Issuu

NE WS LE TT E R — 2 0 2 0

Fish & Wildlife

CONTENTS

Message from the President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WILDLIFE Wildlife Director’s Message. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Guardians Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Tahltan Travel Advisory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Predator Management Policy & Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Tahltan Harvest Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Tahltan Guide & Outfitters Association Message . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3 Nations & British Columbia Collaborative Stewardship Forum Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Jade Boulder Sheep Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Tseneglode Caribou Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Caribou & Wolf Collaring Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Klappan Moose Classification Survey & Stewardship Plan . . 29 Guardians Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 F E AT U R E S Successful Hunts & Fishing by Tahltans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 U P D AT E S Tahltan-BC Government-to-Government Fish & Wildlife Working Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 FISHERIES Fisheries Director’s Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Fisheries Guardian Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Fisheries Project Overview Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 The Stikine River Salmon Studies – Biological Contract . . . . 55 Fisheries Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Fisheries-related Indigenous Protected & Conservation Areas (IPCA) Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 DFO Real Properties – Facility Upgrades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Tahltan Lake Egg Take (1989-2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Memorial Monument of Tahltan Lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Northern Fund 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Fisheries Staff Bios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

TA H LTA N N AT I O N

Hunting of Predatory Species Policy PREAMBLE WHEREAS the Tahltan Nation has inhabited and harvested resources throughout its traditional territory in the upper Stikine River region of British Columbia and Yukon (“Tahltan Territory”) since time immemorial, pursuant to which the Tahltan Nation possesses Aboriginal rights, including Aboriginal title to, and Aboriginal rights to hunt throughout, Tahltan Territory (“Tahltan Rights”); AND WHEREAS the Tahltan Rights to hunt within Tahltan Territory encompass both the right to hunt for food, social and ceremonial purposes as well as the right to hunt predatory species for resource management purposes, as both of these hunting practices were integral to the distinctive culture of Tahltan Nation’s pre-contact society; AND WHEREAS the Tahltan Rights to hunt for food, social and ceremonial purposes, as well as for resource management purposes, are not species-specific, as the Tahltan Nation’s consumption and conservation practices necessarily adapted in response to changes within Tahltan Territory; AND WHEREAS Tahltan Rights held by the Tahltan Nation, including Tahltan title and rights to hunt, are collective rights that belong to the Tahltan Nation as a whole; AND WHEREAS the Tahltan Nation has inherent jurisdiction and authority over the lands, resources and interests in Tahltan Territory, which includes jurisdiction and authority over the manner in which its collective title and rights to hunt may be exercised; AND WHEREAS section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 recognizes and affirms the existing Aboriginal and treaty rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, including the inherent right to self-governance; AND WHEREAS the Supreme Court of Canada has recognized that Aboriginal rights, including Tahltan Rights, are not frozen in time and are capable of evolving from pre-contact practices, customs and traditions, both in terms of methods of harvest and species harvested; AND WHEREAS on November 28, 2019, the Province of British Columbia (the “Province”) passed the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act, which mandates that the Province bring its laws into harmony with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, including the following rights belonging to Tahltan Nation: •

to autonomy or self-government in matters relating to Tahltan Nation internal and local affairs, as well as ways and means for financing their autonomous functions (article 4);

•

to practice and revitalize Tahltan Nation cultural traditions and customs, including the right to maintain, protect and develop the past, present and future manifestations of Tahltan cultures (article 11);

•

to determine and develop priorities and strategies for exercising Tahltan Nation’s right to development, which includes the right to be actively involved in developing and determining economic and social programs affecting Tahltan members and, as far as possible, to administer such programs through Tahltan institutions (article 23);

•

to maintain and strengthen Tahltan Nation’s distinctive spiritual relationship with their traditionally owned or otherwise occupied and used lands, territories, and resources and to uphold their responsibilities to future generations in this regard (article 25);

•

to the lands, territories and resources that the Tahltan Nation has traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired, including the right to use, develop and control those lands, territories and resources (article 26);

•

to the conservation and protection of the environment and the productive capacity of Tahltan Nation lands and resources (article 29);

•

to determine and develop priorities and strategies for the development or use of their lands or territories and other resources (article 32); and

•

to promote, develop and maintain Tahltan Nation institutional structures and distinctive customs, spirituality, traditions, procedures, practices (article 34);

AND WHEREAS effective April 1, 2018 the Province amended the regulations of the Wildlife Act in a manner that prohibits hunting of grizzly bear (the “Grizzly Ban”); AND WHEREAS the Province has confirmed that such Grizzly Ban does not apply to the exercise of Aboriginal rights to hunt grizzly bear for food, social, or ceremonial purposes; AND WHEREAS due to the combined effect of unauthorized settler development and industrial activity within Tahltan Territory and the Province’s wildlife management laws and regulations, including the Grizzly Ban, predatory species are proliferating within Tahltan Territory and threatening Tahltan Nation’s access to traditional food sources, ability to meaningfully exercise the right to hunt for food, social and ceremonial purposes, and the safety of its community; AND WHEREAS Tahltan Nation, through Tahltan Central Government (“TCG”), is committed to protecting its practices, culture, community, and economic prosperity, while safeguarding Tahltan Territory and the resources located thereon for the use and benefit of present and future Tahltan members; AND WHEREAS it is in the interests of the Tahltan Nation to enact a policy addressing the exercise of Tahltan Rights to hunt grizzly bear and other predatory species within Tahltan Territory by Tahltan members for food, social and ceremonial purposes and for resource management purposes; NOW THEREFORE the Tahltan Nation hereby enacts the following Tahltan Hunting of Predatory Species Policy.

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

Message from the President

Below: President Day hunting with his son Malakai.

Chad Norman Day President, Tahltan Central Government

Welcome to the first annual Tahltan Central Government (TCG) Fish & Wildlife Newsletter! Although this is the third newsletter we have created with initiatives specific to wildlife, this year we added fish as the TCG officially took over administration and jurisdiction of the Fisheries Department. Having these two vital departments working under our government and in tandem is an exciting evolution which will increase efficiency and productivity for the Tahltan Nation’s fisheries and wildlife into the future. I am thrilled to welcome some new members to the TCG Family. Cheri Frocklage has been the backbone of the Fisheries Department for decades and we look forward to providing her with further funding, political support, and collaborative efforts to advocate for our beloved fish. Working alongside her is Kerry Carlick, who fits wonderfully with our passionate and experienced team. Lastly, we are proud to have also inherited an amazing core of seasonal fisheries staff, many who have worked in the department for several years. I look forward to getting to know the Fisheries Department and all its staff members better in 2021 and beyond. 1

This was a very challenging fall season, unlike anything we have ever experienced. The ongoing vulnerabilities in our homeland during the COVID-19 pandemic, coupled with the influx of resident hunters during the hunting season, created a very stressful situation within Tahltan Territory. I commend everyone who assisted us in keeping our communities safe and thank our people for your ongoing patience as we continue taking measures to limit the traffic and activities in our local communities of Iskut, Dease Lake and Telegraph Creek. The Wildlife Department went above and beyond this year by expanding their program to block off over 20 access points with concrete blocks and gates. They also hired more seasonal staff to assist in our collective goal of keeping visitors away from our vulnerable communities. We expect these collective efforts, coupled with robust communication from the TCG and our media partners, helped limit recreational and hunter traffic by at least fifty to seventy-five percent. We were highly disappointed by the lack of support offered by the Province in various respects but this did not stop us from taking matters into our own hands, as our people have done since time immemorial.

“Once we successfully established the Wildlife Department and were able to collect more information on the landscape in conjunction with other wildlife stakeholders, our concerns and outrage with the mismanagement increased. I expect to experience a similar pattern with the Fisheries Department, particularly with the alarming decline of the Chinook stocks and some concerning issues with predator management along BC’s and Alaska’s coastlines.” When I became President of the TCG, there was no mandate or staff to oversee wildlife and fisheries initiatives, but we quickly learned about the mismanagement of these sacred resources and the negative impacts this was having on Tahltan rights, food sustainability, and our future culture and identity. Once we successfully established the Wildlife Department and were able to collect more information on the landscape in conjunction with other wildlife stakeholders, our concerns and outrage with the mismanagement increased. I expect to experience a similar pattern with the Fisheries Department, particularly with the alarming decline of the Chinook stocks and some concerning issues with predator management along BC’s and Alaska’s coastlines. We have so much work to do as a Tahltan Nation and are getting stronger every year. I have personally put Premier John Horgan and his key ministers and staff on notice with the following message: “There will be no world class mining jurisdiction in Tahltan Territory unless we work together to ensure we also have world class wildlife management.” This new era must utilize best practices in a true government-to-government collaboration between the Tahltan Nation and BC, which respects the authority and knowledge of the Tahltan people. The Tahltan Stewardship Initiative (TSI) has a team of leaders, negotiators, wildlife experts and legal counsel working together to achieve this important goal. The Province is taking our position on wildlife management very seriously; they have no choice at this point.

Due to COVID-19, I could only make two trips to Tahltan Territory in the past several months. During both visits I made it a priority to get out on the land to walk in our Ancestors’ footsteps and continue learning about our Tahltan lands, wildlife, and culture. We hiked and camped on Level Mountain where we witnessed the influx of Grizzly Bears, I harvested my first Moose outside of Dease Lake and distributed the meat to our Elders, and I spent a few days in the Sheslay Valley and saw the way Beaver dams and industrial activities are having huge impacts on fisheries and wildlife habitat. Without the distractions of technology and social media, these days in the wilderness were very rewarding and life changing. I will ensure that hunting and fishing become traditions I share and experience with my children, extended family, future grandchildren, and others for years to come.

Above: President Day fishing on Cry Lake.

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

Above: President Day's moose harvest.

I am extremely proud of the work we accomplished in creating and implementing the TCG’s new Predator Management Program. Let’s hope other Indigenous peoples, politicians and more follow our example on this controversial and important issue, which impacts everyone. Predator management has always played a vital role in responsible wildlife management and balance; I believe our Ancestors are proud of us for taking this initiative and important practice back into our own hands. I encourage our Tahltan people to help us harvest predators in order to save ungulates, create more balance on the landscape, and have some fun practicing our culture with their loved ones and communities in the process. We must commend our TCG Wildlife and Fisheries staff, those who advocate for our fish, wildlife and ecosystems, and everyone else in the background who partners with the Tahltan Nation and supports our growing team. I thank our beloved Ancestors who allowed us to inherit a rich culture and homeland abundant in fish, wildlife, and everything else that sustained us for thousands of years. Mēduh to all our Elders, locals and others who ensure our

Tahltan knowledge, both past and present, is continually being shared and evolving to help us make decisions and deal with the challenges we face today. We as human beings are currently experiencing the threat of a pandemic and it’s very concerning. However, let us remember our fish and wildlife in Tahltan Territory and most parts of British Columbia and Canada have been facing negative impacts from a mismanagement pandemic for generations. Therefore, we will continue to assert our authority as Tahltan people to take back stewardship of our animals and homelands. We must help them thrive again in our Territory because the balance and health of our wildlife and fisheries goes hand-in-hand with our Tahltan history, culture, identity and our future. Klane Nedischā.

SECTION TITLE President Day encounters a sow grizzly and two cubs on Level Mountain.

