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Summer 2014

Suffolk Argus The

Purple Emperor at Broxbourne Wood, Herts

by Laurence Drummond

The Newsletter of the Suffolk Branch of Butterfly Conservation

Summer 2014

Volume 60

The Suffolk Argus

Large Tortoiseshell

(Nymphalis polychlorus) field identification

Bill Stone

In March this year, Suffolk was lucky 'XULQJ WKH DQG 0DUFK WKH EXWWHUÀ\ HQRXJK WR SOD\ KRVW WR D UDUH EXWWHUÀ\ LQ WKH was at times elusive, but it regularly returned form of a Large Tortoiseshell. It was found to a favoured area where it was seen to at by Will Brame Peewit Hill, Felixstowe LQWHUDFW ZLWK RWKHU EXWWHUÀLHV SUHVHQW VXFK DV on 10 March and remained until at least 13 &RPPD DQG 3HDFRFN +HUH LW ZDV VHHQ WR À\ $ & % + $, ' ! ) % ' + !' &! " + !%& &! $ $ '&& $ + & !$ ! $ !$&! % % - & ) % !' + $ & ) & , *%&!) ! /. $ $ ' & March. Most records of Large Tortoiseshell strongly with powerful wing beats followed & %& /0 $ - !%& $ !$ % ! $ !$&! % % & "" $ & $ + "$ , ! !) in the UK appear in the early Spring, by long glides. The photograph below from $ & ! !$ ' + ' '%& ) $ % ' &% $ - ( !) !% ) & % &! & following hibernation or in July and August :LOO %UDPH VKRZV WKH EXWWHUÀ\ EDVNLQJ RQ *& % ( *%&!) ! % ! " * & % & + & & & % " $& ' $ ( ' $$ ( $ & $! & $ ! & &, " $ "% $ & "!$& $ !- when fresh adults emerge. Given how close the pathway, something that it was observed Peewit Hll is '$ to & /. the extensive Felixstowe doing on a number of occasions. /0 $ & '&& $ + ) % & & % '% ( , '& & $ ' $ + $ &'$ &! (!'$ $ ) $ & ) % % & %' % ! docks complex it is felt likely &! that & $ & ) & !& $ '&& $ % "$ % this ! - $ & ) % % &! + %&$! + ) & "!) $ ' ) &% ! !) + ! %- particular individual arrived in freight from Using the photograph below the following " !&! $ " !) $! $ % !)% & '&& $ + % ! & " & ) +, %! & & & & the near continent, perhaps hibernating in ) % ! % $( ! ! ' $ ! ! % ! %- key points may be of use when trying to imported cargo. FRQ¿UP D SXWDWLYH /DUJH 7RUWRLVHVKHOO LQ WKH % & " !&! $ " !) & ! !) + "! &% + ! '% ) &$+ &! ! $ ¿HOG "'& & ( $ !$&! % % & - & '"" $% !$ ) & %"!& $ & ) " * % + !), !& ) & % !$&! % %

& '"" $% !$ ) & % *&$ %"!& & !$ $ - - & % 1 %"!&% % !""!% &! 0 ! !$&! % %

& '"" $ ) & $ % $ ! ( !'% %"!& ! &

+!' $ &! % & ' $) & & ' $% ! & !$ ) % ' !$ ' !$ ! !'$ "!$& & + & % & ! ( !'% " &$ $ & & !$&! % % %- % ) , & & $ % %! &$ ) & %"!& ! & ) ' $% -

If you are able to see the underwing then ,W LV D YHU\ SRZHUIXO EXWWHUÀ\ DQG ZLOO JOLGH the underside of the forewing is much more effortlessly as observed at Peewit Hill. It & % ( $+ "!) $ ' '&& $ + ) !$& %% + % ! % $( & ) & - & %! + ( $+ uniform in colour and importantly it lacks FDQ DOVR À\ YHU\ TXLFNO\ HVSHFLDOO\ ZKHQ #' + %" + ) %&'$ & ) ! & + '" &! &$ &!"%- $( !! " & % the obvious pale central area that Small GLVWXUEHG DQG LW ZLOO RIWHQ À\ XS LQWR WUHH & !' ) !) % ! & '% - !%& $ & '&& $ % $ ! & !' ' '" ! ) !) Tortoiseshell has. If seen well, then there is tops. The larval food plant is elm although !%%! - also a central white spot on the hind wing willow is often used. Post hibernating underside. EXWWHUÀLHV DUH RIWHQ IRXQG IXHOOLQJ XS RQ willow blossom. 2

Summer 2014

Contents Large Tortoiseshell Editorial Suffolk Branch Contacts New Members and 2013 Membership Report 2013 Butterfly Report Butterfly Conservation by Recording Sightings Brimstone and Buckthorn Update 2014 Suffolk Branch Events The Purple Emperor in Suffolk 2013 The Purple Project Variations of the Brown Argus in East Anglia Hibernating Butterflies Small Tortoiseshell

2 3 4 5 6 11 13 14 15 31 33 34 34

Editorial

Peter Maddison It won’t have taken you a moment to realise that this edition of the newsletter is special - it has FRORXU LQ WKH FHQWUH SDJHV +HUH \RX ZLOO ¿QG the maps and charts associated with the report ‘The Purple Emperor in Suffolk in 2013’. Rob Parker introduces the report by Liz Goodyear and Andrew Middleton, who spent many hours conducting the survey in the woodlands particularly in the west of the county.

There are plenty of opportunities for recording EXWWHUÀLHV LQ ± LW¶V ZKDW ZH¶UH DOO HQFRXUDJHG to do to make our membership of BC count. Twm Wade gives an update on the few remaining YDFDQW :&%6 VTXDUHV DQG KH DOVR UHTXHVWV KHOS in recording the least surveyed areas, the ’black holes’, of the county. Brimstones have been on the wing and Julian Dowding asks for both sightings and knowledge of how Buckthorns planted during the project of 2011/12 are fairing.

Whether you are thinking of searching out the Purple Emperor or not, Bill Stone’s article on WKH IDVFLQDWLQJ EHKDYLRXU RI WKH EXWWHUÀ\ DQG suggested survey methods, is intriguing and most useful.

This year in my garden Orange-tips have been plentiful, but it’s been good to see increased numbers of Peacock and Small Tortoiseshell too. They must have wintered well. Read DERXW 5LFKDUG 6WHZDUW¶V ¿QGLQJ RI KLEHUQDWLQJ EXWWHUÀLHV LQ D :: SLOOER[

Bill Stone together with Rob Parker have SXEOLVKHG 6XIIRON¶V %XWWHUÀ\ 5HSRUW IRU 7KH DQDO\VLV RI PHPEHUV¶ UHFRUGV RI EXWWHUÀLHV would indicate that many species did well and even those species that are encountered LQIUHTXHQWO\ VHHPHG WR KDYH PDLQWDLQHG VWDEOH populations. However, the continuing demise of the Wall remains a concern.

All members are welcome to take part in our Events, and with the main season ahead let’s KRSH IRU DQ DEXQGDQFH RI EXWWHUÀLHV WKDW FDQ EH enjoyed, observed, photographed and recorded.

The Suffolk Argus

Suffolk Branch Contacts President Howard Mendel c/o The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD Tel: 0207 938 8782

&RQVHUYDWLRQ 2IÀFHU %XWWHUÁLHV Rob Parker &RUQÀHOG 5G Bury St Edmunds IP33 3BN Tel: 01284 705476 email: robparker@waitrose.com

Chairman Mike Dean Coach House, Ixworth, Bury St Edmunds IP31 2HL Tel: 01359 230292 email: Michael.Dean2@ virginmedia.com

&RQVHUYDWLRQ 2IÀFHU 0RWKV Tony Prichard 3, Powling Rd., Ipswich IP3 9JR Tel: 01473 270047 email: tony.prichard@btinternet.com

Membership Secretary Susan Sidle Five Gables, The Ling, Wortham, Diss, Norfolk IP22 1ST Tel: 01379 643665 email: susansidle361@gmail.com

Programme and Publicity Matt Berry Tel: 07599 243026 email: matt@greenwings.co Newsletter Editor Peter Maddison Barnmead, Fishpond Rd, :DOGULQJÀHOG Woodbridge IP12 4QX Tel: 01473 736607 email: prmaddison@yahoo.co.uk

Treasurer Dominic Hill Tel: 01359 269855 email: domhill25@gmail.com Secretary Julian Dowding 84, Clapgate Lane, Ipswich IP3 0RE Tel: 01473 436096 email: julian.dowding@ntlworld.com

5HJLRQDO 2IÀFHU (DVWHUQ (QJODQG Sharon Hearle 216, The Street, Kirtling, Newmarket CB8 9PD Tel: 01638 731648 HPDLO VKHDUOH#EXWWHUÁ\ FRQVHUYDWLRQ RUJ

&RXQW\ %XWWHUÁ\ 5HFRUGHU Bill Stone 27 Draymans Way Ipswich IP3 0QU HPDLO EXWWHUÁLHV#VQV RUJ XN

Website Richard Perryman email: richard.perryman@ntlworld.com WCBS Co-ordinator Twm Wade email: twm.wade@ yahoo.com

Committee Member Helen Saunders email: helens919@gmail.com

7KH 6XIIRON $UJXV LV SXEOLVKHG E\ WKH 6XIIRON %UDQFK RI %XWWHUÁ\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ 7KH RSLQLRQV H[SUHVVHG LQ WKLV QHZVOHWWHU DUH QRW QHFHVVDULO\ WKRVH RI %XWWHUÁ\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ RU WKH %UDQFK $OO ULJKWV UHVHUYHG )RU PRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ VHH ZZZ VXIIRONEXWWHUÁLHV RUJ XN %XWWHUÁ\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ &RPSDQ\ OLPLWHG E\ JXDUDQWHH UHJLVWHUHG LQ (QJODQG 5HJLVWHUHG 2IÀFH 0DQRU <DUG (DVW /XOZRUWK :DUHKDP 'RUVHW %+ 5QP Charity registered in England & Wales (254937) and in Scotland (SCO39268)

Summer 2014

New Members and 2013 Membership Report Susan Sidle, Branch Membership Secretary

We warmly welcome the following new members to Suffolk Branch and look forward to meeting you at our events this year.

