and custommade levelling trolley. There are also connection ports to supply Dock with network connectivity and dismountable petrol generators, compatible with the power requirements of the Dock. Venari has designed and fabricated a custom transportation and levelling system, which not only can be used to deploy the Dock on suitable surfaces, but also mount and dismount Dock in the vehicle by winch, thus negating the need for manual handling. Dual Operator Workstation The DCU features two operator stations. Station 1 provides payload monitoring and remote recording capability, negating the requirement to record video to the drone. Footage is recorded directly to MicroSD cards within the onboard recorder. Live streaming, payload control and secure two-way audio communications are achieved via DroneControl FirstResponder (DCFR), presented onto either a 10" HD display, a 32" UHD display or a 42" QLED TV. DCFR is a real-time live streaming and remote drone control software - designed to improve situational awareness and incident response. Compatible with DJI Enterprise aircraft, DCFR offers under 200ms latency for live streaming and enables incident commanders to remotely access control of the drone and gimbal. Designed with data security in mind, DCFR utilises Google's WebRTC for a highly-secure and encrypted Peer-to-Peer platform, without requiring plug-ins or external software. This approach ensures that both the live-stream media and the drone control data are encrypted at peer 1 (the pilot) and can only be decrypted at peer 2 (the viewer).

via other platforms such as MS Teams, Google Meets and Zoom, depending on the workflow of the operator. Station 2 provides overwatch for UAS safety, including real-time cloud-based weather forecasting, live operating site weather data (inclusive of data logger), independent onboard ADS-B and UTM integration. This information is natively arranged onto 3 x 10" HD monitors and a 32" UHD monitor. The operator also has access to communicate with flight crew members via the digital UHF radio base station. Each workstation has SecretLab Titan throne seating. The chairs have a custom storage mechanism for transit. Communications The DCU is equipped with Flat Panel Starlink ROAM, capable of providing satellite communications, even while on the move. This provides robust and reliable data connectivity in remote locations, or where the cellular network is traditionally flooded, such as large public events. Starlink is complemented by a multi-network 5G cellular SIM, with failover managed by Peplink. Welfare

For added security, all services can be customised onto local servers if needed, offering additional flexibility and control over the data connections. Aside from DCFR, the DCU also enables footage from the UAS to be live-streamed

Within the main compartment, personnel welfare has been considered with the installation of a refrigerated cool-box, microwave and boiling vessel. With multiple storage options, all the The Emergency Drone Responder Magazine

This complements the manual load ramp, which can be folded out to assist with cargomounting. The rear compartment also features a 43" UHD TV visible from the rear doors, enabling commanders to view the drone feed without interfering with the operation. This section of the vehicle has ample storage, designed to house all equipment associated with drone operations. Power The vehicle is powered by two 3000W petrol generators which can be linked together in series to provide the vehicle with 6000W peak power. Two 160W solar panels are also mounted on the roof rack to complement the generators and also provide trickle charge to the vehicle while not in use. The DCU is fitted with a Ludo outlet, which will safely eject the plug when the ignition is turned on to prevent accidental drive away whilst the charging cable is connected. Night Operations Night operations are a core capability of any UAS operator. As such, the van features 360° white LED scene lighting, and a 50" front facing light bar providing 16800 lumens. The interior features selectable lighting options such as white light for day operations and red for night, ensuring remote pilots can allow their night sight to adjust to dark conditions. EDR 31

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D-RTK 2 The DCU has been designed to rapidly mount the DJI D-RTK 2 base station, providing additional redundancy when operating around sources of electromagnetic interference. Where precision data is required, the D-RTK 2 tripod is securely housed within the rear compartment storage system. Weather Station The vehicle is fitted with a comprehensive, rapidly deployable weather station, capable of providing the operator with mission critical on-site meteorological data. This includes: • Wind Speed (constant) • Wind Speed (gusting) • Wind Direction • Humidity • Precipitation • KV Index The station features a user-selectable audio alarm when wind conditions exceed the threshold. It also features an integrated data logger, ensuring that data can be recalled in the event of an incident.

Drone Command Unit: An Innovative Solution For Drone Operations Jack Sharp, DCU Project Manager at heliguy™, said: "The Drone Command Unit provides a fully-integrated command and control hub for multi-faceted enterprise drone operations. "It has been designed as a modular, adaptable and connected vehicle which meets the needs of current and future drone operations, including real-time communications, airspace monitoring, data transmission and processing, and drone-in-a-box operations." Mark Brickhill, Managing Director of Venari, said: "The drone technology and capability that heliguy™ brings to our partnership is simply outstanding. This command vehicle can simultaneously operate multiple drone,s for example for police to cover a football match, protest march or hostage rescue by specialist firearms officers. "It can simultaneously stream critical information in real time to a remote command headquarters and can operate multiple drones even when flying at different locations. The potential civil applications for transport, infrastructure and utilities companies are also

significant - at a fraction of the cost of using helicopters. Just imagine the rapid surveying potential following the recent damage and flooding from storm Ciaran." Thomas Ingold, CEO and Founder of DroneControl, said: "We are delighted to partner withVenari and heliguy™ on this ground breaking vehicle. Not only can the drone live feed be shared into the vehicle, using DroneControl FirstResponder the drone can be remotely controlled and then the feed securely share to any other viewers. Our integration with what3words also significantly improves location sharing of subjects of interest."

