Accounting and Auditing Research Tools and Strategies, 10th Edition , Thomas R Weirich , Thomas C Pe by TBtutors

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Solution Manual

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Accounting and Auditing Research Tools and Strategies

Edition:

10th Edition

Author(s):

Thomas R. Weirich Thomas C. Pearson Natalie T. Churyk

Accounting & Auditing Research: Tools and Strategies 10th Edition SOLUTIONS MANUAL Thomas R. Weirich, PhD, CPA Thomas Pearson, LL.M., J.D., CPA Natalie T. Churyk, PhD, CPA

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED PROFESSIONAL RESEARCH Discussion Questions 1. Research in general involves the investigation and analysis of an issue in question. The researcher usually applies reasonable and reflective thinking to develop an answer to the issue or problem at hand. Research requires a clear definition of the problem, using professional databases to search the authoritative literature, reviewing and evaluating the data collected, drawing conclusions and communicating your rsults. 2. Accounting, auditing, or tax research involve a systematic and logical investigation of an issue or problem using the accountant’s professional judgment. Furthermore, accountants approach this problem using critical-thinking skills to obtain and document evidence underlying a conclusion relating to an issue or problem currently confronting the accountant or auditor. 3. Accounting, auditing, or tax research are necessary in order to determine the proper recording, classification, and disclosure of economic events; to determine compliance with authoritative pronouncements; or to determine the preferability of alternative accounting procedures. 4. The objective of accounting, auditing, or tax research is a systematic investigation of an issue or problem utilizing the researcher’s professional judgment to arrive at appropriate and timely conclusions regarding the issues at hand. 5. Research plays an important role within an accounting firm or department. It is critical for the accountant/auditor to be able to find and locate applicable authoritative pronouncements and to ascertain their current status. Given the number and diversity of clients served, public accounting firms constantly engage in research on a wide array of accounting, auditing, or tax issues. This 1 © Weirich, Pearson, and Churyk

research process is usually conducted by the local office staff, selected local or regional "research specialists," and/or the executive office research personnel. 6. The functions of a multi-office CPA firm's Policy Committee are to evaluate significant accounting and auditing issues and establish firm-wide policies on these issues. Its Executive Subcommittee handles daily ongoing policy (i.e., lower-level) decisions for the firm as a whole. 7. Some basic questions that the researcher must address in performing, accounting, auditing, or tax research include: Do I have the knowledge to do the research?; What is authoritative literature?; Does authoritative literature address the issue?; If authoritative literature does exist, where can I find it?; If there exist more than one alternative of authoritative support, which one do I use?; If authoritative literature does not exist, what do I do?; What professional databases do I use? 8. Theoretical (pure or basic) research involves investigating questions that, while interesting, have little or no present, practical applications; while applied research involves investigating issues of immediate, practical importance. 9. Some of the characteristics that a practitioner-researcher should possess include inquisitiveness, open-mindedness, patience, thoroughness, and perseverance. 10. The “Research Navigation Guide” serves as a tool in navigating through the authoritative literature. The guide helps to focus or narrow one’s research when utilizing various databases like the FASB’s Codification System. One would first focus on a functional area like “Financial Accounting”. Once the functional area is identified then focus on the broad categorization of the topic such as “Revenue”. This is followed by focusing on the subtopic that allows for further segregation of the issue “Software Revenue”. The final step would be to focus on the section or nature of the content of the issue which is often a recognition, measurement, or disclosure issue such as “Recognition of Software Revenue”. 11. While a priori (before the fact) research refers to research before the client actually enters into the (proposed) transaction, a posteriori (after the fact) research refers to research relating to past or completed economic transactions. For planning purposes, the practitioner would rather be involved with a priori research to work with the client to develop a correct solution rather than attempting to correct a completed transaction. 12. The California court decision stresses that "well-informed" accountants are expected to master "standard research techniques" (or face severe malpractice claims). 13. The research process "adds value" to an accounting firm’s services, since today's complex business transactions and proliferation of new authoritative pronouncements mandates that the firm efficiently and effectively conduct such research for their clients. 14. Some economic consequences to the standard-setting process of performing research include the impact of such pronouncements to investors and creditors resource allocation decisions in © Weirich, Pearson, and Churyk