Mr J Hunt Mrs B Chesterman Mrs E Day Mrs P Fey Mr J & Mrs P Davies Mrs J L Paternoster Dr N Burton Mr S & Mrs K Read & Family Mrs D & Mr J Richards Mrs J E & Mr T G Baker Mrs N Hydes Mr A Jessop

Halesworth Foxhall Haverhill Bury St. Edmunds All Saints South Elmham Ipswich Thetford

Mr M Cant Miss K Nocton Mrs A & Mr A R Langan Mr S Tunstill

Ipswich Whepstead Bury St Edmunds Wickham Market

Mr F Hanniffy Mr J Smith

Ipswich

Sudbury Aldeburgh Hitcham Ipswich

Miss J Turner & Mr C Upson Hadleigh Mr S & Mrs M Harris Eye

Mr D & Mrs L Norris

Dr M & Mr G Wilson Mr P Thurston

Blyford Halesworth

Spexhall Lowestoft

Linstead

,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH :HOFRPH 3DFN IURP %XWWHUÀ\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ \RX VKRXOG DOVR KDYH UHFHLYHG D EUDQFK Welcome Letter. (Please note that if you joined after March this year and you provided your email address, the branch Welcome letter would have been sent to you by email). If you have not received your branch Welcome Letter either by post or by email please let me know. The membership data for the Suffolk Branch for the period to 1 November 2013 is reproduced below. No of household members at 01-Oct-11

01-Oct-12

01-Nov-13

287

338

% Increase in Total Household mem- Household members recruited 01/10/12 bers from Oct 12 to to 1/11/13 Nov 13 92

:H PD\ EH RQH RI WKH VPDOOHU EUDQFKHV RI %XWWHUÀ\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ EXW RYHU WKH ODVW WZR \HDUV ZH KDYH JURZQ E\ RYHU HDFK \HDU /DVW \HDU WKLV JURZWK UDWH SXW XV HTXDO VHFRQG ZKHQ FRPSDULQJ WKH JURZWK rates of all BC’s branches (31 in all). So thank you very much for your support! In an effort to reduce our branch expenditure on printing and postage we are now offering our members the option of receiving the Suffolk Argus newsletter electronically. Whenever the latest newsletter becomes available you would receive an email containing a link to the new newsletter. You will be able to opt back in to receive hard copies of the newsletter at any time. If you would like to receive future newsletters by email please let me know. Contact Susan Sidle : susansidle361@gmail.com 5

The Suffolk Argus

2013 Butterfly Report Bill Stone and Rob Parker

Summary By way of a brief overview, 2013 was a ZRQGHUIXO \HDU IRU WKH PDMRULW\ RI EXWWHUÀ\ species. It was a year of unexpected UHFRYHU\ ZLWK WKH ¿QH ORQJ ODVWLQJ VXPPHU weather allowing several species to rebuild WKHLU QXPEHUV DIWHU WKH GLVDVWURXV EXWWHUÀ\ year of 2012. Everyone will remember it as a great Clouded Yellow year and, hopefully, most of you will have spent some time ZDWFKLQJ WKLV ZRQGHUIXO PLJUDQW EXWWHUÀ\ The Silver-washed Fritillary continued its range expansion and its numbers swelled in the key woodlands too. In addition, some incredible counts of Peacocks, Small Tortoiseshells and both Small and Large Whites were enjoyed during the summer. By contrast the Wall failed to show any signs of recovery and appears to be slipping VORZO\ RII WKH 6XIIRON EXWWHUÀ\ OLVW

December saw Atlantic storms that brought rain and at times very high winds, causing widespread disruption. The UK mean temperature of 8.8 °C was 0.1 °C below the 1981-2010 average. This is identical to the YDOXH 0DUFK ZDV WKH HTXDO VHFRQG coldest March for the UK on record. Both March and spring overall were the coldest since 1962. In contrast July was the third warmest in the series and it was the warmest summer since 2006. The July heat wave was in marked contrast to the run of recent poor summers from 2007 to 2012. The UK annual UDLQIDOO WRWDO RI PP RI DYHUDJH was drier than average but not exceptionally so. May, October, and December were the only months to record above average rainfall for the UK. In both October and December, some parts of the UK received over twice the normal amount of rainfall for the month, and it was the wettest December on record for Scotland. Overall for the UK, it was a sunnier WKDQ DYHUDJH \HDU EXW DJDLQ QRW exceptionally so. It was the sunniest July since 2006 and the third sunniest July in the series from 1929.

Overview of the UK weather in 2013 The annual statistics for the UK in 2013 were generally near average. However, many meteorological records were broken. A late winter and exceptionally cold spring, with unseasonably late snowfalls led into a long warm and sunny summer. October and 2013 Weather for East Anglia Season Winter 12/13 Spring Summer

Mean Temp Deg C 3.6 7.2 16.9

Anomaly Deg C -0.8 -1.9 0.5

Sunshine hrs 161.5

Anomaly 87 97 110

Rainfall mm 175.9 125.9 105

Anomaly 119 92 65

Autumn

11.2

0.3

321.1

108

6RXUFH ZZZ PHWRI¿FH JRY XN Anomalies are measured against the 1981-2010 averages. 6

Summer 2014 Residents - Winners & Losers The 2013 season began typically with a hibernator in the form of a Small Tortoiseshell seen on 01 January. By the end of the February, several records for the other hibernating species of Peacock, Red Admiral and Brimstone had also been received. The very cold winter clearly had an impact on the traditional spring EXWWHUÀLHV ZLWK WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKH ¿UVW Orange-tip and Green-veined White records being 2-3 weeks later than normal. This was D WUHQG WKDW VHHPHG WR EH UHÀHFWHG DFURVV WKH UK. Speckled Wood also seemed to have been affected by the late spring and the year did not really allow for a full recovery for this species. Concerns were raised in 2012 regarding Common Blue, Brown Argus and Holly Blue. Both Common Blue and Brown Argus appear to have undergone a slight recovery with stronger later broods noted. Analysis of the records suggests that Holly Blue had a good spring brood but that the summer brood was poor. This clearly has LPSOLFDWLRQV IRU WKH VSHFLHV LQ DQG WKH position will need to be closely monitored. The long hot summer allowed the grass loving species to sustain their numbers and some exceptional counts of both Ringlet and Meadow Brown were received.

season with several Suffolk records received well into July resulting in a new late record of 21 July 2013. Clearly, the long summer KDG D VLJQL¿FDQW LPSDFW RQ WKLV VSHFLHV ,W LV ZRUWK QRWLQJ WKDW DW WKH %& 5HFRUGHUV¶ Meeting it was revealed that a number of southern counties recorded Orange-tip into late August and early September. Were these late emerging individuals or perhaps evidence of a rare second brood? The incredible weather also helped lengthen the ÀLJKW VHDVRQ IRU Silver-washed Fritillary and the latest date was extended to 26 August 2013 from 18 August in 2012. Finally, a late Meadow Brown record of 08 October 2013 reinforced the impact that the summer KDG RQ RXU EXWWHUÀLHV 7KH SUHYLRXV ODWHVW for this species was two days earlier on 06 October in 2005. Migrants The year saw some good records for Painted Lady. This species received 392 records and was recorded in 222 tetrads. The year also proved to be an excellent one for Clouded Yellow with 329 records received covering 131 tetrads. Several counts in excess of 20 were made at the coastal locations of Landguard, Bawdsey and East Lane. Double ¿JXUH FRXQWV ZHUH DOVR UHFHLYHG IURP LQODQG sites demonstrating that good numbers penetrated well into west Suffolk rather than just on the coast. However, in respect of true rarity value Suffolk was fortunate WR KDYH ¿YH UHFRUGV RI Long-tailed Blue with singles at Dunwich (11 Aug) and East Lane (08 Oct) and then singles on three consecutive days at Landguard Bird Observatory (06, 07 and 08 Oct). The 6XIIRON UHFRUGV DSSHDU WR UHÀHFW ZKDW KDG been seen elsewhere in England with true

Early & Late 7KLV \HDU VDZ ¿YH VSHFLHV ZLWK QHZ GDWHV Given the fantastic year for Clouded Yellow it seemed apt for this species to share in the FKDQJHV ZLWK RQH VHHQ À\LQJ RQ $SULO 2013. The previous earliest was 27 April 1997. A Purple Hairstreak was seen on 03 June 2013, beating the previous record of 13 June 2011 by well over a week. The Orange-tip HQMR\HG D VOLJKWO\ ORQJHU ÀLJKW 7

The Suffolk Argus migrants being recorded in August and their was recorded in the vicinity of Orford progeny being seen following emergence in Lighthouse on 06 August and based on a late September and October. photograph was likely to have been a female of the European form ssp gorganus. Finally, Unusual Species a third of unknown origin was recorded in Exciting news was received when Chalkhill central Ipswich on 18 July. Blue was found in good numbers at a site (SSSI) in the west of the county in August. Other species of interest ,Q DGGLWLRQ D VLQJOH EXWWHUÀ\ ZDV VHHQ À\LQJ Exploratory work for Purple Emperor along the railway embankment close to the in Suffolk was undertaken in 2013 by Liz $ QHDU +LJKDP $XJ ,W DSSHDUV Goodyear and Andrew Middleton of the that the main site, albeit newly discovered, Hertfordshire and Middlesex Branch of appears to be an established colony and on a %XWWHUÀ\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ ZLWK VLJKWLQJV suitable chalk habitat. In 2013, this species made in July in woodland in TL65. Work had a strong season and strayed far and already carried out in Cambridgeshire and ZLGH 6LJQL¿FDQW GLVSHUVDO ZDV DOVR QRWHG (VVH[ KDG FRQ¿UPHG WKLV VSHFLHV PRYLQJ in Cambridgeshire so it could be that this closer to Suffolk. Away from the introduced EXWWHUÀ\ ZLOO DSSHDU DW RWKHU VXLWDEOH FKDON population at Theberton Woods, another ODQG VLWHV LQ ZHVW 6XIIRON LQ UHFRUG ZDV UHFHLYHG IRU D VLQJOH EXWWHUÀ\ DW Two records (03, 21 August) of Marbled %UDG¿HOG :RRGV DQG DQRWKHU QRW IDU IURP White were received from the extreme west Halesworth. It is entirely feasible that the of the county. This species is known to be a Purple Emperor can be found in any suitable VWURQJ À\HU DQG RQH WKDW ZLOO ZDQGHU VR WKH mature woodland in Suffolk and it is hoped 2013 records could relate to Cambridgeshire that through Liz and Andrew’s work more individuals exploring new areas. The records will be forthcoming in the future. population in Landseer Park, Ipswich was 2013 was another great year for Silver- VWLOO SUHVHQW DQG EXWWHUÀLHV ZHUH VHHQ RQ washed Fritillary with 88 records from 31 the wing between 08 July and 09 August. WHWUDGV 7KLV LV RSSRVHG WR UHFRUGV IURP Although numbers were lower (max day WHWUDGV LQ 7KH KRW -XO\ FRLQFLGHG count of 6) than last year, breeding was ZLWK WKH ÀLJKW SHULRG DQG VRPH H[FHSWLRQDO noted with several records of egg laying counts were made. As mentioned above a females being received. As in 2012, the new latest date was also achieved extending population was spread over two tetrads in WKH 6XIIRON ÀLJKW VHDVRQ E\ GD\V $ Landseer Park but this year a record was number of observations were also made of also received from a third tetrad adjacent to 6LOYHU ZDVKHG )ULWLOODU\ À\LQJ VWURQJO\ RYHU the park. Interestingly, a record of a single DUDEOH ¿HOGV DORQJ UDLOZD\ HPEDQNPHQWV Marbled White was also received from a and in gardens close to mature woodlands. garden in Martlesham on 22 July. 7KHVH VLJKWLQJV VXJJHVWHG WKDW WKH EXWWHUÀ\ Three records of Swallowtail were received is on the move and continuing to expand its during the year. One, presumably a wanderer range. from the east Norfolk population, was seen at Burgh Castle on 30 June. A second 8