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT Staff Messages & Ongoing Projects 7 – Wildlife Director’s Message 9 – Wildlife Guardians Message 11 – Tahltan Travel Advisory 13 – Predator Management Policy & Framework 16 – Tahltan Harvest Policy 19 – Tahltan Guide & Outfitters Association Message 20 – 3 Nations & British Columbia Collaborative Stewardship Forum Update 21 – Jade Boulder Sheep Project 23 – Tseneglode Caribou Update 25 – Caribou & Wolf Collaring Projects 29 – Klappan Moose Classification Survey & Stewardship Plan 31 – Guardians Training

SECTION TITLE

WI LD LI FE

Director’s Message

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

Lance Nagwan Wildlife Director

This fall hunting season has been an interesting one. It began with the Guardians placing physical barriers off the major access points along Highway 37N to deter the high volume of expected BC licensed resident hunters from entering Tahltan Territory. The COVID-19 restrictions were put in place to protect vulnerable community members from unnecessary risks of exposure to the virus. The animosity created by this decision was evident over the field season as we continued to push back non-Tahltan hunters who felt it is their right to harvest. The legislation and BC system for licensed resident hunting allows any BC resident to purchase hunting tags online. Although we have had a travel advisory closure in place since March, we felt it necessary to publicly put forth the position that Tahltan hunting regions 6-20 to 6-27 would be closed to non-locals.

In times like these, when circumstances warrant, we must do what is necessary to protect vital food sources and assure a sense of security into the future. If anything was evident over the course of the year, it was our limited access to services and supplies when the virus was crippling the economy of Canada.

WILDLIFE DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE

During the hunting season, we were always conscious of our safety when encountering hunters. We managed to calm down angry folks who felt it was necessary to voice their opinion in a rude or disrespectful manner. A few people felt it was time to take matters into their own hands, which was evident with the cutting and theft of our COVID-19 signs and gates, and vandalism of parked vehicles. I wish to acknowledge the generous, kind-hearted people who donated financially to contribute to costs of replacing the damaged/stolen materials. We also had people call or reach out from all over the Province who understood our position and expressed support. Our TCG Wildlife Department’s decision to manage our wildlife resources by implementing a Tahltan Predator Management Plan includes incentives to Tahltan Members to be financially compensated for their time and efforts. To receive compensation, you will need to agree to the terms and conditions set out in the Tahltan Predator Harvest Policy, and provide our staff with photos, physical evidence, location of harvest, and sex of the animal. We also ask Members to track additional data and measurements of the bear or wolf after harvest. We require the following measurements, which will be useful in monitoring long term predator health:

3. Skull measurements 3a. Nose to base of the skull

3b. Width of skull between ears

1. Nose to tail Any Tahltan Member who wishes to get their bear hide tanned within BC will be required to present an Indian status number. If a Member wishes to transport the hide out-of-province, you will need a compulsory inspection to obtain an export permit.

2. Width of paw

Our staff will continue to work with provincial staff on projects that are of significant interest to the Tahltan Nation. The health of the people who live here, and our spiritual and cultural connection to the health of the land, are points we stress to BC provincial staff members on every occasion. We also remind them that provincial roads and border closures can happen again at any time. Since we do not know how long this current situation may last, harvesting sustainably is the safest action moving forward. We look forward to shifting gears and focusing efforts on working within the communities to build relationships that endure generations. We will initiate community harvester surveys and hopefully soon we can hold community engagement meetings to receive input into projects.

Left: The Iskut Guardians, Thorton and Richard Louie, at a COVID-19 barrier.

As we move into November, we are beginning our Caribou Collaring and Wolf Collaring projects. These projects introduce the Guardians to new and exciting opportunities as they continue to develop their professional skills and experience. The TCG Wildlife Department will also be initiating a Cow Moose Signage Project this winter, dedicated to reducing cow harvest to help our local moose populations recover. 8

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

Jarett Quock Guardian

December will mark one year since I returned to work. A lot has changed since then. The way Lance Nagwan has taken the Guardian Program to the next level makes me very proud to be a part of this growing program, which helps protect some of our Nation’s resources that our people depend on. Over the year being back at work, as my heath was improving, I have been figuring out where I can fit in. This year brought a lot of challenges my way, with work and my health, but I am very proud to be able to participate and to still contribute to the program.

WI LD LI FE

This hunting season we had to take a different approach with all the concerns around COVID-19 restrictions. Social distancing with the outside residents could have been challenging this year if things did not change for us. Towards the beginning of the season, our direction had changed. Detouring non-local residents and asking hunters not to come hunting in Tahltan Territory was our way of not having contact with non-locals and keeping our Guardians, as well as our communities, safe.

With all the confusion around COVID-19, closures were interpreted differently by many people. Local safety was the number one concern, but an added benefit was addressing the unnecessary stresses wildlife do not need to go through. There was a record amount of tags sold this year, resulting from an online tag purchase system. With the record amount of tags sold and the COVID-19 pandemic, our Guardians program had to have something in place to keep our communities safe and keep the pressures down during the hunting season. I am looking forward to the winter part of the season and really starting the Predator program. It’s one of the more exciting times of the year.

WILDLIFE GUARDIANS MESSAGE

MOOSE SAMPLING ON TELEGRAPH RD.

Brianna Tashoots

Tahltan harvester informed us of a sick looking moose along Telegraph Rd. The results of the health samples showed warts or “papillomas” caused by a moose specific virus transmitted by biting insects. It only affects the skin and the meat is very edible, not contagious to people at all!

Guardian

As we wrap up the 2020 hunting season with the COVID-19 pandemic still an unprecedented threat to our communities, the Wildlife Department has been focused on managing our hunting season and animals with a focus on staying safe. Due to COVID-19, my school shut down and went to online sessions with no face-to-face learning, which is challenging. I am continuing my studies online as I work for TCG, with hopes to return to classes in the new year, but things are not looking up as the virus continues to spread. Over the summer, we Guardians did our best to stay safe and manage this year’s hectic hunting season within the Territory.

The hunting season brought many challenges as we tried to shut down the Territory to all non-Tahltan hunting and recreational activity, with the intention of keeping our three communities safe from the virus. Despite the pandemic, the Wildlife Department continues to develop the Tahltan Predator Management Policy as we move forward to help the recovery of our ungulate population. Wishing everyone a safe winter season.

Clements Brace Guardian Top: Warts or “papillomas” on the underside of the moose. Middle: Moose eartip sample collection. Bottom: Guardians documenting and sampling organs and meat of the moose. 10

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

TAHLTAN TRAVEL ADVISORY Below: We ran our COVID-19 Territory Restrictions as ads in the Smithers Interior News and Terrace Standard newspapers.

H U N T E R S & W I L D L I F E E N T H U S I A S T S T R AV E L A D V I S O R Y :

DO NOT TRAVEL TO TAHLTAN TERRITORY DURING COVID-19 “The Tahltan Nation is asserting our title and rights in order to protect our communities, and respectfully asking all hunters and wildlife enthusiasts to refrain from travelling to Tahltan Territory during COVID-19. In order to protect our communities, the Tahltan Nation encourage everyone in British Columbia to engage in all recreational activities where they reside.”

Chad Norman Day, President, Tahltan Central Government

“Before travelling, check on whether there are travel advisories in place for transportation routes and recreational sites, and be sure the community you want to visit is open to visitors.”

Dr. Bonny Henry, Travel Manners

Remote and Vulnerable

Shutting Down Access Points

Tahltan Territory’s remote location makes this region of

All non essential travel to Dease Lake, Iskut and

British Columbia amongst the most vulnerable in Canada.

Telegraph Creek should be avoided and all recreational

With limited healthcare facilities, a lack of timely transport of

activity is strongly discouraged north of Bob Quinn.

patients needing critical care, and large numbers of Elders,

Hunting and recreational activity access points, including

COVID-19 is a grave threat that the Tahltan Nation takes

the Stikine Bridge, will be blocked with gates and

extremely seriously.

monitored.

Limited Medical Capacity

Patrolling Our Territory

The closest hospital from Tahltan Territory is approximately

The Tahltan Central Government’s Wildlife Department

600kms away. We have a limited amount of aircraft, airport

and our Guardians will be patrolling Tahltan Territory and

infrastructure, and pilots available for any emergency

asking all visitors to follow appropriate procedures or

medical evacuations. Our clinics have very limited staff, that

leave if they choose to ignore this travel advisory.

we desperately need for our local communities and Tahltan people. In fact, there is no longer a functional pharmacy in Tahltan Territory during this time.

For more information and updates visit tahltan.org/covid-19

Left: COVID-19 gate closure being constructed. 12

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

Predator Management Policy & Framework The Wildlife Department has been advancing the Tahltan Predator Management Framework, which is based on defining areas in the Territory to support application of: •

A Tahltan Predator Management Policy – endorsed by Leadership

•

Identified management units to support predator management across multiple management scales

•

Predator harvesting programs which support: » Tahltan Member harvesting rights »

Defense of life and property

» Tahltan community areas used to meet sustenance needs » Advancement of a Tahltan-based licenced hunting permit system for grizzly bear, black bear, and wolf The first step to manage predators–specifically grizzly bear, black bear, and wolf–will be through the support of Tahltan Members by harvesting and trapping for cultural purposes consistent with Aboriginal law. This will be further addressed by the Tahltan Wildlife Department and Guardians deploying harvesting and trapping programs and working with commercial trappers and licensed hunters in the Nation.

The final approach is re-establishing a managed licensed hunt of grizzly bear as well as predator removal through TCG trapping, snaring, and culling programs, including aerial wolf pack removal, pupping, and denning techniques. Above: A wolf pack traveling down Jade Boulder Rd, captured on a camera trap set by the Guardians.

PREDATOR MANAGEMENT POLICY & FRAMEWORK

Grizzly Bear & Black Bear Tahltan knowledge, scientific literature and local knowledge provide information that supports grizzly and black bear populations in Tahltan Territory are stable to increasing. In addition, bear predation has been identified as substantial on culturally-important ungulates. Tahltan Members have indicated increased numbers for both species. The current population of grizzly bears in BC is approximately 15,000 (as estimated in 2012), with an estimated 3,846 bears in Tahltan Territory, of which 90 to 100 (2.3%) were killed by humans, with the majority from hunter harvest. This indicates a harvest of about 90 to 100 grizzly bears appear to have been historically supported while maintaining a sustainable bear population. There is no estimate of the black bear population in Tahltan Territory. The Province is believed to support between 120,000 and 160,000 black bears (BC Government, 2001). Tahltan knowledge and local knowledge have indicated increased numbers of black bears over the last 10 years. Historically, there has been a low-licensed harvest of black bears with 23 to 30 annually. However, current hunting regulations have open seasons from spring to fall for bears with a bag limit of two. Consequently, there are no conservation issues with black bears in the Territory.

Wolf Tahltan knowledge, scientific literature and local knowledge provide information that supports high density wolf populations. Tahltan Territory is identified as having high wolf density in the provincial Wolf Management Plan. High density includes population densities of five to fifteen wolf per 1,000 km². Review of wolf densities specific to the Tahltan Nation estimates wolf densities at 15 wolves/1,000 km², consistent with provincial information. Recent wolf harvests have, on average, been 64 wolves through licensed hunting and 145 wolves through commercial trapping. These are considered minimums since they do not include Tahltan harvests and hides not commercially sold. Tahltan knowledge supports higher-than-reported wolf densities, and Tahltan Members have reported higher densities, pack sizes and numbers for several decades.

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

Below: Jarett Quock with his successful bear harvest.

