Type:
Test Bank
Essential Environment The Resource: Science Behind the Stories Edition:
6th Edition
Author(s):
Jay H. WIthgott Matthew Laposata
Exam Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Use the figure above to answer the following question(s).
1) How many citizens of Mexico does it take to equal the ecological footprint of the average citizen of the United States? A) It takes just over three Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen. B) They are essentially equal.
C) It takes just over eight Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen.
D) It takes just over two Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen.
E) It takes about 12 Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen.
1
1)
2) If everyone on the planet had an ecological footprint the size of the average citizen of the United
2)
States, then ________. A) we would be able to provide for everyone without much difficulty by using the 50% of the land currently not being used for agriculture B) about 50% of the people would starve
C) we would have 50% more food to go around D) we could support 50% more people on our planet E) we would need at least two more planet Earths to feed and support everyone 3) The U.S. average footprint is about ________ times larger than the average world footprint. A) 3 B) 6.7 C) 5 D) 2 E) 2.5
3)
4) The average footprint per person has increased from 2.2 to 2.9 since 2008, and the footprints of
4)
many developing nations, such as India and China, have also increased. This means that ________. A) the populations of both India and China have decreased since 2008
B) our collective lifestyle is even more unsustainable than before C) our collective lifestyle is slightly more sustainable than before D) some nations no longer have a measurable footprint E) the ability of the planet to sustain human beings has increased 5) Geothermal energy, wind, and solar radiation are all examples of ________. A) nonrenewable natural resources B) exhaustible renewable natural resources C) inexhaustible renewable natural resources D) biotic environmental factors E) biodegradable materials
5)
6) Nonrenewable natural resources include all of the following EXCEPT: A) natural gas. B) minerals. C) crude oil. D) coal. E) wind.
6)
7) Ecosystem services ________. A) contribute to keeping ecosystems productive B) are required to rebalance natural systems that we have disturbed C) are not necessary to sustainable systems D) are economically valuable services provided by natural systems E) are valuable to natural systems but not to human-created systems
7)
2
8) Today (2018), there are about ________. A) 5.35 billion people on Earth, the same as for the past 6 years B) 2% fewer people on Earth than in 2010 C) 9 billion people on Earth D) 7.5 billion people on Earth E) 10 billion people on Earth 9) Global population is projected to be nearly ________ in 2050. A) 7 billion B) 11 billion C) 9 billion
8)
9) D) 10 billion
E) 8 billion
10) To determine your specific impacts on the environment, you can ________. A) measure the volume and type of all the wastes you contribute to the municipal waste stream B) calculate your ecological footprint C) measure local air pollution and its impacts on your health D) determine your current water pollution impact E) calculate the biodiversity of your local community
10)
11) By studying ancient civilizations, such as the Greek and Roman empires and the Angkor
11)
civilization of Southeast Asia, historians have concluded that these civilizations declined partly because of ________. A) sustainable practices
B) overabundance of resources C) floods D) fires E) environmental degradation due to unsustainable use of resources 12) Solutions to environmental problems ________. A) must be designed with sustainable goals B) must be on a local scale C) must be short term D) are best designed and discussed in the political arena E) can be implemented only by scientists
12)
13) Which of the following best describes the practice of environmental science? A) elitist and unnecessary B) integrative and interdisciplinary C) highly specialized and focused D) theoretical and controversial E) abstract and theoretical
13)
3
14) Academic environmental programs that emphasize the social sciences are often called ________
14)
programs. A) resource studies
B) wildlife management C) environmental studies D) environmental science E) ecological science 15) Scientific inquiry is based on ________. A) making huge leaps of knowledge with scientific insights B) facts that can be proven true without experimental manipulation C) an expanding knowledge based on observation, questioning, testing and discovery D) designing experiments that have never been done before E) the production of technological advances
15)
