Managing Feral Pigs on Small Acreage Properties and Metropolitan Areas 2025
MANAGING FERAL PIGS ON SMALL ACREAGE PROPERTIES AND METROPOLITAN AREAS
James Long, Dr. James Cathey, Dr. Larry Redmon, and Dr. Roel Lopez
INTRODUCTION
One of the many challenges facing new and established Texas landowners is the battle against feral pigs (Sus scrofa; hereafter feral pigs), given the damage they cause. They are known by many names like feral pigs, wild pigs, wild hogs, wild boars, and razorbacks to name a few, and they are recognized to be a highly adaptable, invasive exotic species. Feral pig is a term used to describe three groups in North America, 1) feral pigs (those originating from domestic swine), 2) Eurasian boar (those imported from Europe), and 3) hybrids of the two Domestic swine were introduced to North America by Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto in 1539 and later introductions were made in Mexico by Hernando Cortez in 1600 14
Since then, feral pig populations developed and continued to grow, the exact population numbers are hard to determine but research puts their current population in the millions 20 Because of their invasive characteristics and fast-growing population, they can cause agricultural production damage, water quality impacts, and competition with native animals and livestock. In 2024, agricultural losses exceeded $670 million from feral pig activity and landowners across Texas are spending more than $130 million in control costs. Additionally, they pose a serious disease threat to humans, livestock and wildlife species, as noted in many publications, including “Disease Concerns Associated with Feral Pigs”.
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11,12,13 3
In this publication, we address the challenges that small acreage and metropolitan area landowners face in Texas. In this report we will provide management options that can be tailored to fit the restrictions common to these properties and suggest strategies that can be used to increase effectiveness when reducing feral pig numbers, especially for landowners with limited resources We will also provide information on management resources available to landowners across the state
A CHANGING TEXAS
Texas is a unique state with 82% of the working lands (farms, ranches, and forest lands) being privately owned, but even so, its landscape is rapidly changing. For example, it houses 7 of the 15 fastest growing cities in the nation, having seen a population boom from 19M to 29M in 20 years and a projected growth to over 40M by 2050. Over 86% of that growth has been in 25 counties, where working lands
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have changed to other uses This metropolitan growth diminishes land ownership size and further affects the rate of working land fragmentation As of 2017, the small land ownership tracts represent 58% of the total operations, but account for only 4% of all working lands in Texas. Combining this information and knowing that 86% of the state’s population lives in just 25 counties raises questions about the way people manage feral pigs on the changing landscape.
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Expansion of feral pigs has increased over the last several years, but landowners close to population strongholds (eastern and southern Texas), have been frustrated with them for decades (Figure 1) As of 2022, new and beginning landowners made up 32% of all Texas landowners⁹
For those living in metropolitan areas, feral pigs and their damage could be a
new experience. As metropolitan areas push into what were once rural working lands, feral pig encounters and their incursions into developed areas will increase This dictates a feral pig adaptive management plan be developed
1.
pig population map by county ranging from 1982-2024, including counties with historic pig populations Data gather from public source USDA maps
Figure
Feral
OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT ON SMALL ACREAGE
AND METROPOLITAN
AREAS
While the management of feral pigs will be different among properties, there are some clear challenges when assessing both small acreage properties and metropolitan areas While these two types of land use are not the same, they both may experience some of the same issues For metropolitan areas some of the biggest issues can be lack of knowledge, the inability to perform specific management techniques, and the physical and/or the financial strain of management techniques.
For most metropolitan landowners, the ability to use a firearm or set a trap is going to be restricted by either city code or organizations such as homeowners’ associations (HOAs).
For small acreage properties some of the same problems can exist Depending on the size of the property and the location relative to a metropolitan area, there may be city or county limitations on the use of firearms As we dive further into this publication, we will explore options for management and strategies that can be utilized for these groups
FERAL PIG BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
Feral pig biology is an important aspect to know when we consider management methods across any landscape. Historically, domesticated pigs were selectively bred for food Desired traits included higher growth rates, reproductive output, and disease resistance Their reproductive output 23 is a key factor aiding expansion and population establishment Males can reach sexual maturity at 5-12 months of age and will begin actively participating in breeding at around 12-18 months of age. Female sexual maturity is variable but generally occurs between 5-12 months. They have an average gestation of around 115 days and will cycle every 1–24 days, if not successfully bred. Further, they may have 1 or 2 litters a year with litter size ranging
2 2 from 3-9 piglets.
