Type:
Test Bank
Resource:
Psychology and the Challenges of Life Adjustment and Growth
Edition:
11th Edition
Author(s):
Jeffrey S. Nevid Spencer A. Rathus
1 Psychology and the Challenges of Life Chapter Outline Module 1.1:Psychology and Adjustment A. 1.1.1. B.
Box: Adjustment and Modern Life: Multitasking: In a Word, When Studying, Don’t Touchpoints in Our Study of Adjustment Box: Adjustment and Modern Life: What Makes People Happy?
Module 1.2:Human Diversity and Adjustment 1.2.1. A. 1.2.2. 1.2.3.
Ethnic Diversity Box: Adjustment in the New Millennium: Who We Are Today, Who We Will Be Tomorrow Gender Other Meanings of Diversity
Module 1.3:Critical Thinking and Adjustment 1.3.1. 1.3.2. 1.3.3. A.
Features of Critical Thinking Thinking Critically About Astrology and Other Pseudosciences Thinking Critically About Self-Help Books: Are There Any Quick Fixes? Box: Adjustment in the New Millennium: Thinking Critically When Surfing Online
Module 1.4:How Psychologists Study Adjustment 1.4.1. 1.4.2. A. B. C.
The Scientific Method: Putting Ideas to the Test How Psychologists Do Research Box: Self-Assessment: Dare You Say What You Think? The Social-Desirability Scale Box: Adjustment and Modern Life: Do U Text? Box: Try This Out: Testing Your Texting Skills
Module 1.5:Psychology in Daily Life: Becoming a Successful Student 1.5.1. 1.5.2. 1.5.3.
Taking an Active Approach to Learning: (We Don’t Really “Soak Up” Knowledge) The SQ3R Method: Survey Question, Read, Recite, Review Coping with Test Anxiety
Chapter Overview Psychology, Adjustment, and Personal Growth. Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. Adjustment is behavior that permits us to meet the challenges of life. Adjustment is also referred to as coping or coping behavior. Adjustment is reactive -- coping with the challenges of life. Personal growth is proactive. It involves conscious, active self-development.
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The Role of Biology. Biology is not destiny. Genes may determine the ranges for the expression of traits, but environmental conditions and our chosen behavior patterns minimize the influence of genetic risk factors, and maximize our genetic potential. The Clinical and Healthy Personality Approach. The clinical approach focuses on ways in which problems can be corrected, whereas the healthy-personality approach focuses on optimizing our development along personal, social, physical, and vocational lines. Studying Human Diversity. Human diversity refers to many sources of differences among people, including ethnic or racial differences, gender differences, and differences in disability status and sexual orientation. Awareness of the richness of human diversity enhances our understanding of the individual and enables students to appreciate the cultural heritages and historical problems of various ethnic groups. Knowledge of diversity helps psychologists understand the aspirations and problems of individuals from various groups so they can successfully intervene to help group members. The Ethnic Group. An ethnic group comprises people who share factors such as cultural heritage, history, race, and language in common. Minority ethnic groups have frequently experienced prejudice and discrimination by members of one dominant culture. Prejudice Against Women. There have been historic prejudices against women. The careers of women have been traditionally channeled into domestic chores, regardless of women’s wishes as individuals. Much of the scientific research into gender roles and gender differences assumes that male behavior represents the norm. Critical Thinking. Critical thinking is the adoption of a skeptical questioning attitude and evaluation of arguments of claims in the light of evidence. Critical thinking is the hallmark feature of psychology and other sciences. Critical thinking involves examining definitions of terms, examining the premises or assumptions behind arguments, and scrutinizing the logic with which arguments are developed. Critical thinkers are cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence. They do not oversimplify or overgeneralize. Critical thinking guides us to examine evidence for and against astrology and other pseudosciences. The Scientific Method. The scientific method is an organized way of expanding and refining knowledge. Psychologists reach conclusions about their research questions or the accuracy of their hypotheses on the basis of their research observations or findings. The Case Study Method. The case study method involves the crafting of carefully constructed portraits of individuals to help shed light on their behavior. The Survey Method. The survey method involves the administration of questionnaires or interviews to large numbers of individuals to learn more about their attitudes and behavior patterns. Using Samples to Represent Populations. The subjects who are studied are referred to as a sample. A sample is a segment of a population. Women’s groups and health professionals argue that there is a historic bias in favor of conducting research with men. Research samples have also tended to underrepresent minority ethnic groups in the population. Researchers use random and stratified samples to represent populations. In a random sample, each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate. In a stratified sample, identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately. The Naturalistic Observation Method. The naturalistic-observation method involves careful and unobtrusive observation of behavior where it happens -- in the “field.” The Correlational Method. The correlational method reveals relationships between variables, but does not determine cause and effect. In a positive correlation, two variables increase together; in a negative correlation, one variable increases while the other decreases.
