Type:
Test Bank
Resource:
Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences
Edition:
10th Edition
Author(s):
Frederick Gravetter Larry Wallnau Lori-Ann Forzano James WItnauer
Chapter 01 1. A researcher uses an anonymous survey to investigate the television-viewing habits of 100 American adolescents. The researcher plans to make an inference about the television-viewing habits of all American adolescents based on the results of the survey. The entire group of American adolescents is an example of a _____. a. sample
b. statistic c. population d. parameter ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 2. A researcher uses an anonymous survey to investigate the social media habits of American college students. Based on the set of 300 surveys that were completed and returned, the researcher finds that students spend an average of 2 hours each day using social media. The set of 300 students who returned surveys is an example of a _____. a. parameter
b. statistic c. population d. sample ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 3. In order for a researcher to obtain a random sample, they need to specifically do which of the following things? a. rule out confounding variables b. ensure that each person in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample c. make certain that results are valid d. make sure that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each experimental condition ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 4. In contrast to a datum, which of the following descriptions is most consistent with the concept of data? a. the mean average of 15 participants’ individual scores on a problem-solving task b. the percentile that the score of 1 participant on a problem-solving task falls into c. the individual scores of 15 participants on a problem-solving task d. the individual score of 1 participant on a problem-solving task ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Analyze REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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KEYWORDS:
Bloom’s: Analyze
5. A researcher is curious about the average monthly car insurance bill for high school students in the state of Florida. If this average could be obtained, it would be an example of a _____. a. parameter
b. statistic c. population d. sample ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 6. Which statement below regarding populations is true? a. Populations typically are small in size. b. Populations cannot consist of non-human animal research subjects. c. The experimental research method should be used to examine populations. d. It usually is challenging to obtain data from every person in a population. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 7. The relationship between a statistic and a sample is the same as the relationship between _____. a. a sample and a population b. a statistic and a parameter c. a parameter and a population d. descriptive and inferential statistics ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 8. Organizing a set of scores in a table or computing an average to summarize a data set is an example of using ______. a. parameters b. random sampling c. descriptive statistics d. inferential statistics ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Remember REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 9. A characteristic, usually a numerical value, which describes a sample is called a _____. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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a. parameter b. statistic c. variable d. constant ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Remember REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 10. A researcher is interested in average first semester change in weight (gain or loss) for students at a local college. Thus, they record the individual change in weight for a small group of 25 freshman from this college during their first semester. Then, the researcher calculates the average change in weight during the first semester among these 25 students. The average is an example of a ______. a. statistic
b. parameter c. variable d. constant ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 11. The average verbal SAT score for the entire class of incoming college freshmen in the United States is 530. However, if a sample of 20 incoming college freshmen is randomly selected from the United States, it is likely that this sample’s average verbal SAT score will not be exactly 530. This is consistent with the concept of _____. a. statistical error
b. inferential error c. sampling error d. descriptive error ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 12. Random assignment helps to strengthen causal inferences within an experiment by ruling out potential confounding variables otherwise introduced to an experiment due to individual differences in participants.
a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 13. A recent study reported that students who just finished playing a prosocial video game were more likely to help others than students who had just finishing playing a neutral or antisocial game. For this study, the kind of game given to the Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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students was the _____. a. control group
b. quasi-independent variable c. independent variable d. dependent variable ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 14. Which of the following statements is consistent with a research study conducted with the correlational method? a. One variable is measured, and two groups are compared. b. Two variables are measured, and two groups are compared. c. One variable is measured, and there is only one group of participants. d. Two variables are measured, and there is only one group of participants. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 15. For a research study examining how participant gender influences support for equality in society, participant gender is an example of which kind of variable? a. quasi-independent variable
b. independent variable c. quasi-dependent variable d. dependent variable ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 16. For an experiment comparing the effectiveness of two different teaching methods for improving the social skills of autistic children, the dependent variable would be the _____. a. experimental methodology
b. autistic children c. teaching methods used to teach social skills d. levels of improvement in social skills among autistic children ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 17. The number of absences for each student within a psychology class is an example of a _____ variable. a. nominal Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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b. discrete c. continuous d. dependent ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 18. The amount of time that it takes a person to solve a problem is an example of a(n) _____ variable. a. independent b. nominal c. continuous d. discrete ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 19. If it is impossible to divide the existing categories of a variable, then it is an example of a(n) _____ variable. a. interval b. ordinal c. discrete d. continuous ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 20. Which kind of variable requires the use of real limits? a. ordinal b. interval c. discrete d. continuous ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Remember REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 21. A doctor is measuring children’s heights to the nearest inch and obtains scores such as 40, 41, 42, and so on. What are the real limits for a score of X = 42? a. 41 and 43
b. 41.5 and 42.5 c. 41.75 and 42.25 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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d. 41.25 and 42.75 ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze 22. Students in an introductory art class are classified as art majors and non-art majors. Which scale of measurement is being used to classify the students? a. nominal
b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 23. The participants in a research study self-report their sleep quality levels by choosing the response option that best characterizes their average sleep quality per night from the following response options: 1 = extremely low sleep quality, 2 = very low sleep quality, 3 = low sleep quality, 4 = extremely high sleep quality. Which measurement scale is being used to classify sleep quality? a. nominal
b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 24. Barbara is a psychologist who measures relationship satisfaction among couples by observing non-verbal behavior (e.g., smiling, mimicking partner actions). In this example, non-verbal behavior is an example of a(n) _____. a. discrete variable
b. operational definition c. construct d. real limits ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 25. Martha conducts a research study in which she measures how long participants spend trying to solve an impossible problem-solving task before giving up as a measure of perseverance. In this example, perseverance is an example of a(n) _____. a. operational definition Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. construct ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 26. What additional information is obtained by measuring two individuals on an ordinal scale compared to a nominal scale?