Feral pigs are omnivores and are known as dietary generalists, with their diet mainly consisting of vegetation 22 The vegetation of choice will vary depending on the season and the location and will include roots, bulbs, mast, and agricultural crops Animal matter such as invertebrates, herps, carrion, birds, and small and large mammals make up a smaller yet consistent portion of their diet. Their ability to utilize such a wide range of food sources contributes greatly to their success and our disdain when noting their invasiveness and damage.
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Feral pigs are social and travel in mixedgenerational groups called sounders, primarily comprised of sows and their young Boars visit these groups but are often more solitary Their home range can vary in size depending on several factors such as the availably of resources, access to water to accomplish thermoregulation, and human disturbances 22 23
A prominent marker for feral pig home ranges is rooting and wallowing behaviors that result in the damage we see across the landscape. Rooting is the upturning of soil using the snout, and this behavior is used to find subterranean food. We observe massive surface damage as feral pigs dig up pastures, rangelands, and forests (Figure 2) They also tend to revisit disturbed sites, which slows the ability of disturbed areas to recover Wallowing behavior is common, where pigs cover their body in mud to reduce ectoparasites and to aid in thermoregulation Although beneficial to the pig, wallowing loosens soil and leads to increased sedimentation, an impairment to water quality and aquatic plants and animals (Figure 3).
LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS
Managing feral pigs in Texas comes with its own set of unique legal considerations no matter the property size. Pertinent laws and regulations associated with managing feral pigs are presented but this should not be used for legal justification for any management decisions. Questions about individual situations should be directed to pertinent agencies like the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD), the Texas Department of Agriculture (TDA), the Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC), and local county or city officials (Table 1)
Figure 2. Damage caused by feral pig rooting
Figure 3. Damage caused by wallowing from feral pigs
Table 1. Summary of the relevant agencies and their role in the state and in feral pig management
Agency
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD)
Texas Department of Agriculture (TDA)
Statewide Role
Managing and conserving natural and culture resources of Texas and enforcing all applicable game laws
Promotes agriculture in the state of Texas and issues State Applicator Licenses for herbicide and pesticide use
Feral Pig Management Role Website
While feral pigs no longer require a hunting license game wardens are often the first law enforcement agent to be called in cases of animals or hunting, especially at night
Manages and enforces the laws and rules around the application of toxicants for feral pigs
https://tpwd.texas.gov/
https://texasagriculture.gov/
Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC)
Managing the health of Texas livestock and poultry
Local Officials
Include county and city government officials and law enforcement who manage and enforce the laws and rules of the local area
To understand the legal framework for managing feral pigs, it is important to understand that in Texas feral pigs are classified as “exotic livestock” and not as wildlife per Texas Administrative Code, Title 4 Agriculture, Part 2 Texas Animal Health Commission, §361 Along with this, in 2019 the Texas Parks and Wildlife Code Title 5 Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Subtitle A Hunting and Fishing Licenses §42.002 was amended with Senate Bill 317 to allow for hunting of feral pigs on private property without a license. Between the definition 18 19
Manages and enforces the laws and regulations regarding feral pig transportation, illegal releases, and disposal of carcasses
Can act as a direct source for county and city laws and regulations that may impact the choices of management methods
https://www.tahc.texas.gov/
Varies
of feral pigs as “exotic livestock” and the no hunting license requirement, the overall restrictions on management methods are relatively low There is no hunting season or bag limit, feral pigs can be hunted at night, and common firearms, like pistols, shotguns, and rifles of various actions and calibers, can be used More information on laws and restrictions pursuant to each individual management method will be provided in the section below.
While those are the general rules and regulations impacting all Texans, small acreage and metropolitan landowners have additional legal concerns Depending on the size and location of the property, there will be relevant city and county ordinances that could limit or restrict the discharge of firearms or use of certain weapons Landowners should also be aware of any Homeowners Associations, Property Owners Associations or deed restrictions (hereafter referred to collectively as property restrictions) that may limit the ability to discharge a firearm or use other management strategies. It is important for every landowner to consult with their local officials and law enforcement to understand all restrictions that may be present.
