MOTOR VEHICLES ACT, 1988
1. Short title, extent and commencement 1
2. Definitions
2A. E-cart and e-rickshaw 7 2B. Promotion of innovation
CHAPTER II LICENSING OF DRIVERS OF MOTOR VEHICLES
3. Necessity for driving licence 7
4. Age limit in connection with driving of motor vehicles
5. Responsibility of owners of motor vehicles for contravention of sections 3 and 4
6. Restrictions on the holding of driving licences
7. Restrictions on the granting of learner’s licences for certain vehicles
8. Grant of learner’s licence
9. Grant of driving licence
10. Form and contents of licences to drive
11. Additions to driving licence
12. Licensing and regulation of schools or establishments for imparting instruction in driving of motor vehicles
13.
16. Revocation of driving licence on grounds of disease or disability
17. Orders refusing or revoking driving licences and appeals therefrom
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
25.
28.
CHAPTER III
LICENSING OF CONDUCTORS OF STAGE CARRIAGES
33.
35.
36.
37.
38.
CHAPTER IV
REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES
39. Necessity for
41. Registration, how to be made
42. Special provision for registration of motor vehicles of diplomatic officers, etc.
43. Temporary Registration
44. Production of vehicle at the time of registration
45. Refusal of registration or renewal of the certificate of registration
46. Effectiveness in India of registration
47. Assignment of new registration mark on removal to another State
48. No objection
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
65.
CHAPTER V
CONTROL OF TRANSPORT VEHICLES
66. Necessity for permits 54
66A. National Transportation Policy 56
66B. No bar against permit holders to apply and hold licences under schemes 57
67. Power of State Government to control road transport 57
68. Transport authorities 59
69. General provision as to applications for permits 60
70. Application for stage carriage permit 61
71. Procedure of Regional Transport Authority in considering application for stage carriage permit 61
72. Grant of stage carriage permit 62
73. Application for contract carriage permit 65
74. Grant of contract carriage permit 65
75. Scheme for renting of motor cabs 66
76. Application for private service vehicle permit 67
77. Application for goods carriage permit 68
78. Consideration of application for goods carriage permit 68
79. Grant of goods carriage permit 68
80. Procedure in applying for and granting permits 69
81. Duration and renewal of permits 71
82. Transfer of permit 72
83. Replacement of vehicles 72
84. General conditions attaching to all permits 72
85. General form of permits 73
86. Cancellation and suspension of permits 73
87. Temporary permits 74
88. Validation of permits for use outside region in which granted 75
88A. Power of Central Government to make schemes for national, multimodal and inter-State transport of passengers and goods 78
89. Appeals 79
90. Revision 80
91. Restriction of hours of work of drivers 81
CONTENTS
92. Voidance of contracts restrictive of liability 81
93. Agent or canvasser or aggregator to obtain licence 81
94. Bar on jurisdiction of civil courts 82
95. Power of State Government to make rules as to stage carriages and contract carriages 82
96. Powers of State Government to make rules for the purposes of this Chapter 83
CHAPTER VI
SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO STATE TRANSPORT UNDERTAKINGS
97. Definition
98. Chapter to override Chapter V and other laws
99. Preparation and publication of proposal regarding road transport service of a State Transport Undertaking 86
100. Objection to the proposal 86
101. Operation of additional services by a State Transport Undertaking in certain circumstances 87
102. Cancellation or modification of scheme 87
103. Issue of permits to State Transport Undertakings 88
104. Restriction on grant of permits in respect of a notified area or notified route 88
105. Principles and method of determining compensation and payment thereof 88
106. Disposal of article found in vehicles 90
107. Power of State Government to make rules 90
108. Certain powers of State Government exercisable by the Central Government 90
CHAPTER VII
CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF MOTOR VEHICLES
109. General provision regarding construction and maintenance of vehicles 90
110. Power of Central Government to make rules 91
110A. Recall of motor vehicles 92
110B. Type-approval certificate and testing agencies 93
111. Power of State Government to make rules 94
CHAPTER VIII
OF TRAFFIC
112.
113.
114.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
127.
130.
132.
133.