TAHLTAN HARVEST POLICY

Tahltan Harvest Policy Tahltan Members who wish to participate in the incentive payment program for hunting predatory species must sign a form acknowledging the risks and associated liability associated with the activity. A copy of the policy will be provided to you with the information including the incentives for successfully harvesting a predator. All the information is required by the TCG Wildlife Department. Additional information such as weight, overall health and size will be valuable and is much appreciated. This information will be requested by the Guardians and used to supplement our strategy for targeting specific areas of concern within the Territory. Anyone who wants to take their hide to a tannery within BC should receive confirmation the tannery will accept grizzly bear hides. Grizzly bears harvested under the Tahltan Policy will be given consideration on a caseby-case basis until we can implement a Tahltan/BC Wildlife Accord with the Province of BC. The export permit required legally to transport animal hides or animal products is not currently being issued from the Province since the grizzly bear hunting ban was implemented in 2018. If you want to transport to a tannery outside of BC, please contact the TCG Wildlife Department for additional details.

Right: Jarett Quock salting a bear hide.

“Anyone who wants to take their hide to a tannery within BC should receive confirmation the tannery will accept grizzly bear hides. Grizzly bears harvested under the Tahltan Policy will be given consideration on a case-bycase basis until we can implement a Tahltan/BC Wildlife Accord with the Province of BC.” 16

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

S UCCESS FUL BE A R HA RVE ST S BY TA HLTA NS

TAHLTAN HARVEST POLICY – SUCCESSFUL BEAR HARVESTS BY TAHLTANS

1/2. Ann Ball 3. Clements Brace 4/5. Jordan Hawkins 6/7. Mackenzie Dennis 8. Denise Nole 9. Kamaria Dennis 10. Terri-Lynn Mroch 11. Daniel Ball 12/13. Kelso Marion

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

Tahltan Guide & Outfitters Association Message For those who do not know me, my name is Shana Dennis. I am a member of the Tahltan Nation from the Quock Family. My grandparents are Bobby and Gladys Quock, and Fletcher and Doreen Day. I have been President of the Tahltan Guide & Outfitters Association (TGOA) since February 2020 and a Board Director for the Guide Outfitters Association of BC (GOABC). The COVID-19 pandemic has had a tremendously negative impact on our industry and created trying times for a lot of outfitters throughout BC and the world. The TGOA worked hard on a COVID-19 plan that was approved by Tahltan Leadership and would have been implemented by all TGOA member outfitters in the area had we been able to hunt. Unfortunately, hunting did not happen this year, so we are hoping for a better 2020-2021 season. The local frontline workers and community emergency committees have done an amazing job ensuring the safety of community members through travel advisories and education. We acknowledge a job well done through these unfamiliar times.

Shana Dennis President, Tahltan Guide & Outfitters Association

The recent implementation of the Tahltan Nation Predator Management Policy by the Tahltan Central Government is a positive step in ensuring the future of wildlife in Northern BC. They are applauded for taking this bold step. The TGOA is pleased to announce Chief Rick McLean as the winner of the Fletcher Day Award for 2020. Chief Rick is recognized for his many years of dedication and support for being a wildlife advocate within Tahltan Territory. He was one of the founders of TGOA and the Tahltan Wildlife Guardian Program we see today. Rick continues to be an advocate, and we would like to congratulate him on being selected to sit on the provincial government’s Minister’s Wildlife Advisory Council established in September 2020. We extend our congratulations as well on his wedding and Mēduh for his years of service as Chief of the Tahltan Band. His work and legacy will live on and have positive impacts for generations to come.

“The local frontline workers and community emergency committees have done an amazing job ensuring the safety of community members through travel advisories and education. We acknowledge a job well done through these unfamiliar times.”

TGOA MESSAGE – 3NBC FORUM UPDATE

MOVING TOWARD SHARED MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE

3 Nations & British Columbia Collaborative Stewardship Forum Update Feddie Louie and Linda Robertson

Currently the 3 Nations Society and Government of British Columbia are in the final year of a three-year Collaborative Stewardship Forum pilot project. The 3NBC Forum, comprised of members from BC, Taku River Tlingit, Tahltan, Kaska, and the 3 Nations Society is focused on moving toward shared management of wildlife. Work on securing an additional mandate to advance co-management on wildlife in the collective territories is being sought with each of the governments involved in the program.

A key component of the relationship is the support of each Nation’s Guardian Program. The 3NBC Forum continues to support each Nation’s Guardian Program with continued coordination in on-the-ground monitoring of licensed hunters and recreational land users in the collective territories. Coordination, monitoring and capacity development between programs is being done through the work of the 3 Nations Guardian Coordinator, Tanya Ball. This has included supporting additional employment for seasonal Guardians, continued training, and exchange trips between Nation Guardian Programs. There is additional focus on information gathering to inform the development of community-based moose management plans.

Also, through the 3NBC Forum, specific Guardianled projects important to each Nation are occurring. These include moose surveys of the Klappan and Liard Basin (in December 2020), sheep surveys in the Atlin area (planned in winter of 2021), Edziza mountain goat surveys (in the winter of 2021), and ecosystem monitoring (in 2021). Collectively the 3 Nations and BC are also supporting the collaborative development of community-based moose management plans for the Atlin, Klappan, and Liard Basin moose populations in 2020. Further information on how you can be involved will be provided soon.

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

JADE BOULDER SHEEP PROJECT

Above: Clements Brace collecting samples with a Stone sheep seen in the background. Below-right: Sheep monitoring collar.

The Jade Boulder Sheep Project was initiated in February 2017 to evaluate the seasonal habitat use, mortality factors and interactions of Stone’s sheep with the Jade Boulder Road (JBR) during seasonal movements.

It also serves to promote community stewardship of the sheep, a joint effort between TGOA and TCG with funding from several sources including the Wild Sheep Foundation and support from the Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development. The importance of understanding the population was initiated from traditional knowledge reports of a seasonal movement across an active industrial road, which made the sheep vulnerable to predation or other stresses when encountering traffic. This movement was also evidenced from past sheep inventory which identified a significant shift in distribution of sheep from the south to north side of the road in summer. The project included collaring and monitoring of ten Stone’s sheep ewes, evaluating mortality, inventorying the population, assessing habitat use and forage quality, and monitoring traffic and sheep stress along the JBR. This effort was associated with a health and physiology study conducted to assess the sheep. The project was conducted over three years and the final data are being collected this fall, with analysis and reporting well under way.

JADE BOULDER SHEEP PROJECT

To date, key findings have included identifying important seasonal ranges (i.e. winter, lambing, and summer ranges), key movement corridors and timing of JBR crossing by sheep in June/July and again in August/ September. It also suggests there is a threshold of traffic volumes that may influence sheep behaviour, and fecal cortisol stress indicators also indicate that at current traffic levels, sheep are at heightened stress when crossing the JBR. Mortality was found to be a combination of predation and accidents, with some years having much greater mortality than others.

THE RESULTS FROM THIS STUDY WILL BE USED TO ENHANCE SHEEP MANAGEMENT BY: protecting key habitats and movement corridors for the JBR population developing management strategies to regulate and mitigate use of access roads, including the JBR, to limit stress on sheep protecting special features, such as significant mineral licks, which have been identified as important to these sheep

THE PROJECT IS EXPECTED TO HAVE ADDITIONAL RESULTS THAT MAY BE USED FOR MANAGEMENT OF OTHER SHEEP POPULATIONS: developing habitat maps for identifying key sheep habitat in other areas developing the use of fecal pellet groups for monitoring population influence from human activity identifying key micro and macro nutrients that enhance habitat value identifying a series of management actions to reduce impacts from roads and other human developments in sheep range areas

Top: Jarett Quock locating Stone sheep collars. Above: Brianna Tashoots scanning for Stone sheep.

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

TSENEGLODE C A R I B O U U P DAT E

Northern Mountain Population (NMP) Woodland Caribou are currently designated as “Special Concern” under the federal Species at Risk Act. In Tahltan Territory there are seven herds of this population status, all with importance to the Nation for traditional uses and sustenance needs. Right: Health kits for taking samples during caribou collaring.

Tahltans have traditionally managed these herds through our knowledge and understanding of the historic seasonal ranges, movement periods and corridors, and changes in range use over time. However, Tahltan citizens are expressing concern about the apparent changes to seasonal range and movements by caribou herds over the last ten years, which are not consistent with traditional knowledge. Tahltan citizens have observed climate change impacts on the Territory for years and are starting to express concerns regarding how these changes will affect the wildlife, traditional uses, and sustenance harvesting. Caribou are one of the most important food sources for the Tahltan Nation, in addition to moose and salmon. Among the different caribou herds in the Territory, the Tseneglode herd is one of the most culturally important herds utilized by the Nation. The herd is part of the local breadbasket for Tahltans living in the area. Though we have limited scientific population data on the Tseneglode herd, we do have strong traditional and historic knowledge. There is also good knowledge of the encroachment of human disturbance in the herd’s seasonal ranges.

TSENEGLODE CARIBOU UPDATE

L B

In 2020, with advancement of the Tahltan Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas initiative and TCG’s engagement in the 3 Nations BC Collaborative Stewardship Forum, additional collars and seasonal monitoring were added to expand the study. Currently five of the ten collared caribou are still active (Map 1), one collar dropped off a caribou, and the remaining four caribou were predated. The collared caribou are mostly moving within the Gnat Pass/Dome Mountain areas south and east of Dease Lake. In July 2020, the Tahltan Guardians and Wildlife Department conducted a post-calving survey and observed 365 caribou with 261 cows, 72 calves, and 33 bulls classified. Surveys will continue for the herd with post rut, and late winter surveys planned this winter.

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Dease

Lake

ð Ú

In April of 2019, ten caribou were captured, collared, and their body condition was measured by the Guardians (Clements Brace), and monitored by the Wildlife Department. A video was made by TCG Communication Department (Adam Amir, Communications Coordinator) profiling the capture. It is available on the TCG website at tahltan.org/videos

ð Ú ð Ú Ú ð

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A S D E

T U Y A

Cassiar

R I V E

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collaboratively develop climate change and caribou management strategies

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N L I T E S

collect information on the herd’s movements, seasonal range use, and population engage with the communities, Elders, and Youth on caribou and climate changes both historic and current

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THE TCG STARTED A STUDY IN 2019 WITH THE TAHLTAN GUARDIANS TO:

Telegraph Cree k MO UNT

Iskut

Map 1.

TA HLTA N S TE WA RDSHIP INITI ATI V E – WILDLIFE PRO JECTS LOCATIONS & MOV E ME NTS 18 L E V EL MOU N TA IN CA R IBOU 20 T S ENEGLODE CA R IBOU 10 T S ENEGLODE CA R IBOU

JULY 2020 POST-CALVING SURVEY RESULTS

In October and November 2020, an additional twenty collars were deployed in partnership with BC to collect additional information on the herd. Community engagement is being planned for winter 2020-21, pending COVID-19 restrictions, to discuss caribou management and climate change. A population survey is also planned for the winter of 2021. Other related caribou management plans will be discussed this winter.

TOTAL BULLS

261 TOTAL COWS

TOTAL CALVES

CARIBOU & WOLF COLLARING PROJECTS Above: Net gunning caribou for collaring. Bottom-right: Level Mountain Caribou.

We have limited current information on the population demographics, seasonal range use, and habitat selection of the Level Mountain-Kawdy Plateau, Tseneglode, and Edziza caribou herds. We are also limited in data on movements between herds, predation rates, and changes in herd distribution over the last 10-20 years. Two of the three herds are found in areas spiritually and culturally important to Tahltan. One of the populations is declining and two of the herds are in areas heavily impacted by mineral development and licenced hunting/access. Tahltan knowledge, community knowledge, and Tahltan Guide Outfitter knowledge are robust data sources to support management, land use, and conservation planning. Climate change is occurring in the North, with documented changes in temperature, precipitation, and natural disturbance events.

