Type:
Test Bank
Resource:
Biology for Microorganisms
Edition:
13th Edition
Author(s):
Michael T. Madigan John M. Martinko David Stahl David P. Clark
Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which statement is generally NOT true? 1) _______ A) Microbial cells exclude the cells of plants and animals. B) Microbial cells exist as single cells. C) Microbial cells include both bacteria and viruses. D) Microbial cells carry out their life processes of growth independently. 2) Basic microbiology can be used to A) model our understanding of cellular processes in multicellular organisms, including humans. B) probe the fundamental processes of life. C) study characteristics of cells of multicellular organisms. D) do all of the above.
2) _______
3) Applied microbiology deals with important practical problems in A) agriculture. B) industry. C) medicine.
3) _______ D) all of the above.
4) The largest mass of living material on Earth comes from A) microorganisms. B) plants. C) plants and animals together. D) animals.
4) _______
5) Differential selection and reproduction of phenotypes occurs during a process called A) evolution. B) transformation. C) cellular differentiation. D) growth.
5) _______
6) In what/which domain(s) of life is/are microorganisms represented? A) Archaea B) Eukarya C) Bacteria
6) _______ D) all of the above
7) A specific molecule, used especially by evolutionary biologists, that is unique to a particular taxonomical group is called a A) biomarker. B) taxon. C) metabolic tracer. D) genome.
7) _______
8) Protein catalysts involved in the acceleration of the rate of chemical reactions are called A) evolutionary molecules. B) catalytic converters. C) growth agents. D) enzymes.
8) _______
9) Regarding early life on Earth, A) microbial life existed long before animals but has been around for about the same amount of time as plants. B) microbial life existed for billions of years before plant and animal life. C) microbial life, plant life, and animal life all appeared at about the same time. D) it is impossible to determine which type of life first appeared.
9) _______
10) Most prokaryotic cells reside A) in lakes, rivers, and oceans. B) on Earth's surface. C) in the oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces.
10) ______
D) in and on nonprokaryotic organisms (including humans and other animals). 11) The person who described the "wee animalcules" was A) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. B) Ferdinand Cohn. C) Louis Pasteur. D) Robert Hooke.
11) ______
12) Fannie Hesse is credited with giving ________ the idea to use agar as a solidifying agent. A) Robert Koch B) Ferdinand Cohn C) Louis Pasteur D) Sergei Winogradsky
12) ______
13) Which of the following is/are characteristic of cellular organisms? A) communication B) regeneration and reproduction C) metabolism D) all of the above
13) ______
14) Which of the following is NOT a major ecosystem? A) atmospheric B) aquatic C) terrestrial D) other organisms, such as plants and animals
14) ______
15) Which statement is TRUE? A) Populations are assemblages of habitats. B) Microbial communities are assemblages of populations. C) Habitats are assemblages of microbial communities. D) Populations are assemblages of microbial communities.
15) ______
16) Louis Pasteur developed the vaccine(s) for A) anthrax. B) rabies.
16) ______ C) fowl cholera.
D) all of the above.
17) The discovery of antibiotics and other important chemicals led to the field of A) aquatic microbiology. B) marine microbiology. C) agricultural microbiology. D) industrial microbiology.
17) ______
18) Microbial sterilization is used to A) clean a work area. B) decrease the possibility of contaminants growing in a culture. C) kill all microbes in or on objects. D) kill bacteria but not necessarily viruses or other microbes.
18) ______
19) Transparent double-sided dishes used for growing microbes are most commonly called A) sterilization plates. B) Petri dishes. C) baker dishes. D) culture medium plates.
19) ______
20) Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation in plants live in ________, while those playing a role in the digestive tract of certain herbivores live in ________. A) nodules / fortrans B) fortrans / rumens C) rumens / nodules D) nodules / rumens
20) ______
21) Which of the following is NOT an accomplishment of Louis Pasteur? A) determined that the alcohol-making process was mediated by microbial fermentation and thus refuted the theory of spontaneous generation
21) ______
B) developed heat sterilization techniques that involved the creation of a specialized swan-necked flask C) developed the first rabies vaccine and treated thousands of individuals D) developed enrichment culture techniques 22) The theory of spontaneous generation was refuted by the work of A) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. B) Robert Hooke. C) Robert Koch. D) Louis Pasteur.