136.
137. Power of Central Government to make rules
138. Power of State Government to make rules
CHAPTER IX
MOTOR VEHICLES TEMPORARILY LEAVING OR VISITING INDIA
139. Power of Central Government to make rules 106
CHAPTER X
LIABILITY WITHOUT FAULT IN CERTAIN CASES
140. [Omitted by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019, w.e.f. 1-42022] 108
141. [Omitted by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019, w.e.f. 1-42022] 108
142. [Omitted by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019, w.e.f. 1-42022] 108
143. [Omitted by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019, w.e.f. 1-42022] 108
144. [Omitted by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019, w.e.f. 1-42022] 108
CHAPTER XI
INSURANCE OF MOTOR VEHICLES AGAINST THIRD PARTY RISKS
145. Definitions
146. Necessity for insurance against third party risks
147. Requirement of policies and limits of liability
148. Validity of policies of insurance issued in reciprocating countries
149. Settlement by insurance company and procedure therefor
150. Duty of insurers to satisfy judgments and awards against persons insured in respect of third party risks
151. Rights of third party against insurers on insolvency of insured
152. Duty to give information as to insurance
153. Settlement between insurers and insured persons
154. Saving in respect of sections 151, 152 and 153
155. Effect of death on certain causes of action
156. Effect of certificate of insurance
157. Transfer of certificate of insurance
158. Production of certain certificates, licence and permit in certain cases
159. Information to be given regarding accident
160. Duty to furnish particulars of vehicle involved in accident
161. Special provisions as to compensation in case of hit and run motor accident
162. Scheme for golden hour
163. Refund in certain cases of compensation paid under section 161
164. Payment of compensation in case of death or grievous hurt, etc.
164A.
164B.
164C.
164D.
CHAPTER XII
CLAIMS TRIBUNALS
165. Claims Tribunals
166. Application for compensation
167. Option regarding claims for compensation in certain cases
168. Award of the Claims Tribunal
169. Procedure and powers of Claims Tribunals
170. Impleading insurer in certain cases
171. Award of interest where any claim is allowed
172. Award of compensatory costs in certain cases
CHAPTER XIII
OFFENCES, PENALTIES
AND PROCEDURE
177. General provision for punishment of offences
177A. Penalty for contravention of regulations under section 118
178. Penalty for travelling without pass or ticket and for dereliction of duty on the part of conductor and refusal to ply contract carriage, etc.
179. Disobedience of order, obstruction and refusal of information
180. Allowing unauthorised persons to drive vehicles
181. Driving vehicles in contravention of section 3 or section 4
182. Offences relating to licences
182A. Punishment for offences relating to construction, maintenance, sale and alteration of motor vehicles and components
182B. Punishment for contravention of section 62A
183. Driving at excessive speed, etc.
184. Driving dangerously
185. Driving by a drunken person or by a person under the influence of drugs
186. Driving when mentally or physically unfit to drive
188.
191. [Omitted by Motor Vehicles (Amendment)
192. Using vehicle without registration
193. Punishment of agents, canvassers and aggregators without proper authority
Failure to allow free passage to emergency vehicles
194F. Use of horns in silence zones
195. [Omitted by Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act,
196.
198.
199. Offences by companies
199A.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
CHAPTER XIV MISCELLANEOUS
213.
CONTENTS
216. Power to remove difficulties 166
217. Repeal and savings 166
217A. Renewal of permits, driving licences and registration granted under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 167
FIRST SCHEDULE: Mandatory Signs 168
SECOND SCHEDULE: [Omitted by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019, w.e.f. 1-4-2022] 199
Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
[59 OF 1988]1
An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to motor vehicles. BE it enacted by Parliament in the Thirty-ninth Year of the Republic of India as follows :
CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY
Short title, extent and commencement.
1. (1) This Act may be called the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.
(2)It extends to the whole of India.
(3)It shall come into force on such date2 as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint; and different dates may be appointed for different States and any reference in this Act to the commencement of this Act shall, in relation to a State, be construed as a reference to the coming into force of this Act in that State.
Definitions.