For further information, please visit the following websites or Scan the QR Codes. heliguy™ https://www.heliguy.com/

Venari https://venari-group.com/

DroneControl https://www.dronecontrol.co/

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The Emergency Drone Responder Magazine

EDR 33

SEARCH & RESCUE

High flying ARTEMIS comes down to earth with the release of the ARTEMIS Mountain Rescue Backpack Smith Myers ARTEMIS launches the ARTEMIS Mountain Rescue (MR) Backpack, a groundbreaking system aiding Mountain Rescue Teams globally. Smith Myers, designer and developer of ARTEMIS, Software Defined Radio and cellular protocol stacks designed and optimised for SAR deployment, brings life-saving and award-winning ARTEMIS to Mountain Rescue Teams and First Responders. Pre-launch prototype proved in real-life rescue mission. Smith Myers ARTEMIS, the pioneer of airborne mobile phone detection, location and communications solutions has come to the aid of Mountain Rescue Teams worldwide, with the launch of the ARTEMIS Mountain Rescue (MR) Backpack. Smith Myers first lifted the veil on this new product concept in January this year. As of last month, the system is in full production with systems already fielded. Versatile and rugged in all weather conditions, the ARTEMIS MR Backpack is suitable for various rescue missions, including avalanche, flood, wildfire or an earthquake. Importantly, where people are buried under snow or rubble, the system can be used to quicky and accurately locate buried persons and communicate with them at unmatchable rates of 1000's of handsets per minute. The MR Backpack is a ground-based version of the award-winning ARTEMIS Airborne Mobile Phone Detection, Location and Communication Systems. Impressed by the ARTEMIS airborne systems a number of rescue organisations requested a ground-based solution incorporating the ARTEMIS capability. In answer, Smith Myers engineers set about testing the concept in several European Countries with local Mountain Rescue Teams. Successful deployment of the concept demonstrators, proving the potential to be a life-saving solution, led to early adopters placing orders for the system prior to production. "As this was a new concept of operation to us, it was critical that we listened closely

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to the practitioners and fully incorporated their advice into the design" said Steve Ayers, Smith Myers Business Development Manager. "We gave concept demonstrators and training to several European Mountain Rescue Teams who each put the system through demanding real-life rescue operations for 4-weeks at a time. Although these teams did not communicate and were in different countries, the design direction and feedback was almost www.emergencydroneresponder.com

identical. So, our design team knew just what to do" he added. "They all specified the same ultra-strengthened housing, antenna mounts and even colour". While working with a European Mountain Rescue Team on trials, the system was successfully used to locate and rescue an elderly man that found himself lost in a densely wooded area in the mountains while hiking.

"We were testing the prototype system in difficult terrain when we were called out on a real mission. We used the system to locate the missing person in a matter of minutes and were able to communicate with him. Even though this was a prototype system, it proved the capability," said the Mountain Rescue Team Leader. With everything self-contained within the ruggedised and weatherproof backpack, including the crash-proof control tablet and batteries, the ARTEMIS MR Backpack can be quickly deployed in manpack or vehicle roles, such as ATV's (All-Terrain Vehicles), Quad Bikes and Snow Mobiles.

The rugged detachable telescopic mast can be used in difficult and hard-to reach terrain to achieve identification and location ranges of up to 20Km. "Importantly, the system does not just find the phone, it allows you to communicate with the lost persons via SMS or a voice call even if there is no cellular network in the area" said one Mountain Rescue Team Leader. "This really is a transformational capability for our team". The ARTEMIS Mountain Rescue backpack can also be mounted on any vehicle used in SAR operations, whether that be a 4x4, quad bike or even a skidoo. This allows

the SAR team to cover the ground quickly whilst searching for the person in distress. The backpack can then be dismounted to work in wooded areas, or steep inclines to accurately locate the missing person and extract them to safety. The ARTEMIS MR backpack is an all-weather capability. Even when SAR Aircraft can't fly, due to unavailability or weather conditions, or weather conditions make the use of cameras impossible, the ARTEMIS MR backpack comes into its own, allowing SAR teams to work in darkness or extremes of weather. It allows all the ancillaries, including the GETAC rugged tablet, to be neatly stored inside the backpack housing when not in use, protecting them from the harsh environment. The system runs on commercial 'hot swappable' lithium batteries with one battery offering 8 hours of use. Smith Myers ARTEMIS suite of SAR products have been saving lives around the world. Most recently selected for several UK Search & Rescue programs, the growing global customer base includes programmes in Europe, North America, South America, and the Middle East.