today's (competitive) capital markets, and the cost/benefit analysis of the issuance of a new standard. 15. Since the accounting and auditing literature is organized with a keyword indexing system, listing keywords in step one of the research process will aid the researcher in locating the authoritative literature in an efficient and effective manner. Failure to describe the keywords in sufficient detail can cause one to overlook important sources. 16. The five steps involved in the research process include: identifying the (research) issue, collecting the (appropriate) evidence, evaluating the results and identifying alternative solutions, developing (appropriate) conclusions, and communicating the results to the interested parties. 17. Research can support or refute a biased alternative by gathering evidence that is either unbiased or slanted toward the alternative being researched. Since the researcher should be unbiased in evaluating the various alternatives, the process often requires a (detailed and logical) analysis of complex and detailed accounting issues--thereby requiring "critical thinking" skills. 18. Problem distillation entails "refining" and "restating" the research issue from general to sufficiently specific terms, in order not to waste time investigating irrelevant items. 19. The skills tested on the CPA exam include: understanding, analysis, judgment, communication, research, and synthesis. 20. A research memorandum should contain such attributes as selecting objective and unbiased words; a grammatically correct and well-spelled, clear statement of the issue researched; a statement of the facts; a brief and precise discussion of the issue; and a straightforward conclusion based upon supported and identified authoritative literature. The researcher should avoid making such common errors as excessive discussion of the issues and facts, excessive citations to authoritative sources, avoidance of presenting a conclusion, and including irrelevant information. 21. Critical-thinking skills (e.g., understanding a variety of contents and circumstances and applying various accounting, auditing, and business principles to help solve the problem under review) helps the researcher effectively and efficiently gather relevant facts, synthesize and evaluate alternatives, and develop alternative solutions. 22. The SEC stressed the importance of accountants performing effective research, claiming that this CPA's deficiency constituted a lack of exercising "due professional care." 23. Although this question is raised in Chapter 1, it is not directly answered until a later chapter. However, in Chapter 1 it briefly discusses that when authoritative literature does not exist on a specific issue, the practitioner would normally develop a theoretical solution based on logic or analogous authortitaive literature. In a later chapter we will focus on this question in detail © Weirich, Pearson, and Churyk

whereby one utilizes the “FASB’s Conceptual Framework” and other authoritative literature by analogy to solve the problem. 24. The standard setter for accounting standards for federal government entities is the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB). The PCAOB does not set accounting standards, but auditing standards. 25. Since you are conducting accounting research for a public company (Microsoft), the researcher would utilize the standards of the FASB located on the FASB Codification database which is tshe fous of Chapter 4. This database also includes the authoritative stnadards of the AICPA. GAO and PCAOB standars are suditing standards, not accounting standards. 26. Qualitiative analytics focuses on non-quantitiative data such as videos, pictures, or an enity’s e-mails. Wheras quantiative analysis focuses on the analysis of numberical data suchas trends of dollar sales and focusing on the outliers. 27. Data analytics is considered a process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making. 28. Examples of structured data would be data found in excel spreadsheets. Examples of unstructured data would include pictures, videos, or Twitter feeds. Exercises 1. Current Quality Control stdandards of the PCAOB include: QC 20- System of QC for a CPA Firm’s Accounting & Auditing Practice. QC 30- Monitoring a CPA Firm’s Accounting & Auditing Practice QC 40- ateh personnel Managaement Element of a Firm’s QC Conpetencies. 2. The IASB is the independent, accounting standard setting body that issues international financial reporting standards (IFRS) which are discussed in Chapter 5. 3. Standards may vary due to new issued standards. Recent IAASB standards listed on 1/10/2020 include: ISA 315-Identifying & Assessing Risks of Material Misstatements. ISA 540-Auditing Accounting Estimates & Related Disclosures. 4. One can filter by topic area and therefore various publications will be listed.