2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—
3[(1) “adapted vehicle” means a motor vehicle either specially designed and constructed, or to which alterations have been made under sub-section (2)of section 52, for the use of a person suffering from any physical defect or disability, and used solely by or for such person;
(1A) “aggregator” means a digital intermediary or market place for a passenger to connect with a driver for the purpose of transportation;
1.Dated 14-10-1988.
2. W.e.f. 1-7-1989, vide Notification No. S.O. 368(E), dated 22-5-1989.
3.Clauses (1), (1A) and (1B) substituted for clause (1) by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019, w.e.f. 1-9-2019. Prior to its substitution, clause (1) read as under : ‘(1) “area”, in relation to any provision of this Act, means such area as the State Government may, having regard to the requirements of that provision, specify by notification in the Official Gazette;’
(1B) “area”, in relation to any provision of this Act, means such area as the State Government may, having regard to the requirements of that provision, specify by notification in the Official Gazette;]
(2) “articulated vehicle” means a motor vehicle to which a semi-trailer is attached;
(3) “axle weight” means in relation to an axle of a vehicle the total weight transmitted by the several wheels attached to that axle to the surface on which the vehicle rests;
(4) “certificate of registration” means the certificate issued by a competent authority to the effect that a motor vehicle has been duly registered in accordance with the provisions of Chapter IV;
4[(4A) “community service” means an unpaid work which a person is required to perform as a punishment for an offence committed under this Act;]
(5) “conductor” in relation to a stage carriage, means a person engaged in collecting fares from passengers, regulating their entrance into, or exit from, the stage carriage and performing such other functions as may be prescribed;
(
6) “conductor’s licence” means the licence issued by a competent authority under Chapter III authorising the person specified therein to act as a conductor;
(
7) “contract carriage” means a motor vehicle which carries a passenger or passengers for hire or reward and is engaged under a contract, whether expressed or implied, for the use of such vehicle as a whole for the carriage of passengers mentioned therein and entered into by a person with a holder of a permit in relation to such vehicle or any person authorised by him in this behalf on a fixed or an agreed rate or sum—
(a) on a time basis, whether or not with reference to any route or distance; or
(b) from one point to another, and in either case, without stopping to pick up or set down passengers not included in the contract anywhere during the journey, and includes—
(i) a maxicab; and
(ii) a motor cab notwithstanding that separate fares are charged for its passengers;
(8) “dealer” includes a person who is engaged—
(a) 5[***]
(b) in building bodies for attachment to chassis; or
(c) in the repair of motor vehicles; or
4. Inserted by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019, w.e.f. 1-9-2019.
5. Omitted by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 1994, w.e.f. 14-11-1994. Prior to its omission, sub-clause (a) read as under:
“(a) in the manufacture of motor vehicles; or”
3
MOTOR
(d) in the business of hypothecation, leasing or hire-purchase of motor vehicle;
(9) “driver” includes, in relation to a motor vehicle which is drawn by another motor vehicle, the person who acts as a steersman of the drawn vehicle;
6[(9A) “driver refresher training course” means the course referred to in sub-section (2A) of section 19;]
(10) “driving licence” means the licence issued by a competent authority under Chapter II authorising the person specified therein to drive, otherwise than as a learner, a motor vehicle or a motor vehicle of any specified class or description;
(11) “educational institution bus” means an omnibus, which is owned by a college, school or other educational institution and used solely for the purpose of transporting students or staff of the educational institution in connection with any of its activities;
(12) “fares” includes sums payable for a season ticket or in respect of the hire of a contract carriage;
6[(12A) “golden hour” means the time period lasting one hour following a traumatic injury during which there is highest likelihood of preventing death by providing prompt medical care;]
(13) “goods” includes livestock, and anything (other than equipment ordinarily used with the vehicle) carried by a vehicle except living persons, but does not include luggage or personal effects carried in a motor car or in a trailer attached to a motor car or the personal luggage of passengers travelling in the vehicle;
(14) “goods carriage” means any motor vehicle constructed or adapted for use solely for the carriage of goods, or any motor vehicle not so constructed or adapted when used for the carriage of goods;
(15) “gross vehicle weight” means in respect of any vehicle the total weight of the vehicle and load certified and registered by the registering authority as permissible for that vehicle;
(16) “heavy goods vehicle” means any goods carriage the gross vehicle weight of which, or a tractor or a road-roller the unladen weight of either of which, exceeds 12,000 kilograms;
(17) “heavy passenger motor vehicle” means any public service vehicle or private service vehicle or educational institution bus or omnibus the gross vehicle weight of any of which, or a motor car the unladen weight of which, exceeds 12,000 kilograms;
(18) 7[***]