Current knowledge sources indicate declining caribou population numbers and changes in seasonal ranges, due to the increasing effects of climate change, predation, and range disturbance from wildfires. Human activities are potentially influencing caribou range use and populations today. Limited knowledge of wolf numbers, pack sizes and movements, and the predation rate on culturallyimportant ungulates, such as caribou and moose, are affecting Tahltan management abilities to ensure sustenance needs are met. It is also affecting our 25

ability to ensure land use management strategies and conservation areas are addressing habitat needs, critical habitats, movement corridors, and seasonal ranges, considering climate changes and human activities. Under the umbrella of the Tahltan Stewardship Initiative (TSI), we are establishing Tahltan Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCA), which will include developing management direction, zoning, and conservation goals for caribou herds. Importantly, information is needed to create an updated understanding of each caribou herd on Tahltan Territory and their relationship with wolves to support the advancement of IPCA.

CARIBOU & WOLF COLLARING PROJECTS – CARIBOU SURVEY PROGRAM Below: Collaring a cow caribou on Level Mountain.

Caribou Survey Program As part of the Tahltan IPCA, the Wildlife Department acquired funds to monitor the Level Mountain-Kawdy Plateau, Tseneglode, and Edziza caribou herds through seasonal calf survival surveys, GPS collars, and population surveys. The deployment of 40 collars for the herds was delayed in March 2020, due to COVID-19 concerns, and occurred instead during late October/early November 2020. If necessary, depending on the mortality rate or number of failed collars, additional collars may be deployed in early April 2021. Additional information on the herds will be collected by aerial surveys post-calving (June), rut (October), and late winter. The surveys will use the collared caribou data to locate the animals, and the groups they are found with, to record population demographics such as bulls, cows, and calves. Conducting surveys across seasons will provide estimates of survival rates, reproduction, population counts, and seasonal habitat use. Post-calving surveys were conducted for the Edziza and Tseneglode herds in July 2020. Post-rut surveys were conducted for all three herds in October 2020, followed by late winter surveys in March 2021. These will continue during the three-year project.

CARIBOU & WOLF COLLARING PROJECTS – WOLF MONITORING PROGRAM

TA HLTA N S TE WA RDSHIP INITI ATI V E – WILDLIFE PRO JECTS LOCATIONS & MOV E ME NTS

;; ; ;

WOL F

; Map 2.

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Wolf Monitoring Program IN YEAR ONE (2020), THE FOCUS IS ON: Deploying 15 collars on wolves. Monitoring movements and, where feasible, predation sites, in relation to ongoing wildlife initiatives. Collecting and reviewing historic and current scientific and Tahltan knowledge on the climate and wolves. Guardian engagement with Youth, Elders, and local school programs to share information on the project and seek input for the second and third year of the project.

YEARS TWO AND THREE WILL FOCUS ON: Continued monitoring of collared wolves. Continued Guardian engagement and capacity development through the land programs, field work, and community engagement. Depending on mortalities of collared animals and availability of further funding, additional collars may be deployed.

CARIBOU & WOLF COLLARING PROJECTS – WOLF SURVEY PROGRAM

Collaring a wolf from a pack traveling over Snow Peak. 28

Klappan Moose The Klappan is a sacred area to Tahltan, with a high density of ancient, traditional, and current dwellings, camps, sites, trails, harvesting and gathering areas. It is an area important for Tahltan Members to meet their cultural and sustenance needs throughout the year. The area is also used by licensed hunters, primarily for moose hunting, who have accessed it via the rail grade traversing the length of the region. The Klappan has a history of conflict over land use practices, from overlapping and at times competing uses between the Nation and licensed hunters. There have also been concerns over and differing views of the moose population numbers. The BC Government and TCG have worked together on the Klappan Plan, associated land uses, moose numbers, and hunting issues. In 2018 they established two Limited Entry Hunting (LEH) seasons to address concerns about the sustainability of the moose harvest and to avoid overcrowding by distributing hunters over time and space. In 2017, the Klappan Decision-Making and Management Board (KDMB), a joint decision-making body of the Province and Tahltan representatives, was established for the area. In 2018, the KDMB endorsed the licensed hunting regulation changes for the Klappan. The Tahltan Nation is a member of the 3 Nations Society and was involved in the 3NBC Collaborative Stewardship Forum (CSF), a threeyear initiative. The project supports the goals and broad objectives of the 3 Nations Leadership and 3NBC CSF, including collecting information to monitor the effectiveness of hunting regulations and other wildlife management information needs.

Klappan Moose Classification Survey As part of the CSF, in 2019 the Wildlife Department acquired funds to conduct an early winter moose count in the Klappan, collecting information on the numbers of bulls, cows, and calves just after the hunting season and after rut.

KLAPPAN MOOSE – CLASSIFICATION SURVEY & STEWARDSHIP PLAN

The Guardians and the Wildlife Department conducted a helicopter survey in early December of 2019, which observed:

Ȗ 351 Moose

157

BULLS

COWS

46 + 4 CLASSIFIED CALVES

UNCLASSIFIED CALVES

•

44 groups of cows with a single calf, and one group of cows with twin calves

•

A bull ratio of 46.5 ± 9.6 (90% CI) bulls/100 cows with a sample size of 296 and a precision level of 20.5 % (90% confidence interval)

•

A calf ratio of 25.2 ± 6.5 (90% CI) calves/100 cows with a sample size of 253 and a precision level of 25.8 % (90% confidence interval)

Additional wildlife viewed in the study area included:

WOODLAND CARIBOU

(Rangifer tarandus caribou)

MOUNTAIN GOATS (Oreamnos americanus)

WOLVERINES

(Gulo gulo)

STONE’S SHEEP

(Ovis dalli stonei)

WOLVES

(Canis lupus)

5 ELK

Klappan Moose Stewardship Plan The 3 Nations BC CSF agreed it is important for all involved to create a moose stewardship plan for the Klappan that meets the needs of the communities, Nations, and BC. The management objectives and strategies need to be based on indigenous, local, and scientific knowledge (western science and each Nation’s knowledge), traditional practices, and laws. For the Tahltan, the Klappan was identified for a moose population pilot, working with TCG, communities, BC and the 3 Nations on setting Tahltan management priorities, developing a plan that meets the needs and supports decision-making for all involved. This plan is being delivered through the TahltanBC Fish and Wildlife Working Group under the Government-to-Government Agreement. With the communities, TCG, 3 Nations, and BC, we are developing a plan that works toward: 1. Population, habitat, harvest, and land use management objectives consistent with provincial and Tahltan moose management approaches. 2. A moose stewardship plan based on Tahltan, local and scientific sources of knowledge. 3. A moose stewardship plan consistent with moose management direction from Tahltan land use plans and conservation initiatives, Klappan Decision-Making and Management Board, and legal higher-level plan objectives.

(Cervus elaphus)

4. Community-based review and approval process for Tahltan. Another survey is planned for December 2020, flying similar areas in the Klappan for further comparisons on the status of the moose population. Results will be provided to the Tahltan communities and leadership as well as the KDMB for further consideration on the LEH hunting seasons and other management items.

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

Guardians Training

SW I F T WAT E R RE S CU E & J E T B OAT O P ER ATO R RE S CU E T RA I N I N G This past July, the Guardians were able to bring a raven rescue instructor to the Territory to provide situational training for travelling and working on and around fast-flowing water, with emphasis on identifying risks, self-rescue techniques and various options for rescuing others. The Guardians were also encouraged to have situational awareness and knowledge of the decision-making process required to choose the most appropriate rescue approach. Over the course of four days, they were taught swift water dynamics, throw bagging, hand signals, shallow water crossings, and rescue swimming, with rope knots, ties, and tensioning techniques.

GUARDIANS TRAINING

MOTO R I Z ED SWIFTWATER R E SCU E BOAT OPER ATO R This course provides comprehensive hands-ontraining for rescue boat operators responding to incidents on moving water. It is designed to develop a sense of confidence and the necessary skills to operate watercraft at speed in fast-moving water in rivers or flood situations, and to perform rescues from a watercraft. The Guardians received a Rescue 3 International certification, recognized worldwide as certified training for incidents in moving water and providing value in mutual aid situations.

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

G UAR DI AN S S U MME R P RE DATOR R EM OVAL T E CH N I QU E S The Wildlife Department is transitioning to the next phase of implementing the Tahltan Predator Management Plan. The first phase included specific trapping techniques and a predator training plan summer session. Jarett Quock, Clements Brace, Brianna Tashoots, Richard Louie, Thorton Louie, Jamie Henyu and Francis Quock participated in five days of extensive training. The first two days included a wolf capture refresh and one day of classroom recap of the wolf capture system. It was followed by a second day outside demonstrating summer methodology and student practice. The third day featured a bear capture course, including classroom instruction and a controlled demonstration of the mechanics behind the capturing methods. The next days took the Guardians outside for practical instruction, demonstration, and practice. The final day saw the Guardians set a live set bear snare at 30 Mile Culture Camp to remove a problem animal. The course closed with an overall review of bear capture procedures including outdoor scenarios for students (in teams) to demonstrate proper methods and tactics for creating different types of sets and operating safely. Top-right: Wolf capture system demonstration. Right: Classroom snaring instruction as part of the bear capture course.

GUARDIANS TRAINING

Below: Jamie Henyu setting a grizzly bear snare.

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

SHARED DECISION-MAKING AGREEMENT

Tahltan-BC Government-to-Government Fish & Wildlife Working Group The Government-to-Government (G2G) Fish and Wildlife Working Group (FWWG) is an outcome of the Shared Decision-Making Agreement between the TCG and the

The key areas of interest are: •

Identifying priorities to support funding opportunities under the 3N BC CSF

•

Information Sharing: working on how to share information between governments and protect sensitive information from being misused

•

Linkages to other initiatives such as 3Nations and TGOA projects

•

Guardians Program

Ȗ Provide shared recommendations to the G2G Forum on fish and wildlife matters

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Tahltan Wildlife Policy

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Predator Management

Ȗ Respond to the G2G Forum direction and queries

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Inventories and hunting regulations to support harvest management

•

Fisheries including Steelhead Working Group on the Iskut River

•

Habitat Management and Protection

•

Support for cultural activities – trapping promotion and culture camps

•

Moose Management Planning – Klappan, Spatsizi, Lower Stikine and Liard Basin are priorities for population-specific plans

Government of British Columbia. It is composed of BC representatives from the Skeena Region, and Tahltan representatives from the TCG, Tahltan Band and Iskut Band. The FWWG supports the Tahltan BC G2G Forum. Its main roles are:

Ȗ Respond to wildlife initiatives from the Province and/or Tahltan Ȗ Complete an annual workplan with priorities and submit it to the G2G Forum for approval Ȗ Provide regular updates to the G2G Forum Ȗ Respond to fish and wildlife specific Shared Engagement Records to BC Annual workplans are completed each spring and provided to the co-chairs of the G2G Forum. Workplans outline the priorities and interests to work towards completion each fiscal year.

The FWWG is currently involved in the Klappan Moose Stewardship Plan process and is developing a draft plan outline and community engagement strategies. It will be seeking community direction to help develop a plan that includes: •

Population, habitat, harvest, and land use management objectives consistent with provincial and Tahltan moose management approaches

•

A moose stewardship plan based on Tahltan, local and scientific sources of knowledge

•

A moose stewardship plan consistent with moose management direction from Tahltan land use plans and conservation initiatives, Klappan Decision-Making and Management Board, and legal higher-level plan objectives

•

Community-based review and approval process for Tahltan.