About: Smith Myers Communications Ltd is an award-winning UK company specialising in the design, development, manufacture and support of application specific cellular network and handset capabilities for Network Operators, Government Agencies, Law Enforcement, Military, and Search and Rescue organisations. Awards include the Royal Aeronautical Society Silver Medal; ADS Security Innovation Awards, British Engineering Excellence Award, and ICCA (International Critical Communications) Award For more information, scan the QR code below:

The Emergency Drone Responder Magazine

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SPECIAL FEATURE

Unhumanned factors An article delving into the impact of human factors on unmanned aerial systems, highlighting the importance of human input in aviation safety and technology performance. Once upon a time, two little boys sat down and wondered what it would be like to fly an aeroplane. Their imaginations ran wild and before long they had raided the home office and found some top-quality paper. They created two fantastic, identical paper aeroplanes and couldn't wait to see them fly. One flew straight, then nosed-up, rolled over and fell out of the sky, whilst the other one had a roll-rate that would make a Red Arrow air-sick. Why? Why did these two apparently identical vehicles have such different characteristics? After all, they were made from the same paper, at the same time, one being copied from the other. What these two little boys hadn't realised at the time was they had just discovered human factors (HF) in a flying object. Very small differences had crept in at every stage from folding to launch. The combination of these little differences resulted in one very big one: the paper aeroplanes did not fly as intended. So, these two little boys laughed at each other and tried again. This time though, both paper aeroplanes flew (more-or-less) the

same distance without too much deviation. These two little boys had learned from their errors and amended the input to improve the output; noticing, understanding and thinking ahead about how to improve their designs. There wasn't much good quality paper left by the end of the day if my memory serves.

are invaluable. They can be analysed across several aviation disciplines from engineering to human factors. This also means it is possible to use a simple object to link these various disciplines together. And it is that premise that poses another question: how did we forget to keep our unmanned aerial systems 'humanned'?

Paper aeroplanes are one of our most basic forms of flying object but the lessons learned from playing with them

It doesn't take much Google searching to ascertain no commonly agreed point for the first unmanned aerial vehicle is defined.

Figure 1. Reconstruction of the steam powered flying pigeon

Figure 2. D21 Tagboard 36

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Figure 3. Crew deploying a V1 Prisicariu did his best to frame the history of UAS in a 2017 article entitled "The History and The Evolution of UAVs from The Beginning Till The 70s". He identifies the concepts from Archytas di Tarantas and his steam powered "Flying Pigeon" (c. 400BC) through to the D21 Tagboard (c.1976). Prisicariu agrees with many other authors on the first recognisable use of a military UAV being July 1849 when the Austrians attacked Venice with unmanned balloons. Now then, technically, by a modern definition, these balloons are "flying objects" but bear with me.

Figure 4. Typical WW2 era attitude indicator

It is around this point in 1849 that effort shifts toward manned flight, in no small part driven by various global skirmishes and a recognition of the role air superiority could play. UAS weren't forgotten though, and there were notable steps forward - famous examples include the V-1 Kirschkern (aka "Doodlebug"). Although once again, the lack of RP control means the V1 was technically a flying object: the first mass produced cruise missile. However, the "system" concept of UAS is apparent with all the constituent interactions required for a V1 launch; it was unmanned but not unhumanned.

Figure 5. Typical light aircraft attitude indicator c.1990

Focus on human interaction with aviation really starts to diverge between manned and unmanned disciplines during WW2. The Emergency Drone Responder Magazine

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SPECIAL FEATURE Losing a combat machine was expensive in terms of both crew and materials but not all loses were due to enemy action: some were caused by the humans themselves. Instrument layouts were ergonomically illogical, whilst the individual instrument designs lead to confusion. Here is an example of the latter: a WW2 era attitude indicator alongside a more modern example, with a little scenario. You have just encountered an incredibly high workload and are disorientated. You are a solo pilot, it is night and you have no external visual references. Which way up is our WW2 machine? Figure 5 is not perfect and still leads to confusion but at least you are provided with a fighting chance of knowing where the sky is. The necessities of war meant that research and funding poured into manned aviation to help reduce crew error because it was clearly their fault they had failed to interpret these poorly designed systems, wasn't it? It couldn't possibly be the design? The same necessities also exacerbated the unmanned divergence due to the importance of saving servicemen's lives. This tangent is starting to lose your interest, I know. It is important to have that background though because the space race that followed facilitated one crucial, revolutionary aspect for drone navigation: GPS. Inertial systems had existed for years but GPS and satellite deployments upped the ante. And thus, with one paragraph we find ourselves bang up-to-date on the technology. This is a careful and deliberate choice of words because whilst the technology is futuristic, the humans are in danger of being left behind. We need to respect our humans in this unmanned aviation world and we can do that by using human factors. What is this mythical "human factors" though? Every safety publication these days, in every safety critical industry, will talk about how human factors awareness is really important. A panacea. The single thing that will solve all user errors. Well, not quite. The Australian CAA help to explain it quite well in the following document:

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https://www.casa.gov.au/sites/default/ files/2021-06/safety-managementsystems-book-6-human-factors.pdf. There is also this thing called Crew Resource Management (CRM) though, which has erroneously become a synonymous term for HF in aviation. CRM is an essential toolkit under the HF umbrella, but CRM alone is not human factors. It therefore becomes important to separate out CRM from HF. CRM is an essential part of modern aviation and the latest iteration of the UK CAA's Flight Crew Human Factors Handbook (CAP737, 2023) defines CRM as: "...the training of the cognitive and social skills needed to support technical training in order to optimise safe and efficient aircraft operation...". A digestible definition of Human Factors is offered by the UK Health and Safety Executive: "Human factors refer to environmental, organisational and job factors, and human and individual characteristics, which influence behaviour at work in a way which can affect health and safety". The important point with CRM vs HF definitions is input versus output. HF deals with all of the inputs but CRM is focussed on managing the outputs through training. HF accounts for simulator fidelity, for example, whereas CRM does not. That is definitely a topic outside the scope of this article but it's a fascinating insight on the 'wow factor' impact of user perception versus quantifiable output. Anyway, with the difference established, we must focus attention back to Human Factors. At the highest level of definition, HF looks to reduce error by improving human performance. But that's surely human performance I hear you say. Yes, it is, sort of; the link between the two is incredibly close. HF is the input. It looks at how humans interact with everything in the chain from concept to catastrophe. Human performance is the output, usually with quantifiable indicators (such as reaction times, for example). It's this output that we use to see if a HF solution has any performance impact, be that good bad or neutral. Therefore, wherever there are humans, there are human factors, which brings us to the beautiful misnomer 'Unmanned Aerial Systems'. Even the most autonomous drone-in-a-box philosophy has human input at some point. To use a supply chain term, the human www.emergencydroneresponder.com

load in this case becomes "bulk reducing" the closer it gets to mission launch. What about when that same piece of "unmanned" technology goes wrong? Our valiant RP will step up and instantly take control. Easy, right? Wrong! Very, very wrong. You are asking the human to rapidly switch from totally out-of-the-loop (OOTL) to in-the-loop. Not only that, you are asking them to do it with an aircraft in a compromised state. What do you think our human performance is likely to look like? I would argue not especially effective and therefore, unsafe. The reasons for this lie in how a human processes information. That is a topic for another day but this rapid switch from outto in-the loop is the cognitive equivalent of wading through treacle: really difficult and it takes time. Time in this case though is most likely not on our side if we want to maintain flight safety. How do we help to solve this OOTL problem with HF skills then? Well, in manned aviation there is a mantra: Fly, Navigate, Communicate. Referred to as "FNC" it must also be done in that order. Fly builds our awareness of aircraft state including system modes in use, which way up we are, airspeed, altitude and heading for example. Navigate is a four directional vector (speed, distance, time, altitude) including any significant terrain, minimum safe altitudes and nearest points of safety. Communication is only done once the F and N are considered safe. It may be to an air traffic unit, the rest of the crew, or both. It doesn't stop there though because every iteration of a change of aircraft state warrants a new FNC. However, once the initial, robust FNC has been conducted, the subsequent reviews are more expeditious. To conduct a robust FNC though does take time. In the case of a complex problem at altitude each part can take up to 30 seconds - perhaps more. That's before you get to any sort of problem solving. Manned aviation pilots are also receiving physical queues from the machine they are sat in, which helps the brain process information - until it gets tricked. That mental trickery is common to both manned and unmanned aviation of course. Have you ever asked yourself which way your UAS is pointing? If, like me, you have, then you have experienced a human information processing pitfall. For a great example, search the internet for "QI einsteins mask"; you won't be disappointed.

To reap the benefits of HF though, it has to become embedded in an organisational philosophy. Training plans, safety investigations, checklists, operational deployments, and human management must all account in varying degrees for human factors. In this context, CRM training becomes the output of an integrated HF structure. Safety through HF can always be developed. BVLOS has done quite well, most likely due to the similarities with manned aviation and relevant licensing requirements for certified category machines. Unfortunately however, despite all of the understanding around manned and BVLOS aviation, the research into VLOS operations is woefully lacking. There is a clear desire and understanding amongst researchers that VLOS needs some HF help, but hardly any data exists on things like reaction time to an unexpected ATTI mode change, for example. This brings us to a case study where this the FNC concept might have saved the day. It also provided the basis of some recently published research. The report can be found at: https://www.gov.uk/aaibreports/aaib-investigation-to-dji-m600pro-uas-registration-n-a-131219. In 2019, a UK based DJI Matrice 600 took off on a fully automated flight plan, having already completed similar flights that day. Shortly after takeoff, the User Interface presented a "GPS COMPASS ERROR" message. This was acknowledged by the crew who were startled and surprised. A RTH request was attempted but this was never going to work because the UAS was now in ATTI

mode. Ten seconds later, VLOS was lost and no stick inputs were made. After drifting for 75 seconds, the Matrice collided with a house, thankfully without injury. What had happened to their Situation Awareness (SA)? The terms of notice, understand and think ahead represent the three levels of SA developed my Mica Endsley. In an ideal world, we want to be operating at think ahead. However, lose one of them and you have lost SA. Our Matrice crew had indeed lost SA. Why? Why were no stick inputs made despite noticing that the UAS had a GPS Compass Error? Did they understand what had happened? Why couldn't they think ahead? Fundamentally it was a result of the physical and psychological problems associated with being startled and surprised, which include a sense of disbelief and a fight-flight-freeze response. The incident raised some great potential research questions. Was the alert presented to the crew appropriate? From the VLOS perspective, was GPS COMPASS ERROR more important than an ATTI reversion alert? Could a different alert have resulted in a different response? Is reaction time affected by the presentation of alerts? How are alerts and mode changes presented to RPs? How do Flight Crew Operations Manuals compare between manned and unmanned aviation? When an event prompts so much thought and so many unanswered questions, it is a great place from which to start some sort of research investigation. [As an aside: the answer to the manuals question is that VLOS manufacturer manual sets are woefully inadequate by comparison] I can tell you are all getting quite tired of me 'droning' on now so I'll wrap things

up. Unmanned aviation is the future for so many aspects of modern aviation. As a result, we must treat it with the same safety standards as those given to manned flight. VLOS is being left behind in that with respect to human factors and that has to change. RPs face some unique HF problems but very little research has been conducted in support. People are interested in making a difference though and the tide is slowly turning. What would happen, for example, if instead of just dropping into ATTI mode, UAS interfaces adopted the same alerting principles found in manned aviation? Perhaps somebody might have done some research into that very subject..... In the next article, we'll have a look at what happens when lessons learned from manned aviation are applied to a VLOS scenario.