6. Inserted by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019, w.e.f. 1-9-2019.
7. Omitted, ibid. Prior to its omission, clause (18) read as under :
‘(18) “invalid carriage” means a motor vehicle specially designed and constructed, and not merely, adapted, for the use of a person suffering from some physical defect or disability, and used solely by or for such a person;’
(19) “learner’s licence” means the licence issued by a competent authority under Chapter II authorising the person specified therein to drive as a learner, a motor vehicle or a motor vehicle of any specified class or description;
(20) “licensing authority” means an authority empowered to issue licences under Chapter II or, as the case may be, Chapter III;
(21) “light motor vehicle” means a transport vehicle or omnibus the gross vehicle weight of either of which or a motor car or tractor or road-roller the unladen weight of any of which, does not exceed 8[7500] kilograms;
9[(21A) “manufacturer” means a person who is engaged in the manufacture of motor vehicles;]
(22) “maxicab” means any motor vehicle constructed or adapted to carry more than six passengers, but not more than twelve passengers, excluding the driver, for hire or reward;
(23) “medium goods vehicle” means any goods carriage other than a light motor vehicle or a heavy goods vehicle;
(24) “medium passenger motor vehicle” means any public service vehicle or private service vehicle, or educational institution bus other than a motor cycle, 10[adapted vehicle], light motor vehicle or heavy passenger motor vehicle;
(
25) “motorcab” means any motor vehicle constructed or adapted to carry not more than six passengers excluding the driver for hire or reward;
(26) “motor car” means any motor vehicle other than a transport vehicle, omnibus, road-roller, tractor, motor cycle or 10[adapted vehicle];
(27) “motor cycle” means a two-wheeled motor vehicle, inclusive of any detachable side-car having an extra wheel, attached to the motor vehicle;
(28) “motor vehicle” or “vehicle” means any mechanically propelled vehicle adapted for use upon roads whether the power of propulsion is transmitted thereto from an external or internal source and includes a chassis to which a body has not been attached and a trailer; but does not include a vehicle running upon fixed rails or a vehicle of a special type adapted for use only in a factory or in any other enclosed premises or a vehicle having less than four wheels fitted with engine capacity of not exceeding 11[twenty-five cubic centimetres];
(29) “omnibus” means any motor vehicle constructed or adapted to carry more than six persons excluding the driver;
8. Substituted for “6000” by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 1994, w.e.f. 14-11-1994.
9. Inserted, ibid
10. Substituted for “invalid carriage” by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019, w.e.f. 1-9-2019.
11. Substituted for “thirty-five cubic centimetres” by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 1994, w.e.f. 14-11-1994.