16) The scientific process and scientific knowledge are based on ________. A) a systematic process of learning about and testing our understanding of the world B) the fact that all hypotheses can be proven true C) observation alone D) quantitative data alone E) guesses based on personal feelings about the subject under inquiry
16)
17) Sachiko and Fred are having a discussion about the scientific method. Sachiko makes the
17)
comment that every time she sees people carrying open umbrellas, she also sees several minor car accidents. This is a(n) ________. A) scientific study
B) hypothesis C) theory about umbrellas D) observation E) theory about car accidents 18) A hypothesis is ________. A) a proven scientific fact B) a prediction about something that has not yet been observed C) a testable proposition that explains an observed phenomenon or answers a question D) the design of an experiment that can be used in scientific inquiry E) an instrument that is used to examine environmental conditions
18)
19) An experiment ________. A) is an activity designed to test the validity of a hypothesis B) does not need to be repeated if well designed C) often involves manipulating as many variables as possible D) involves only collection of quantitative data E) is designed to generate new scientific hypothesis
19)
4
20) A pharmaceutical company wishes to study a possible new headache medicine. They are doing
20)
human trials with 1000 volunteers and need to ________. A) randomly assign each person to either the treatment group or control group
B) divide the groups by level of health C) put all women in the control group and all men in the experimental group D) have 10 volunteers in the control group E) give both control and experimental groups the same amount of the new medication 21) In a controlled experiment, ________. A) the researcher knows the outcome before beginning the experiment B) you need only a single experimental organism, which is tested again and again C) the researcher has several hypotheses, one of which will be proven correct D) the experimental organisms have all been used before and given good results E) the researcher controls for the effects of all variables except one
21)
22) Quantitative data ________. A) cannot be replicated B) are data that are expressed as numbers and can be tested using statistics C) cannot be used to support or disprove hypotheses D) have variables that may not have been properly manipulated E) fall into categories, such as male/female, school of attendance, what dorm you live in,
22)
23) In a manipulative experiment, ________. A) researchers manipulate the dependent variable B) replication of the experiment is not necessary C) researchers manipulate the independent variable D) researchers manipulate as many variables as possible E) the peer review process is bypassed
23)
24) Ruben has a new puppy and wants to feed it the best possible food. He decides on an experiment
24)
whether you have pets, etc.
where he will feed it the very best canned food plus a dietary supplement of vitamins recommended by a veterinarian. Which of the following best describes Ruben's project? A) Ruben needs to take careful measurements of the puppy's weight and height at least once a week for it to be a good experiment. B) Ruben needs to control for the amount of exercise, sunshine, water, and care that the puppy gets each week, so that they are equal from week to week. C) This is an example of an excellent controlled experiment as it is written.
D) Ruben needs to use his mother's 6-year-old chocolate Shar-Pei to feed a standard diet so he can compare his puppy with a control dog. E) This is not an experiment there are no controls or replicates.
5
25) The process by which several researchers review another researcher's manuscript prior to
25)
publication to ensure research quality is referred to as ________. A) investigative inquiry
B) hypothesis testing C) quality control D) critical analysis E) peer review 26) Which of the following best embodies the qualities of a scientific theory? A) Squirrels in central Illinois prefer to build their nests in oak trees instead of hickory trees. B) Dangerous wildfires in California could be avoided by better fire prevention strategies. C) Students who study for their environmental science exams will perform better on those
26)
27) A paradigm ________. A) is a means of evaluating scientific hypotheses B) can only come from qualitative data C) is synonymous with the scientific method D) is a dominant world view in science E) is a group of several hypotheses that can be tested together
27)
28) A study's results are deemed worthy of acceptance into the body of scientific knowledge if they
28)
exams than those who do not. D) Prairies that have larges herds of bison show greater plant diversity than prairies without bison. E) All gases, liquids, and solids consist of atoms.