Bio: Andy Black is an experienced commercial airline pilot with an academic interest in UAS. Passionate about human factors, he holds a Human Factors in Aviation MSc, for which he focussed empirical research on VLOS alerting systems. He still keeps his hand in as a hobbyist RP, with wood glue, Zap-a Gap and Solarfilm littering the garage.

References https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-famous-people/steam-poweredpigeon-002179 https://medium.com/war-is-boring/the-blackbird-had-a-drone-sidekickaf482e3609f3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb CAP737 (2023) Human performance on the flight deck, Harris, 2011 https://www.hse.gov.uk/humanfactors/introduction.htm https://www.casa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-06/safetymanagement-systems-book-6-human-factors.pdf https://www.gov.uk/aaib-reports/aaib-investigation-to-dji-m600-pro-uasregistration-n-a-131219 The Emergency Drone Responder Magazine

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SEARCH & RESCUE

Harnessing AI and AR for Enhanced Search and Rescue Missions with Unmanned Aircraft AI and AR-equipped drones transform search and rescue with enhanced data analysis, pattern recognition, and real-time information, revolutionizing emergency response

Search and rescue missions make up a large percentage of calls for service and are a vital component of public safety unmanned response teams. Every minute counts in finding missing persons. Unmanned systems have emerged as powerful tools in these missions. When equipped with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Augmented Reality overlays (AR) these Unmanned Systems become indispensable assets in locating and rescuing missing individuals. This article explores the transformative role of AI and AR will provide in the search for missing persons using unmanned aircraft. The Role of Unmanned Aircraft in Search and Rescue: Drones have already proven their worth in various public safety scenarios, including

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search and rescue. Their ability to swiftly cover large areas, access difficult terrains, and provide real-time aerial views makes them invaluable tools for emergency responders. In the context of search missions, drones equipped with high-resolution cameras and sensors can quickly locate missing persons or assess disaster-stricken areas. Great work has been done to develop proper search methods for aerial search. Much of this information comes from the experience of manned aviation units as well as Search and Rescue teams. A good example of this is the study by the Danish EMA (DEMA) on Drones in Search and Rescue, and the OFS Search Method (Overview Focused Systematic) they developed. This is a systematic approach to search in different environments with www.emergencydroneresponder.com

the goal of increasing the probability or detection (POD) by following this process (You Tube Link: https://youtu.be/M283orbmzU?si=H94ZUMfmgOT9LR39). They also developed a series of action cards to be used as a guide to follow the OFS process (Link- https://drive.google.com/ file/d/1tfDIZULNKHq9hkupaE0pZBRLmqzZq hFR/view?usp=sharing) Another example is from the SAR community and their publication and app, "Lost Person Behavior". Using data from over 150,000 missing person cases across the country, the app provides guidance, tactical briefings, investigative questions, and statistics for over 40 different scenarios. These include lost hikers, hunters, children, missing vehicles, despondent individuals, dementia patients, and climbers. It also provides guidance for snow and water incidents.

Clearly the knowledge gained over years of searches on the ground and from the air is what we should be training our personnel to follow. This is where the integration of AI and AR systems comes into play. Integration of Artificial Intelligence: The true potential of drones in SAR missions is unlocked when coupled with our existing experience and data and advanced AI algorithms. AI can enhance the capabilities of drones in several ways: AI in Search for People Missions: The integration of AI with unmanned aircraft enhances their capabilities, making them even more effective in locating missing persons. Currently we rely on live and post flight analysis of our pictures and video. We can follow prescribed strategies and tactics to search in multiple environments and conditions. Even the with best training, pilots can miss critical tells and clues against background. AI offers a rapid way to plan and automate proper search patterns, scan images and data, adjust and maximize sensor settings to match conditions and much more. Here are ways that AI can be used to assist emergency responders in increasing the POD during search missions. • Data Analysis: AI can process vast amounts of data collected by drones, providing valuable insight that aids search teams in making informed decisions regarding where to focus their search. Currently there are several efforts in allowing rapid analysis of images and video to identify possible targets from unmanned aircraft. Current programs like Eagle Eyes, LOC8 and TEEX ADIAT are platforms and sets of algorithms that can be used to programmatically identify 'areas of interest' in a set of digital images or video. The primary use case for this tool is to aid in the analysis of photos and videos taken by UAVs during search and rescue missions. However, the color and anomaly detection algorithms may be applicable to users in many different fields. Eagle Eyes Video https://www. eagleeyessearch.com/ • Pattern Recognition: AI can analyze patterns of movement and behavior to predict where a missing person may have gone. It can identify common routes and The Emergency Drone Responder Magazine

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SEARCH & RESCUE areas frequented by the individual, helping search teams focus their efforts. Using known data sets as referenced by the Lost Person Behavior app and other information, as well as machine learning.