(30) “owner” means a person in whose name a motor vehicle stands registered, and where such person is a minor, the guardian of such minor, and in relation to a motor vehicle which is the subject of a hire-purchase agreement, or an agreement of lease or an agreement of hypothecation, the person in possession of the vehicle under that agreement;
(31) “permit” means a permit issued by a State or Regional Transport Authority or an authority prescribed in this behalf under this Act authorising the use of a motor vehicle as a transport vehicle;
(32) “prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
(33) “private service vehicle” means a motor vehicle constructed or adapted to carry more than six persons excluding the driver and ordinarily used by or on behalf of the owner of such vehicle for the purpose of carrying persons for, or in connection with, his trade or business otherwise than for hire or reward but does not include a motor vehicle used for public purposes;
(
34) “public place” means a road, street, way or other place, whether a thoroughfare or not, to which the public have a right of access, and includes any place or stand at which passengers are picked up or set down by a stage carriage;
(
35) “public service vehicle” means any motor vehicle used or adapted to be used for the carriage of passengers for hire or reward, and includes a maxicab, a motorcab, contract carriage, and stage carriage;
(36) “registered axle weight” means in respect of the axle of any vehicle, the axle weight certified and registered by the registering authority as permissible for that axle;
(
37) “registering authority” means an authority empowered to register motor vehicles under Chapter IV;
(38) “route” means a line of travel which specifies the highway which may be traversed by a motor vehicle between one terminus and another;
12[(38A) “scheme” means a scheme framed under this Act;]
13[(39) “semi-trailer” means a vehicle not mechanically propelled (other than a trailer), which is intended to be connected to a motor vehicle and which is so constructed that a portion of it is super-imposed on, and a part of whose weight is borne by, that motor vehicle;]
(40) “Stage carriage” means a motor vehicle constructed or adapted to carry more than six passengers excluding the driver for hire or reward at separate fares paid by or for individual passengers, either for the whole journey or for stages of the journey;
12. Inserted by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019, w.e.f. 1-9-2019.
13. Substituted by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 1994, w.e.f. 14-11-1994. Prior to its substitution, clause (39) read as under:
‘(39) “semi-trailer” means a trailer drawn by a motor vehicle and so constructed that a part of it is sub or imposed on and a part of its weight is borne by, the drawing vehicle;’
S. 2
MOTOR VEHICLES ACT, 1988 6
(41) “State Government” in relation to a Union territory means the Administrator thereof appointed under article 239 of the Constitution;
(42) “State transport undertaking” means any undertaking providing road transport service, where such undertaking is carried on by,—
(i) the Central Government or a State Government;
(ii) any Road Transport Corporation established under section 3 of the Road Transport Corporations Act, 1950 (64 of 1950);
(iii) any municipality or any corporation or company owned or controlled by the Central Government or one or more State Governments, or by the Central Government and one or more State Governments;
14[(iv) Zila Parishad or any other similar local authority.]
Explanation.— For the purposes of this clause, “road transport service” means a service of motor vehicles carrying passengers or goods or both by road for hire or reward;
15[(42A) “testing agency” means any entity designated as a testing agency under section 110B;]
(43) “tourist vehicle” means a contract carriage constructed or adapted and equipped and maintained in accordance with such specifications as may be prescribed in this behalf;
(44) “tractor” means a motor vehicle which is not itself constructed to carry any load (other than equipment used for the purpose of propulsion); but excludes a road-roller;
(45) “traffic signs” includes all signals, warning sign posts, direction posts, markings on the road or other devices for the information, guidance or direction of drivers of motor vehicles;
(46) “trailer” means any vehicle, other than a semi-trailer and a side-car, drawn or intended to be drawn by a motor vehicle;
(47) “transport vehicle” means a public service vehicle, a goods carriage, an educational institution bus or a private service vehicle;
(48) “unladen weight” means the weight of a vehicle or trailer including all equipments ordinarily used with the vehicle or trailer when working, but excluding the weight of a driver or attendant; and where alternative parts or bodies are used the unladen weight of the vehicle means the weight of the vehicle with the heaviest such alternative part or body;
(49) “weight” means the total weight transmitted for the time being by the wheels of a vehicle to the surface on which the vehicle rests 15[or moves].
14. Inserted by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 1994, w.e.f. 14-11-1994.
15. Inserted by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019, w.e.f. 1-9-2019.
16[E-cart and e-rickshaw.
2A. (1) Save as otherwise provided in the proviso to sub-section (1) of section 7 and sub-section (10) of section 9, the provisions of this Act shall apply to e-cart and e-rickshaw.
(2) For the purposes of this section, “e-cart or e-rickshaw” means a special purpose battery powered vehicle of power not exceeding 4000 watts, having three wheels for carrying goods or passengers, as the case may be, for hire or reward, manufactured, constructed or adapted, equipped and maintained in accordance with such specifications, as may be prescribed in this behalf.]
17[Promotion of innovation.