are published in journals that ________. A) are funded by corporations funding the research
B) meet guidelines advocated by environmentalists or consumer groups C) charge a high fee for acceptance D) conform to current political and religious views E) use the peer review process 29) ________ believe that the guidelines for making environmental decisions are context-specific, depending on the cultures, social issues, and other factors framing the decision. A) Preservationists
B) Relativists C) Followers of Leopold's land ethic D) Universalists E) Conservationists
6
29)
30) ________ gives inherent value to certain living things or to the biotic (living) realm of the earth in
30)
general; both human and nonhuman lives have ethical standing. A) Biocentrism
B) Anthropocentrism C) Ecocentrism D) Relativism E) Realism 31) A(n) ________ is best defined as one who considers the impacts on the whole ecosystem, both the
31)
living and nonliving, when considering an action. A) ethnocentrist
B) relativist C) ecocentrist D) anthropocentrist E) biocentrist 32) The Endangered Species Act, passed by Congress nearly four decades ago, has spawned a
32)
continuous series of debates between those who feel the ethical necessity to protect species at the brink of extinction and others who feel that if we have to protect every habitat of every species at risk, then there will be a loss of jobs and a blow to an already shaky economy. This boils down to a conflict between ________. A) universalists and ecofeminists
B) economists and environmental scientists C) anthropocentrists and ecocentrists D) social scientists and conservationists E) relativists and environmental justice advocates 33) John Muir, a great American environmentalist, felt that ________. A) pristine wilderness should be preserved because "Everybody needs beauty as well as bread" B) resources should be exploited wherever they were found to the greatest economic benefit C) wilderness was essentially worthless and should not be preserved D) the only true value of wilderness was its ability to provide national economic growth E) national parks violated the principles of environmental justice
33)
34) Who is credited for articulating the conservation ethic and for founding the U.S. Forest Service? A) John Muir B) Gifford Pinchot C) Aldo Leopold D) Theodore Roosevelt E) Ralph Waldo Emerson
34)
7
35) Issues of ________ are environmental issues whose dimensions include differential exposure to
35)
risk from toxic wastes and air pollution or differential access to the natural beauty of parks based on ethnicity or race. A) moral relativism
B) environmental justice C) anthropocentrism D) ecocentrism E) paradigm shifts 36) Sustainable development ________. A) involves consuming resources without compromising future availability B) is beyond our current technology and attitudes C) ensures an economy that will decline over time D) is possible given our increased use of fertilizers and technology for agriculture E) is impossible to accomplish
36)
37) You have read about the mistakes made on Easter Island. On Tikopia, another small island, the
37)
people acted differently. When they realized that the pigs they had imported were damaging the environment, they killed them all. They had to have permission from a chief to fish, which prevented overfishing. They practiced contraception. These all indicate that ________. A) they were concerned with only one year at a time
B) they believed in full resource utilization C) they felt that everything was a renewable resource D) they truly practiced sustainability E) they felt that everything was a nonrenewable resource 38) All of the following are ways that campuses could possibly become more sustainable EXCEPT: A) build a parking garage and convert some parking lots into gardens. B) install photovoltaic solar panels on the roofs of campus buildings. C) install low-flow showers and toilets. D) close down many of the dorms and have students live off campus. E) use more local produce in the dining halls.
38)
39) ________ is a basic understanding of Earth's physical and living systems and how we interact with
39)
them.
A) Sustainability B) Environmental literacy C) Environmental economics D) An ecological footprint E) Environmental ethics
8
Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. Pablo and Johanna have to do a yearlong study for their biology course. After some discussion, they decide to try comparing their dogs and the diet that they feed them to test their hypothesis that the local veterinarian's special dog food mix will enhance growth and development. Each student adopts a puppy from the local pound. Pablo plans to feed his Goldendoodle the special diet, while Johanna plans to use generic dry kibble from the supermarket for her bulldog.
40) The independent variable in this study will be ________. A) how much the dogs grow B) the sex of the dogs C) the type of food the dogs receive D) the age of the dogs E) the breed of the dogs
40)
41) One dependent variable in this study will be ________. A) the type of food the dogs receive B) the breed of the dogs C) the sex of the dogs D) how much the dogs grow E) the age of the dogs
41)
42) When they write up their initial proposal, the instructor will probably ________. A) tell them they have some serious problems with the proposal, but it is fixable if they are
42)
willing to use more dogs in their study
B) tell them that the proposal is impossible and that such a study cannot be done at all C) tell them that they need at least 100 dogs to do the study D) give them an F and tell them to start over–it would take many years to do such a study E) give them an A for thoroughness and allow them to proceed with the experiment 43) Pablo and Johanna have too many ________. A) controlled variables and not enough uncontrolled variables B) independent variables and not enough dependent variables C) replicates and not enough variables D) dependent variables and not enough independent variables E) variables that they didn't control and not enough replicates
43)
44) Pablo and Johanna appear not to have given consideration to the importance of controlling for
44)
________. A) the possibility that one dog food is healthier than the other dog food
B) the food that the dogs are being fed C) possible differences resulting from using two different breeds of dog D) the age of the dogs E) the source of the dog food
9
45) After meeting with their instructor, Pablo and Johanna know that they need to change their
45)
experimental design. They contact a local puppy farm and arrange to do their study with 3-month-old litters of pups from four Irish setters, for a total of 24 puppies consisting of 12 females and 12 males. In order to have two groups of puppies (control and experimental), Pablo and Johanna should ________. A) randomly choose one dog for the control group and use the other 23 in the experimental group B) put all the puppies from two of the litters in one group and all of the puppies from the other two litters in the other group C) put six males and six females in each group, with some from each litter in each group
D) flip a coin for each dog to see which group it will be in E) put the 12 females in one group and the 12 males in the other group ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 46) Name two transformative events of the past 10,000 years that caused human population size to increase.
