Type:
Solution Manual
Resource:
Advanced Financial Accounting in Canada
Edition:
1st Edition
Author(s):
Nathalie Johnstone Kristie Dewald Cheryl Wilson
Chapter 1 Introduction to Advanced Financial Accounting Review Questions 1-1. Arguments for classification as a passive investment: Delta only owns 15% of the voting shares of Epsilon. The remaining shares are held by one company, indicating that Delta may not have influence. Arguments for classification as an associate: Typically, a shareholding of 20% or more is indicative of significant influence. However, this factor is not definitive. Other factors should also be considered to determine whether or not significant influence exists. In this case, Delta Corporation can elect one member of the board of directors, indicating that there is some influence over the policies of Epsilon. Delta also possesses a patent that Epsilon needs in its operations, which it allows Epsilon to use. This patent further indicates that there is significant influence. Conclusion: Based on the information provided, the investment in Epsilon should be classified as an associate and Delta Corporation should use the equity method to account for its investment. 1-2. IFRS 10 outlines the three criteria that must be present for control to exist. They are the power criterion, return criterion, and the link between the two. The power criterion refers to the ability of an investor to direct the relevant activities of the investee. The return criterion refers to the risks and rewards associated with the earnings of the investee. The link between the first two criteria is the ability to use its power to affect the earnings of the investee. 1-3. Factors that should be considered in determining control include: 1. Voting rights along with convertible rights. 2. Right to choose key personnel, such as the board of directors or key management. 3. The right to veto key decision of the investee or right to force the investee to enter into a specific transaction. 4. Material transactions with the investee. 5. Exchange of management or technology. 1-4. Factors used to determine if an investor has significant influence are presented in IAS 28: 1. Voting rights of 20% to less than 50% is usually considered enough to give the investor significant influence. 2. Other factors to consider are: - representation on the board of directors, but not enough to control the board - ability to share in determining the policies of the investee . 1-1
ISM for Johnstone/Dewald/Wilson, Advanced Financial Accounting in Canada, Canadian Edition
- material intercompany transactions - exchange of management or technical information 1-5. IFRS 10 refers to the parent as an entity that controls another company, which is referred to as the subsidiary. The parent-subsidiary relationship exists when one company controls another entity. 1-6. Strategic investments are investments that are closely linked to the strategic goal of the investor. Traditionally, these types of investments help the investor improve or meet its organizational goals. There are three classifications for strategic investments: associates, subsidiaries, and joint arrangements. 1-7. A joint arrangement is defined in IFRS 11 as an agreement between two or more investors where they share control over an operation. There are two types of joint arrangements: joint ventures and joint operations.
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Advanced Financial Accounting
Case 1-3 Heavenly Hakka Inc., Nature’s Harvest, and Premier Inc. Situation A – Heavenly Hakka Inc. Objectives of Financial Reporting Heavenly Hakka Inc. (HH) is a private company given that Vincent is its sole owner. Therefore, with Vincent’s consent, HH can choose to use Accounting Standards for Private Enterprises (ASPE) to report its investment in Szechwan Samosas Inc. (SSI). Analysis of the Case Scenario and Appropriate Accounting Alternative(s) HH, Ibrahim, and Venkat each own 1/3 of the shares of SSI. However, HH is entitled to 40% of the profits of SS, given Vincent’s involvement. Lately, however, because of differences among Vincent and the other two owners relating to expansion of the operations of SSI beyond Ontario, Vincent has not been visiting the premises of SSI. The case is not clear on how this is going to affect the profit-sharing agreement. Further, the case is also not clear on why HH is being compensated for Vincent’s time spent on the operations of SSI via a larger share of the profits of SSI instead of via a management fee. Any management fees paid by SSI to HH for Vincent’s time would, for tax purposes, constitute an expense to SSI. Further, paying for Vincent’s time via a management fee is a more accurate reflection of the underlying economic reality. It is not clear from the facts of the case whether the three owners have joint control over SSI. The incorporation documents and any other agreements that may exist between the three owners of SSI have to be reviewed to obtain further details on this point. Nevertheless, the facts in the case clearly indicate that HH does not possess sole control of SSI. While HH is the sole supplier of the fillings that go into the samosas of SSI, that fact by itself is not indicative of control of SSI by HH. At most, it indicates that HH has significant influence over SSI. Further, HH does not have the power to direct the activities of SSI without the cooperation of the other two shareholders. Thus, the facts in the case suggest that HH either has joint control over or can significantly influence SSI. Recently, however, differences have arisen among Vincent and the other two shareholders of SSI. If incorporation documents or other agreements among the shareholders of SSI exist evidencing joint control, such control will not be affected by the recent differences between the shareholders. On the other hand, if such documents or agreements do not exist, the other two shareholders could, based on their combined 2/3 ownership of SSI, theoretically join together to prevent HH from having any influence over SSI. However, that seems unlikely given that HH is the sole supplier of the fillings that go into the samosas of SSI. Thus, the recent differences between the shareholders most probably will not affect any significant influence that HH has over SSI. Thus, HH should account for its investment in SSI either as a joint venture or as an investment over which it has significant influence. If HH decides not to use International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), then it should use the equity basis to report its investment in SSI. Alternatively, if HH opts to use ASPE, it can use the cost basis to report its investment in SSI. . 1-3
ISM for Johnstone/Dewald/Wilson, Advanced Financial Accounting in Canada, Canadian Edition
In case of a joint venture, proportionate consolidation is also available as another reporting alternative under ASPE. Irrespective of the method chosen, SSI and HH should account for Vincent’s time devoted to SSI as a management fee. An investor is also required by IFRS 12 to provide the following disclosures relating to its material associates and joint ventures: -
Significant judgements and assumptions made while determining that the investor has significant influence over the associate or joint control over the joint venture
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Name of, nature of relationship with, and principal place of business of, joint arrangement or associate
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Proportion of ownership interest held, and if different the proportion of voting shares held
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Whether investment in the joint venture or associate measured using fair value or equity method
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Summarized financial information including amounts in aggregate for assets, liabilities, revenues and profits, and losses
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If the joint venture associate has a different year-end than that of the investor, the fact of that difference and the reason for it
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The nature and extent of significant restrictions on the ability of the associate or joint venture to pay dividends or loans and advances
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Any unrecognized portion of the losses of the joint venture or associate under the equity method of accounting
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Contingent liabilities relating to associate or joint venture in accordance with IAS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets
Situation B – Nature’s Harvest Objectives of Financial Reporting Mid-West is a publicly incorporated company in Canada. Therefore, Mid-West has to follow all the reporting requirements that publicly accountable enterprises are required to follow in Canada. Analysis of the Case Scenario and Appropriate Accounting Alternative(s) Mid-West owns 60% of the voting shares of Nature’s Harvest (NH). Assuming that Benezuela’s laws relating to corporations are similar to those of Canada’s, such ownership would normally provide Mid-West control over NH. Thus, in normal circumstances, it would be appropriate for Mid-West to consolidate the financial statements of NH with its own financial statements while reporting its consolidated financial statements.
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