2B. Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed by the Central Government, in order to promote innovation, research and development in the fields of vehicular engineering, mechanically propelled vehicles and transportation in general, the Central Government may exempt certain types of mechanically propelled vehicles from the application of the provisions of this Act.]
CHAPTER II
LICENSING OF DRIVERS OF MOTOR VEHICLES
Necessity for driving licence.
3. (1) No person shall drive a motor vehicle in any public place unless he holds an effective driving licence issued to him authorising him to drive the vehicle; and no person shall so drive a transport vehicle (other than 18[a motor cab or motor cycle] hired for his own use or rented under any scheme made under sub-section (2) of section 75) unless his driving licence specifically entitles him so to do.
(2) The conditions subject to which sub-section (1) shall not apply to a person receiving instructions in driving a motor vehicle shall be such as may be prescribed by the Central Government.
Age limit in connection with driving of motor vehicles.
4. (1) No person under the age of eighteen years shall drive a motor vehicle in any public place:
Provided that 19[a motor cycle with engine capacity not exceeding 50cc] may be driven in a public place by a person after attaining the age of sixteen years.
(2) Subject to the provisions of section 18, no person under the age of twenty years shall drive a transport vehicle in any public place.
(3) No learner’s licence or driving licence shall be issued to any person to drive a vehicle of the class to which he has made an application unless he is eligible to drive that class of vehicle under this section.
16. Inserted by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2015, w.r.e.f. 7-1-2015.
17. Inserted by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019, w.e.f. 1-9-2019.
18. Substituted for “a motor cab” by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 1994, w.e.f. 14-11-1994.
19. Substituted for “a motor cycle without gear”, ibid
S. 8
MOTOR
Responsibility of owners of motor vehicles for contravention of sections 3 and 4.
5. No owner or person-in-charge of a motor vehicle shall cause or permit any person who does not satisfy the provisions of section 3 or section 4 to drive the vehicle.
Restrictions on the holding of driving licences.
6. (1) No person shall, while he holds any driving licence for the time being in force, hold any other driving licence except a learner’s licence or a driving licence issued in accordance with the provisions of section 18 or a document authorising, in accordance with the rules made under section 139, the person specified therein to drive a motor vehicle.
(2) No holder of a driving licence or a learner’s licence shall permit it to be used by any other person.
(3) Nothing in this section shall prevent a licensing authority having the jurisdiction referred to in sub-section (1) of section 9 from adding to the classes of vehicles which the driving licence authorises the holder to drive.
Restrictions on the granting of learner’s licences for certain vehicles.
7. 20[(1) No person shall be granted a learner’s licence to drive a transport vehicle unless he has held a driving licence to drive a light motor vehicle for at least one year:]
21[Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall apply to an e-cart or e-rickshaw.]
(2) No person under the age of eighteen years shall be granted a learner’s licence to drive a motor cycle without gear except with the consent in writing of the person having the care of the person desiring the learner’s licence.
Grant of learner’s licence.
8. (1) Any person who is not disqualified under section 4 for driving a motor vehicle and who is not for the time being disqualified for holding or obtaining a driving licence may, subject to the provisions of section 7, apply to 22[any of the licensing authority in the State]-
(i) in which he ordinarily resides or carries on business; or
(ii) in which the school or establishment referred to in section 12 from where he intends to receive instruction in driving a motor vehicle is situate, for the issue to him of a learner’s licence.
20. Substituted by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 1994, w.e.f. 14-11-1994. Prior to its substitution, sub-section (1) read as under:
“(1) No person shall be granted a learner’s licence-
(a) to drive a heavy goods vehicle unless he has held a driving licence for at least two years to drive a light motor vehicle or for at least one year to drive a medium goods vehicle;
(b) to drive a heavy passenger motor vehicle unless he has held a driving licence for at least two years to drive a light motor vehicle or for at least one year to drive a medium passenger motor vehicle;
(
c) to drive a medium goods vehicle or a medium passenger motor vehicle unless he has held a driving licence for at least one year to drive a light motor vehicle.”
21. Inserted by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2015, w.r.e.f. 7-1-2015.
22. Substituted for “the licensing authority having jurisdiction in the area” by the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019, w.e.f. 1-9-2019.