• Thermal Imaging: Drones equipped with

thermal imaging cameras can detect body heat, even in challenging conditions such as darkness or dense vegetation. AI can process this thermal data to pinpoint potential locations of missing persons. Current systems are being tested include Airborne Optical Sectioning (AOS). This is a wide synthetic-aperture imaging technique that employs manned or unmanned aircraft, to sample images within large areas from above occluded volumes, aka forests. Based on the poses of the aircraft during capturing, these images are computationally combined to reveal targets that remain hidden in single recordings.

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https://github.com/JKU-ICG/AOS

• Search Algorithms: AI-powered drones

can autonomously search large areas using predefined algorithms. These algorithms consider terrain, landmarks, and other factors to determine the most likely areas for a missing person to be located. Again, knowledge obtained from the experience of SAR teams aids in the learning process.

• Autonomous Search: AI can enable

drones to autonomously search for missing persons, making real-time decisions based on the data they collect. This minimizes the need for human intervention and accelerates search efforts. Current autonomous flight programs typically search in grids to obtain data, covering all areas specified. With AI, these programs can be trained to do a smart grid search, considering the most probable locations to look first based on the body of knowledge already in place and getting smarter with each search set.

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• Communication: Drones with AI can

act as communication hubs, relaying information between the search team on the ground and the command center. They can also transmit the missing person's location in real-time

• Facial Recognition: While this type of

technology has a downside in the public eye, AI algorithms can be programmed to identify individuals from aerial footage. This is particularly useful in cases where the drone has captured images of the missing person, and the AI can cross-reference those images with known profiles. Augmented Reality for Enhanced Situational Awareness: Augmented reality overlays digital information onto the real-world environment, providing responders with

enhanced situational awareness. Existing GIS data layers, preplans, and emergency planning maps can be overlaid in real time onto the pilot's screen. Edgybees is an example of this GIS overlay relaying critical information to the pilot and ground crews as they manage an emergency. In the context of SAR missions, AR can be integrated into the drone operation in the following ways:

• Live Data Feeds: Responders can receive live data feeds from drones directly onto Laptops, Phones, Tablets and AR devices, such as smart glasses or headsets. This information can include real-time video streams, AI-generated insights, and geographical data, allowing situational awareness of the area of operation.

Platforms like Dronesense allow ERSI layers to be imported into the operations center hub showing these video feeds, detailed maps, and areas of operations.

• Navigation Assistance: AR can provide

visual cues and navigation assistance to drone operators, helping them maneuver in challenging environments that have been impacted in disasters when normal visual clues are no longer present. This is particularly valuable in low-visibility conditions or areas with obstacles. Currently this is limited due

to the processing capability of the RC controllers and lack of bandwidth for data connections but going forward this will be commonplace.

Conclusion: The integration of drones, AI and AR holds immense promise for the future of search missions. By combining the rapid deployment and aerial capabilities of drones with the analytical power of AI and the enhanced situational awareness provided by AR, emergency responders can significantly improve their ability to save lives and mitigate the impact of disasters. Many of the resources listed are still developing their full capability. What's required is a large amount of data sets to train the models to become better. We can be part of the process by working with these organizations and companies to provide data sets, pictures, and videos to accelerate the effectiveness of the models. One thing is clear, as we have watched the rapid pace of development of unmanned systems, the integration of AI and AR will lead us to the next generation of tools we can use to help us accomplish our primary mission, saving lives.

The Emergency Drone Responder Magazine

Assistant Chief Scott Mlakar (Ret) Willoughby Fire Department Administrative Officer Unmanned Tactical Group - Public Safety UAS Training Firehouse Technology - UAS Specialized Products ge of the Lake County (Ohio) Unmanned Response Team Scott Mlakar is an Assistant Chief (Ret) with the Willoughby (OH) Fire Department where he has served for 41 years. He serves on the Fire Chief's Special Operations Committee in Lake County. He developed and oversees operations of the Lake County Public Safety Unmanned Response Team (Lake County PSURT), composed of Firefighters, Police officers. It provides UAS support to all of Lake County's Emergency Services and special teams. including SWAT, Bomb Squad, Haz-Mat Unit, Crime Scene Reconstruction Team, and Technical Rescue Teams. He has written numerous articles on the topic of Public Safety UAS programs as well as presented at various National and International UAS conferences including, IEDO Paris Conference, Commercial UAV and the Fire Department Instructors Conference (FDIC). He founded and is on the board for North East Ohio Public Safety Unmanned Response Teams Organization (NEO-PSURT) that is made up of Police and Fire Organizations around NE Ohio to train and coordinate Public Safety UAS resources. He serves as Lead Instructor at Tri-C Community College and Airborne Public Safety Association as part of their Public Safety Drone programs.

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NEWS

product spotlight Discover a collection the latest technical developments for emergency services at emergencydroneresponder.com.

