Type:
Solution Manual
Resource:
Biology Life on Earth with Physiology
Edition:
10th Edition
Author(s):
Gerald Audesirk Teresa Audesirk Bruce E. Byers
Instructor Guide for
Biology Life on Earth Tenth Edition
Biology Life on Earth with Physiology Tenth Edition
Teresa Audesirk Gerald Audesirk Professors Emeriti, University of Colorado, Denver
Bruce E. Byers University of Massachusetts, Amherst
CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LIFE ON EARTH LECTURE OUTLINE Case Study: The Boundaries of Life? 1.1
What Is Life? A. The Word Biology Means “the Study of Life” 1. Living things contain certain characteristics that define life 2. In the early 1800s, scientists concluded that the cell is the basic unit of life (Figure 1-1) a. Due to the small size of cells, the characteristics of life are more easily visualized in multicellular organisms (Figure 1-2) B. Organisms Acquire and Use Materials and Energy 1. Organisms need materials and energy for survival a. Organisms are continuously exchanging materials and energy with their nonliving surroundings (Figure 1-3) 2. Certain organisms conduct photosynthesis to produce food for themselves, which can also be used by other organisms such as fungi and animals â Links to Everyday Life: A Solar-Powered Big Mac? C. Organisms Actively Maintain Organized Complexity 1. Organisms must use energy to continuously to maintain themselves a. An example of this is the maintenance of body temperature (Figure 1-4) D. Organisms Perceive and Respond to Stimuli (Figure 1-5) E. Organisms Grow F. Organisms Reproduce (Figure 1-6) 1. Reproducing involves giving rise to offspring of the same type 2. Offspring inherit the instructions for maintaining life from their parents a. These instructions are carried in the hereditary molecule, deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA (Figure 1-7) G. Organisms, Collectively, Have the Capacity to Evolve 1. Evolution is the process by which modern organisms have descended from earlier and different forms of life 2. Over the course of generations, changes in DNA in a population occur and result in evolution â Case Study Continued: The Boundaries of Life â Lecture Activity 1.1: Viruses: Alive or Not?
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What Is Evolution? A. Evolution Explains Why Earth Has Such a Huge Diversity of Life 1. Organisms typically descend from a common ancestor (Figure 1-8) B. Three Natural Processes Underlie Evolution 1. Differences in DNA among members of a population, inheritance of these differences, and natural selection 2. Mutations are the original source of differences in DNA a. Genes are the basic units of heredity and are made up of DNA b. Mutations cause changes in the DNA, and therefore genes 3. Some mutations are inherited 4. Some inherited mutations help individuals survive and reproduce a. Natural selection is the process by which organisms with certain inherited traits survive and reproduce better than others in a given environment b. Inherited traits that help organisms produce more healthy offspring become increasingly common ..
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Instructor Guide Biology: Life on Earth in the population over many generations are called adaptations c. If mutations that help an organism to adapt do not occur, a changing environment may doom a species to extinction (Figure 1-9) â Case Study Continued: The Boundaries of Life â Lecture Activity 1.2: How the Theories of Evolution Relate to Modern-Day Issues
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How Do Scientists Study Life? (Figure 1-10) A. Life Can Be Studied at Different Levels (Figure 1-10) 1. All matter consists of elements a. Atoms are the smallest particles of elements 2. Atoms combine to make molecules 3. Molecules form the building blocks of cells 4. Cells of similar types may combine to form tissues 5. Tissues make up organs, which make up organ systems, which are found in multicellular organisms 6. Levels of organization extend to groups of organisms and higher B. Biologists Classify Organisms Based on Their Evolutionary Relationships 1. Members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of a single, simple cell; the domain Eukarya is composed of organisms with more complex cells (Figure 1-11) a. The domain Eukarya includes a diverse group or organisms called protists, and three kingdoms: fungi, plants, and animals b. The classification of an organism into a domain and kingdom is based on three characteristics: the cell type, if it is unicellular or multicellular, and how it acquires energy (Table 1-1) 2. Cell type distinguishes the Bacteria and Archaea from the Eukarya a. All cells have a plasma membrane and DNA b. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus that houses genetic material; contain organelles c. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus; genetic material in cytoplasm 3. Multicellularity occurs only among the Eukarya 4. The Eukarya acquire energy in different ways a. Autotrophs are organisms that are able to produce their own energy b. Heterotrophs are organisms that must acquire energy by consuming other organisms 5. Biologists use the binomial system to name organisms a. The genus and species are used to name organisms â Case Study Continued: The Boundaries of Life
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What Is Science? A. Science Is Based on the Principle That All Events Have Natural Causes 1. Science is a process of inquiry 2. Scientific inquiry is based on the assumption that people perceive natural events in similar ways (Figure 1-3) B. The Scientific Method Is an Important Tool of Scientific Inquiry 1. The scientific method consists of six interrelated elements a. Observation—observe a phenomenon b. Question—form a question about the phenomenon c. Hypothesis—a proposed explanation based on limited evidence d. Prediction—the expected outcome of testing a hypothesis e. Experiment—designed to support or refute the hypotheses f. Conclusion—states whether the hypotheis is valid or not â Links to Everyday Life: When Your Car Won’t Start C. Biologists Test Hypotheses Using Controlled Experiments 1. Controls are control variables so that they remain constant 2. Variables are factors that may affect the outcome of an experiment â Science in Action: Controlled Experiments, Then and Now (Figures E1-1 and E1-2) â Lecture Activity 1.3: Teaching the Concepts of the Scientific Method with M&M’s â Lecture Activity 1.4: The Scientific Method at Work D. Scientific Theories Have Been Thoroughly Tested 1. A scientific theory is an explanation of natural phenomena developed through extensive and reproducible observations ..
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Life on Earth
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2. Scientific theories involve both inductive and deductive reasoning a. Inductive reasoning—process of creating a generalization as a result of making many observations that support it and none that contradict it b. Deductive reasoning—generating a hypothesis based on well-accepted scientific theory 3. Scientific theories are formulated in ways that can potentially be disproved E. Science Is a Human Endeavor (Figure 1-12) 1. Knowledge of biology illuminates life
Case Study Revisited: The Boundaries of Life
KEY TERMS adaptation atom autotroph binomial system biology biosphere cell cell theory community conclusion control deductive reasoning deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) domain ecosystem element eukaryotic evolution
experiment gene heterotroph hypothesis inductive reasoning kingdom molecule multicellular mutation natural law natural selection nucleus observation organ organ system organelle organic molecule organism
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photosynthesis plasma membrane population prediction prokaryotic question science scientific method scientific theory species spontaneous generation tissue unicellular variable