Describe each, briefly explaining the contributions that each made to human population growth. Include the benefits and problems associated with each event.
47) Why is it important to understand our interactions with the environment? What will studying environmental science enable you to do?
48) Compare and contrast the types of knowledge gained and the research methods of natural and social sciences when considering environmental problems. Why do both types of disciplines need to be a part of environmental science?
49) Differentiate between environmental science and environmentalism. Define each term and explain how they are similar and how they differ.
50) Discuss the differences between a manipulative and a natural experiment. 51) Compare and contrast the philosophies of John Muir and Gifford Pinchot. 52) What qualities would be present in a sustainable enterprise? 53) Use the assessment tool at www.footprintcalculator.org to calculate your ecological footprint. Once you
determine the factors that evaluate your use of water, energy, waste disposal, transportation, and food consumption, use the results of your specific ecological footprint to determine three specific actions that you can take to reduce the size of your ecological footprint. Make sure that your specific actions each fit into a different category (water, energy, waste, transportation, and food). Summarize your assessment.
54) There is a heated debate on a certain college campus as to whether closing down one of the dorms would make the campus more sustainable. Present one possible argument why closing the dorm might be wise for sustainability, and one possible argument why such action might NOT make the campus more sustainable.
10
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED6
1) D 2) E 3) A 4) B 5) C 6) E 7) D 8) D 9) D 10) B 11) E 12) A 13) B 14) C 15) C 16) A 17) D 18) C 19) A 20) A 21) E 22) E 23) C 24) E 25) E 26) E 27) D 28) E 29) B 30) A 31) C 32) C 33) A 34) B 35) B 36) A 37) D 38) D 39) B 40) C 41) D 42) A
11
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED6
43) E 44) C 45) C 46) The agricultural revolution included transition from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to an agricultural lifestyle. Then,
during the industrial revolution, there were shifts from rural life, animal-powered agriculture, and manufacture by craftspeople to an urban society powered by fossil fuels such as coal and oil. Students should describe the benefits and problems associated with each transformative event. 47) We depend on the environment for air, water, food, shelter, and everything else. We are capable of modifying the environment whether we intend to or not. Understanding our interactions with the environment is the essential first step toward devising positive, sustainable solutions. Studying environmental science will give us the tools we need to evaluate information on environmental change and to think critically and creatively about possible actions to take in response. 48) The natural sciences are made up of disciplines that study the physical and biological facets of the natural world and their interactions with each other. These disciplines rely on all types of studies that generate mainly quantitative data, allowing scientists to acquire and interpret information about the natural world. The social sciences are made up of disciplines that study human attitudes, behaviors, and interactions. The scientists in these disciplines mainly collect qualitative data using a variety of research techniques that are similar to natural scientists. Studies that examine how cultures perceive an environmental concept may be used to implement environmental policy. Because environmental problems involve accurate assessment of the scope of the problem by which policy that affects humans is devised, both types of sciences are needed to be a part of environmental science. 49) Environmental science is the pursuit of knowledge about the workings of the environment and our interactions with it. Environmentalism is a social concern focused on protecting the natural environment and, by extension, humans, from undesirable changes brought about by certain human choices. Environmental scientists and environmentalists study the same issues, but environmental scientists use an objective scientific approach to understanding environmental problems. Environmentalists, on the other hand, may use dramatic and often emotional approaches to alter the political and social understanding or to educate the public about environmental problems. 50) In a manipulative experiment, the researcher chooses and manipulates the independent variable, but in a natural experiment, the researcher records differences in variables as they are expressed in the natural environment, such as the mean weight of tomatoes grown in dry versus wet climates. 51) Both men were active in the early 1900s and both aimed to protect the North American wilderness by opposing rapid deforestation and unregulated land development. Muir was a preservationist and a true ecocentrist and preservationist who believed that nature should be protected for its own inherent value and who maintained that the experience of natural beauty was as important to us as the physical necessities of food and materials. He believed from his personal experience that nature provided spiritual renewal and met recreational needs. Pinchot was a conservationist who favored sustainable use of resources for the benefit of present and future generations. He was a utilitarian, meaning that he believed humans should use resources in a way that provides the greatest good for the greatest number of people for the longest time. He leaned closer to anthropocentrism than Muir. 52) A sustainable enterprise is one which allows future generations to carry it on at the same level of productivity that we do at present. Whatever natural capital is required will remain equally available in the future as it is now. The environmental effects of the enterprise will not damage, degrade, or deplete the systems with which it interfaces. Materials and energy will be used efficiently, wastes will be minimal and nontoxic, and the ecological footprint of the enterprise will remain unchanged, or may diminish as better technology becomes available. 53) The answers will vary based on results of individual student lifestyle. Students can reflect on their results and can then consider making lifestyle adjustments that support a greater environmental sustainability.