Summer 2014 Suffolk Biodiversity Action Plan Priority Species 6HYHQ VSHFLHV RI EXWWHUÀ\ RFFXUULQJ LQ Suffolk are deemed as UK BAP priority species. These are listed below. See http:// www.suffolkbiodiversity.org/biodiversity- action-plans.aspx

White-letter Hairstreak $OZD\V D GLI¿FXOW EXWWHUÀ\ WR VHH WKLV \HDU saw a slight increase on 2012. Favourable weather conditions and hot temperatures allowed a number of observers to watch and photograph this species nectaring on brambles and thistles rather than the usual brief glimpses of males spiralling high in the tops of elms.

Dingy Skipper The Dingy Skipper enjoyed a strong season in 2013. The main organised counts on the 15th and 16th of May were again too early. But, a count on the 26th May in the Kings Forest resulted in 83 Dingy Skippers being found and it was good to see that the EXWWHUÀ\ KDG H[WHQGHG HDVWZDUGV ZLWKLQ WKH forest. Ride-widening work and a good spread of birds-foot trefoil also seemed to have helped the Dingy Skipper this year. It was found again on Thetford Heath and despite long-term absences it was also found again at RAF Barnham and within the Elveden Center Parcs complex.

White Admiral This species enjoyed another relatively stable year allowing it to establish itself further in known colonies. As with Silver-washed Fritillary a number of White Admirals were VHHQ À\LQJ DZD\ IURP NQRZQ VLWHV DQG ZHUH DOVR VHHQ À\LQJ WKRXJK JDUGHQV ,W ZDV found in four new tetrads and some very high counts enjoyed.

Grayling This species showed a very slight increase in 2013 with it being seen in an additional 12 tetrads. Again, the majority of the records Silver-studded Blue were split between the east coast Sandlings The Silver-studded Blue was seen in 15 and the favoured Breckland areas. Of tetrads with 107 records being received. The interest was a record of a single Grayling at organised count resulted in some excellent %UDG¿HOG :RRGV RQ $XJXVW WRWDOV EHLQJ DFKLHYHG ZLWK RXW RI FRXQW VLWHV EHLQJ YLVLWHG $ WRWDO ¿JXUH RI Wall EXWWHUÀLHV ZDV WKH UHZDUG +RZHYHU The Wall, in 2012 was seen to have its no Silver-studded Blues were recorded range reduced even further with the Suffolk from Walberswick NNR. It is unknown SRSXODWLRQ EHLQJ VTXHH]HG LQWR VHYHUDO why this colony has been lost as the Bell pockets along a narrow strip on the east Heather remains in a suitable condition and coast. Sadly, 2013 showed no real positive with appropriate habitat management still development in this situation. One key in place. Good news, however, came from area remains the trinity of Bawdsey, East the trans-located colony at Blaxhall. Here, Lane and Shingle Street. However, in 2013 not only has the population survived, but it this area was subject to extensive work by has been seen to have gone from strength to the Environment Agency and contractors strength. undertaking ground work for the landing of offshore wind farm cables. Despite a small 9

The Suffolk Argus number of Walls being reported in the latter part of the season it will be left to records IURP WR SURSHUO\ DGGUHVV WKH LPSDFW LQ the area. Small Heath Despite its name, the Small Heath is not FRQ¿QHG WR KHDWK ODQG ,W LV KLJKO\ DGDSWLYH and can be found in a variety of grassy habitats including woodland rides but the NH\ UHTXLUHPHQW LV D VKRUW VZDUG RI ¿QH JUDVV species. During the year it was pleasing to hear that this species had appeared on a number of new conservation sites especially those being managed for Common Blue and Brown Argus. That said, it showed a very small decline against 2012 and it remains a VSHFLHV WKDW UHTXLUHV FORVH PRQLWRULQJ Recording and Geographic Coverage. In 2013, over 19,000 records were received, UHFRUGLQJ VSHFLHV RI EXWWHUÀ\ DQG covering 637 tetrads. Given that Suffolk has 1089 tetrads that meant that the records UHFHLYHG UHODWHG WR DOPRVW RI 6XIIRON Most years, we average just over 500 tetrads being visited so it looks like the good weather encouraged us all to explore a bit more.

With 1089 tetrads in Suffolk that leaves WHWUDGV ZLWKRXW DQ\ EXWWHUÀ\ UHFRUGV being received over the last four years. These “black holes” are scattered across the county with the weakest area remaining the agricultural land in High Suffolk. ,W LV ZRUWK QRWLQJ WKDW RYHU UHFRUGV DORQH ZHUH UHFHLYHG IURP WKH %LJ %XWWHUÀ\ Count which ran between 20 July and 11 August. Included within these records were sightings for several tetrads for which either no previous records or only minimal records existed. Other online recording schemes also provided valuable records and it was interesting to note how advances in social media and smart phone “apps” are beginning to impact on how individuals record and submit their sightings.

Species Maps. Distribution Maps for individual species have been prepared for our 31 regular species, and these are available for reference DV UHTXLUHG With the high number of tetrads visited in 2013 and the incredible number RI UHFRUGV UHFHLYHG WKH DYHUDJH EXWWHUÀ\ species per tetrad for 2013 increased to 10.9. 7KLV HTXDWHV WR WKH KLJKHVW VLQJOH \HDU FRXQW in ten years. To put that into context the $V \RX PD\ EH DZDUH %XWWHUÀ\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ four-year period (2010-2013) of the current (BC) operate a general recording scheme BNM survey period gives us an average of NQRZQ DV ³%XWWHUÀLHV IRU WKH 1HZ 13.1 species per tetrad. Millennium” or BNM. This scheme RSHUDWHV RYHU D ¿YH \HDU SHULRG IRU %ULWDLQ Transects. and Ireland in order to assess change, inform Analysis of transect results gives a sharp conservation and stimulate research. The view of trends, and 2013 results have FXUUHQW %10 VXUYH\ UXQV IURP FRQ¿UPHG WKH JHQHUDO UHFRYHU\ IURP so 2013 represented the fourth year of the with most all-species transects recording FXUUHQW ¿YH \HDU SHULRG 2YHU WKH ODVW \HDUV better than average counts. The new D WRWDO RI 6XIIRON WHWUDGV transects at Knettishall Heath and Purdis KDYH EHHQ YLVLWHG DQG EXWWHUÀLHV UHFRUGHG Heath came on stream as planned, and were 10

Summer 2014 joined by another at Sizewell Belts. This EURXJKW RXU WRWDO XS WR D QHZ UHFRUG ± IXOO and 3 single-species transects. Thanks are due to the following, who put in dedicated monitoring effort at: North Warren (Dave 7KXUORZ 0LQVPHUH .DW\ 6PLWK %UDG¿HOG Woods (Steve Hunt), Center Parcs (Graham Hersey-Green), Cavenham Heath (Michael Taylor), Walberswick (Will Russell), Spring Lane (Rob Parker), Ramsey/Hintlesham and Wolves Wood (Mark Nowers), Newsons Farm (Frances Bee), Upper Abbey Farm (Trudy Seagon), Alton Water (Simon Waters), Manor Farm (Brenda Hudson) , Tythe Farm (Peter Vincent), Dunwich Forest 1&2 (Nick Mason), Arger Fen (Gordon

Kennett), Black Heath (Linda Hammond), Nowton Park (Fay Jones), Knettishall Heath (Samantha Gay) and Sizewell Belts (Dayne West). Single-species transects for Purple Hairstreak (Steve Hunt) and Silver-studded Blue (Terry Peake at Blaxhall Common and Helen Saunders at Purdis Heath) all produced useful contributions to the UK-wide results. In almost every case, additional volunteers (not named individually) assisted the lead walker. A series of Annexes covering the BAP species will be published as part of the %XWWHUÀ\ 5HSRUW LQ WKH QH[W YROXPH RI 6XIIRON 1DWXUDO +LVWRU\