CHAPTER 2 CRITICAL THINKING and EFFECTIVE WRITING SKILLS FOR THE PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTANT Discussion Questions: 1. Critical thinking has many definitions. One definition is as follows: Critical thinking involves a process of (more deeply) understanding, evaluating, and judging the underlying issues under investigation. 2. The highest level of thinking according to Bloom’s taxonomy entails the "evaluation” of a statement (based upon definite criteria) for a given purpose. 3. In Bloom’s taxonomy, comprehension (or grasping the meaning of a statement) entails the ability of restating the item into the researcher’s own words without changing the statement's meaning--thereby entailing a higher order skill than merely paraphrasing it. 4. While critical thinking involves a process of (more deeply) understanding, evaluating and judging the underlying issues under investigation, professional skepticism entails an attitude of examining and recognizing emotional-laden, and explicit and hidden assumptions “behind” each question. 5. The qualities that lie behind rethinking include: a willingness to say that you don’t know the answer, an openness to alternatives, an interest in the ideas of others, thoughtfulness, a desire to discover what others have done and thought, an insistence on getting the best evidence, and an openness to one’s own intuition. 6. The three levels of thought by the Illinois Renewal Institute include: Recall--the lowest level, where one defines, describes, lists, recites or selects; Process--the second level, where one compares, contrasts, classifies, sorts, and analyzes; and Application--the highest level, where one evaluates, imagines, judges, and hypothesizes. 7. The AICPA’s list of effective writing characteristics include a coherent organization, conciseness, clarity, use of standard English, responsiveness to the requirements of the question, and appropriateness for the reader. The editing skills include conciseness, clarity, and the use of standard English. The composing skills include organization, responsiveness, and appropriateness. 8. Per SEC Rule # 33-7380, six principles of clear writing include using: a. Active voice; b. Short sentences; c. Everyday language; d. Tabular presentation of complex material; © Weirich, Pearson, and Churyk

e. f.

No legal jargon; and No multiple negatives.

9. Plain English writing does not mean deleting complex information. Rather, it presents documents in an orderly and clear fashion so the reader can better understand it. 10. The elements of plain English include: Know your audience; know what material information needs to be disclosed; use clear writing techniques; and design and structure the document for ease of readability. 11. The active voice uses strong, direct verbs. The subject of the sentence performs the action described by the verb. An example: “ I will respond to the client’s memo.” The passive voice is where the action is done to somebody or something by another agent. The passive voice often uses the words “be" or "been.” An example: “No one has been authorized to respond to the client’s memo.” 12. Special concerns of using e-mails include the need to develop strong writing skills as one attempts to state his or her thoughts as concisely as possible; and strong technological skills in the security of the transmission of the communication. 13. The different types of client letters include: transmittal letters that merely transmit information; status update letters that reminds the client about a situation by providing an update to the issue; action request letter requests action; and an opinion letter summarizes the situation very briefly. 14. A memo to the file documents the reasoning for one’s conclusion that might be related to a research issue. A client letter normally does not document the details of the research process. 15. A tax memo is often unique in that it usually includes the reasoning for the law or authorities used, as well as the application of the law or authorities to the client’s set of facts. The memo would include the following areas: Facts, Issues, Conclusion, and Reasoning. Chapter 7 will provide greater details as to tax issues and memos. 16. In Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy, Understanding includes “explaining ideas or concepts”, interpreting, summarizing, paraphrasing, classifying, or explaining. Evaluating includes “Justifying decision or course of action” checking, hypothesizing, critiquing, experimenting, judging.

Exercises: 1. The solution to this logic problem is the following: © Weirich, Pearson, and Churyk

House 1

House 2

House 3

House 4

House 5

Color

Yellow

Blue

Red

White

Green

Country

America

Russia

England

Spain

Japan

Sport

Football

Table Tennis Hockey

Basketball

Baseball

Drink

Water

Tea

Milk

Orange Juice Coffee

Pet

Fox

Horse

Hamster

Dog

Monkey

Allison is the eldest. A= Allison, M= Mary, J= Jennifer, X=eldest If M = 1/2 X, J= A +M +1/2 X If A is eldest: A=X, J= X =1/2 X =3/2 X and Jennefer receives the highest points, and Mary as youngest receives the least points. If J is the eldest: J=X, J=A +1/2 X, A= 1/2 X, Allison and Mary receive the same number of points. However, the youngest receives the least points, so J cannot be the eldest.

3. The eight elements of reasoning as to the question of when assets need to be classified as current assets are as follows: a. Purpose—the purpose is to respond to the client’s request for information. b. Issue—the issue is to provide a specific response to the question, "When do assets need to be classified as current assets?" c. Information—the information for this issue would include the authoritative accounting literature. d. Concepts—the concepts would include the concepts (definition) of an asset, and the classification between current and long-term assets. e. Assumptions—the assumption to classify an asset as current is that it will be used up, or consumed within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer. f. Interpretations or inference—the interpretation requires one to determine from the evidence whether the asset will be used up or converted into cash. g. Implications or Consequences—If an asset is not properly classified, the analysis of the financial statements (i.e., current ratio) would be misleading. h. Solution—An asset should be classified as a current asset when it will be converted into cash, or consumed in operations within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer ( ASC 210-45-3). 4.