BRINC Unveils LEMUR 2: Advanced Emergency Response Drones BRINC has achieved a significant milestone with the commencement of deliveries for its revolutionary LEMUR 2 drone, marking a notable advancement in emergency response technology. The flagship model, produced, designed, and supported from BRINC's Seattle facility, reflects the company's commitment to creating a safer world. CEO Blake Resnick expressed pride in the accomplishment, emphasizing the dedication of the BRINC team. The LEMUR 2, an evolution of the initial drone based on real-world experiences of public safety officers, introduces enhanced capabilities such as self-righting after impact, night vision, thermal sensors, and the ability to operate in GPS-denied, low-light environments. Key features include LiDAR integration, two-way audio communications, obstacle awareness, and compliance with NDAA standards. The drone not only benefits law enforcement with de-escalation tactics but has proven instrumental in disaster response and search and rescue missions globally. Manufactured in the US, the LEMUR 2 complies with NDAA and is approved for use by federal agencies and contractors, underscoring BRINC's commitment to a domestic supply chain.

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Skydio Unveils the X10 and Marks the Next Chapter of Drones in Critical Industries Skydio's X10 is an advanced drone for first responders, infrastructure, and military use, featuring cutting-edge sensors and AI-powered autonomy. The result of a decade's experience, it seamlessly integrates into existing procedures, offering unparalleled capabilities in a compact, user-friendly package. Facilitating 24/7 operations with NightSense autonomous flight and 3D Scan for automated data capture, Skydio envisions drones as essential infrastructure providing real-time insights. The X10 finds applications in various sectors, emphasizing U.S.-based manufacturing for enhanced security. Symbolizing a decade-long journey, it's dedicated to customer success and community impact.

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Altitude Angel Unveils Prism Detect for Enhanced Airspace Safety Altitude Angel, a UK-based Unified Traffic Management (UTM) technology provider, has launched Prism Detect, a new division dedicated to enhancing airspace security. The division focuses on deploying stationary and mobile sensor towers called "ARROW" to strengthen aerial detection capabilities and simplify the authorization process for drone flights near critical infrastructure sites. The ARROW technology, proven in Altitude Angel's drone superhighway project, employs groundbased sensors to scan lower airspace, providing real-time data to the GuardianUTM platform. Prism Detect offers managers overseeing critical infrastructure a comprehensive, real-time view of airspace users within a significant radius of the sensor towers, with adaptable installations catering to various site requirements. Integrated with GuardianUTM, Prism Detect aids in distinguishing between authorized and unauthorized drones, contributing to more informed decision-making in an era of expanding drone usage. Richard Parker, CEO and founder of Altitude Angel, highlights the importance of accurate airspace intelligence for effective decision-making in the face of increasing drone activity worldwide.

NEWS Everdrone Unveils Versatile E2 Drone, Revolutionizing Emergency Response Everdrone, renowned for its successful collaborations in Sweden, Denmark, and the UK, is introducing the advanced E2 drone model to enhance emergency response. This multipurpose drone is equipped with an advanced camera system and customizable medical kits, revolutionizing the operations of first responders and reducing average response times to just two minutes. Building on partnerships with Region Västra Götaland, Air Ambulance Charity Kent Surrey Sussex (KSS), and Hovedstadens Beredskab, Everdrone's E2 drone offers enhanced capabilities, delivering live high-resolution and infrared video along with medical equipment. The First on Scene™ service, featuring LiveView and MedKit deliveries, prioritizes speed, achieving a swift 15-second turnaround from distress signal to liftoff and an average response time of two minutes. With high autonomy, all-weather operation, and advanced safety features, Everdrone's service aims to reach over 99% of urban inhabitants in Europe. The E2 drone expands on the success of Everdrone's emergency response solutions, offering a versatile and transformative solution for immediate, accurate situational awareness and effective emergency response services.

design and the ability to carry diverse payloads, from cameras to loudspeakers. Ideal for industries like construction, safety, emergency services, and smart city monitoring, it features dual gimbal cameras, edge cloud processing, and connects over public and private 4G/ LTE and 5G networks. Notable features include BVLOS operations, real-time kinetic positioning, and modular design for diverse attachments, including a dualcamera module, LiDAR sensor, spotlight, and loudspeaker. The drone offers remote operation capabilities for tasks like search and rescue missions and damage assessments, making it a valuable asset for businesses and public safety agencies focused on enhancing emergency response. With its commitment to EU manufacturing and versatile design, Nokia's hexacopter positions itself as a significant player in advancing emergency response and public safety operations. For interested organizations, Nokia provides an enquiry button on its website for orders.

Anduril Introduces Anvil-M CounterDrone Technology to Enhance Public Safety

Nokia's Hexacopter Drone: Enhancing Emergency Response and Public Safety Nokia, renowned for its shift from consumer tech to advanced infrastructure, unveils a 5G-capable hexacopter drone tailored for enterprise applications. This substantial drone, entirely manufactured in the EU, distinguishes itself with a robust

a crucial advancement in countering emerging threats and ensuring community safety.

DJI Introduces the DJI Mini 4 Pro: Elevating Performance and Precision in Compact Aerial Imaging DJI introduces the DJI Mini 4 Pro, the latest addition to its Mini series of drones, setting new standards for compact drones with advanced features. A standout feature is the state-of-the-art 360-degree obstacle avoidance system, enhancing flight safety and ActiveTrack capabilities. The incorporation of the O4 transmission system ensures seamless connectivity, even in challenging environments. Videographers benefit from the inclusion of D-Log M for professional-grade video recording with a full 10-bit color depth. DJI offers accessories, including ND and wide-angle lens attachments, with a revised mounting system for improved compatibility and convenience. The Mini 4 Pro's camera features dual native ISO for enhanced image quality, and with a starting price of $759, it caters to both enthusiasts and professionals, redefining expectations for sub-250 drones.

