Type:
Test Bank and Instructor Manual
Resource:
Ancient Lives An Introduction to Archaeology and Prehistory
Edition:
5th Edition
Author(s):
Brian M. Fagan
INSTRUCTOR'S RESOURCE MANUAL WITH TESTS James G. Duvall III, Emeritus Contra Costa College
ANCIENT LIVES Fifth Edition
Brian M. Fagan, Emeritus University of California, Santa Barbara
©2012 by PRENTICE-HALL, INC. A Division of Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved 10987654321 Printed in the United States of America
Contents
Preface Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17
iv Introducing Archaeology and Prehistory The Record of the Past Acquiring the Record How Did People Live? Individuals and Interactions Studying the Intangible Explaining the Past Human Origins African Exodus The Great Diaspora The Earliest Farmers The First Civilizations Early Asian Civilizations Maize, Pueblos, and Mound Builders Mesoamerican Civilizations Andean Civilizations So You Want to Become an Archaeologist
Answer Key
1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97 104 112 120 128 135
iii .
Chapter 1: Introducing Archaeology and Prehistory
Chapter Outline I.
How Archaeology Began A. The Discovery of Early Civilizations Box 1.1: Discovery: Austen Henry Layard at Nineveh B. The Antiquity of Humankind C. The Origins of Scientific Archaeology
II. Archaeology and Prehistory Box 1.2: Doing Archaeology: A Short Guide to Archaeological Diversity III. Prehistory and World Prehistory IV. Major Developments in Human Prehistory V. Why are Archaeology and Prehistory Important? A. Mysteries of the Past Box 1.3: Doing Archaeology: Pseudoarchaeology, or You Too, Can Be an Armchair Indiana Jones! B. The Powerful Lure of the Past C. Archaeology and Human Diversity D. Archaeology as a Political Tool E. Archaeology and Economic Development F. Garbagology VI. Who Needs the Past? Box 1.4: Site: Inyan Ceyaka Atonwan, Minnesota
Overview Archaeology began over 150 years ago as a search for lost civilizations and artifacts. Since then, it has developed into a sophisticated, multidisciplinary way of studying human behavior in the past, using the material remains of the past. Archaeology is a unique way of studying culture changes over long periods of time. It has an important role to play in the modern world, for it teaches important lessons about human diversity and is a form of serious entertainment that gives us an appreciation of the common cultural heritage of humankind. Prehistoric archaeology is the study of prehistory, the period of the human past before the advent of written records. The study of world prehistory, which developed in the 1950s, is the study of human prehistory from a global perspective using archaeological data and other sources. 1 ..
All human societies are interested in the past, but they think of it in different terms and use it for different purposes. Archaeologists, westerners generally, conceive of time in a linear way, while many non-western groups measure time by the cycles of the seasons and the movements of heavenly bodies. They use linear time only when it is of use to them. Archaeology is not the only way of approaching history, for many societies have oral histories, alternative perspectives on the past that are of vital importance in preserving traditional culture and values. Topics for Classroom Discussion 1. Discuss with your students the development of On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin. Transport them back in time to when naval voyages took years and a few people spent their lives exploring the world, while most worked in mundane jobs. Show how Gregor Mendel studied inheritance and when he published he was dismissed by his peers because of their ignorance. Finally, show how Mendel’s findings were rediscovered in 1900 and instantly understood to be the mechanism that Darwin had been looking for. 2. Use the concept of pseudoarchaeology to teach the scientific method. Go through the stages of observation, hypothesis formation, testing or experimentation, theory, and law. Take some of the more interesting and well-known pseudoarchaeological topics such as Atlantis, Lemuria, the El Dorado of the Southwestern United States, etc., and literally run them through the scientific method in order to show your students the value of skepticism. Finally show them why the skeptical approach is much more open-minded than believing everything one hears. Web Destinations 1. See how Cultural Resource Management is viewed by the Bureau of Reclamation at: http://www.usbr.gov/cultural/index.html. 2. Discover the mystery behind Easter Island (Rapa Nui). See why many people have been confused by this ancient culture http://www.netaxs.com/~trance/rapanui.html. 3. Read how Thor Heyerdahl came to believe in his ideas. Was he an archaeologist or a pseudoarchaeologist? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl
Multiple Choice Questions 1. Archaeologists are not a. romantic adventurers. b. scientists. c. anthropologists. d. critical thinkers. 2 ..