The eight elements of reasoning for the question of when a contingent liability should be booked are as follows:

a. Purpose—the purpose is to respond to the client’s request for information. b. Issue—the issue is to provide a specific response to the question, "When should a contingent liability be recorded?" c. Information—the information for this issue would include the authoritative accounting literature. d. Concepts—the concepts would include the concepts (definition) of a contingent liability, and when to record a liability. e. Assumptions—the assumption to record a contingent liability would be that the dollar amount can be estimated and the liability is probable in occurrence. f. Interpretations or inference—the interpretation requires one to evaluate the probability of occurrence and whether the amount can be reasonably estimated. g. Implications—If a contingent liability meeting the requirements of FASB No. 5 is not recorded, then the financial statements are misstated. h. Solution—a contingent liability should be recorded if it meets the two criteria of ASC 450-20-25-1—probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. 5.

Correct punctuation: a. A general ledger contains all the assets, liabilities, and owners’ equity accounts. b. The purpose of a trial balance is to prove that debits equal credits, but this does not prove that all transactions have been recorded. c. The current assets section of the balance sheet contains items such as cash, accounts receivable, and prepaid expenses; and the current liabilities section contains items such as accounts payable, notes payable, and short-term debt. d. The auditing exam was to begin at 2:00 p.m., but the professor’s car broke down, so we didn’t begin until 2:30 p.m. e. Did William ask, “ How can we finish the audit tonight because Linda said, ‘We have twenty hours of work left to do’”?

6. Examples of the sentences rewritten: a. Original sentence; For good reasons, the secretary may grant extensions of time in 30-day increments for filing of the lease and all required bonds, provided that additional extensions requests are submitted and approved before the expiration of the original 30 days or the previously granted extension. + rewritten: We may extend the time you have to file the lease and required bonds. Each extension will be for a 30-day period. To get an extension, you must write us giving the reasons that you need more time. We must receive your extension request in time to approve it before your current deadline or extension expires. b. Original sentence: © Weirich, Pearson, and Churyk

If the State agency finds that an individual has received a payment to which the individual was not entitled, whether or not the payment was due to the individual’s fault or misrepresentation, the individual shall be liable to repay to the State the total sum of the payment to which the individual was not entitled. rewritten: If the State agency finds that you received a payment that you weren’t entitled to, you must pay the entire sum back. c. Original sentence: Universities differ greatly in style, with some being located on out of town campuses in parkland, others having buildings scattered about parts of city centers and others being at various points between these two extremes. rewritten: Universities differ greatly in style. Some are located on out of town campuses in parkland. Others have buildings scattered about parts of city centers. Others are at various points between these two extremes. 7.

Multiple Negatives sentence rewritten: Original sentence: No termination will be approved unless the administrator reviews the application and finds that it is not lacking any requisite materials. Rewritten: Termination will be approved if the administrator finds the application to contain all requisite materials.

Active Voice sentences rewritten: a. Original sentence: The fraud was reported by the employee. Rewritten sentence: The employee reported the fraud. b. Original sentence: The book was enjoyed by me because the seven fraud investigation techniques were described so well by the author. Rewritten sentence: I enjoyed the book because the author described the seven fraud investigation techniques so well.

9. By keeping $20, the bellboy changed the auditors’ rate to $270 ($250 actual + $20 stolen). The $20 should have been subtracted from the $270 rather than added! The $300 is composed of the $250 cost, the $30 refund, and the $20 stolen. 10. This question involves critical thinking that will vary between students and therefore does not have a right answer. Keys issues has future value and owned by the entity. 11. Some potential answers to the given questions include: An asset “stays” as an asset as long as it generates future cash inflows to the company. Thus, an obsolete machine that continually requires much labor and other maintenance costs to keep operating could well be considered a liability—especially if cheaper technologies have arisen. While financial statements may not report certain assets and liabilities, such as human resources (employees), or the benefits of high employee morale, the more critical question is if the presented financial statements provide useful information to decision makers: i.e., can such decision makers make more informed decisions when they use such statements than they would have if these statements were unavailable? (Part 2) Similarly, financial statements that present assets at historical costs—rather than at fair market values—should provide more meaningful information than not reporting statements that follow GAAP. Moreover, the objectivity of assets reported at historical costs usually supersedes those presented at current value. 12. A liability should normally be first reported when the entity can reasonably measure the expected cash outflows associated with a financial transaction or event (and stop recognizing such liabilities when the entity can no longer meet these “reasonably measurable” criteria). For example, a firm experiencing potential environmental remediation liabilities should recognize such liabilities when it ascertains a reasonable value of the amount of such damages. SFAS No. 5 discusses this matter further. 13.