TAHLTAN-BC G2G FISH & WILDLIFE WORKING GROUP

Above: Grizzlies feeding on sockeye in Johnny Tashoots Creek, just below weir spillway, at Tahltan Lake.

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

A hunting view submitted by Nathan Nole.

SUCCESSFUL HUNTS & FISHING BY TAHLTANS

SECTION TITLE

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

BRIAN N A TASHOOT S

DOR IAN QU OCK Damian Bolan, Dorian Quock, Raegan Bolan. First catch of the year for Damian and Raegan, Summer 2020.

SUCCESSFUL HUNTS & FISHING BY TAHLTANS

ELLI OT T B RO W N My name is Elliott H. Brown. I caught this brook trout with my dog, Igor, at Alan Lake with a Mepp's Black Fury Spinner on September 26, 2020.

F EDDI E LO U I E

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

JACK CARL ICK & F R A N K TA S H O OT S These are from our annual Father/Son sheep hunt. We look forward to going out into the mountains every year and spending quality time together. The top picture is my son, Frank Tashoots, from September 2019. The bottom picture is of me, Jack Carlick, from this year, September 2020.

SUCCESSFUL HUNTS & FISHING BY TAHLTANS

JORDAN HAWKINS, DENNIS QUOCK & KHRISTOPHER DAY

Above: Dennis Quock, Jordan Hawkins, Amanda Quash, Khristopher Day. The elk was Jordan and Dennis' hunt. Right: Jordan Hawkins, Khristopher Day, Dennis Quock. Left goat, Jordan Hawkins. Right goat, Khristopher Day.

PAU L LO U I E

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

N ATHAN N OL E Right and below: Harvested on September 24th, 2020, with Shelby Marion and Jordana Dennis, this nice mature bull will feed six families and five Elders. Lower-right: I was sitting on the mountainside with Justin Creyke, calling and glassing for moose, when this old wolverine came up behind us. Gonna make a nice rug.

R EG & KE VIN E T Z E RZ A

Reggie Etzerza (left/middle) and his brother Kevin Etzerza (right).

SUCCESSFUL HUNTS & FISHING BY TAHLTANS

A NDR EW R EI M ERT Andrew Riemert (right) pictured with his successful hunt and Uncle Rick McLean (left).

SH AYL NO LE

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

S HA N A & F L ETCHER DENNIS Right: My first successful elk hunt this Fall. I believe I am the first Tahltan female hunter to have a successful hunt. Fletcher and my husband, Shaun Dennis, were with me. They are amazing hunting companions. Middle-left: Fishing on the Stikine River for Sockeye. Summer 2020. Fletcher, Jay, and Shaun Dennis. Middle-right: Six year old Fletcher learning to skin a moose this fall. He enjoys doing this and learning from his dad and uncles. Bottom-left: Whitefish caught by net on Dease Lake. Summer 2020. Shane Quock and Fletcher. Bottom-right: Our first successful moose hunt this Fall. It fed more than two Tahltan families.

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Fletcher, this Fall, with his first porcupine kill. Fletcher is the grandson of Rudy and Linda Day, and June and Cliff Dennis. He was super excited. He helped his dad with the gutting and scorching of the porcupine, as they prepared the meat for gifting to Elders. 46

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

FISHERIES DEPARTMENT Staff Messages & Ongoing Projects 49 – Fisheries Director’s Message 51 – Fisheries Guardian Update 53 – Fisheries Project Overview Map 55 – The Stikine River Salmon Studies – Biological Contract 59 – Fisheries Projects 67 – Fisheries-related Indigenous Protected & Conservation Areas (IPCA) Projects 69 – DFO Real Properties – Facility Upgrades 70 – Tahltan Lake Egg Take (1989-2020) 71 – Memorial Monument of Tahltan Lake 72 – Northern Fund 2020 73 – Fisheries Staff Bios

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FI S H ERI ES

Director’s Message

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

Cheri Frocklage Fisheries Director

As Mehn ten tsedle (small lakes freeze month, October) has come to a close, I hope this update finds my fellow Tahltan Members healthy, happy and well prepared for the long winter months ahead. Since assuming my new position as the Tahltan Central Government’s Fisheries Director in April, I have received so much support and encouragement from my fellow TCG Directors and the Executive Team. Mēduh to you all for sharing your knowledge and guidance as I navigated this new realm of fisheries management. It has been a very steep learning curve, and I am embracing the changes and the exciting new opportunities presented.

The 2020 field season is officially complete, remote field camps are closed for the winter, and the Tahltan Fisheries Department staff have all returned home to their families and loved ones. On that note, I wish to extend my deepest gratitude to my staff for their ongoing dedication and contributions to the management of the Stikine River salmon resources. It is you, the hardworking men and women on my field staff, who have made the Fisheries Department successful in our endeavours. I am so fortunate to have Fisheries Manager Kerry Carlick on our team to assist me with program delivery and day-to-day operations. I honestly do not know how I would have pulled the season off without his involvement and leadership with staff, meeting attendance, planning and logistics, and technical support. The level of skill and knowledge this young man brings to the table is invaluable.

FISHERIES DIRECTOR’S MESSAGE

Although the work we do is conducted in remote locations, we were not immune to the effects of this global pandemic we are all adjusting to and living in. Crew safety was the number one priority this year. Projects were modified in delivery to ensure the health and safety of all field staff and to reduce and/or eliminate any chances of infection both in transit and on the job sites. We extend our gratitude to the Dease Lake EMC staff for their leadership and implementation of Tahltan Territory COVID-19 protocols, which provided the fundamental tools necessary to ensure the health and safety of staff members throughout the field season. This was by far the most unpredictable management season of my career. Despite the hurdles, the planning, re-planning, and in some cases, inevitable cancellation of projects, we remained positive, soldiering through, and providing the site expertise needed to count and sample these important stocks.

In addition to the health concerns, we experienced heavy rains and prolonged highwater conditions throughout the fishing season, as well as later run timing with the Tahltan Lake sockeye migration. Our staff persevered through the long days, waiting for late arrivals of salmon to their spawning grounds. It is not an easy task to keep morale up in remote camps when the fish arrive so late and I commend you for your patience. We are currently working on our post-season reporting requirements and proposal submissions, and it goes without saying, there is rarely any down time, even in the off-season. We will be investigating and developing a comprehensive training package for our staff and will be seeking new hires for the 2021 field season. We encourage those interested in working in the Fisheries Department to watch for these upcoming training opportunities. Discussions have already started on activities that will be offered to our local schools in Dease Lake, Iskut, and Telegraph Creek and planning is underway. With the uncertainty of a second wave of the pandemic, we opted not to run the classroom salmon incubators this year and are hopeful to bring this program back in the fall of 2021.

“We are the unspoken voice for our salmon and our freshwater fish species, and they need our conservation and protection now more than ever. ” Post season meetings commence in November, which will kick off the first of many discussions throughout the winter that Kerry and I will be attending. These include the annual Transboundary Technical Committee, Enhancement Sub-Committee, Stikine River Salmon Advisory Committee, TFN Leadership /Fisheries and Oceans Canada G2G meetings, as well as the January and February Pacific Salmon Commission Transboundary Rivers Panel sessions. We are currently in the process of scheduling a meeting for a full presentation to the TCG Executive in mid-November. Before we know it, the pre-season meetings will be upon us and planning for the 2021 field season will be underway. In closing, I would like to thank you, the Nation’s Members, for putting your trust in me to represent our fisheries interests at the table. I will continue to strive to fulfill this obligation to the best of my abilities. We are the unspoken voice for our salmon and our freshwater fish species, and they need our conservation and protection now more than ever.

Below: The crews daily race across Tahltan Lake to be the first on site to check on net pens and shelter.

Update

FI SH ERI ES

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

The 2020 fishing season marked the return of the Fisheries Guardian position at Tahltan Fish Camp, with Margaret Asp returning to deliver the program. The position was key in monitoring fishing activities within the food fishing corridor, especially with the closure of the Tahltan River to salmon fishing, and to relay any relevant fishing information or concerns to the public. The aim for the Fisheries Guardian project is to grow and evolve with the dynamic nature of fisheries conservation and management, and to work closely with Conservation and Fisheries Officers. Above: Telegraph Creek Fisheries Staff. Back: Drew, Kerry Front: Noreen, Raïna and Margaret. Right: Raïna Feldman sampling at Glenora as part of the Stikine Stock Separation program.

FISHERIES GUARDI ANS UPDATE

A LA

THE STIK INE RIVER SALMON STUDIES – BIOLOGICAL CONTR ACT

Fisheries Project Overview LOWER S TIK INE CODED WIR E TAGGING LOWER S TIK INE COMMERCI A L S A MPLING 1

LOWER S TIK INE SOCK E Y E TES T FISHERY

LOWER S TIK INE A DULT CHINOOK TAGGING

TA HLTA N L A K E SMOLTS

LIT TLE TA HLTA N CHINOOK

TA HLTA N L A K E SOCK E Y E A DULT ENUMER ATION

CATCH MONITOR ING & R EP OR TING

S TIK INE S TOCK SEPA R ATION TA HLTA N R I V ER CHINOOK ENUMER ATION FE ASIBILIT Y S T UDY S TIK INE R I V ER A ER I A L SURV E YS

TA HLTA N SLIDE 2020 ESCA PEMENTS

DFO R E A L PROPER TIES – FACILIT Y UP GR A DES

TA HLTA N L A K E EGG TA K E (1989 -2020)

11 MEMOR I A L MONUMENT AT TA HLTA N L A K E

W AL

SL AY

RIV

D EASE L AKE

LIT

TLE

TA H L TA N R I V E R

AT T Y CREEK

VER N RI

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DEASE LAKE

AN RI

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TA H LTA N L A KE

B A R R I N G TO N R I V E R

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ISKUT

EDDONTENA JON L A KE

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RIVER

IV ISKUT R

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TUMEKA L AKE

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ISKU

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KINA SKA N L A KE

RIVER

S H A K ES LAKE

TATOG G A L AKE

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KLUAC HON L AKE

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TELEGRAP H CREEK

TA H LTA N SLIDE

WRA NGELL LASK A

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

THE STIKINE RIVER SALMON STUDIES – B IO LO G I C AL CO NT RACT

As the spring of 2020 approached, we found ourselves on uncharted grounds with the onset of the global COVID-19 pandemic, isolating in fear for the safety of ourselves and our loved ones. This brought uncertainty on how to deliver safe field projects during these unprecedented times. Weekly discussions with Fisheries & Oceans Canada (DFO) resulted in a modified delivery of these annual projects. Above: Crews employing a beach seine net to capture adult Coho on the Craig River.

The scheduled projects – Chinook/Coho Juvenile Coded Wire Tagging, Chinook Mark/Recapture, and Tahltan Lake Smolt Enumeration – were funded and manned by alternate means to ensure the health and safety of Tahltan Central Government Fisheries Department (TCGFD), DFO, and Alaska Department of Fish & Game (ADF&G) field staff conducting onthe-ground work during these uncertain times.