12
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED6
54) Answers will vary. Possible reasons why closing the dorm would make the campus more sustainable include the
following: (1) the dorm is old and the costs of materials to bring it up to code and make it more energy efficient are not worth keeping the dorm open; (2) students may be able to use the land for a sustainability project such as a campus garden; and (3) the other dorms on campus have room for the students who would otherwise be living in this dorm, so you can house just as many students without having to heat and furnish the extra building. Reasons why the move may not be a step toward sustainability include the following: (1) the closing of the dorm may force more students to live off campus and they would have to commute to campus using automobiles, so even if they use public transportation, fossil fuels would be needed; (2) if the dorm is not demolished, it may just sit there unused and end up blighting the landscape; and (3) much of the material from the closed dorm might end up taking up space in a landfill.
13
Exam Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Use the figure above to answer the following question(s).
1) A decrease of one unit in the pH scale represents a ________ the hydrogen ion concentration of a
1)
solution. A) 1% decrease in
B) tenfold decrease in C) tenfold increase in D) halving of E) doubling of 2) Which of the following has the lowest concentration of H+ ions? A) car battery acid B) seawater C) lemon juice D) pure water E) ammonia
1
2)
3) Which of the following has a hydrogen ion concentration approximately 1000 times higher than
3)
pure water? A) lemon juice
B) normal rainwater C) acid rain D) ammonia E) soft soap 4) Stomach acid ________. A) has a lower concentration of hydrogen ions than seawater B) has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than car battery acid C) is technically not acidic D) is roughly 10,000 times more acidic than normal rainwater E) is less acidic than lemon juice
4)
5) The greatest source of both nitrogen and phosphorus entering Chesapeake Bay is ________. A) septic systems B) urban fertilizer runoff C) agriculture D) natural sources E) municipal and industrial wastewater
5)
6) The ________ is the rock and sediment beneath our feet, plus Earth's uppermost mantle and crust. A) atmosphere B) lithosphere C) hydrosphere D) mesosphere E) biosphere
6)
7) An example of a positive feedback loop ________. A) is melting arctic snow exposing dark surfaces that heat up and cause further melting B) is a thermostat turning on the furnace as the temperature drops C) is a pond becoming more acidic as a result of pollution D) are predators eating most of their prey and then declining in numbers E) are birds migrating south in response to colder temperatures
7)
8) A(n) ________ is the smallest component of an element that still maintains the chemical properties
8)
of the element. A) nucleus
B) molecule
C) atom
2
D) proton
E) ion
9) Electrically charged atoms or combinations of atoms are called ________. A) elements B) ions C) molecules D) isotopes E) compounds
9)
10) ________ is defined as the number of protons plus the number of neutrons. A) Atomic number B) Nuclear number C) Mass number D) Isotopic number E) Ionic number
10)
11) How do organic compounds differ from inorganic compounds? A) Inorganic compounds never contain carbon, whereas organic compounds always contain
11)
carbon. B) Organic compounds are natural, while inorganic compounds are artificially synthesized.
C) Inorganic compounds always only consist of two atoms. D) Organic compounds consist of carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds, while inorganic compounds lack carbon-carbon bonds.
E) Organic compounds are always acidic, while inorganic compounds are always basic. 12) All of the following are macromolecules EXCEPT: A) starch. B) glucose. C) protein.
12) D) cellulose.
E) DNA.
13) Skin, hair, muscles, and enzymes are all made up of ________. A) lipids B) organelles C) nucleic acids D) proteins E) carbohydrates
13)
14) DNA is composed of units called ________. A) amino acids B) sugars C) bases D) nucleotides E) lipids
14)
3