Anduril Industries introduces the Anvil-M, a revolutionary addition to its counter-drone technology lineup designed to enhance public safety by effectively countering nimble unmanned aerial systems (UAS). Developed to detect and neutralize Group 1 and Group 2 classified drones based on their speed, altitude, and weight, the Anvil-M ensures air deterrence against emerging threats. Neil Thurgood, Senior Vice President at Anduril, emphasizes its role in defeating significant threats to public safety, with the Anvil-M swiftly approaching targets on a collision course and deploying a fire-control module and munitions payload for neutralization. Addressing concerns about the misuse of drones for spying or carrying explosive payloads, Anduril's Anvil-M represents The Emergency Drone Responder Magazine

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industry spotlight Find more showcases of drone use within the emergency services at emergencydroneresponder.com.

Enhancements Unveiled by DroneSense for Public Safety Agencies DroneSense, a Texas-based specialist in drone software solutions for public safety, has unveiled new features and integrations aimed at enhancing the efficiency, safety, and intelligence of mission-critical operations. Key advancements include Dock Integration, streamlining cloud-based operations with the DJI Dock drone-in-a-box system, providing automated launching and retrieval for public safety agencies. The addition of Airspace Awareness furnishes real-time details on deployed drones' airspace, crucial for scenarios like natural disaster monitoring and search and rescue missions. Terrain Following ensures drones maintain a consistent altitude above the ground, enhancing safety during diverse topographies. The CoPilot integration allows seamless video streaming from nonintegrated drones, promoting easy

integration of diverse drone fleets for streamlined live video access. Chris Eyhorn, CEO of DroneSense, emphasizes the company's commitment to providing cutting-edge tools for public safety agencies. These innovations reinforce DroneSense's dedication to equipping

agencies with state-of-the-art tools and technologies for effective and secure operations.

BVLOS Drone Operations in the UK Progress with New Trial Initiatives The UK Civil Aviation Authority has unveiled six innovative drone trials to advance Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) operations, a significant step toward widespread implementation. Organizations participating in this innovation sandbox cover diverse applications, from medical drone deliveries to energy infrastructure inspections and creating "sky highways." These trials, involving projects like Apian London Health Bridge and Skyports Project TRAject, will shape the future of BVLOS drone operations in the UK. The focus includes exploring the concept of a "temporary reserved area" (TRA) for safe drone operations within existing airspace, departing from previous procedures requiring a "temporary danger area" (TDA). Sophie O'Sullivan, Head of Future Safety and Innovation at the UK Civil Aviation Authority, emphasizes the pivotal role of these trials in developing regulations for efficient airspace integration of different aircraft types.

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NEWS where cooperation with the police is dwindling due to fears of retaliation, technical evidence, including cameras, is vital in investigations. Proposed legislative changes aim to grant the police more flexibility in using AI-driven facial recognition technology to identify criminals, particularly gang members, and empower the police with automatic number plate recognition tools. These revisions would provide law enforcement with increased access to drones and external cameras, including those operated by the Swedish Transport Administration. While privacy concerns have been raised, proponents argue that such technology is crucial in fighting serious crimes. Liberal MP Martin Melin expresses confidence that the public's main concern is addressing the growing threats posed by gangrelated violence. As Sweden steps up its use of technology like drones and facial recognition, the nation aims to regain control and peace in regions disrupted by gang violence.

Atlantic City Demonstrates How Drones Enhance Public Safety for Swimmers

Sweden Enhances Fight Against Gang Crime with Drone Deployments and Facial Recognition

The Atlantic City Fire Department and local public safety units will showcase the effectiveness of drones in enhancing beach safety on October 10, from 11 am to 1 pm. Following recent drownings and safety concerns at the Jersey Shore, drones equipped with cameras, PA systems, and inflatable rescue devices will be demonstrated to aid lifeguards. Drones offer an aerial perspective, enabling communication with swimmers, spotting marine life, and delivering rescue equipment in real-time. The event, held near the Boardwalk at Mississippi Avenue and Columbia Lane, involves public safety units, including the ACFD Drone Unit and the Atlantic City Police Department's SWAT Team. Supported by the National Aerospace Research and Technology Park, the initiative emphasizes using emerging technologies to improve public safety. Howard J. Kyle, President of the National Aerospace Research and Technology Park, highlights the importance of partnerships to test drone technology in emergency response situations for enhanced public safety. The simulations are part of ongoing emergency management exercises aimed at improving public safety, with plans for continued involvement of first responders in 2024.

Sweden is intensifying efforts against escalating gang violence by incorporating advanced technology. The government plans to provide the police with an additional 2,500 cameras next year for facial recognition, drones, and external cameras in a "camera offensive" to enhance law enforcement capabilities. The right-wing coalition parties propose expanding the police's camera network from the initially targeted 1,600 to 2,500, a fivefold increase since the new government assumed power. In a climate

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