A primary advantage of using a contra-accumulated depreciation—rather than as a direct reduction to the associated fixed asset account—includes keeping better track of the original cost of the acquired asset. Disclosing both the original and accumulated (depreciation) components of a fixed asset informs the financial statement reader of what part of such assets have “expired.” Moreover, directly reducing the “used” portion of fixed assets will eventually bring such assets (i.e., at the end of their depreciable lives— unless some salvage value exists) to a ‘zero value,” while these assets actually exist.

14.

a) The professor received his PhD from the University of Illinois, and he continued teaching there after he was finished with the program. b) The general ledger does not balance. It must balance before we leave.

c) Did Robert say, “Can this item be classified as an asset?” d) Susan’s investigation didn’t discover any fraud but there’s new evidence that might keep the investigation going. e) Dear Mr. Smith, 15.

a) The auditor said, “We must have these work papers completed by tomorrow.” b)When do we have to file our taxes? c) Is the conference in Dallas or Austin, Texas?

CHAPTER 3 THE ENVIRONMENT OF ACCOUNTING RESEARCH Discussion Questions 1. The development of accounting standards is influenced by such environmental considerations as the requirements of federal, state, and local government, and other regulatory bodies; influence of various tax laws on the financial reporting process; practices or problems of certain specialized industries (such as the motion picture or the oil and gas industries); inconsistencies in practice; disagreements among accountants, business executives, and others as to the objectives of financial statements; and influence of professional organizations. 2. A primary reason for the establishment of accounting standards appears to be in response to the increasing needs of various financial statement users--including investors, lenders, and governmental entities; the increasing complexity of business enterprises and their underlying economic events and accounting transactions; and the increasing requests of government agencies, legislative bodies, and professional organizations to respond to this demand. 3. The SEC divisions include: Corporation Finance, Enforcement, Investment Management Trading and Markets, and Economic Risk and Analysis. 4.The responsibilities of the Division of Corporation Finance include reviewing financial statement disclosures (e.g., registration statements, annual and quarterly filings, annual reports, and proxy materials) of all public companies at least once every three years; providing administrative interpretations of various securities acts as well as recommending regulations; and providing guidance to current and prospective registrants.

5. The two actions that Enforcement takes when authorized by the Commission are: (1) files a civil action in federal court seeking a remedy or sanction or (2) brings administrative actions such as cease and desist orders. 6. The FASB uses "due process" in developing its Standards, including identifying the problem or issue and considering legal or SEC pressures; deciding whether to consider the issue; establishing a task force to study the problem; having its research staff investigate the issues; issuing a discussion memo to interested parties; holding public hearings and request written comments on the issue; analyzing the results of the investigation, mail and hearings; if action is appropriate, issuing an exposure draft (a preliminary ASU); requesting additional comments on the exposure draft and holding further public hearings; after analyzing the public response, issuing a final ASU. 7. The FASB's conceptual framework project is a long-term project that should help describe concepts and relationships that underlie financial accounting standards and address such issues as the following: the elements of financial statements and their recognition, measurement, and display; capital maintenance; unit of measure criteria for distinguishing information to be included in financial statements from that which should be provided by other means of financial reporting; and criteria to evaluate and select accounting information (qualitative characteristics). This project can help practitioners develop theoretical justification for resolving issues that contain no authoritative citations. 8. Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts (SFAC) are not authoritative because FASB did not use full due process in the original project. 9. Some authoritative publications of the AICPA include: ARBs and APB Opinions (and nonauthoritative Statements of Position and Issues Papers). 10. If content is within the Codification, it is authoritative. 11. A typical Accounting Standards Update (ASU) will contain the following; A summary of the key provisions leading to the update, specific amendments to the Codification along with implementation guidance, basis for the Board’s decisions (including background information), and amendments to the XBRL Taxonomy. 12. No, ASU’s are not authoritative in their own right. ASUs contain Codification update instructions and that becomes authoritative once incorporated into the Codification. 13. The groups/bodies that issue ASUs are the FASB, the EITF, and the PCC. The issuing groups is listed parenthetically after the title of the standard. See ASU 2020-01 below as an example. Update 2020-01—Investments—Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815)—Clarifying the Interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815 (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force) © Weirich, Pearson, and Churyk