a. whether the measurements are the same or different b. the direction of the difference c. the size of the difference d. whether the measurements are valid ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 27. What additional information is obtained by measuring two individuals on an interval scale compared to an ordinal scale?
a. whether the measurements are the same or different b. the direction of the difference c. the size of the difference d. whether the measurements are reliable ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 28. What scale of measurement is being used when a researcher measures the amount of car accidents that participants have been involved in during their lifetime? a. nominal
b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 29. After assessing two individuals’ intelligence levels using a questionnaire, a researcher can conclude that Tom’s intelligence score is 4 points higher than Bill’s. The observations that serve as the basis for this conclusion must come from a(n) _____. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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a. construct. b. discrete variable c. ordinal scale of measurement d. interval scale of measurement ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 30. Sam is a researcher measuring individuals’ attitudes toward police officers. Individuals respond to a survey question that asks them to choose the number (0-4) that best characterizes their attitudes toward police officers using the provided response options: 0 = Extremely negative attitude, 1 = Negative attitude, 2 = Neutral attitude, 3 = Positive attitude, 4 = Extremely positive attitude. In this example, attitudes toward police officers are being measured using a(n) _____ scale of measurement. a. ordinal
b. nominal c. interval d. ratio ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 31. The main distinction between an interval and ratio scale of measurement is that _____. a. a score of 0 on a ratio scale does not represent the complete absence of that variable b. a ratio scale does not allow for comparisons between two scores regarding whether one score is higher or lower than the other c. a score of 0 on a ratio scale represents the complete absence of that variable
d. a ratio scale does not allow for comparisons between two scores regarding differences in size ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 32. Consider the mathematical expressions of (ΣX)2 and ΣX2. A valid generalization is that _____. a. in both equations summing will be the last operation performed b. in both equations squaring will be the last operation performed c. the first equation typically will yield a higher computed value d. the first equation typically will yield a lower computed value ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Analyze REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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33. Keith conducts a research study to examine how mental fatigue influences frustration levels. He has one group of participants complete a mentally exhausting problem-solving task for ten minutes, and a second group of participants complete an easy crossword puzzle for ten minutes. Then, he observes participant reactions to being prevented from achieving a desired goal on a second unrelated task as a measure of frustration levels. In this research study, the experimental condition is _____. a. the group of participants who complete the easy crossword puzzle
b. the group of participants who complete the mentally exhausting problem-solving task c. frustration levels d. task type ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 34. The mathematical expression of ΣX – 2 differs from the mathematical expression of Σ(X – 2) in each of the following ways except for which? a. The first step to solving each expression is different.