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The Experimental Method. Experiments are used to discover cause and effect – that is, the effects of independent variables on dependent variables. Experimental groups receive a specific treatment, whereas control groups do not. Blinds and double blinds may be used to control for the effects of the expectations of the subjects and the researchers. Results can be generalized only to populations that have been adequately represented in the research samples. Becoming a Successful Student. Succeeding in meeting the academic challenges of college requires taking an active approach to learning, as well as skill in managing time and studying effectively. This involves planning ahead, studying different subjects each day, becoming an active note taker, expanding your attention span, eliminating distractions, practicing self-reward, and sticking with it. SQ3R. The SQ3R study method is a widely used study technique designed to help students develop more effective study habits. The steps in this method are: survey, question, read, recite, and review. Coping with Test Anxiety. Test anxiety can make it difficult for us to perform to the best of our ability. Learning to manage irrational, catastrophic thoughts and practicing relaxations techniques can be helpful in coping with test anxiety.
Teaching Objectives After studying this chapter your students should be able to: 1.
Explain what psychology is, what psychologists do and how psychology can be helpful in exploring adjustment and growth issues.
2.
Define multitasking. Identify and describe the various positive and negative effects of multitasking. Are we better at multitasking some activities than others? Why or why not?
3.
Compare and contrast adjustment and personal growth.
4.
Explain what genes and chromosomes are and what they do. Also discuss why biology is not necessarily destiny.
5.
Compare and contrast the differences between the clinical and healthy-personality approaches to adjustment.
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Discuss the focus and goals of positive psychology. Briefly explain the three the three fundamental challenges in boosting happiness, and describe at last three techniques for boosting happiness.
7.
Summarize research findings on what does, or does not, make people happy
8.
Define "ethnic group" and discuss why it is important to study human diversity.
9.
Define "gender" and discuss the various prejudices experienced by women historically and in scientific research.
10.
Explain what critical thinking is and why it is essential to your adjustment.
11.
Identify and briefly explain the eight principles of critical thinking.
12.
Show how critical thinking can be used to examine the claims made by supporters of astrology and other pseudosciences. 3
13.
Explain at least five ways that critical thinking can be used to protect yourself from the false claims made in many self-help books.
14.
Analyze how critical thinking can help protect people while surfing online.
15.
Explain what the scientific method is and describe the various steps involved in it.
16.
Explain and provide some examples of the various sampling bias problems present in scientific research in regard to women.
17.
Identify and briefly explain the various methods of observation used by psychologists.
18.
Explain the case study method of research in terms of its purposes and its limitations.
19.
Describe the survey method of research in terms of its purposes and its limitations.
20.
Describe the relationship between samples and populations and explain how researchers ensure that their samples represent target populations.
21.
Describe the naturalistic-observation method of research in terms of its purposes and its limitations.
22.
Describe the correlational method of research in terms of its purposes and limitations, and explain what a positive correlation, a negative correlation, and a correlation coefficient are.
23.
Describe the experimental method of research in terms of its purposes and limitations, and explain what control subjects, experimental subjects, and placebo treatments are.
24.
Identify and briefly describe 7 things you can do to become a successful student.
25.
Describe the purpose of the SQ3R method and briefly describe each of its steps.
Key Terms bulimia nervosa psychology multitasking adjustment gene chromosome predisposition positive psychology ethnic groups gender critical thinking pseudoscience Barnum effect scientific method hypothesis
correlation selection factor replicate case study method social desirability bias surveys generalize sample population stratify random sample volunteer bias naturalistic observation unobtrusive measures correlational method
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correlation coefficient positive correlation negative correlation experimental method independent variable dependent variable treatment random assignment experimental group control group placebo sugar pill blind double blind SQ3R