This comprehensive book explores the legal framework of penalties for inaccurate income disclosures in Indian tax law, focusing on Section 270A (post-AY 2017–18) and covering both historical provisions (Section 271(1)(c)) and the latest amendments. It clarifies key concepts like under-reporting vs. misreporting, essential definitions, core legal principles, and over 30 model responses for practical penalty scenarios. Readers gain practical insights into the burden of proof, drafting defences, and how 'mens rea' applies to penalty proceedings. Authored by seasoned experts D.C. Agrawal and Ajay Kumar Agrawal, it is helpful for tax practitioners, legal professionals, finance experts, and academicians.