The instructor could expand the question to ask how the ASUs are issued with a solution of: ASUs are issued in sequential order by the FASB, the EITF, and the PCC. Thus, they encompass FASB standards, emerging issue standards, and private company standards. ASU’s are issued in the format of “year-sequential update number” (For example, 2017-2 is the second standard issued in 2017) and are labeled by the body creating the standard (FASB, EITF, or PCC). 14. The purpose of GASB is to set financial accounting and reporting standards for the public sector as the FASB does for all private entities. The public should have an interest in governmental financial reporting because of the large value of assets managed by governmental entities. The financial community can also be affected by financial crisis in municipal units, such as the infamous crisis in New York, Cleveland, and Orange County. 15. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) constitutes "a technical accounting term which encompasses the conventions, rules, and procedures necessary to define accepted accounting practice at a particular time." GAAP also changes in response to changes in the business environment, and alternative principles for similar transactions may be considered equally acceptable. 16. A critical implication of authoritative support relative to GAAP for the researcher includes that he or she should seek to find the highest available level of support. Primary authoritative support should be reviewed first; however, if no primary sources are found, the researcher would then drop down and review any available secondary support. 17. In conducting efficient research, the researcher should begin by reviewing primary sources that have the highest level of authority in the GAAP hierarchy prior to July 1, 2009 and the FASB Accounting Standards CodificationTM (The Codification) subsequent to July 1, 2009. 18. Promulgated accounting standards frequently impact economic behavior, since decision makers frequently engage in certain transactions in order to "report" better financial statements. For example, companies adopting the provisions of FASB ASC 740-10-35-4 (Changes in tax laws or rates) could "transfer" part of their Deferred Tax Liability from a liability on the balance sheet to revenue on the income statement, as income tax rates fall; the reverse would occur as income tax rates rise. 19. Primary authoritative support differs from secondary authoritative support in that the former one provides sufficient authoritative support for including a particular accounting principle within GAAP. However, secondary authoritative support includes sources that support inclusion within GAAP, but individually do not constitute authoritative support. 20. The formation of the GASB caused the following two governmental organizations to be added to the list of Financial Accounting Foundation sponsors: the Government Finance Officers Association (GFOA) and the National Association of State Auditors, Treasurers, and Controllers.

21. Answers will vary. Rules-bases accounting provides specific rules or “bright-lines” for the accountant to follow while preparing financial statements. Principles based accounting does not provide these specific rules, thereby relying on professional judgment. An advantage to having rules is that there will be no question as to how to apply or interpret the standard. The disadvantage to having rules for all standards is that the volumes of literature are ever expanding and when standard setters leave anything open to interpretation, they are inundated with questions on how to apply the standard. Another disadvantage to “rules” is that not every company fits a certain mold. With that in mind, companies not fitting the rule must as for an exception or another application to be permitted. 22. FASB is addressing the “standards overload” issue by implementing a framework that emphasizes issuing standards that focus more on objectives than detailed rules. In addition, another project aims at improving the quality of the cost-benefit analysis performed on proposed standards, reducing the costs of new standards without decreasing the benefits. Overall, the FASB’s goal is to make accounting standards that are easier to understand and apply. 23. The Private Company Council (PCC). It was created in 2012 to recommend guidance for private business entities. 24. PCC Decision-Making Framework: Framework identified five areas of difference between private and public entities: a. number of primary users and their access to management b. primary user investment strategies c. ownership and capital structure d. accounting resources e. new financial guidance education 25. The seven FASB board members are elected by the FAF. They serve 5 year terms and are eligible for one additional 5-year term. Practice Exercises on Standard Setters 1. The eight elements of reasoning for this question would include: a. b. c. d. e. f.

