Type:
Solution Manual
Resource:
Access to Health
Edition:
12th Edition
Author(s):
Rebecca J. Donatelle
CHAPTER
1
Accessing Your Health
Overview Health and wellness are active states that are deeply affected by one’s style of living. Being healthy requires us to make choices about our lives. These choices include deciding which of our behaviors we should change and which of our behaviors should be maintained in order to maximize our health. Chapter 1 introduces us to a basic understanding of the concept of health, describing the six dimensions of health and helping the reader to understand how they relate to form a dynamic process of achieving one’s health potential. A major focus of Chapter 1 is the concept of healthy decision making. Several theories are discussed, including Prochaska and DiClemente’s “Stages of Change” model, and the Health Belief Model. These models are used throughout the text to help the student make healthy choices.
Learning Objectives 1. Describe the immediate and long-term rewards of healthy behaviors and the effects that your health choices may have on others. 2. Compare and contrast the medical model of health and the public health model, and discuss the six dimensions of health. 3. Identify several personal factors that influence your health and classify them as modifiable or nonmodifiable. 4. Explain how aspects of the social and physical environment influence your health. 5. Discuss the importance of a global perspective on health, and explain how gender, racial, economic, and cultural factors influence health disparities. 6. Compare and contrast three models of behavior change. 7. Identify your own current risk behaviors, the factors that influence those behaviors, and the strategies you can use to change them.
Lecture Outline I. Why Health, Why Now? A. Choose Health Now for Immediate Benefits 1. The subtle choices you make daily influence your life, your future, and the well-being of others. 2. Health is intimately linked to—and influenced by—almost everything in the world.
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3. Identifying the health-related behaviors you’d like to change and moving toward that change can have immediate benefits. B. Choose Health Now for Long-Term Rewards 1. Personal choices influence your life expectancy. a. Mortality statistics reflect the proportion of deaths in a population. b. Life expectancy is the expected number of years of life remaining at a given age, such as birth. The average life expectancy at birth in the United States is projected to be 78.3 years for a child born in 2010. c. Leading causes of death have shifted from infectious diseases to chronic diseases such as heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. d. It is thought that today’s newborns may be the first generation to have lower life expectancy than their parents. 2. Personal choices influence your healthy life expectancy. a. Healthy life expectancy is the expected number of years of full health you enjoy, without disability, chronic pain, or significant illness. C. Choose Health Now to Benefit Others 1. Health choices influence the global burden of disease in the form of direct and indirect costs to the public as well as an individual. 2. The ethical dilemma is: individual health choices cost society, so to what extent should the public be accountable for an individual’s poor health choices? Key Terms: mortality, life expectancy, chronic disease, healthy life expectancy Figures and Tables:
Figure 1.1 Top Ten Reported Impediments to Academic Performance—Past 12 Months
Table 1.1 Leading Causes of Death in the United States, 2007, Overall and by Age Group (15 and older)
Additional Instructor Resources: PPT slides: 1–8; Digital Transparency Masters: Figure 1.1, Table 1.1
II. What is Health? A. The current model of health includes the ever-changing process of achieving individual potential in the physical, social, emotional, mental, spiritual, and environmental dimensions.
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INSTRUCTOR RESOURCE AND SUPPORT MANUAL FOR ACCESS TO HEALTH
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
B. Models of Health 1. Medical Model a. The medical model focuses primarily on the individual and a biological or disease organ perspective. 2. Public Health Model a. The ecological or public health model views diseases and other negative health events as a result of an individual’s interaction with his or her social and physical environment. b. In 1947, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as “the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” c. Alongside disease prevention, the public health model emphasizes health promotion, that is, polices and programs that promote behaviors known to support good health. C. Wellness and the Dimensions of Health 1. In 1968, biologist, environmentalist, and philosopher René Dubos defined health as “a quality of life, involving social, emotional, mental, spiritual, and biological fitness on the part of the individual, which results from adaptations to the environment.” 2. The word wellness further enlarged Dubo’s definition of health by recognizing levels—or gradations—of health within each category. 3. To achieve high-level wellness, a person must move progressively higher on a continuum of positive health indicators. Those who fail to achieve these levels may move to the illness side of the continuum. 4. Today, the words health and wellness are often used interchangeably to mean the dynamic, ever-changing process of trying to achieve one’s potential in each of the six interrelated dimensions, which typically include the following: a. Physical health refers to such aspects as body functioning, resistance to disease, the ability to recuperate, and physical fitness. This includes our ability to perform normal activities of daily living (ADLs). b. Social health is the ability to have satisfying relationships and adapt to various social situations. c. Intellectual health is the ability to think clearly, reason objectively, analyze critically, and use brain power effectively to meet life’s challenges. d. Emotional health is the ability to express and control emotions appropriately. This includes self-esteem, self-efficacy, trust, and love. e. Environmental health is the appreciation of the external environment and working to preserve, protect, and improve it. f. Spiritual health is a feeling of oneness with others and nature, a sense of meaning or value in life, and a willingness to express one’s purpose and contribute to the world. It may include experiencing love, joy, and wonder over life’s experiences. 5. Adapting a holistic approach means you are integrating a balance of mind, body, and spirit. 6. Mind–body health goal seekers actively work to improve other dimensions of life. Key Terms: health, medical model, ecological or public health model, disease prevention, health promotion, risk behaviors, wellness Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
CHAPTER 1
Accessing Your Health
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Figures and Tables:
Figure 1.2 The Ten Greatest Public Health Achievements of the Twentieth Century
Figure 1.3 The Wellness Continuum
Figure 1.4 The Dimensions of Health
Additional Instructor Resources: PPT slides: 9–13; Digital Transparency Masters: Figure 1.2, Figure 1.3, Figure 1.4
III. What Influences Your Health? A. Public health experts refer to the factors that influence health as determinants of health, a term the United States Surgeon General defines as “the array of critical influences that determine the health of individuals and communities.” B. In 1990, the Surgeon General proposed a plan for improving health called Healthy People, which has been published every 10 years since, and outlines a series of long-term objectives. C. Healthy People classifies health determinants into five groupings: 1. Individual biology and behavior 2. The social environment 3. The physical environment 4. Policies and interventions 5. Access to quality health care D. Individual Biology and Behavior 1. Biology refers to one’s genetics, age, ethnicity, genetics, and gender. For more information on physiological differences between men and women, please see page 11, Gender & Health box. 2. Biological determinants are things that one cannot change or modify, commonly referred to as nonmodifiable determinants. 3. Behaviors are our responses to internal and external conditions. 4. Behaviors are things you can change and are referred to as modifiable determinants. 5. Modifiable determinants are responsible for most illness, examples include: a. Lack of physical activity. b. Poor nutrition. c. Excessive alcohol consumption. d. Tobacco use.
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INSTRUCTOR RESOURCE AND SUPPORT MANUAL FOR ACCESS TO HEALTH
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.