MANAGEMENT METHODS
In Texas, there are multiple management methods that are available to landowners trying to reduce the feral pig population and their accompanying damage. In this section we will review the different methods and discuss which may be most feasible for use on small acreage and metropolitan properties. For a full list and explanation of all the management methods legal in Texas, visit Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute’s wild pig page The financial burden of management and carcass disposal are the primary limiting factors faced by landowners We will discuss both noncommercial and commercial options that landowners may have for feral pig management and disposal.
Fencing
Fencing can be an effective way for a landowner to deter feral pig movement onto their property Different types of fences have been studied to determine the best one to stop feral pig incursion, and they fall into three categories, 1) exclusion, 2) electrified, and 3) hybridization of both.
Exclusion fences (Figure 4) can come in many different types of configurations but
are defined using permanent metal or wood posts, such as T-posts or cedar posts, and then metal or mesh panels, such as cattle panel or cage wire. Being a permanent fixture could be viewed as a negative and it has a significant cost of $5,095-$13,251/mi to install. Lavelle et. al., found a hog panel fence using T-posts was the most effective fence preventing feral pig movement 5 19 5
Reidy et al studied the efficacy of electric fencing to prevent feral pig access to agricultural fields They found that electric fencing can serve as a powerful psychological barrier for the prevention of feral pig movements onto properties While electric fencing did not keep pigs out all the time, Reidy et. al. found that daily intrusions were reduced by 50%. Of the pigs visiting bait stations, 75% were excluded, meaning this tool can still be useful for landowners. Electric fencing is less expensive, costing roughly $1,243/mi, is not as permanent as exclusion fencing, and can be altered or moved Notably, because electric fences (Figure 5) are more of a psychological barrier than a physical barrier, even when electricity is removed from the fence feral pigs will continue to avoid it
MANAGEMENT METHODS: FENCING
The final option for fencing is a combination of physical barriers and electric fencing. In Hone et. al., eight different styles of 4 fences were studied and the combination of a physical barrier with electric fencing was found to be effective at limiting pig movement. The overall benefit of the fences was somewhat reduced when compared to the price of installation though, meaning a landowner will need to make a cost benefit decision when choosing a fence style 4
For small acreage and metropolitan landowners, fencing can be an important tool when discussing feral pig management Because of the size of the properties involved, even expensive fencing exclusion is more feasible than for large properties. When weighing legal considerations, there are very few restrictions on fencing. For some landowners they may need to refer to property restrictions around the design of the fence.
Figure 4. Example of an exclusion fence. In this case using cedar posts and T-posts with cattle panel and a top string of barbed wire This is just one example of how an exclusion fence can look
Figure 5. An example of an electric fence.
MANAGEMENT METHODS: SNARING
Snaring
For landowners, snaring can be a useful tool either as a stand-alone control option or a component of a larger strategy (Figure 6). Advantages of snaring include being relatively low cost, pre-baiting is not required, which saves time and money, they can be set to catch trap-shy hogs, they are low maintenance, and they can be quickly set. Disadvantages are that it only captures one pig at a time, there is a risk of catching a non-target species, a stable anchor point is needed, and large pigs can break the snare 6
When considering snaring as a management tool, it is important to recognize the size of the feral pig problem, the risk of capturing other species, and your ability to check snares and properly dispose of carcasses. Because of the risk of non-target animals, it is advisable to purchase a hunting license and to have a deer stop on the snare that prevents it from closing past a certain point. For more information on the setup and use of snares, refer to “Snaring Feral Hogs”.7
For small-acreage and metropolitan landowners, snaring can be an attractive method given the ease of setting and their low cost, especially for landowners who may have inconsistent feral pig activity or who have observed a smaller population As discussed above, the possibility of catching non-target species, such as a neighbor’s pet, is a possibility and should factor heavily into the decision-making process for this management method.