22) ______
23) A Pasteur flask has a(n) A) double neck so two substances may be added at the same time. B) secondary opening at the base to allow for drainage. C) swan neck to prevent particulate matter from getting into the main body of the flask. D) inverted upper edge to prevent spillage while swirling.
23) ______
24) Robert Koch's greatest accomplishment in the field of medical bacteriology was with A) Bacillus subtilis. B) Bacillus cereus. C) Mycobacterium tuberculosis. D) Escherichia coli.
24) ______
25) A pure culture A) is made of a clearly defined chemical medium. B) is sterile. C) was cultured for a certified stock culture. D) is a population of identical cells.
25) ______
26) Martinus Beijerinck was the first to isolate A) green algae. B) certain sulfate-reducing bacteria. C) certain nitrogen-fixing root nodule bacteria. D) all of the above.
26) ______
27) Chemolithotrophy involves A) reduction of organic compounds. C) metabolic autotrophy.
27) ______ B) oxidation of inorganic compounds. D) oxidation of organic compounds.
28) Developments in the fields of immunology and medical microbiology were practical extensions of the work of A) Robert Koch. B) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. C) Sergei Winogradsky. D) Joseph Lister.
28) ______
29) Microbial control in wastewaters would most logically be a part of A) microbial technology. B) aquatic microbiology. C) microbial genetics. D) bacterial energetics.
29) ______
30) Robert Koch contributed to the field of microbiology by being the first person to A) use agar as a solidifying agent in growth media. B) formulate four postulates for definitively linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease. C) develop the tuberculin test. D) all of the above.
30) ______
31) The science of grouping and classifying microorganisms is known as
31) ______
A) microbial physiology. C) microbial systematics.
B) proteomics. D) metabolomics.
32) Mycobacterium tuberculosis is very difficult to stain because of the A) large amounts of a waxy lipid present in its cell wall. B) presence of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. C) lack of a cell wall. D) location of the DNA within the cell.
32) ______
33) Louis Pasteur's most famous success was his work on A) optical isomers. B) fermentation in the winemaking process. C) the rabies vaccine. D) Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
33) ______
34) Microorganisms play key roles in the cycling of important nutrients in plant nutrition, particularly those of A) carbon. B) carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. C) sulfur. D) nitrogen.
34) ______
35) Microbial ecology is the study of A) the diversity and activities of marine microorganisms. B) microbial processes in the soil that benefit plant growth. C) the grouping and classifying of microorganisms. D) microorganisms in their natural environments.
35) ______
36) The structure that confers structural strength on the cell is known as the A) ribosome. B) cytoplasm. C) cell wall. D) cytoplasmic membrane.
36) ______
37) Which part of the human body does not contain a significant normal microbial flora? A) large intestine B) oral cavity C) stomach D) skin
37) ______
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 38) Without microorganisms, all higher life forms on Earth would cease to exist.
38) ______
39) Most microorganisms are pathogenic.
39) ______
40) All microorganisms require molecular oxygen to carry on life functions.
40) ______
41) Metabolism is common to all cellular organisms.
41) ______
42) According to our present understanding, each of the major domains has what is known as its own universal ancestor.
42) ______
43) Microbiology as a distinct science did not develop until the eighteenth century.
43) ______
44) The environment in which a microbial population lives is its habitat.
44) ______
45) Differentiation occurs only in multicellular organisms.
45) ______
46) The discipline of microbiology is intimately associated with biochemistry and genetics, because cells are both biochemical catalysts and genetic coding devices.
46) ______
47) Smallpox is a major killer in parts of the developing world.
