Type:
Solution Manual
Resource:
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science
Edition:
6th Edition
Author(s):
Edward J. Tarbuck Frederick K. Lutgens Kenneth G. Pinzke
Table of Contents Exercise 1: The Study of Minerals………………………………………………………...1 Exercise 2: Common Rocks……………………………………………………………….5 Exercise 3: Introduction to Aerial Photographs and Topographic Maps………………...10 Exercise 4: Shaping Earth’s Surface/Running Water and Groundwater…………….......17 Exercise 5: Shaping Earth’s Surface/Arid and Glacial Landscapes……………………..25 Exercise 6: Determining Geologic Ages…………………………………………………31 Exercise 7: Geologic Maps and Structures………………………………………………37 Exercise 8: Earthquakes and Earth’s Interior…………………………………………….46 Exercise 9: Introduction to Oceanography………………………………………………51 Exercise 10: The Dynamic Ocean Floor…………………………………………………59 Exercise 11: Waves, Currents, and Tides………………………………………………..67 Exercise 12: Earth–Sun Relations………………………………………………………..75 Exercise 13: Atmospheric Heating………………………………………………………82 Exercise 14: Atmospheric Moisture, Pressure, and Wind……………………………….91 Exercise 15: Air Masses, Middle-Latitude Cyclone, and Weather Maps……………....101 Exercise 16: Global Climates and the Human Impact………………………………….107 Exercise 17: Astronomical Observations……………………………………………….114 Exercise 18: Patterns in the Solar System………………………………………………117 Exercise 19: Locating the Planets………………………………………………………123 Exercise 20: Examining the Terrestrial Planets………………………………………...128 Exercise 21: The Moon and Sun………………………………………………………..133 Exercise 22: Location and Distance on Earth…………………………………………..140 Exercise 23: The Metric System, Measurement, and Scientific Inquiry……………….148
Exercise One
The Study of Minerals MATERIALS REQUIRED The following materials are necessary to complete this exercise and should be available in the laboratory. The quantities depend upon the number of students in the laboratory and whether or not students are to work independently or in groups. mineral specimens
dilute hydrochloric acid (5%)
streak plate
set of quartz crystals (various sizes)
magnet
contact goniometer
glass plate
crystal growth solution(s)
binocular microscope
NOTE: Depending upon the size and quality of the mineral specimens, using a hand lens often helps reduce student frustration.
Recommended mineral specimens: magnetite, pyrite, hematite, graphite, augite, hornblende, smoky quartz, olivine, sphalerite, biotite, potassium feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, milky quartz, calcite, halite, fluorite, muscovite, selenite gypsum, talc, bauxite TEXTBOOK REFERENCES Tarbuck and Lutgens, Earth Science, 11th edition, 2006. Chapter 2 and Appendix B Tarbuck and Lutgens, Earth Science, 10th edition, 2003. Chapter 1 and Appendix B Lutgens and Tarbuck, Foundations of Earth Science, 5th edition, 2008. Chapter 1 and Appendix B Murphy and Nance, Earth Science Today, 1999. Chapters 2 and 17; Appendix C Skinner and Porter, The Blue Planet, 2nd edition, 1999. Chapter 6 Thompson and Turk, Earth Science and the Environment, 2nd edition, 1999. Chapters 42 and 21; Appendix B
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PROCEDURES AND STRATEGIES •
The time necessary to complete this exercise can be controlled by the number of mineral specimens assigned for identification. We recommend that the minimum number include those minerals listed above.
•
Several methods for presenting the specimens to be identified are possible. 1) Sets for every 2 -4 students can be prepared and placed in trays or plastic containers (we recommend that the individual specimens be numbered so students can check their answers). 2) For those with a limited number of mineral samples, several sets of specimens (each on a numbered card or in a numbered tray) can be placed about the lab.
•
Special instructions on the use of a contact goniometer and dilute hydrochloric acid should be given prior to beginning the lab.
•
Students often have difficulty with the properties of luster, cleavage, and specific gravity. Discussing and demonstrating these properties prior to beginning the lab is recommended.
•
Students often wish to know if their identifications are correct. Therefore, if you have identified individual mineral specimens by numbering them or placing them on a numbered card, we recommend that you fill out a copy of the Mineral Identification Chart, Table 1.3, and post it after the laboratory session is over.
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In conclusion, throughout the lab period it should be stressed that the goal is to learn how to identify minerals and not simply to “put a name” on them.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE ONE QUESTIONS 1.-2.
Answers will vary with the mineral specimens provided for identification.
3.
The variety of colors exhibited by different specimens of quartz is primarily the result of trace amounts of chemical constituents (impurities) that can vary from specimen to specimen. For example, the color of rose quartz is due to small amounts of the element titanium, while microscopic fluid pockets (commonly water), called inclusions, produce the white color of milky quartz. Exposure to radiation produces the brown-, gray-, or black-colored quartz, called smoky quartz.
4.-7.
Answers will vary with the mineral specimens provided for identification. However, in question 5 it should be noted that often a mineral’s streak is not the same as its color.
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8.
Answers will vary depending on the solutions used. In general, the shape of the crystals should be noted as well as what happens to crystals when they contact one another.
9.
Space limitations during a mineral’s formation often restrict crystal growth. However, minerals with imperfect crystal faces still have orderly, internal arrangements of atoms.
10.
Answers will vary with the mineral photograph selected.
11.
The angle between similar, adjacent crystal faces remains the same regardless of the size of the crystal – a property of minerals known as the law of constancy of interfacial angles.
12.
Minerals with one direction of cleavage (basal cleavage) produce thin sheets when cleaved.
13.
a) six planes of cleavage; b) three directions of cleavage; c) the cleavage directions meet at angles other than 90 (rhombohedral cleavage).
14.-16. Answers will vary with the mineral specimens provided for identification. 17.
talc
18.
The properties and names of the minerals listed on the mineral identification chart will vary with the mineral specimens provided for identification.
19.-20. Answers will vary with the mineral specimens provided for identification.
NOTE: We recommend that the Mineral Identification Chart, Table 1.3, be filled in and made available for students to verify their mineral identifications.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISE ONE SUMMARY/REPORT PAGE QUESTIONS 1.
The procedure for identifying a mineral and arriving at its name involves determining as many of the physical properties of the mineral as possible and then using a mineral identification key to arrive at the name.
2.
cleavage; hardness; luster; streak
3.
a cube or cubic cleavage
4.-7.
Answers will vary with the mineral specimens provided for identification.
8.
two directions of cleavage at nearly right angles (90)
9.
the angles are the same
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