Like many methods, limiting factors include laws disallowing the use of firearms to kill pigs and dispose of carcasses. For landowners who are restricted from dispatching feral pigs, snaring is an option that can be employed by state agencies or commercial groups. Texas Wildlife Services has technicians in many counties that may be able to assist with direct control services There are also commercial companies that offer assistance with feral pig management, including snaring, and will move feral pigs off-site for extermination and disposal
Figure 6. Snares set on telephone poles are more pig-specific Pigs are drawn to the creosote, which repels biting insects on their skin Look for pig activity where they have created a funnel around the pole as they circle while rubbing on the pole
MANAGEMENT METHODS: HUNTING AND TOXICANTS
Shooting and hunting
Shooting or hunting is a popular form of feral pig population management in Texas, but it is widely considered to have limited success in lowering their numbers or limiting their damage. Like any other method, there are advantages and disadvantages to using shooting in a 22 control strategy.
The advantages are that it can be costeffective, allows for selective removal, is useful in remote areas, and provides meat if desired by the shooter The disadvantage is that it can cause feral pigs to avoid people and change their spatial and temporal behavior There are mixed public opinions related to improved shooting efficacy with new technology like thermal optics and sound suppressors. 10 10 22
Shooting/hunting can be a limited option for many small acreage and metropolitan landowners, because of ordinances that may prohibit discharging firearms in certain areas. It is important that landowners check with all pertinent authorities when determining if this method is appropriate for their area
Toxicants
The use of toxicants to control feral pigs is a technique gaining attention in the past decade, having been studied by commercial and non-commercial professionals. To address the effectiveness of toxicants, the Texas Legislature instructed Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service to conduct a two-year study, where they found that Kaput® was effective when properly used by landowners.21
Kaput®, a warfarin-based toxicant, is currently the only legal toxicant for use in the state of Texas. It was legalized for use in Texas in February 2024, so there is still much to learn about its effectiveness and how popular a control technique it may become. It is a state-limited use pesticide that requires a landowner or landowner agent to have an applicator's license through TDA to purchase and use 15
Application of this toxicant requires the use of a species-specific feeder, multiple stages of pre-baiting and conditioning, surveillance to track the use of the feeder, a toxic bait stage, and then a post-bait stage where the applicator checks their success. For a more detailed description 21 of the use of Kaput®, landowners can view “An Overview on the Use of Warfarin Toxicant for Feral Pigs in Texas”.8
Kaput® feral hog toxicant offers a compelling management method for small-acreage and metropolitan landowners, as it does not require the use of firearms However, with smaller land parcels, it is likely that some poisoned feral pigs will die on neighboring properties
Consequently, it is advisable to communicate with neighbors while gaining knowledge about the product, its costs, evaluating the damage reduction, and other potential benefits, like personal safety. Also, landowners should consider partnering to expand the overall acreage treated to lower costs. For those who may not have the time or expertise should seek businesses offering this treatment service.
MANAGEMENT METHODS: TRAPPING
Trapping
Trapping is a common method for feral and domestic pigs, and many trap styles have been used with varying degrees of success. There are 3 basic types of traps: animal-activated, human-activated, and continuous
Animal-activated traps are common corral or box-style traps in which an enclosure is built, and a mechanical trigger is tripped by pigs while they feed This causes the gate to quickly close, capturing the pigs inside (Figure 7) These traps are usually straightforward to build, using materials such as T-posts, cattle panels, and a gate. Because the trap relies on an animal to release the trigger, there is never a certainty of trap success.
Human-activated traps are shaped and work much like a corral trap. They use a cellular camera, and landowners watch and then activate the trap door when the entire sounder is in the trap (Figure 8) Due to the electronics involved, these traps are more expensive, requiring a landowner to make a significant upfront investment
The third form of trapping is a continuous trap, using a net (Figure 9). They allow feral pigs to root their way under the net but then are unable to escape. They are effective, especially when landowners consistently condition (feeding with net open) pigs to the trap.
Trapping requires time and financial commitments no matter the design used. Pre-baiting and monitoring activities with cameras are required for increased success. To learn more about the styles of traps and the best practices for successful trapping, refer to the Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute YouTube page
Figure 7. Example of an animal-activated trap This is a corral trap using a tire as the trigger.