47) ______
48) Sergei Winogradsky worked with bacteria involved in cycling nitrogen and sulfur.
48) ______
49) Treponema pallidum, a bacterium associated with syphilis, is not considered a pathogen because to date it remains unculturable in the lab, and, therefore, Koch's postulates are unable to be fulfilled.
49) ______
50) Marine microorganisms likely control many important global parameters, including climate and atmospheric chemistry.
50) ______
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 51) A microbial cell's membrane is considered ________, because its internal constituents are 51) _____________ maintained within the cell, however it also imports and exports other molecules in response to its environment. 52) Some microorganisms can undergo ________ in which various cell types can become specialized and arise from one parent cell type.
52) _____________
53) Cyanobacteria and purple bacteria both obtain energy from light, however only the ________ are capable of releasing ________.
53) _____________
54) The process whereby microorganisms are used to help clean up pollution created by human activities is known as ________.
54) _____________
55) An ecosystem could be defined as ________ along with their ________.
55) _____________
56) Robert Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for ________.
56) _____________
57) The three major bioenergy products of microorganisms are ________, ________, and ________.
57) _____________
58) Microbial biochemistry involves the discovery of ________ and the ________.
58) _____________
59) DNA sequencing to study organisms' entire nucleotide sequences initially brought about the field of ________, which has itself spawned the subdisciplines of ________ and ________ that represent more functional-based approaches.
59) _____________
60) The ________ is the fundamental unit of life.
60) _____________
61) The disease anthrax is caused by the pathogenic bacterium ________, which produces heat-resistant structures known as ________.
61) _____________
62) Groups of cells derived from a single parent cell by successive cell divisions are known as ________ and which live in environments known as ________.
62) _____________
63) The first documented description of a microorganism was of a ________ by ________.
63) _____________
64) ________ produced by microbial fermentation of glucose from sugarcane or cornstarch is becoming a more important component of biofuels in the United States, and specialized ________ microbiologists are needed to make this a commercially available product.
64) _____________
65) ________ was the first to describe microorganisms, while ________ was the first person to see bacteria.
65) _____________
66) A population of identical cells is known as a(n) ________.
66) _____________
67) ________ described the first virus and the basic principles of virology.
67) _____________
68) The discoveries of Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky led to practical advances in the field of ________.
68) _____________
69) Bioremediation ________ by introducing pollutant-consuming microorganisms or specific nutrients that help microorganisms degrade pollutants.
69) _____________
70) ________ was the first to identify a new form of autotrophy in which energy is obtained from oxidizing inorganic compounds called ________.
70) _____________
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 71) Explain the nature and function of an enrichment culture. 72) Why is it incorrect to say that an object is partially sterile? 73) Microbes were first formally observed during the mid-1600s, but the cell theory was not enunciated until 1839. Write a brief essay explaining why microbiology did not become a formally recognized science until Louis Pasteur's and Robert Koch's time. 74) List three contributions of Ferdinand Cohn to the development of microbiology. 75) Compare and contrast the works of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in terms of both applied and basic science. 76) Explain why microbial cells are excellent models for understanding cell function in higher organisms. 77) Compare and contrast the leading causes of death in 1900 with the leading causes of death today. What roles have microbiologists played in the dramatic changes that are evident? 78) Explain how you would use Robert Koch's postulates to determine that Streptococcus pyogenes is the causative agent of streptococcal pharyngitis ("strep throat"). 79) The text states that antibiotics are derived from microorganisms. What is the benefit to an antibiotic-producing microorganism of producing an antibiotic in its natural habitat? 80) Describe beneficial and harmful ways in which microorganisms interact with agricultural crops. 81) Provide evidence supporting the statement that an ecosystem is controlled by microbial activities. 82) Explain why only anaerobic bacteria inhabited Earth for the first two billion years of its existence. 83) How would the presence of endospores in Louis Pasteur's nutrient solutions have affected his conclusions about spontaneous generation? 84) Using specific examples, explain why it is sometimes impossible to satisfy Robert Koch's postulates.