The U.S. conducted the Coded Wire and Chinook Mark/ Recapture tagging programs with an exclusive Alaska crew. DFO conducted the Tahltan Lake Smolt, and all Lower Stikine projects, with an exclusive DFO staff. Tahltan Fisheries Department field technicians did not deploy into the field until June, manning the Little Tahltan Chinook Video Weir Enumeration (with funds from the Pacific Salmon Treaty – Implementation Fund) and the Tahltan Lake Adult project being the sole project delivered under this contract. This work involved listing, sampling, collecting, and reporting on the biological information of juvenile and adult Chinook, Sockeye and Coho salmon stocks at various locations in the Stikine River watershed. The data collected is used for both short-term and longterm evaluation and decision making. DFO biologists use the data to determine run status and provide information to fishery managers to assist them in their management of sustainable First Nation, recreational and commercial fisheries. Data collected may also be used for postseason run reconstruction and may form part of the long-standing data sets used for future analysis.

THE STIKINE RIVER SALMON STUDIES – BIOLOGICAL CONTRACT Below: DFO and TCGFD testing sonar on the Chutine River.

OUR TAHLTAN FISHERIES DEPARTMENT FIELD TECHNICIANS WORK INCLUDES: Operating and maintaining adult and juvenile collection devices including weirs, video and sonar systems, gee traps, beach seines and gill nets. Recording, maintaining, storing, and transmitting daily computerized data. Collecting biological information and samples such as size, scales, otoliths, and DNA in an order prescribed by the Project Authority. Applying tags to adult and juvenile salmon.

The contract secured a total budget of $344,000 for the 2020 field season, but only a small portion of the budget was used this year. This contract typically supports 12 field positions from April to October. This year only two positions carried out work between July to September in response to COVID-19 concerns and protocols, which restricted travel and participation.

LIST O F P ROJ E CT S Lower Stikine Coded Wire Tagging The Lower Stikine coded wire tagging (CWT) is a joint U.S. and Canada project involving the capture and tagging of juvenile (smolts) Chinook and Coho salmon on the lower reaches of the Stikine above the border with Alaska. Due to COVID-19 concerns and travel restrictions, DFO and the TCG Fisheries Department did not participate in the field component of the project. This year saw a small contingent of Alaska Department of Fish and Game technicians and biologists (with the approval of Canada) come upriver by jet boat to perform the project using the DFO camp. From April 21 to May 20, they were able to tag 32,340 Chinook and 4,340 Coho smolts, below the goals of 50,000 and 10,000, respectively. Higher water levels negatively impacted the crew’s ability to capture the smolts. Once the project was completed a professional cleaner was hired by ADF&G to sanitize the facilities, as a COVID precaution.

APRIL 21–MAY 20 WIRE TAGGING RESULTS (Alaska Department of Fish and Game)

32,340 CHINOOK

4,340

COHO

2020 GOALS

50,000 CHINOOK

10,000 COHO

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

Lower Stikine Commercial Sampling The 2020 Commercial Sockeye and Coho Fisheries took place between June 21 and September 12. The commercial sampling of Sockeye and Coho is usually done jointly with DFO and the TCGFD having a technician sampling. To limit interactions between DFO and TCGFD staff, the sampling was done by DFO staff. They collected the catches and data, which was relayed to a DFO Fisheries Manager to manage the duration of commercial fishing openings and achieve their management objectives regarding: 1. Conservation: getting enough fish to their spawning grounds Above: Scales being taken.

2. Food, Social, and Ceremonial Needs (FSC) 3. Commercial/Recreational Sectors The objectives are listed in order of priority. Conservation needs are met first, followed by FSC needs, and then any allowable surplus is divided between the commercial and recreational sectors.

Lower Stikine Commercial Sampling

Above: Sampling Test Fishery catches.

The Lower Stikine Sockeye Test Fishery is another tool for gaining more accurate information on the Sockeye runs of the Stikine, particularly between commercial fishery openings. The 2020 sampling program was delivered by DFO alone this year (usually a TCGFD tech is on the project as well). This year the test fishery caught 1,497 Sockeye.

Lower Stikine Adult Chinook Tagging The Lower Stikine Adult Chinook Mark and Recapture project is a joint US-Canada initiative. It tags (marks) returning adult Chinook salmon on the Alaskan portion of the Stikine, which are then recaptured further up the rivers and streams. This re-capture event gives us run timing information and helps build population estimates. The 2020 field program was conducted from May 5 to July 10 by ADF&G and saw a total of 229 large Chinook tagged.

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On a brisk and beautiful fall morning at Tahltan Lake, the TCGFD staff set out to complete their Sockeye enhancement work. Pictures from back to front: Richard, Sheldon, Jared, and Drew (driving). 58

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

FISHERIES PROJECTS MAY–SE P TEM BER

Above: Sockeye smolts from Tahltan Lake. Credit: Kerry Carlick.

TAHLTAN L A K E S MOLT S Sockeye Smolt Enumeration at Tahltan Lake was operated exclusively by DFO personnel from May 13 to June 9. Smolt traps were set in Johnny Tashoots Creek. It resulted in a count of 798,047 sockeye salmon smolts leaving the lake, well below the 10-year average of 1.6 million. Preliminary results from 2020 otolith sampling showed 72% enhanced and 28% wild smolt composition.

Managers are working hard to keep within the 50-50 guidelines, as set out in the Pacific Salmon Treaty. In response to the poor wild sockeye smolt survivals in recent years, recommendations of the Enhancement Sub-Committee of the Transboundary Technical Committee (TTC) supported a reduced egg take target.

TAHLTAN LAKE SMOLT ENUMERATION RESULTS (DFO Personnel)

798,047 SOCKEYE

<10-YEAR AVERAGE OF

1.6m 2020 OTOLITH SAMPLING PRELIMINARY RESULTS

72% ENHANCED

28%

WILD SMOLT COMPOSITION

FISHERIES PROJECTS

LITTLE TAH LTAN C H I N OOK

The Little Tahltan Chinook Enumeration Weir was staffed by TCGFD technicians Sheldon Dennis and Jared Dennis from June 30 to August 16. The early season high water initially delayed their ability to safely install the weir but once the water levels receded some, they braved the elements to set the tripods and weir in preparation for the arrival of the returning adult Chinook salmon. In total, 398 large and 795 jack Chinook salmon were counted through the weir using a video camera monitoring system to reduce handling and stress of the returning spawners.

LITTLE TAHLTAN CHINOOK ENUMERATION WEIR RESULTS

398

LARGE CHINOOK

796

JACK CHINOOK

Salmon migration continued into August and, as the project approached the completion date, the numbers of fish arriving appeared to remain significant. Top-left: Jared and Sheldon. Top-right: Sheldon setting up weir with an onlooking visitor. Above: Sheldon setting up video counter.

Following discussions with DFO, TCGFD extended the weir operations by four days. The Little Tahltan stock has seen declining returns since 2007. The historical optimum escapement for this system is 3,300, per the Transboundary Technical Committee Management Plan. There is no Scientifically Agreed Biological Escapement Goal (BEG) for this stock. The system wide escapement goal was not met. A total of 13,400 returning Chinook to the entire Stikine River are estimated in the 2020 run, which is below the 10-year average. The Little Tahltan Weir operations are funded through our AFS Contribution Agreement.

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

TAHLTAN LAK E SO C K E Y E A D U LT E N U ME RAT I O N This project is typically conducted jointly with DFO and Tahltan staff but was modified to adhere to COVID-19 protocols and ensure staff safety in the field. The TCGFD field crew mobilized to Tahltan Lake on July 7. Construction of the adult weir was completed and fish tight on July 9 in preparation for the arrival of the returning sockeye spawners. Michael Nole and Kyle Inkster patiently awaited the arrival of the first sockeye, which were significantly delayed, not arriving at the lake until July 22. The remainder of the run was also delayed and did not show the run strength indicated by the in-season adjusted forecasts, based on catches in the Lower River fisheries.

Above: First sockeye salmon arriving at the Tahltan Lake weir – 9:40am July 22, 2020.

TAHLTAN LAKE WEIR ENUMERATION RESULTS

11,158

SOCKEYE SPAWNERS

/ 24,000 MANAGEMENT GOAL

The weir was dismantled on September 11, with a total of 11,158 sockeye spawners counted. Although this number is below the Escapement Goal Range of 18,000-30,000 and management target of 24,000 spawners, long term survival data does not indicate major concerns for the 2025 return year. We will keep you posted on the winter technical discussions and any indications otherwise.

C ATC H M O NI TO R I NG & RE P ORT I N G The Catch Monitor program based in Telegraph Creek saw Noreen McLean return to fulfill the duties associated with the position. She was responsible for handing out fishing and transport permits, collecting weekly catches from Members, and reporting to the Fisheries Manager. The total number of salmon harvested in the FSC Fishery was 5,423 Sockeye, 389 Chinook, 642 Jacks (small chinook) and 2 Coho. This project was funded by AFS/PST Implementation Funds. CATCH MONITORING & REPORTING RESULTS

5,423 642 SOCKEYE

JACKS

389

CHINOOK

Above: The first Chinook harvested in FSC fishery had a spaghetti tag applied to its dorsal fin. This tag was applied as part of the Lower Stikine Chinook Adult Tagging project. 61

COHO

FISHERIES PROJECTS

STIKIN E STO C K SEPA RAT I ON

The Stikine Stock Separation program ran from June 23 to August 23. Its purpose is to sample a portion of the Sockeye run to determine the composition. The run is comprised of different components, Lake spawners (Tahltan Lake) and River spawners (Tahltan River), which are further categorized as enhanced versus wild. The samplers for 2020 were Drew Inkster, Brendan Joseph, and Raina Feldman. They collected biological samples from the catches in the FSC fishery for analysis to determine the origin of the fish, which helps in the overall management of salmon resources in the Stikine watershed. The samplers were able to sample a total of 513 Sockeye and 115 Chinook. They also sampled a lot later into August, usually they pack up the first week. This is due to a variation in the run timing. The salmon were later this year, which seems to be a trend over the last few seasons. It is something to be mindful of for future food fishing efforts. This project was funded by AFS/PST Implementation Funds.

STIKINE STOCK SEPARATION PROGRAM SAMPLING RESULTS

513

Top-left: Brendan sampling. Top-right: Brendan and Raina sampling.

SOCKEYE

115 CHINOOK

TAHLTAN R I VER C H I N OOK E N U ME RAT I ON FE ASIB I LI TY STUDY The Tahltan River Chinook Enumeration Feasibility Study is a new project funded under the AFS/PST Implementation Fund. It was supposed to have feet on the ground this year, but due to COVID-19 the project was modified to facility upgrades (a new outhouse and two bedrooms added to the Tahltan fisheries cabin) and equipment purchasing. This project’s aim is to get a much more accurate count of Chinook salmon entering the Tahltan watershed using Sonar technology.

Sonar technology is very appealing because it eliminates the need to handle the fish. Reducing handling supports better survival rates. The two potential sites will be at the Tahltan River bridge crossing and the Cannery. Both the TCGFD and DFO managers are anxious to get this project running in the 2021 field season.

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

STI K I NE R I V E R A E RI A L S U RV E Y S

The 2020 sockeye aerial survey was conducted September 15th with Cheri and Kerry as observers. Tundra Helicopters was chartered for the flight.

In general, survey conditions were exceptional–blue sky and clear water conditions–but overall a poor showing of sockeye spawners at the Mainstem index sites was concerning. A total of 172 sockeye were counted. The Stikine Coho aerial survey is scheduled for November 3, 2020. Tundra Helicopters has been chartered again, and Kerry and Cheri will conduct the survey of spawners observed. The index sites to be flown include Scud River, Porcupine River, Katete River (main and west arm), Verrett River, Craig River and Verrett slough. Top & Above: Sockeye Salmon observed and counted at Verrett river during aerial survey.

These flights are funded through the AFS Contribution Agreement.