b. The final step to solving each expression is different. c. Original scores are added together in one expression but not the other. d. Squaring takes place in one equation but not the other. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Analyze REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze 35. Consider the mathematical expressions of Σ(X + 2) and Σ(X + 2)2. A valid generalization is that _____. a. in both equations squaring will be the last operation performed b. in both equations squaring will be the first operation performed c. the first equation typically will yield a higher computed value d. the first equation typically will yield a lower computed value ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Analyze REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze 36. The value of (ΣX)2 for the scores 1, 5, and 2 is 64. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 37. The value of ΣX2 for the scores 1, 0, 2, and 4 is 14. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 38. The value of ΣX + 1 for the scores 1, 0, 2, and 4 is 10. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 39. What is the value of Σ(X + 2) for the scores 1, 2, 1, and 3? a. 10 b. 8 c. 7 d. 15 ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 40. What is the value of Σ(X + 1)2 for the scores 0, 1, 2, 4? a. 100 b. 39 c. 36 d. 49 ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 41. Which of the following is a critical unique aspect of the experimental method when examining the relationship between two variables? a. manipulation of one variable
b. prediction of one variable c. manipulation of two variables d. prediction of two variables ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Understand Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 42. Sarah is conducting a research study in which one group of participants consume one cup of coffee, whereas another group of participants consume two cups of coffee. Then, she assesses attention levels of these participants following coffee consumption. This is an example of a(n) _____ research study. a. descriptive
b. correlational c. quasi-experimental d. experimental ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 43. What is the value of ΣX2 for the scores 2, 4, and 5? a. 11 b. 45 c. 36 d. 33 ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 44. What is the value of Σ(X + 1) for the scores 2, 3, 5? a. 6 b. 9 c. 11 d. 13 ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 45. What is the value of Σ(X – 1)2 for the scores 1, 3, and 4? a. 49 b. 12 c. 13 d. 30 ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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KEYWORDS:
Bloom’s: Understand
46. You are instructed to subtract 2 points from each score, square each of these resulting values, and then find the sum of these squared values. How would this set of instructions be expressed in summation notation? a. Σ(X – 2)
b. Σ(X – 2)2 c. ΣX – 2 d. (X – 2)2 ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 47. You are instructed to square each score and subtract four points from the sum of these squared scores. How would this set of instructions be expressed in summation notation?
a. Σ(X 2) – 4 b. (ΣX)2 – 4 c. (X – 4)2 d. ΣX 2 – 4 ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 48. Of the following options, which of the following is done first in the order of operations? a. squaring b. division c. addition d. summation (Σ) ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 49. Using the average score to describe a sample is an example of an inferential statistic. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 50. Using polling results from a sample of 100 registered voters in Iowa to predict the outcome of a statewide election set Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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to take place one week later is an example of using inferential statistics.
a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 51. A population is the set of all individuals of interest in a particular study. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Remember REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 52. A researcher interested in vocabulary development among toddlers obtains a sample of 2-year-old children to participate in a research study. The average vocabulary development score for the group of toddlers is an example of a parameter.
a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 53. The goal for an experiment is to examine whether changes in one variable are responsible for causing changes in a second variable.
a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 54. An environmental psychologist conducts a correlational research study by assessing the energy consumption rates of students in college dorms over a one year period.
a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 55. A recent study uncovered a correlation between gum disease and heart disease. This result indicates that gum disease Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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causes individuals to develop heart disease.
a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 56. A variable is a characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Remember REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics and Behavioral Sciences KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 57. A recent newspaper report describes that having more siblings causes increases in social skills. This is a valid statement to make given the nature of this research.
a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 58. A research study uncovers that college graduates have higher lifetime work earnings than individuals who do not receive college degrees. This is an example of a nonequivalent groups study.
a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 59. A discrete variable must be measured on a nominal or an ordinal scale. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 60. Classifying people into groups based on college major is an example of measurement using an ordinal scale. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 61. To determine the size of a difference between two individuals on a measured variable, a researcher must use either an interval or a ratio scale of measurement.
a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 62. If a researcher assesses two individuals using a measurement tool with a nominal scale, it is impossible to determine which individual has the larger score on the construct of interest.
a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 63. If a researcher measures two individuals on an ordinal scale, it is possible to determine how much difference exists between the two people.
a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 64. For statistical purposes, there usually is not much reason to differentiate between interval and ordinal scales of measurement.
a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 65. Participants reporting the number of cell phones they have owned in their lifetime would be an example of a discrete variable.
a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 66. A high school gym teacher records the weights of students prior to beginning a fitness regimen. This is an example of measuring a discrete variable.
a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 67. In an introductory theater class, the professor records each student’s favorite movie at the beginning of the semester. The teacher is measuring a continuous variable.
a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 68. A data set is described as consisting of N = 15 scores. Based on the notation being used, the data set is a sample and contains data from a subset of the population.
a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 69. To compute ΣX2, you first square the scores and then add together the squared scores. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 70. When conducting an experimental research study, it is important that researchers treat participants within experimental conditions in the same manner except for the experimental group that they are assigned to. This helps to reduce the impact of potential confounding variables otherwise introduced to an experiment due to individual differences in participants. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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