Butterfly Conservation by Recording Sightings

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Summer 2014

Brimstones and Buckthorn update 2014

Julian Dowding

Following the successful distribution and planting of over 200 Buckthorn bushes, the ODUYDO KRVW SODQW RI %ULPVWRQH EXWWHUÀLHV free of charge to members of the Suffolk public in the winter of 2011/2012, I thought LW WLPHO\ WR SURYLGH D TXLFN XSGDWH DQG also to ask any branch members who have bushes to provide some feedback on how their Buckthorns are doing. By now PRVW bushes should be attaining a KHLJKW DQG VSUHDG RI DURXQG IHHW RU RQH and a half metres and this size should be suitable to support a reasonable number of caterpillars. As we are now well into the egg laying season, we would expect that if you have bushes of this size and haven’t already received a visit from female Brimstones you should do very soon;; if not this year, then hopefully next. If you’ve been lucky enough to have received a visit last year, you may also have seen the bright sulphur- yellow males patrolling your patch. These would be looking for females with which to mate since there is a good chance that any EXWWHUÀLHV ZKLFK XWLOLVHG EXVKHV ODVW \HDU will have stayed in your area and over - wintered in a sheltered spot, usually a thick hedge or dense ivy. Egg - laying usually starts around late April or early May and continues into July. Much depends on weather conditions DV WKH EXWWHUÀLHV DUH PRUH DFWLYH LQ VXQQ\ conditions. If you have a free moment on a sunny day please take time to have a good look at your Buckthorn. It’s worth pointing out that females can appear very much like D /DUJH :KLWH EXWWHUÀ\ DQG DUH VRPHWLPHV 13

mistaken as such, so if you have any ‘white EXWWHUÀ\¶ DFWLYLW\ QHDU \RXU EXVKHV KDYH D very close look and if possible, see whether WKH EXWWHUÀ\ LV VKRZLQJ PRUH WKDQ D SDVVLQJ interest in your bushes. When egg - laying, IHPDOHV DUH RIWHQ TXLWH SUHRFFXSLHG DQG allow close approach by humans that approach slowly and carefully. They usually spend about 5 seconds laying each egg, then À\ RII DQG FRPH EDFN WR OD\ DQRWKHU $W FORVH TXDUWHUV RQH FDQ VHH WKH IHPDOH UHVWLQJ RQ a Buckthorn leaf and curving her abdomen around to the underside leaf surface, where the egg is deposited, although sometimes, they will lay on the upper surface. The tiny milk bottle shaped eggs are greenish white when laid, but turn yellow after a day or two. They remain on the bush for a couple of weeks until hatching into very small yellowish - green caterpillars which then take up position on either the upperside or underside mid-rib of the leaf. After a while, the caterpillars turn green and these invariably choose to rest on the upperside PLGULE ZKHUH WKH\ DUH ZHOO FDPRXÀDJHG From here they will wander off to nibble the OHDI VWDUWLQJ DW WKH HGJH ¿UVW DQG WKHQ UHWXUQ to their central position. Each caterpillar undergoes several changes of skin (ecdysis) DV LW JURZV 7R GR VR LW KDV WR ¿UVW VHFXUH its position on the leaf, which it does by spinning a silky pad onto which it clings until the moulting process is complete. 7KHVH YHU\ ¿QH SDGV DUH IDLUO\ HDV\ WR ¿QG on Buckthorn leaves since they shine light greyish white when seen from an angle and are usually accompanied by signs of eaten leaves.

The Suffolk Argus If you have Buckthorns planted in your garden, please send us details on how the bushes are growing (how well or poorly they are growing and approximate height) and whether they are planted in sunlit or shady positions. Incidentally, if your bushes appear to be struggling, please try and give them a little extra care, by weeding around them and providing a mulch around them of,

for example, rotted manure/grass clippings RU OHDI PRXOG 7KH\ DUH QRW WKH TXLFNHVW RI plants to establish when young but after a few years, generally take care of themselves. We would also like to know whether you KDYH VHHQ DQ\ %ULPVWRQHV EXWWHUÀLHV RU HJJ laying activity. Please email: brimstones@ VXIIRONEXWWHUÀLHV RUJ XN ZLWK GHWDLOV

Summer 2014 ........... some of our events

See the Branch website for details of all events www.suffolkbutterflies.org.uk/events.html Wednesday 9th July & Wednesday 16th July Silver-studded Blue Survey at RSPB Minsmere Annual survey on two separate dates for Silver- studded Blue. Meet: Park at warden’s lodge just before RSPB car park. Please register in advance. 0DS 5HI 70 Time: 10:00am (bring a packed lunch) /HDGHU 5RE 3DUNHU

Wednesday 30th July New Members Day at Holywells Park An indoor training session in the morning at St Lukes Church Hall, Cliff Lane, Ipswich IP3 0PJ. A practical EXWWHUÀ\ ZDWFKLQJ VHVVLRQ ZLOO IROORZ LQ WKH DIWHUQRRQ A family wildlife themed event will be running at the same time in the Park, organised by Ipswich Borough Council. Meet: Enrol in advance with Rob Parker 0DS 5HI 70 SDUNLQJ DYDLODEOH LQ DGMDFHQW streets (none at church). Time: 10:30 am start &RQWDFW 5RE 3DUNHU

Tuesday 15th July Kenton Hills Meet: Meet in Kenton Hills Car Park 0DS 5HI 70 7LPH DP Bring lunch &RQWDFW 3HWHU 0DGGLVRQ

Sunday 3rd August Summer on Purdis Heath A walk around the heath for Grayling and other sum- PHU EXWWHUÀLHV PRWKV 0DS 5HI 70 Time: 11am &RQWDFW 6KDURQ +HDUOH

Sunday 20th July *DUGHQLQJ IRU EXWWHUÀLHV DW )ODWIRUG 0LOO A joint event with RSPB. There will be information DGYLFH DERXW JDUGHQLQJ IRU EXWWHUÀLHV DQG RWKHU wildlife. Meet: Flatford Mill RSPB wildlife garden 0DS 5HI 70 7LPH ± Contact: Bill Stone 07906 888603

Saturday 23rd August /DWH 6XPPHU %XWWHUÀLHV DW $OWRQ :DWHU A walk around the north part of Alton water for but- WHUÀLHV DQG GUDJRQÀLHV /RQJ ZDON SRVVLEOH Meet: Lemons Hill Bridge Car Park (South) Map Ref: TM136373 Time: 10.30 Leader: Bill Stone 07906 888603

Sunday 27th July Wildlife Garden Open Day An invitation from BC member Mrs Trudie Willis, to visit her 10 acre garden, including a Buddleia and Honeysuckle collection. Meet: Meet & park at Prior’s Oak, Leiston Road, Aldeburgh (B1122 Leiston to Aldeburgh Road) 0DS 5HI 70 7LPH DP VWDUW &RQWDFW 3HWHU 0DGGLVRQ

Saturday 27th September A.G.M & members evening Venue: Bucklesham Village Hall in Levington Lane 0DS 5HI 70 Time: 6.00pm for 6.30pm The A.G.M. will be followed by light refreshments and members’ slides. 14

Summer 2014

The Purple Emperor in Suffolk 2013 Introduction: Rob Parker

What follows is a report by Liz Goodyear and Andrew Middleton of the Herts & Middx Branch of %XWWHUÀ\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ ± WZR YHU\ H[SHULHQFHG REVHUYHUV ZKR KDYH GHYHORSHG WHFKQLTXHV IRU ¿QGLQJ wild populations of Apatura iris, often in places where they have bred in low numbers and remained undetected. $ LULV has been discovered in suitable woodland reaching from Hertfordshire north- eastwards into Essex and Cambridgeshire in recent years. However, Suffolk is not virgin territory, as -RKQ 4XLQQ¶V XQDXWKRUL]HG UHOHDVHV RI WKH HDUO\ V HVWDEOLVKHG D FRORQ\ DW 7KHEHUWRQ :RRGV ,Q 2012, it seemed appropriate to conduct a survey to discover whether the presence of $ LULV across Essex and Cambridgeshire extended into Suffolk, and whether they were clinging on in low numbers at any of their former haunts. Liz and Andrew had already been on the case for 12 years, keen to understand the behaviour of wild populations of iris, and acutely disdainful of the existence of introduced colonies, so they asked Suffolk Branch for support to continue their work in our domain. It is worth noting that the last sightings of wild iris acknowledged in %XWWHUÀLHV RI 6XIIRON, Mendel & 3LRWURZVNL ZHUH LQ DQG ¿QDOO\ LQ 7KLV PD\ KDYH OHG WR D ³KHDG LQ VDQG´ DSSURDFK WR VXEVHTXHQW VLJKWLQJV ZKLFK ZHUH WUHDWHG DV XQFRQ¿UPHG In 2013, we invited observers to look out for iris, and a training day delivered by Liz and Andrew was attended by 20 keen recorders. It turned out to be a brilliant year for iris in its south of England haunts and some local extensions of range were noted. In Suffolk, in addition to Theberton Woods, they were VHHQ DW ORFDWLRQV QRQH E\ RXU NHHQ UHFRUGHUV DW RQH VLWH E\ /L] DQG $QGUHZ DW %UDG¿HOG :RRGV E\ 0LNH 5DH DQG QHDU +DOHVZRUWK E\ D OXFN\ \RXQJ ODG\ ZKR KDG RQH VHWWOH RQ KHU 3HUKDSV ZLOO EH another good year. Purple Emperor watchers can learn a lot from the report below. ***

Purple Emperor Apatura iris survey of Suffolk 2013

Authors: Liz Goodyear and Andrew Middleton

$SDWXUD LULV FDQ PRYH DFURVV D ODQGVFDSH WR ¿QG PDWHV a WKDW¶V LWV VWUDWHJ\ WR VXUYLYH LWV HFRORJ\ LWV OLIH a WKHVH DUH EDVLF IDFWV UHJDUGLQJ WKH VSHFLHV ZKLFK DUH VWLOO QRW ZLGHO\ XQGHUVWRRG 1. Abstract 2. Thanks 3. Introduction and history 4. Results 5HVXOWV RYHUYLHZ 5HVXOWV GDWHV DQG FKDUW 5. Our Eastern Region overview 5.1 Our study 5.2 Internet communication and digital photography 5.3 Climate +DELWDW TXDOLW\ 5.5 Surveys and understanding 6. Project future 7. References and reading 15