FISHERIES PROJECTS

TAHLTAN R I VER SL I D E The 2020 fishing season saw a return of close-toaverage water levels, which persisted through most of the season.

Although this was not the greatest for fishing efforts, it was a blessing to the fish, helping with the slide at Tahltan, as well as the recent migration issues arising from the low flows at Decheeka Falls.

Figure 1.

The higher water levels this field season resulted in the natural flushing out of ruble and fine debris from the prior blasting efforts, to the point where it appears it has become a non-issue. This summer, field work was done by Golder Associates to assess the current state of the slide. They were able to use a drone to gather some measurements and take great pictures. One of Golder’s early observations was the drastic decrease in vertical distance the fish need to pass or jump the slide, which went from approximately 9 ft to approximately 2 ft. (see Figure 1). The salmon are no longer jumping at the site but are now able to swim right past it. This was confirmed by visual observations and the presence of fish at weir sites further upriver. Although the final report from Golder is pending, they provided some preliminary recommendations. TCGFD has had early discussions with DFO about next steps, given the findings of the recent site evaluation. The first option discussed is to do nothing and let things carry on as they are now. The reasoning is that any further work could make things worse by bringing down more material, and the site is a very dangerous and unstable place to work. The other option is pre-emptive removal of some boulders perched above the small inlet being created by a rock pushing water to make a back eddy. This is visible in Figure 2. The red circle is the inlet, and the green is the potential problem boulders. The rationale is that the small eddy will eat away at the material and eventually those boulders could fall into the river, which may or may not cause a problem. Golder explained the issue (or fact of uncertainty) is that the size of the boulders is not known because they are not fully exposed.

Figure 2.

This is an issue for two reasons: 1. the rocks could be much larger, making the scope of work difficult to fully understand; 2. the subsequent removal of the boulders could cause more issues. The first and preferred approach discussed was not doing any work, but having a plan ready in case an issue should arise. This will be subject to further discussion once the final report is available for review.

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

2020 ESC A P E ME N T S The following table shows the bilaterally agreed upon escapement goals for Stikine Chinook, Sockeye and Coho salmon, as set out in the US/Canada Pacific Salmon Treaty. The process for reviewing and updating these escapement goals has begun while the Sockeye EG review has already started.

Watershed Stikine

Species Chinook

Area Stikine

Management Target (MSY*) 28,100 (pre-season) 24,500 (in-season)

Management Target Range 14,000-28,000

Comments Includes Little Tahltan

21,000 (MSY pre-season) 17,400 (MSY in-season) Stikine

Sockeye

Stikine Wild

54,000

38,000-70,000

Stikine

Sockeye

Tahltan

24,000

18,000-30,000

Stikine

Sockeye

Mainstem

30,000

20,000-40,000

Stikine

Coho

Stikine

40,000

30,000-50,000

*MSY is the Maximum Sustainable Yield – the maximum level at which a natural resource (fish) can be routinely exploited without longterm depletion.

Bilateral (US) agreement uncertain

Total escapements for 2020 Stikine Salmon are still going through data review and the numbers presented here for all escapements are preliminary in nature.

45,000 Tahltan origin). This is below the recent 10-year average of 114,700 Sockeye salmon and below the preseason forecast of 103,000.

Chinook seems to be consistent with the pre-season forecast of approximately 13,400 large Chinook. This is below the escapement goal range of 14,000 to 28,000 and below the 10-year average of 17,118.

Although there is a goal set out in the table of the Treaty, there continues to be no means of accurately estimating Stikine Coho escapement or run size. The work to develop an accurate estimate of Stikine Coho was started in 2019 but had to be put on hold for 2020 due to COVID-19. Hopefully, the work will be undertaken in 2021.

The final in-season Sockeye salmon run size estimate is approximately 60,000 to 85,000 fish (30,000 to

2020 STI K IN E S A L MON H A RV E ST S FISHERY *Less than 100 large Chinook were of Stikine origin.

SOCKEYE

CHINOOK

JACKS

COHO

TFN Food

5423

389

642

CAN commercial

6,188

5,098

CAN Sport

CAN Totals

11,611

389

642

5,100

US Subsistence

1700

US Sport

US Troll

US Gillnet

2,951

1,333*

43,702

US Totals

4,651

1,391

43,777

US+CAN Totals

16,262

1,780

642

48,877

FISHERIES PROJECTS

Spawning sockeye in the Sheslay River. 66

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

FISHERIES-RELATED INDIGENOUS PROTECTED & CONSERVATION AREAS (IPCA) PROJECTS

Above: IPCA – Headwaters Kluayaz Lake.

This year the Tahltan Fisheries Department has been busy developing workplans and implementing new research under the IPCA / Stewardship initiative.

These projects have been designed to provide support for conservation designation by identifying critical fish habitats, characteristics, and stock status and by determining the areas and ecosystem processes that are essential for protection of the fisheries resources and associated habitats. Using information collected from these activities, other important aspects can then be addressed, such as management measures, standards, regulations, and land use. The focused fisheries areas of interest are listed below and on page 68. To note for all projects, the key field assessment tasks included hydrology i.e. flows, water quality and groundwater aspects. Bathymetric (water depth) surveys were also conducted for the lakes.

1. SHESLAY The focus was on the Hackett River watershed. A reconnaissance field survey was done July 12 to 17. A salmon video counting system was devised, but unfortunately could not be deployed this year due to high flood river conditions.

2. HEADWATERS (OF THE SKEENA, STIKINE, & NASS): Field surveys were conducted along the rail grade September 23 to 28. From September 29 to October 6, field work was done at Kluayaz Lake and the upper Kluatantan River watershed.

3. TAHLTAN LAKE Field surveys were conducted from August 29 to September 5. With this project, we are also seeking to address the recent lower wild sockeye egg-to-fry survivals and aspects relating to improving passage /weir operations for the pending replacement of the dam at the outlet of the lake.

FISHERIES-RELATED INDIGENOUS PROTECTED & CONSERVATION AREAS (IPCA) PROJECTS

Below: IPCA – Lower Iskut Bug Lake.

4. LITTLE TAHLTAN WATERSHED D EA SE L A KE

A field survey was implemented July 18 to 21.

SHESLAY

5. LOWER ISKUT WATERSHED:

LI TTLE TAHLTAN WATERSHED STI

Field surveys were conducted July 6 to 9 and October 9 to 12. The focus is on continuation of the sockeye enhancement feasibility study we have been working on.

TAHLTAN LAKE

KIN

ER IV

TEL EG RA PH C REEK

ISKUT ED D ONTENA JON L A KE TATOG G A L A KE KINA SKA N L A KE

Thanks to our dedicated field staff

RI V

Nole, Drew Inkster, Patrick Hudson,

HEA D WAT E R S KLUAYA Z L A K E

STIKINE

and Richard Erhardt.

LOWER I SKU T WATERSHED

2 2

We would also like to acknowledge several folks who helped us with equipment or camp use. They include: Sheslay River Outfitters (Rudy Day) for use of their 4-wheeler at Hackett River, Lonesome Mountain Outfitters (Mike Young) for use of their camp and boat at Kluayaz Lake, and use of the camps at both Little Tahltan River and Tahltan Lake. Mēduh.

ISK U T RIVER

which included: Sheldon Dennis, John

ISKU

HEAD WATERS – UPPE R KLUATANTA N R IVE R

Map 3 – IPCA Projects.

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

DFO REAL PROPERTIES – FACILITY UPGRADES

DFO Real Properties – Facility Upgrades

Facility upgrades and improvements to the remote DFO field camps has been ongoing since 2015. There are still ongoing discussions regarding replacement of the failing dam at Tahltan Lake and we are optimistic these works will commence soon.

The 2020 field season saw some great improvements to camp facilities at

Top-left: Old kitchen at Lower Stikine. Top-right: Outside new kitchen at Lower Stikine. Middle-right: Lower Stikine new kitchen. Bottom-right: Lower Stikine old kitchen.

Tahltan Lake, Little Tahltan and the Lower Stikine. These included additional showers, new sleeping quarters, storage, and a new kitchen at the Lower Stikine Camp, and were greatly appreciated by staff of every agency that uses them.

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

TA H LTA N L A K E E G G TA K E (1 989-20 2 0)

Above: Kyle receiving the female holding pen.

At the February pre-season session of the Transboundary Rivers Panel (TBR) of the Pacific Salmon Treaty, the 2020 Stikine Enhancement Production Plan (SEPP) was finalized, and a five million egg take target for Tahltan Lake was bilaterally agreed upon. The poor wild fry survivals were also discussed and deferred to the Enhancement Sub Committee (ESC) for further review and discussion at the upcoming March Transboundary Technical Committee (TTC) pre-season meeting. One of the Alaskan panel members voiced his concern and disapproval regarding any changes being made to the target without the input and consent from the TBR Panel. Although the target is agreed upon in the SEPP at the pre-season session, the reality is the target cannot be confirmed until in-season and is dependent on spawner escapement into the lake. The ESC met March 4 to 6 and members held a focused discussion on the poor wild smolt survivals at Tahltan Lake. After reviewing the data and recent smolt survivals, it was recommended the egg take be reduced to 2.5 million.

In the months leading up to the egg take, several discussions between the TCG Fisheries Director and Sean Collins, DFO Salmonid Enhancement Program, took place to ensure the egg take target is factored using the most recent wild smolt survivals as a guideline. Follow up discussions with Alaskan representatives were held to provide rationale for the reduction and reach agreement on what is best for the Tahltan Lake sockeye stocks. After running the numbers, Sean Collins arrived at a very conservative revised egg take target of 500,000 eggs, based on the smolt data, as well as the low escapement this year.

TAHLTAN LAKE EGG TAKE (1989-2020)

The TCGFD field crew was deployed to Tahltan Lake on September 5th with a crew from BC, Yukon, and Dease Lake. The crew collected brood stock September 7 and 11. Beach seining efforts resulted in the capture of 542 females (ripe and green) and 1,019 males. A total of 186 females and 192 males were spawned over the course of two egg takes, which were completed September 10 and 12. A total of 502,200 fertilized sockeye eggs were delivered to Port Snettisham Hatchery by Ward Air Juneau. The egg take crew also delivered 20 female ovarian and kidney samples for disease testing for Infectious Heamatopoetic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) and Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD). As well, 98 otoliths, post-orbital hypural lengths, and fork lengths were collected from both male and female brood stock, per the contract requirements. The camp was demobilized, and all crew flown out, on Sept 16. Crew members were Richard Erhardt, Cheri Frocklage, Jared Dennis, Kyle Inkster, Drew Inkster, Kerry Carlick, Sheldon Dennis, and Michael Nole. Raina Feldman returned as our camp cook. Mēduh Raina for all the great meals and for keeping us all so well fed, despite the challenge of minimal ingredients.

Thanks to the pilots and ground crew of BC Yukon Air for providing crew transport flights to this project. We also extend our gratitude to the pilots from Ward Air from Juneau for egg haul flights. We truly appreciate all the people on the other end who ensure the fuel, propane, supplies, and groceries keep coming in. We could not do it without you. A big thank you as well to DFO for use of the camp facilities.

Above: Tahltan Lake. Back cover: Rainbow Trout eating unviable eggs.

FERTILIZED EGG DELIVERY (Port Snettisham Hatchery by Ward Air Juneau)

Many thanks to our TCGFD staff for your ongoing dedication to the management of the Stikine River salmon resources. We are tremendously grateful to you all for your valuable knowledge and the time you dedicate to the field work. Your hard work never goes unnoticed. Mēduh.