Purpose—the purpose is to respond to the client’s request for information. Issue—the issue is the proper accounting for R&D according to U.S. GAAP and International Accounting Standards. Information—the information sources one would utilize are U.S. authoritative literature and International Accounting Standards. Concepts—the concept would include the capitalization or expensing of R&D. Assumptions—the assumptions would be that in order to capitalize R&D there exists future economic benefits. Interpretations or Inferences—the interpretation is that R&D costs have future economic benefit in order for Daimler to capitalize such costs. Also, one must

g. h.

conclude whether U.S. GAAP or International Accounting Standards are more appropriate if there exists a conflict. Implications or consequences—if R&D costs are not properly recorded, the financial statements are considered misleading. Solution—the solution according to US GAAP—FASB No. 2—is to expense R&D costs.

2. As of 2/26/2020 the Board members were Russell G. Golden, James L. Kroeker, Christine Ann Botosan, Gary R. Buesser, Susan M. Cosper, Marsha L. Hunt,, Harold Schroeder. 3. This answer will change as new standards are issued. As of 02/26/2020 the FASB’s three most recent issued exposure drafts were: a. 02/10/20 Proposed Accounting Standards Update—Not-for-Profit Entities (Topic 958): Presentation and Disclosures by Not-for-Profit Entities for Contributed Nonfinancial Assets b. 11/26/19 Proposed Accounting Standards Update—Codification Improvements c. 11/12/19 Proposed Accounting Standards Update—Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Codification Improvements to Hedge Accounting 4. GASB’s Concept Statements include (summaries will vary by student) : a. Concepts Statement No. 6 - Measurement of Elements of Financial Statements (Issued 03/14) b. Concepts Statement No. 5 - Service Efforts and Accomplishments Reporting—an amendment of GASB Concepts Statement No. 2 (Issued 11/08) c. Concepts Statement No. 4 - Elements of Financial Statements (Issued 06/07) d. Concepts Statement No. 3 - Communication Methods in General Purpose External Financial Reports That Contain Basic Financial Statements (Issued 04/05) e. Concepts Statement No. 2 - Service Efforts and Accomplishments Reporting—as amended by GASB Concepts Statements No. 3 and 5 (Issued 11/08) f. Concepts Statement No. 2 - Service Efforts and Accomplishments Reporting (Issued 04/94) g. Concepts Statement No. 1 - Objectives of Financial Reporting (Issued 05/87) 5. This answer will change as new standards are issued. As of 02/26/2020, the GASB’s two most recently issued exposure drafts were; © Weirich, Pearson, and Churyk

a. Communication Methods in General Purpose External Financial Reports That Contain Basic Financial Statements: Notes to Financial Statements—an amendment of GASB Concepts Statement No. 3 b. Implementation Guidance Update—2020 6a. This answer will change as new standards are issued. As of 02/26/2020, the two most recently issued FASB Statements were: a. Update 2020-02—Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) and Leases (Topic 842)—Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 119 and Update to SEC Section on Effective Date Related to Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (SEC Update) Update 2020-01—Investments—Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815)—Clarifying the Interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815 (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force) 6b. As of February 26, 2020, the following PCC ASUs have been issued: a. Update 2016-03—Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350), Business Combinations (Topic 805), Consolidation (Topic 810), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Effective Date and Transition Guidance (a consensus of the Private Company Council) b. Update No. 2014-18—Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Identifiable Intangible Assets in a Business Combination (a consensus of the Private Company Council) c. Update No. 2014-07—Consolidation (Topic 810): Applying Variable Interest Entities Guidance to Common Control Leasing Arrangements (a consensus of the Private Company Council) d. Update No. 2014-03—Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Accounting for Certain Receive-Variable, Pay-Fixed Interest Rate Swaps—Simplified Hedge Accounting Approach (a consensus of the Private Company Council) e. Update No. 2014-02—Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Accounting for Goodwill (a consensus of the Private Company Council) 7. The primary function of the Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council (FASAC) is as follows: Has advisory role in the process of establishing and improving financial accounting and reporting. FASAC works closely with the FASB in an advisory capacity to ensure that the views of its members are constantly and effectively communicated to the FASB. The FASAC is charged with responsibility of consulting with the FASB on major technical and non-technical issues and all other projects the FASB works on. 8. As of 02/26/2020 © Weirich, Pearson, and Churyk