The Suffolk Argus Appendix I Notes on winter and spring survey visits Appendix II Summer survey visits 1. Abstract 7KH DXWKRUV ZHUH DEOH WR FRQGXFW D KDELWDW VXUYH\ DQG EXWWHUÀ\ VXUYH\ IRU 3XUSOH (PSHURU Apatura iris >$ LULV@ in Suffolk during 2013. The south Suffolk claylands, an historic area for $ LULV, was found to EH D ZHOO ZRRGHG ODQGVFDSH ZKHUH VHYHUDO VDOORZ ULFK ZRRGV ZHUH LGHQWL¿HG ,W FRPSDUHV IDYRXUDEO\ with inhabited contiguous landscapes in Essex, Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire and Middlesex, and would seem well-able to support a low density $ LULV population. A number of woods with good habitat DUH UDWKHU ÀDW DQG GR QRW OHQG WKHPVHOYHV ZHOO WR RXU VXUYH\ WHFKQLTXH 7KH DXWKRUV ZHUH DEOH WR ¿QG RQH $ LULV colony in south-west Suffolk, within 10km of two Suffolk records from the 1800s, (and one in south-east Cambridgeshire) and two additional records came from central Suffolk. Unfortunately, our pre-arranged visits at times met with poor weather. On the 20th April 2013, the authors gave a presentation of their work to members of the Suffolk %XWWHUÀ\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ %UDQFK DQG DFWLYH UHFRUGHUV LQ WKH FRXQW\ $SSUR[LPDWHO\ WZHQW\ SHRSOH ZHUH present. In the afternoon, the group visited Old Hall Wood (see Appendix I). 2. Thanks :H ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN WKH 6XIIRON %UDQFK RI %XWWHUÀ\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ WKH +HUWIRUGVKLUH 0LGGOHVH[ %UDQFK RI %XWWHUÀ\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ WKH 5REHUW .LOQ 7UXVW DQG SULYDWH VSRQVRUV 7KHVH RUJDQLVDWLRQV DQG individuals have supported our study by providing funding to enable us to visit Suffolk on numerous occasions during 2013. We would like to give personal thanks to Rob Parker for having faith in our belief that $ LULV could be found in Suffolk. 3. Introduction and history Our ongoing study has found $ LULV to be present across rural Hertfordshire and Middlesex, and extending into north-west Essex (2011 and 2012). With the help of the EWT funding (2012), we extended our study to survey all known historic sites plus a good number of other woodland complexes for habitat TXDOLW\ DQG WHUULWRULDO SRWHQWLDO DQG LGHQWL¿HG QXPHURXV WDUJHW ZRRGV ,Q ZH ZHUH GHOLJKWHG to locate $ LULV SRSXODWLRQV LQ IRXU NP VTXDUHV H[WHQGLQJ DFURVV QRUWK ZHVW (VVH[ IURP LQKDELWHG Hertfordshire landscapes, near the Suffolk border. Since 2000 a few single $ LULV had also been reported from widespread locations in Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, whilst a small number of sightings had been reported from the historic location of Epping Forest in Essex in recent years although they have eluded us. $V FDQ EH VHHQ IURP RXU JHQHUDWHG *RRJOH PDS DOO VLJKWLQJV IDOO JHQHUDOO\ ZLWKLQ GH¿QHG 1DWLRQDO Character Areas in the Eastern Region. Having found $ LULV across north-west Essex, we decided to survey this productive landscape into Suffolk (South Suffolk and North Essex Clayland) see link: http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/publications/nca/south_suffolk_and_north_essex_clayland.aspx Also mapped are some survey results, in particular showing woods and landscapes which in our H[SHULHQFH FRXOG TXLWH HDVLO\ KROG $ LULV populations. See Image 3.1 (Page 17) ~ Eastern region general map including Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire and Middlesex records (all known records included) See Image 3.2 (Page17) ~ Suffolk map (all known Suffolk records included and some Cambridgeshire and Essex records shown) 16

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The Suffolk Argus 6*0. C &>//854 ;.0287 @88-5*7- 6*9 *7- <>;?.B ;.<>5=<

Image 4.1 ~ Suffolk region woodland map and survey results (See pages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

Image 5.1 ~ Eastern region map (all known records included) (See page 23)

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Summer 2014

The Suffolk Argus

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Summer 2014 4. Results 4.1 Results overview a LQ GXH WR WKH H[FHSWLRQDO FROG VSULQJ HPHUJHQFH RI WKH PDMRULW\ RI EXWWHUÀ\ species was running at around three weeks later than the norm. In Hertfordshire we would normally expect $ LULV WR HPHUJH DURXQG WKH ¿UVW ZHHN RI -XO\ ZLWK RQ DYHUDJH PDOH DFWLYLW\ SHDNLQJ WKURXJK WKH VHFRQG ZHHN RI -XO\ ,Q WKH ¿UVW HPHUJHQFH LQ QRUWK 0LGGOHVH[ ZDV RQ WKH WK -XO\ ZLWK OLPLWHG DFWLYLW\ XQWLO WKH WK -XO\ ZKHQ PRVW VLWHV LQ 0LGGOHVH[ DQG WKH VRXWK RI +HUWIRUGVKLUH ZHUH VHHLQJ males on territory. Our experience has led us to expect up to a week’s delay in heightened activity in north Hertfordshire and north-west Essex. However in 2013, the sudden very hot weather brought out a mass emergence nationally with some sites seeing exceptional numbers of $ LULV (see ‘Climate’ in ‘Our Eastern Overview’ below). As a result there were several sites in Essex where sightings were made VLWHV ODQGVFDSHV ZH KDG LGHQWL¿HG DV OLNHO\ WR KROG WKH VSHFLHV ZKLFK ZRXOG EH XQOLNHO\ WR RFFXU LQ D µQRUPDO¶ \HDU 7KH UHODWLYH ÀLJKW SHULRG GDWHV LQ 6XIIRON DUH VWLOO QRW GHWHUPLQHG ZKLFK PDNHV RXU VXUYH\ ZRUN PRUH GLI¿FXOW VR E\ WKH WLPH RI WKH VHFRQG ZHHN RI VXUYH\LQJ LQ 6XIIRON WKH ZHDWKHU KDG changed with a major thunder storm on the night after our sighting in SW Suffolk DQG VXEVHTXHQW YLVLWV to other woodlands were regrettably in frustratingly poor weather conditions. See Image 4.1 (Page 18) ~ Suffolk region woodland map and survey results :H LQLWLDOO\ FRQGXFWHG D GHVN WRS VXUYH\ XVLQJ PDSV LQFOXGLQJ DOWLWXGH WKDW LGHQWL¿HG WKH KLJK SRLQWV LQ D ZRRGODQG ODQGVFDSH DQG LPDJHV WR VHOHFW ZRRGV WR VXUYH\ IRU KDELWDW TXDOLW\ ,QGLYLGXDO ZRRGODQG YLVLWV DQG KDELWDW TXDOLW\ DVVHVVPHQWV DQG DGXOW VXUYH\ YLVLWV DUH OLVWHG EHORZ LQ $SSHQGL[ , )URP the list of woods visited in the spring we were able to prioritise the woods that we would visit in the summer, based on habitat and easily viewable high points. We found two colonies of $ LULV in landscape extending from our positive results for north-west Essex in 2012. 4.2 Results, dates and chart Balsham Wood (a private wood) in Cambridgeshire, 5km from the Suffolk border, was found to hold a strong colony of $ LULV. We discovered two very active territories maybe 200m apart, by viewing the woodland canopy near the water tower from the public footpath at a distance of 150-200m. This activity was observed on several occasions viewing from a west to east viewpoint (19th July to 3rd August 2013). :H ZHUH GHOLJKWHG WR REVHUYH RQH PDOH FRQGXFW VHYHUDO WHUULWRULDO ÀLJKWV RYHU SULYDWHO\ RZQHG woodland in TL65 during a relatively calm moment, with the addition of one chase between two males over the canopy (22nd July 2013). Initial observations were at a distance of c300m, however further observations were made at about 200m, and there was no doubt about the identity of the males ~ wild $ LULV in Suffolk ~ which was the hoped for objective of the survey. Observations were made from the public road viewing south to south-west, and suitable parking was only to be found some distance away. Despite some very good July weather, we were inhibited on nearly all visits by wet and/or windy conditions at this site, and were unable to make further sightings here. However, we feel that there may well be a stronger assembly area elsewhere nearby in the wood which cannot be observed from available viewpoints. This may have been a temporary or secondary assembly area or the prevailing winds HWF may have meant any PDOHV UHPDLQHG RXW RI YLHZ RQ VXEVHTXHQW YLVLWV DV ZH KDYH REVHUYHG DW RWKHU VLWHV ZKHQ ZHDWKHU FRQGLWLRQV KDYH EHHQ XQIDYRXUDEOH 'HVSLWH GHWHUPLQHG HIIRUWV E\ 5RE 3DUNHU %XWWHUÀ\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ KDV EHHQ XQDEOH WR JHW SHUPLVVLRQ WR VXUYH\ WKH ZRRG LQ IRU ZRRGODQG EXWWHUÀLHV DQG WKHUHIRUH DOO future sightings will have to be made from the roadside and will depend totally on prevailing weather conditions. 21

The Suffolk Argus

A male $ LULV ZDV VHHQ E\ DQ H[SHULHQFHG REVHUYHU LQ %UDG¿HOG :RRGV HDUO\ LQ WKH VHDVRQ RQ WK July 2013, however the habitat here is very rich. We perhaps spent too much time surveying this wood without luck, although we saw a multitude of White Admirals >/ FDPLOOD@ and a good number of Silver- washed Fritillary >$ SDSKLD@ 7KH ZRRG LV ODUJH DQG VR ÀDW WKDW LW GRHV QRW OHQG LWVHOI ZHOO WR RXU VXUYH\ methods, however we really hoped for a sighting along the rides, so were slightly disappointed not to encounter $ LULV KHUH ,W¶V ZRUWK QRWLQJ ZH GLGQ¶W HQFRXQWHU DQ\ RWKHU EXWWHUÀ\ ZDWFKHUV KHUH RU LQ DQ\ other wood during our surveys, other than one or two dog-walkers with a fair general knowledge of EXWWHUÀLHV ³:HQW WR %UDG¿HOG :RRGV WRGD\ ORWV WRR PDQ\ WR FRXQW :KLWH $GPLUDOV VHYHUDO DW OHDVW 6LOYHU ZDVKHG )ULWLOODULHV DQG D ¿UVW KHUH IRU PH RQH 3XUSOH (PSHURU«« *URXQG OHYHO EXW YHU\ PRELOH VLWWLQJ RQ WKH WUDFN DQG JRLQJ EDFN LQWR WKH ZRRG GLI¿FXOW WR JHW FORVHU WKDQ PHWUHV ,W ZDV RQ WKH WUDFN WR WKH ¿UHZRRG PDNLQJ VKHG IURP WKH FDU SDUN KDOI ZD\ EHWZHHQ WKH PDLQ GULYH DQG WKH ZRRG VKHGV :H ZDWFKHG LW IRU DERXW PLQV ZLWK ELQRFXODUV «««´ Mike Rae ~ July 2013 Mike had another sighting in Suffolk years ago (not reported at the time). “I remember, 1985 mid July, late morning, hot sunny day, I took a break from stacking Heston bales ELJ ZLWK D 7HOHSRUWHU WUDFWRU LQ WKH PLGGOH RI WKH ¿HOG , VDZ D PDOH 3( VLWWLQJ RQ WKH WUDFWRU , VDZ LW from a range of 1.5 metres but did not go closer in case I disturbed it. I watched it for at least a minute RSHQLQJ DQG FORVLQJ LW ZLQJV ZKHQ LW ÀHZ VWURQJO\ LQ D ZHVWHUO\ GLUHFWLRQ WRZDUGV 5XEELQJKRXVH Spinney. (Euston Estate, near Thetford)” 0LNH 5DH a -DQXDU\ There was also an encouraging report of a possible sighting from Bonny Wood, which has superb KDELWDW DQG ZH YLVLWHG VHYHUDO WLPHV EXW RQFH DJDLQ LW LV VWLOO UDWKHU D ÀDW ZRRG IRU RXU VXUYH\ PHWKRG The sighting was made by Julian Dowding late afternoon on the 21st July 2013, the same day that we recorded $ LULV in TL65. There was a sighting in a private garden near Halesworth of a female $ LULV RQ WK $XJXVW :KLOVW it has been noted that this record ‘ZDV NP IURP WKH KRPH RI -RKQ 4XLQQ WKH GHFHDVHG UHOHDVHU ’ (Rob Parker, 2013), we further note that the sighting is in an historical landscape for $ LULV See Image 4.2 (Page 18) Flight Chart 2013 Overall the survey work has resulted in the encouraging position for Suffolk, shown by the various maps, of widespread suitable habitat across historic areas in the South Suffolk claylands, with a VSULQNOLQJ RI UHFHQW UHFRUGV LQFOXGLQJ RQH DVVHPEO\ DUHD DQG GH¿QLWH FRORQ\ &RPSDULQJ ZLWK RXU H[SHULHQFH DFURVV +HUWIRUGVKLUH DQG 0LGGOHVH[ DQG (VVH[ WKLV ODQGVFDSH ORRNV ¿QH IRU $ LULV, whether or not the species is present already at low density and undetected, and/or is undergoing an expansion. It looks very positive, and as long as woodland management is favourable, $ LULV should do well. However, we have plenty of experience of habitat degradation under the management of various authorities and private landowners, all of whom have been fully informed of the presence and conservation needs of this species in the relevant woods. So full attention should be paid to encouraging all parties to become aware that this species has the potential to be present at least in woods across south 22