502,200 SOCKEYE EGGS

BROOK STOCK COLLECTION RESULTS

542 1,019 FEMALES (Ripe & Green)

MALES

TOTAL SPAWNS OVER TWO EGG TAKES

186 192 FEMALES

MALES

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

Memorial Monument of Tahltan Lake

On September 22, 1994, the Tahltan Nation and our local communities suffered the heartbreak and loss of two very dear friends and colleagues. Tahltan Fisheries Technician Johnny Tashoots and Tel-Air pilot Ron Janzen lost their lives in a fatal plane crash on a return flight from delivering sockeye salmon eggs to the Port Snettisham Hatchery in Alaska. Above and right: Johnny Tashoots and Ron Janzen memorial at Tahltan Lake.

Our Tahltan Fisheries family placed a rough marker on the point at Tahltan Lake above the main sockeye spawning grounds that served as a reminder of our lost loved ones. It was the focal point for many years of an annual bonfire and fireworks. In addition, DFO staff member Bill Waugh contacted the BC Geographical Names Office in Victoria in 1996 to officially rename the outlet creek ‘Johnny Tashoots Creek’ in his memory.

The marker was replaced many times over the years, as it crumbled and eroded under the weather and elements. In the winter of 2019, Cheri decided it was time a formal monument be established to commemorate the lives of these fine men for their ultimate sacrifice. On September 14 of this year, this idea became reality with the design, labour and support from the egg take crew. I cannot express my level of gratitude to my staff. There are no words to describe my feelings, as through my tears, I watched them carry the heavy stone from the boat, up the steep rock face of the point and to its final place of rest. My staff, many of whom did not know either Johnny or Ron, did not hesitate to assist in the efforts to honour these men. They may not have met them, but they know they were our brothers and members of this large extended family we all belong to. The monument is beautiful. The view is breathtaking and befitting for our fallen comrades. From my heart to you, my sincere thanks for your act of kindness. I remain eternally grateful to you all.

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TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

Northern Fund 2020

TCGFD was able to successfully secure $43,817 from the PSC Northern Endowment Fund to conduct the Tahltan Lake Sockeye Access Improvement and Trail Clearing project from August 3 to 13, 2020. This was a combined submission to address and control the beaver population, remove any dams in JT Creek that may block migration of returning sockeye adults or out migrating smolts, as well as improve access to these sites. It will also ensure the safety of the staff who walk the creek to remove any dams in season that may create challenges for salmon passage. As in 2019, TCG Fisheries Department field technician and beaver guru John Nole teamed up with the TCG Guardian Clements Brace to complete the beaver portion of the work. They removed eight beavers and three dams. Due to the higher water conditions, they did not have to work as fervently as usual to keep up with the breaching of dams. The beaver damming activity was minimal with the improved water flows in JT Creek at the time of the project.

Below: Johnny Tashoots Creek. Bottom-left: Clements Brace on Beaver removal.

Drew Inkster and Mitchell Engdahl conducted trail cutting and clearing to widen and open the trail, which has been neglected for quite some time. Crew members using the trail now will find it clear of debris. It will also minimize the opportunity for chance encounters with grizzly bears, who travel the creek and trail in search of a sockeye meal. Many thanks to the crew members for their hard work and completion of these important tasks. Mēduh. The 2021 proposal submission to the Northern Fund to conduct spring juvenile studies at the Hackett River has been denied funding and TCGFD will be seeking alternate funding sources to pursue this project.

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TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

Margaret Asp My Name is Margaret Asp. I am the daughter of the late Ray and Ann Henyu. I started work for Tahltan Fisheries over 10 years ago as a Chinook sampler and was promoted to the Guardian position and stationed at Tahltan ever since. I love working with my co-workers every summer and always look forward to starting each year.

F IS H E RIE S DE PART ME N T

Staff Bios

Jared Dennis

I am of Tlingit/Tahltan blood and from the Wolf clan. I have been with Tahltan Fisheries since I turned 18 in 2005 when, at the end of my grade 11 school year, I was asked to go to Tahltan Lake. Following my grade 12 school year, I returned to Tahltan Fisheries to continue my employment. I love the outdoors, our Tahltan country, learning more about our fish and wildlife, and using all the skills my grandparents taught me about loving and respecting the fish, wildlife, and land. I have been to every camp that fisheries has offered, from the lower end of the Stikine on the Alaskan side, where the salmon first enter, to their spawning grounds: Iskut, Tuya, Tahltan, Little Tahltan Rivers, where some of the chinook spawn, and Tahltan Lake, where sockeye spawn. One year I got to tag an adult chinook on the Alaska side, then observed it arrive at the Little Tahltan River, where their long journey ends. Every summer, I am either camping or at fish camp with my grandparents. I recall the first time I saw a salmon at Spencer Flats and didn’t know what type of fish it was, because all I knew was a fish was a fish. Now I know all types of fish and, this year, how far they can travel.

Sheldon Steven Dennis My name is Sheldon Steven Dennis. I come from the Wolf clan and Simgaltada family. I started working with Tahltan Fisheries in the summer of 1997 and have been with them ever since. I grew up in Iskut and moved to Terrace in 2004. In 2004, I graduated from the Freda Diesing School of Northwest Coast Arts, completing a two-year course. I have been working out at Tahltan Lake since 1997 on the Sockeye smolt program and the Sockeye Adult program. In 2010 I started doing the Little Tahltan River Chinook Weir and in 2017 we started using a video counter at Little Tahltan. I also do the egg take program at Tahltan Lake. I am now doing little projects along the Iskut River and up at the Sacred Headwaters. In 2021, I will be helping set up a camera counter out at the Hackett River.

TAHLTAN FISHERIES – STAFF BIOS

Richard Erhardt Hons. BSc.

Richard has been providing technical support to Tahltan Fisheries as a contract biologist since 2003. In that time, he has helped facilitate the expansion of their involvement in fisheries management and has promoted continuous program development. Most of the projects or forums he assists with come from additional proposal-based funding. Richard has expedited many new fisheries projects in a wide variety of categories, including stock assessment, enhancement, lake surveys, habitat mapping, environmental assessment, strategic planning, and community education. He also provides support by attending key meetings such as the TBR PSC Technical Committee and Panel. Richard is now the project biologist for the Tahltan Lake egg take project and currently is largely focused on assisting with the fisheries related IPCA projects.

Raïna Feldman My name is Raïna Feldman. I work for the Tahltan Fisheries Program as a Fisheries Technician and as a Camp Cook. I am also the Level 3 First Aid Attendant for our crew. My parents are Patricia McIntosh and Richard Feldman, and my stepfather, Edward Frank, who raised me. I have lived within Tahltan Territory most of my life, growing up in Telegraph Creek, raising my three children in Iskut and Dease Lake, and now residing in Dease Lake.  I begin the season working on the Coded Wire Tagging Program on the Lower Stikine in the early Spring. I do the Upper River Sampling Program in Telegraph Creek all Summer, then move to Tahltan Lake for the egg take for the Fall. I am grateful every day to be working in some of the most beautiful places in the world and with an amazing crew that is like family.

Patrick Hudson Patrick is a hydrologist and fisheries scientist who has worked for Tahltan Fisheries and the Lands Department for 15 years. Prior to working for Tahltan Fisheries, Patrick was the BC Ministry of Environment Regional Hydrologist for the Skeena Region, where he focused on hydrometric standards and environmental impact assessments of regional projects including Tahltan Territory industrial proposals. Much of his previous work with THREAT and the Lands Department have involved the review of industrial projects such as Red Chris and Seabridge Gold’s KSM Project. With these reviews and site inspections he has focused on environmental impact assessment, monitoring and water management as priorities. Most recently Patrick is working on the IPCA planning studies with a focus on fisheries capacity building and conservation planning across Tahltan Territory.

Drew Inkster I am the youngest of Christine and Greg Inskter’s four children. I am from the Wolf clan and belong to the Cawtoonma family. I was born and raised in Terrace, but very much enjoy every chance to come back to our Tahltan Territory. I have worked for Tahltan Fisheries for the better part of a decade and have been to many different work sites doing various projects. I have primarily been on the Stikine doing the Adult Chinook Tagging project with my brother, Kyle Inkster. I also work at the Little Tahltan and Tahltan Lake projects and some other smaller projects. When I am not at work, I enjoy riding my ATV, fishing, hunting, barbequing, hockey, and spending time with my family. I am very excited to continue working with fisheries at our new home with TCG.

TAHLTAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020

Kyle Inkster My name is Kyle Inkster. I am from the Cawtoonma family. I have worked as a Fisheries Technician/Supervisor for Tahltan Fisheries since 2008, mostly down river on the Lower Stikine, Chinook Tagging Program. I was born and raised in Terrace. My parents are Greg and Christine Inkster, who both grew up in Telegraph Creek. My father was born there. When I am not working, I am working on art, music, and skateboarding.

Brendan Joseph

Noreen McLean (Vance) My name is Noreen McLean, and I am from the Tahltan Nation, born and raised in Telegraph Creek. I am the daughter of Henry and Janet Vance and I am Crow clan, which I inherited from my mother. I spent my entire childhood, as well as my young adulthood, learning the traditions of my people. I spent many seasons with my mother and grandmother, Fannie Woods, learning the skills of fishing, gutting, smoking, preparing, and harvesting salmon for the colder months. Now, as an adult, I have a seasonal job with the Fisheries Department, where I have been working for 13 years. I love my job! My title is Catch Monitor and my duties include issuing fishing and transport permits to Tahltan people and to provide them a daily catch calendar to keep track of their harvest numbers. I routinely visit fish camps and collect weekly data. I enjoy working with the TCG Fisheries Department because it allows me to return home every summer and do what I love. Namely, I am honoured to carry on the heritage of my Elders and their Ancestors before them. I have extreme gratitude for the work I do and the people I work with; I would not trade it for anything in this world!

My name is Brendan Joseph. I am son to Floyd and Karen Joseph, and grandson to Alex and Rachel Joseph. This year was my first year with Tahltan Fisheries. I worked on the upper river project where we sampled sockeye and chinook salmon. Sampling consists of collecting data such as weights, lengths, scale samples, and egg diameters.

Michael Nole

John Nole My name is John Nole and I have worked for Tahltan Fisheries for several years. My job takes me places where our Ancestors lived off the land. My work consists of seining (small mesh netting) smolts on the Lower Stikine, the Tahltan Lake egg take, doing alternate fishing for brood stock collection, and beaver dam breaching (so the salmon can make it back to Tahltan Lake). I also do some field work with our hydrologist. I like my job because it takes me out on the land our Ancestors left in trust to us for our future generations. Mēduh. 79

My Name Is Michael Nole and I am from the Wolf clan. I was born and raised in Iskut. My parents are the late Loveman and Sara Nole. My dad’s parents were Bell and Ester Nole. My mom’s parents were Kishkosh and Sophie Tashoots. I am proud to say I have a beautiful family with my wife Mary, three stepdaughters and three precious granddaughters. I have been working for Tahltan Fisheries for 17 years. I work in three different camps: Tahltan Lake, Little Tahltan River, and the Lower Stikine. The past few seasons, I have also trained a few new TCG staff and DFO personnel as well. I really enjoy passing on the knowledge I have learned through the years with Tahltan Fisheries. I recently graduated with a Dogwood diploma. It was on my bucket list and I did it! A big thanks goes out to Lax Kw’alaams Academy for giving me a chance to do it. I am looking forward to continuing working with and taking on the new challenges TCG has to offer.

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FISH & WILDLIFE NEWSLETTER 2020 /tahltangovernment