Figure 8. Example of a human-activated trap In this trap the door is activated from the user’s phone through the cellular camera on the trap
Trapping is a proven and effective method of feral pig management suitable for nearly all landowners For small acreage and metropolitan landowners, the limiting factor will still be the ability to dispatch and dispose of pig carcasses With trapping there is an option to load the pigs on a trailer and sell them to facilities approved by Texas Animal Health Commission, but this brings new challenges and expenses, like loading pigs into a trailer. Trapping services are also offered by Texas Wildlife Services in many counties, and there are numerous commercial companies that offer trapping services for a fee. These companies will also usually remove the feral pigs via trailering away from locations where firearm use is restricted
Landowners who want to pursue this option need to check with both city and county officials on the applicable laws and regulations for their specific property and any property restrictions that may exist For many neighborhoods that are dealing with feral pig problems, a good option is to collectively purchase a smart trap and use it throughout the neighborhood. This is an effective method of reducing the cost burden and managing feral pig populations.
AVAILABLE RESOURCES
Texas has several groups and resources to assist landowners with feral pig management, as shown below (Table 2)
Figure 9. Example of a continuous trap This trap is set in conditioning mode where the feral pigs can get use to feeling the net on their back.
Table 2. Summary of available resources for landowners, what their role is, and the website to find them.
Resource Agency
County Extension Agents (CEAs)
Extension Specialists
Texas A&M AgriLife Extension
CEAs have a wide array of knowledge in agriculture, livestock, and wild game. Along with this they can point landowners towards the appropriate resources. CEAs also host educational programs where landowners can learn from experts and gain continuing educational units.
Texas A&M AgriLife Extension & Texas A&M Department of Rangeland, Wildlife, & Fisheries Management
Extension specialists are experts in specific subject areas and can provide expertise to landowners. Specialists work to translate research findings into practical knowledge for the landowners. Specialists are often the ones teaching at programs put on by CEAs.
https://agrilifeextension.tamu.edu/counties/
County Biologists
Game Wardens
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD)
https://rwfm.tamu.edu/extension/
Natural Resources Institute (NRI)
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD)
County biologists assist landowners with the conservation, development, and management of wildlife habitat and the wildlife that uses the habitat. They can assist landowners with questions about their property and the proper management techniques to use.
Game wardens are law enforcement professionals that specialize in wildlife and conservation. They enforce the laws and regulations of Texas around wildlife and natural resources.
Texas A&M NRI works on a variety of projects to include private land stewardship. NRI has over a decade of experience with feral pigs and landowner education and has developed dozens of resources to assist landowners with managing feral pigs.
As Texas continues to see the human population increase and shifting land usage across the state, feral pig management will need to be reevaluated and reimagined Small acreage and metropolitan land ownership will continue to grow, and property restrictions meant to maintain aesthetics may not be conducive to pig reduction practices
Wildlife professionals and landowners will have to work together to find new techniques and to modify current techniques that allow for the continued management of this destructive species Neighbors joining together to implement management across larger areas or to share the cost burden of a professional service will likely be the best way forward. County and city officials will need to examine rules and regulations that are in place that can be modified to allow the public better alternatives for feral pig management on acreage that is currently under their restrictions. Finally, the continued education about the dangers that feral pigs pose and the damage they cause will play an important role in getting serious about the feral pig population in Texas.
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
New and beginning landowners – landowners with less than 10 years of experience
Working lands – privately owned farms, ranches, and forests that produce food and fiber, support rural economies, and provide wildlife habitat, clean air and water, and recreational opportunities
Small acreage properties – operations or properties less than 100 acres in size
Metropolitan areas – Large urban area and its surrounding suburban areas
Landowner – Any person who owns property regardless of size
Property restrictions – Any homeowners association, property owners’ association, or deed restrictions that may exist for a property
Toxicant – A chemical used to manage animal populations through lethal means, pesticide
Private Pesticide Applicator license – A license issued by the Texas Department of Agriculture that allows a landowner to purchase, and use select herbicides and pesticides
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MANAGING FERAL PIGS ON SMALL ACREAGE PROPERTIES AND METROPOLITAN AREAS
James Long, Dr. James Cathey, Dr. Larry Redmon and Dr. Roel Lopez