Summer 2014 Suffolk, given favourable management. 5. Our Eastern overview See Image 5.1 (Page 19) ~ Eastern region map (all known records included) 5.1 Our Study a has found that $ LULV is present at low levels and was undetected in many areas. For example, it took us twelve years to locate $ LULV LQ P\ $ 0LGGOHWRQ QHDUHVW ZRRG LQ (Q¿HOG 1RUWK London. This area has thousands of visits by the public every year. The wood where the territory is to EH IRXQG GRHV QRW LWVHOI KROG DQ\ VDOORZV KRZHYHU (Q¿HOG &KDVH LV JHQHUDOO\ ZHOO ZRRGHG ZLWK D JRRG number of sallows and willows in the landscape, in particular along wooded river valleys. From our perspective, having found over thirty new landscapes for the species, we can well believe that $ LULV is likely to be present undetected at least somewhere in all the historic regions shown on the above map. However, for anyone who hasn’t found $ LULV in a new landscape, a very different view may be held. When out and about in the study area, we can look from one wood to another. 5km between woods seems a hop, and these landscapes often have linking spinneys, wooded hedgerows, streams and URDGV DQG JHQHUDOO\ ORRN TXLWH UHFHSWLYH IRU D IHPDOH $ LULV looking for egg-laying habitat and or for a PDOH IHPDOH ZLVKLQJ WR PRYH WR DQ DVVHPEO\ DUHD :H KDYH VHHQ IHPDOHV GLVSHUVLQJ DFURVV ¿HOGV DQG encountered them prospecting sallows away from woods. One wood we know has a lovely assembly DUHD DQG QR VDOORZV KHQFH WKH VSHFLHV PXVW EH À\LQJ LQ IURP WKH VXUURXQGLQJ ODQGVFDSH 6R NP LV D hop, 10km is a jump, and you are unlikely to encounter anyone looking for $ LULV anywhere in between. Maybe iris will wander into a garden or bedroom, and maybe it will be seen, and maybe the records collator will be alerted, and maybe the record will not be dismissed. Anyway, for us the map below best illustrates our assessment of the known landscape distribution of the present-day $ LULV population in the study area (since 2000) ~ a multitude of woods, most of which will never be worked for $ LULV, and a pretty good linked-up landscape population. These landscapes, along with similar areas in Norfolk, DQG DUHDV RI WKH 1RUIRON DQG 6XIIRON %URDGV ORRN ¿QH IRU VXSSRUWLQJ $ LULV and we well believe the species is present here. See Image 5.2 (Page 20) ~ Essex and Suffolk (& south-west Cambridgeshire) linked population a records since 2000 ~ 5km and 10km radius circles There seem to be several factors to consider regarding this increase in records, and everyone will make their own conclusion as to where the balance is. We try to investigate every record in detail from the primary source, especially from ‘new’ areas and tend to believe what people say 5.2 Internet communication and digital photography ~ undoubtedly internet communication and digital photography has increased the number of casual records generated. Any sighting may well EH FDSWXUHG RQ D GLJLWDO FDPHUD DQG WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ LV QRZ OLNHO\ WR EH TXLFNO\ GLVVHPLQDWHG DQG more readily accepted. We have found that there are many instances where records have been ignored, ZHUH QRW LQYHVWLJDWHG RU ZHUH FDWHJRULVHG DV XQFRQ¿UPHG :H KDYH IROORZHG XS HDFK UHFRUG DV IDU DV SRVVLEOH DQG RIWHQ ¿QG WKHP WR EH YHU\ UHOLDEOH 7KHUHIRUH ZH ¿QG LW YHU\ GLVDSSRLQWLQJ WKDW VRPH records are still being dismissed without further investigation and in some cases not being entered on a county data-base for mapping purposes. 5.3 Climate a Whilst $ LULV is suited to cold winters, warmer summer temperatures would help this species, as in England it is at the climate restricted north-west limit of its European range. The very 23

The Suffolk Argus FROG ODWH ZLQWHU DQG VSULQJ RI IROORZHG E\ D TXLFN WXUQ WR KLJK WHPSHUDWXUHV ZDV PRUH W\SLFDO RI a continental climate where $ LULV can be more numerous, and this was accompanied by relatively high numbers of $ LULV in England. 5.4 Habitat quality a LW LV TXLWH HYLGHQW IURP RXU 6XIIRON VXUYH\ WKDW 6LPRQ /HDWKHUGDOH )RUHVWU\ &RPPLVVLRQ 2I¿FHU UHWLUHG KDV KDG D YHU\ SRVLWLYH HIIHFW RQ UHWDLQLQJ ZRRGODQG VDOORZV LQ 6XIIRON and north Essex at least. Game keeping activities can also be positive for sallow generation, whilst the generally low level of woodland activity has also allowed sallows to be abundant in some woods. Other areas, where woodland is ‘well-managed’ for woodland production or high canopy has developed, can be very low in sallows. Some woods don’t have many or any mature oaks, which to us appear essential for strong populations, $ LULV adoring this tree for its sap runs and territorial activities. One thing is certain to us ~ $ LULV has the ability to colonise woods in a region when they become suitable, as its lifestyle appears to be to move across landscapes to mate and disperse. In the Eastern Region, improvements in woodland cover and a return to broadleaved woods over the last century have been VLJQL¿FDQW 7KH UHFRUGHG GLVWULEXWLRQ RI / FDPLOOD in Suffolk is shown (Page 36) as its widening distribution might indicate potentially well-wooded districts which may also be suitable for $ LULV. See Image 5.4 (Page 36) ~ White Admiral L. camilla distribution in Suffolk 2005-2013 5.6 Surveys and understanding a our experience lends us to think that $ LULV is present somewhere in all the historic areas of the Eastern region. Our work has been slow and painstaking, with maybe just a very few sites found each summer. Given some help from maybe warmer temperatures, and improved KDELWDW TXDOLW\ WKH VSHFLHV DSSHDUV WR EH SURVSHULQJ DQG PD\ FRQWLQXH WR EH HQFRXQWHUHG LQ PRUH DUHDV by casual observers. 6. Project future :KLOVW WKLV UHSRUW LGHQWL¿HV D QXPEHU RI VXLWDEOH ZRRGV WKLV SURMHFW DLPV WR FRQWLQXH VWXG\LQJ ODQGVFDSHV HVSHFLDOO\ KLVWRULF ORFDWLRQV DQG KLJK TXDOLW\ KDELWDWV IRU $ LULV and to continue following up all historic records and possible sightings. The project also aims to continue to raise awareness regarding the landscape presence of $ LULV and the need to retain sallows during woodland management, in all woods, rather than just those where $ LULV has been recorded. Appendix I ~ Notes on winter and spring survey visits It should be noted that we had visited Assington Thicks (TL93) near Sudbury on several occasions during 2012. Rating system 7KH UDWLQJ V\VWHP LV D JXLGH WR KDELWDW TXDOLW\ DQG WKH SRWHQWLDO VXLWDELOLW\ RI D ZRRG IRU $ LULV as shown LQ µ,PDJH ¶ SDJH a 6XIIRON UHJLRQ ZRRGODQG PDS DQG VXUYH\ UHVXOWV¶ WKH SULPDU\ IDFWRU EHLQJ sallow numbers, followed by any broadleaved element, in particular mature oak. Very good habitat would be a wood with probably several hundred sallows, including mature sallows and sallow thickets, plus a presence of mature oaks. Poor woodland would have very few sallows if any. Rarely have we found high numbers of sallows adjacent to veteran oaks, but this can provide excellent habitat. A full survey of a wood to assess sallow numbers would take several days to complete, however these surveys are snapshots with the rating based on what was seen during our visits, from which general sallow numbers might be roughly estimated. Red ~ very good habitat ~ abundant sallows, sallow thickets (100+, 100s) 24

Summer 2014 Orange ~ good habitat ~ good numbers of sallows, maybe a sallow thicket (estimated 50-100) Green ~ moderate habitat ~ (a few tens of sallows encountered) Grey ~ poor habitat ~ very few if any sallows In regions where we have found $ LULV, red and orange rated woods would be suitable for the species, whilst Green habitats might contribute to a landscape population. However, our method of locating the species then involves identifying one or two distinct high spots which we can view. Unfortunately, we have found that several of the red-rated woods in Suffolk are UDWKHU ÀDW DQG DUH QRW ZHOO VXLWHG WR RXU VXUYH\ WHFKQLTXH 7KH LQGLYLGXDO VLWH UHSRUWV JLYH SRWHQWLDO locations for assembly areas, however one could also visit the rides of red and orange rated woods in the hope of encountering $ LULV. Visit 1 ~ 3rd April 2013 9LVLWV WR ZRRGODQG LQ 7/ 7/ DQG 7/ LQFOXGLQJ %RUOH\ :RRG DQG %DOVKDP :RRG QHDU /LQWRQ LQ &DPEULGJHVKLUH DQG 7/ 0XFK ZRRGODQG LQ 7/ DQG 7/ LV SULYDWH EXW QXPHURXV VDOORZV LQ WKH ODQGVFDSH ZHUH YLVLEOH Red rating. Stanstead Great Wood TL8548/8549 Forestry Commission leased but no public access although appeared well used. Much in parts conifer EXW PDQ\ VDOORZV VRPH PDWXUH DQG H[FHSWLRQDOO\ ODUJH :DWFKLQJ WKH KLJK SRLQW FRXOG EH GLI¿FXOW EXW at the key point west side some fairly mature oaks which can be viewed from outside of the wood. Red rating. Lineage Wood TL8848/8948/8847 Parked by Lavenham Railway track as no public access into wood at entrance. Forestry Commission leased with habitat unfavourable. Visit 2 ~ 10th April 2013 9LVLWV WR 5D\GRQ *UHDW :RRG +LQWOHVKDP DQG 5DPVD\ :RRG DQG :ROYHV :RRG Raydon Great Wood TM0540/0440 Site of many historic records. The majority of the wood is private but with some public footpaths and parking at the start of railway walk which we walked along through wood. Railway starts level with wood but eventually ends up in a cutting and about 2/3rds down there is a bridge across with a footpath/ track. On railway embankment/sides we counted several moderate to large sallows. We left railway and picked up the public footpath and walked along this until it left the wood. Along the public footpath we counted numerous large and very large sallows, it was sallow rich! There was good age diversity with PXFK VDOORZ UHJHQHUDWLRQ EHKLQG PDWXUH VDOORZV 5DWKHU D ÀDW ZRRG a KLJK VSRWV ZRXOG EH GLI¿FXOW WR JHW D JRRG YLHZ 5DWKHU ÀDW ZRRG ZLWK QR GLVWLQFW DQG HDVLO\ YLHZHG KLJKSRLQWV Orange rating Hintlesham TM0743/0742 and Ramsey Woods TM0643/0642 Both woods owned/leased by RSPB but signs very clear no entry and stick to public paths. Hintlesham and Ramsey fairly neglected. Parked in village and took footpath to Hintlesham Wood. Picked up public footpath that goes under pylons (cleared straight but sallow lined) ~ this was the only area where any sallows were noted. Here a combination of regeneration and large sallows throughout length including some giant were noted. Ramsey Wood has little age diversity. Best place to look despite not being highpoint would be where pylons exit north side although only 69m. Green rating. 25

The Suffolk Argus Wolves Wood TM0543/0544 :ROYHV :RRG DFTXLUHG E\ 563% LQ DQG RSHQ WR SXEOLF &ORFN ZLVH FLUFXODU URXWH IROORZHG ZLWK some areas fenced off. Wet wood in places with drainage dykes and very sallow-rich. Another rather ÀDW ZRRG ODFNLQJ DQ HDVLO\ YLVLEOH DQG GLVWLQFW KLJKSRLQW DOWKRXJK JRRG YLHZ IURP QHDU FDU SDUN RI southern highpoint. $OO ZRRGV YLVLWHG DUH UHODWLYHO\ ÀDW Orange rating Visit 3 ~ 20th April 2013 9LVLWV WR 2OG +DOO :RRG YLHZ %URFNOH\ :RRG 'RGQDVK DQG *UHDW 0DUWLQ¶V +LOO :RRG ,Q WKH PRUQLQJ ZH JDYH D SUHVHQWDWLRQ WR PHPEHUV RI WKH 6XIIRON %XWWHUÀ\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ EUDQFK DQG active recorders in the county. Approximately twenty people were present including Michael Bamford who lives adjacent to the wood and Colin Hawes, a local naturalist with an exceptional knowledge of the area. He accompanied us with Rob Parker to all the woods that day. Old Hall Wood with Brockley Wood TM1139/1240/1239 Site of some historic records, and owned by the Owen family who had given permission for the group to visit. We parked in a paddock by Bentley Old Hall (along the drive was a very large elm). We entered the wood by the hall and walked north along the public footpath. At the top edge of the wood we surveyed the landscape for more sallows. Returning into the wood, we turned east and followed a path SDUDOOHO WR GLWFK OLQH KLGGHQ DW ¿UVW E\ D FRQLIHU EHOW +LGGHQ EHKLQG WKH FRQLIHUV DQG WKHQ DPRQJVW D plantation, there were large to giant sallows between the two footpaths. From the footpath to the pond in the NE corner further sallows were noted including some that were fallen or ‘derelict’ sallows. Sallows surrounded the pond with various other willows. By the railway there were some willow/osier type bushes which had been coppiced under a power line. The high points DUH KDUG WR GH¿QH DQG QRW VSHFWDFXODU $ SRWHQWLDO KLJK SRLQW ZDV RQ WKH 6: FRUQHU RI WKH ZRRG ZLWK conifer behind but mature oaks on the edge. Brockley Wood was not owned by the Owen family and we had no access. Structurally this wood looks more interesting with mature and tall oaks visible. No VDOORZV FRXOG EH VHHQ 'ULYLQJ DORQJ WKH $ ZH SDVVHG %HQWOH\ /RQJ :RRG ± D IHZ VDOORZV ZHUH visible from the roadside. Orange rating but in addition the surrounding landscape didn’t contain much sallow. Dodnash Wood TM1035/1036 Great Martin’s Hill Wood TM0935/1035 With Rob Parker and Colin Hawes, we parked on the top edge of Dodnash Wood. We walked to the high point and into Great Martin’s Hill Wood where no sallow was noted except beyond the stream at the south edge of the wood. Unpromising because of the lack of sallow habitat, probably due to the wood being ‘well-managed’. Some nice mature oaks at the high point along the roadside. Visit 4 ~ 21st April 2013 0HOO¿HOG :RRG ZLWK )UHH :RRG 7/ [ N VTXDUHV Visited with Rob Parker having stayed overnight with Rob and Alex in Bury St Edmunds. The owner has granted permission for this visit and a further visit in summer. Rob has alerted him to the importance of sallows. Parked by cottage at footpath crossing and took public footpath east and looked out across landscape ~ tall sallows in amongst conifers. High point with poplars and large oaks with veteran oaks just south of cottage along public footpath south. Honeysuckle noted throughout wood and some violets. New SODQWDWLRQ RI FRQLIHU DVK LQ URZV EHFDPH FOHDU WKDW LW DOVR KHOG D JUHDW QXPEHU RI VDOORZV ± ZRRG QRW 26

Summer 2014 shown on maps. Walked rows and estimated 75/100 sallows. Went from an average wood to an $ LULV wood! Walked into Free Wood ~ appears to be a permissive route in Free Wood marked with red DUURZV 7RWDO VDOORZV DW OHDVW LQ D VQDSVKRW RI ZRRG 1LFH ODQGVFDSH WR KRSHIXOO\ ¿QG WHUULWRULDO males, as rises in areas and has mature/veteran oaks. Red rating. %UDG¿HOG :RRGV 6XIIRON :LOGOLIH 7UXVW 5HVHUYH 7/ 7/ Walked the blue route anti-clockwise. The entire wood was sallow rich but didn’t hold a distinct highpoint with mature oaks/ashes etc. By carpark although not the high point there are good viewable mature oaks. Honeysuckle rich, wood anemones fantastic! No distinct highpoint. Sallows in landscape as well. Red rating. Visit 5 ~ 30th April 2013 9LVLWV WR ZRRGV VRXWK RI %XQJD\ DQG %HFFOHV DQG RQ WKH 6XIIRON 1RUIRON %URDGODQG PDUVK HGJH 'URYH YLD %XU\ 6W (GPXQGV DQG 'LVV DQG WKURXJK %XQJD\ GULYLQJ VRXWK DORQJ WKH $ WXUQLQJ HDVW WR ORRN DW 6WRYHQ :RRG 70 RQH VDOORZ REVHUYHG DQG OLWWOH LQ ODQGVFDSH DQG D GLI¿FXOW KLJK SRLQW with a very neat wood. Didn’t look at Redisham Wood but later realised that the Beccles sightings included Redisham. Drove around Sotterley Wood/Estate and little sallow in landscape there either. 'URYH EDFN WRZDUGV %HFFOHV DQG WRRN WUDFN EHVLGH :RUOLQJKDP :RRG 70 0RVWO\ DOGHU FDUU E\ PDUVKHV EXW ZRRG JRHV WR D GH¿QLWH KLJK SRLQW ZLWK ROG RDNV VSOLW E\ E\SDVV :RRG ZDV SUREDEO\ ELJJHU some years ago. Little sallow noted despite marshland and very heathy with gorse on verges. 7KURXJK %HFFOHV WRRN WKH $ WR +DGGLVFRH DQG 6W 2ODYHV 'LI¿FXOW WR VWRS DQG ORRN DW ODQGVFDSH EXW VRPH DUHDV ZRRGHG 6WRSSHG DW +HUULQJÀHHW +LOOV DQG QRWHG D JRRG KLJKSRLQW ZLWK VDOORZV QHDUE\ DQG ROG RDNV DW 7* 'URYH GRZQ PLQRU ODQH RQ 6( VLGH RI )ULWWRQ 'HFR\ 6XSHUE KLJKSRLQW QHDU HQWUDQFH WR +HUULQJÀHHW +DOO ZLWK WDOO ROG RDNV EXW OLWWOH VDOORZ YLVLEOH DURXQG WKH ODNH 'URYH WR HQG RI ODNH DQG DORQJ $ DQG took the north lane going to the Waveney Forest. :DONHG DURXQG :DYHQH\ )RUHVW 7* 7* DQG QR VDOORZV QRWHG MXVW FRQLIHURXV SODQWDWLRQ DQG honeysuckle. By marshes sallows seen beside wood edge on and off along edge. Also sallows noted EHVLGH )ULWWRQ 'HFR\ DV ZH GURYH EDFN LQWR 6W 2ODYHV 'URYH EDFN WR +HUULQJÀHHW +LOOV DQG DURXQG VLWH DQG GRZQ WR +HUULQJÀHHW 0LOO EDVH RI FOLII VDOORZ WKLFNHW ZLWK DQFLHQW RDNV $OWKRXJK RDNV DW EDVH RI KLOO 70 SUR[LPLW\ WR VDOORZV PLJKW PHDQ WKDW WKH EXWWHUÀ\ ZRXOGQ¶W À\ XS WR KLJK SRLQW )URP the mill it was possible to see sallows at intervals along wood edge between St Olaves and Somerleyton. 7RRN % WR 6RPHUOH\WRQ SDUNHG DW VWDWLRQ DQG ORRNHG RXW DFURVV PDUVKHV DQG FRQWLQXHG WR VHH sallows at intervals. We then went to Flixton Decoy and walked along the Angles Way north towards Somerleyton along the edge of Blundeston Marshes, a mixture of alder, willow and then gradually SLFNLQJ XS WR KXJH QXPEHUV RI VDOORZV MXVW RQ WKH PDUVK ¿HOG HGJH 7KHUH DUH DOVR VHYHUDO SRFNHWV RI mature oak as well. Having reached Wicker Well where there are some more wet areas we returned on the ‘higher’ track which would enable looking out across the oaks and sallows. 70 70 70 Green rating. Visit 6 ~ 7th May 2013 9LVLWV WR ZRRGV LQ WKH 1HHGKDP 0DUNHW DQG 6WRZPDUNHW DUHD 'URYH YLD ,SVZLFK DQG ¿UVW ORRNHG DW DUHD WR WKH VRXWK ZHVW RI 1HHGKDP 0DUNHW 7KHVH ZRRGV LQFOXGHG 0LGGOH :RRG 70 0XFNLQJHU :RRG 70 %RQQ\ :RRG TM0651/0751/0752. Also in the area but not looked at were Ditch Wood and Swingen’s Wood/ Priestley Wood. Priestly Wood is a Woodland Trust Wood but lower than Bonny Wood. http://www. 27

The Suffolk Argus ZRRGODQGWUXVW RUJ XN HQ RXU ZRRGV 3DJHV ZRRG GHWDLOV DVS["ZRRG 8<R[$) Z<G8 Middle Wood was looked at by driving around the perimeter roads. It had a good structure, and on the right edge in TM0650 were about seven large sallows, also sallows in stream to east of road and willows were in landscape. No visits were made inside the wood but it probably contained more sallows. Muckinger Wood was also observed from the roadside, however this was a thin young wood, a line of poplars could be the high point, and although it could contain sallows wasn’t visited. We selected Bonny Wood for a thorough visit and drove along a track entered from a yellow road leading to Willisham Tye. We were able to park close to the wood. The wood has a good footpath network around the wood but little in the southern section of the wood which is private. The northern section is SWT Reserve with a footpath network throughout wood. http://www.suffolkwildlifetrust. org/reserves/bonny-wood Sallows were found on all edges and throughout the wood. Honeysuckle and violets were also present. Our route took us along the western side, into the reserve and to the top corner by the pylons, also heard from the direction of Priestly Wood was a nightingale. There is a JRRG YLHZSRLQW RI WKH WRS HGJH IURP WKH ¿HOG DQG JRRG RDNV :DONLQJ GRZQ WKH HDVWHUQ VLGH DQG LQWR the wood midway we found many large sallows. More honeysuckle and violets noted. A dog walker commented she never saw anyone else walking in the woods. The high points at the southern end are harder to determine but good mature oaks visible. Red rating. :H WKHQ GURYH WR /RQJ &RYHUW :RRG HDVW RI WKH $ DQG GURYH DURXQG WKH SHULPHWHU URDGV FORFNZLVH Little sallow was noted although willow is in the landscape especially in river beds. Veteran oaks in landscape and top edge signs indicate military range! In the afternoon we took a yellow road from Stowmarket beside the Rattlesden River, willow rich, alder DQG VDOORZV URDGVLGH +LJK SRLQW RQ &KDSHO +LOO KDV RDNV LQ WKH ¿HOG *UHDW :RRG 7/ QHDU %RUOH\ Green visible and sallows on edge. There is little access to Woolpit Wood TL9961/Shelland Wood 70 EHVLGH WKH $ VR ZH GURYH DURXQG WKH SHULPHWHUV DQG WRRN D IDUPHU¶V WUDFN WR YLHZ WKH HDVW edge of Shelland Wood and a further opportunity to view on the yellow road to Shelland. A sprinkling of sallow noted. Sallows visible behind Moorbridge Farm. 1RUWK¿HOG :RRG 70 QHDU 2QHKRXVH LV D :RRGODQG 7UXVW :RRG DQG VDOORZ ULFK $ URXWH around the wood was taken and there was rarely a point when sallows weren’t visible, some of the WUHHV ZHUH JLDQW WUHHV SUREDEO\ WKH PRVW GHQVHO\ SRSXODWHG ZRRG ZLWK PDWXUH VDOORZ HYHU YLVLWHG ± minimum of 185 noted. Several areas with good oaks and the highpoints have good oaks visible and FDQ EH YLHZHG IURP ¿HOG LQ UHDVRQ +RQH\VXFNOH DOVR SUHVHQW Red rating 7RWDO FRPELQHG VSULQJ YLVLW PLOHDJH PLOHV Appendix II ~ notes on summer survey visits See Appendix I for grid references and locations. Visit 1 ~ 17th July to 19th July 2013 17th July 2013 0HOO¿HOG :RRG a walked public footpath through north end of wood. Recorded / FDPLOOD and $ SDSKLD. From public footpath along west side of wood watched through binoculars the key sallow thicket and KLJK SRLQWV DW QRUWK HQG RI ZRRG IURP WR OHIW DUHD DQG GURYH WR %UDG¿HOG :RRGV %UDG¿HOG :RRGV a EHWZHHQ DQG ± ZDONHG PDLQ SDWKV 5HFRUGHG RYHU WKLUW\ ¿YH / FDPLOOD.

Summer 2014 18th July 2013 %UDG¿HOG :RRGV ~ arrived 08:00 and walked main rides hoping for a male grounding following the previous report on the 13th July reported by Mike Rae near the wood yard. Many / FDPLOOD and several $ SDSKLD Visited most sections of the wood and watched the numerous ‘high points’ with no success. :H EHFDPH PRUH DZDUH WKDW WKLV LV UDWKHU D ÀDW ZRRG ZLWK QR REYLRXV KLJK SRLQW 19th July 2013 Stanstead Great Wood ~ arrived 08:15 and watched key areas with access for potential groundings. We were very surprised not to record / FDPLOOD nor $ SDSKLD /HIW ZRRG DW TL65 a using binoculars watched a wood for thirty minutes from roadside (distance approx. 150m) but not in favourable conditions despite good sunshine. Wood was very windswept. Balsham Wood (Cambs) ~ arrived at 16:00 and using binoculars watched from track near entrance to water tower and within ten minutes we had observed two $ LULV! Visit 2 ~ 22nd July to 24th July 2013 22nd July 2013 Stanstead Great Wood a WR DJDLQ ZDWFKHG NH\ DUHDV EXW VWLOO QHJDWLYH DQG VWLOO QR / FDPLOOD nor $ SDSKLD. TL65 ~ in exceptionally high temperatures watched a woodland edge from roadside using binoculars IURP DERXW $W YLHZLQJ IURP RYHU P DQG GXULQJ D PRPHQW RI H[FHSWLRQDO FDOP $0 VDZ DW OHDVW WZR FOHDU ÀLJKWV E\ $ LULV over, near and around the highest part of the canopy. AM later VDZ D FKDVH RI WZR PDOHV EULHÀ\ ORZ RYHU WKH FDQRS\ QHDUE\ :DONLQJ EDFN DORQJ WKH URDG WR D VOLJKWO\ FORVHU YLHZSRLQW DW D VLQJOH PDOH ZDV REVHUYHG D FRXSOH RI WLPHV WKURXJK ELQRFXODUV À\LQJ RYHU the canopy by both AM and LG. %UDG¿HOG :RRGV ~ arrived 16:30 and watched the ‘high point’ at the western side of the wood until 16:30, without any sightings. 23rd July 2013 2YHUQLJKW WKH KRW ZHDWKHU EURNH ZLWK KHDY\ WKXQGHU VWRUP GXULQJ WKH QLJKW DQG HDUO\ PRUQLQJ UDLQ Wolves Wood ~ arrived 09:30 as rain started to clear but still very dull, muggy and the wood was a PRVTXLWR KHDYHQ 'HVSLWH FORXG\ FRQGLWLRQV / FDPLOOD ZHUH REVHUYHG DQG EHWZHHQ DQG ZDWFKHG KLJK SRLQW EHVLGH WKH URDG DQG FDUSDUN )XUWKHU UDLQ DQG ZH OHIW DW Bonny Wood ~ some sunshine at 16:00 and we watched the top north edge near pylons with no success. We walked into the wood but no / FDPLOOD was observed. 24th July 2013 %UDG¿HOG :RRGV a ZH UHWXUQHG HDUO\ PRUQLQJ DQG ZDWFKHG WKH µNH\ EXWWHUÀ\¶ DUHD EXW DJDLQ ZLWK QR success. 0HOO¿HOG :RRG a EHWZHHQ DQG ZH ZDWFKHG WKH NH\ RDNV RQ WKH QRUWK VLGH EXW DJDLQ ZLWK QR VXFFHVV 'ULYLQJ EDFN ZH EULHÀ\ ORRNHG DW WKH YLVLEOH KLJK SRLQWV DW +DZV :RRG DQG 5XVKERWWRP Wood in TL85 and continued to TL65, where it was cloudy so we did not stop. Balsham Wood ~ between 17:25 and 18:05 despite periods of cloud, in moments of sunshine two $ LULV ZHUH REVHUYHG RQ VHYHUDO RFFDVLRQV LQFOXGLQJ RQH LQGLYLGXDO ZKLFK ÀHZ XS DQG DURXQG WKH ZDWHU WRZHU Visit 3 ~ 29th July to 31st July 2013 29th July 2013 TL65 ~ arrived at 13:00 when there was ten minutes of sun followed by rain and very breezy conditions. 29

The Suffolk Argus :H OHIW DQG UHWXUQHG DJDLQ DW DQG ZDWFKHG IRU WZHQW\ PLQXWHV ,W ZDV YHU\ EUHH]\ VWLOO DQG WKHQ further rain. Balsham Wood ~ in a ten minute period of sunshine at 13:50 we observed two individuals chase, and a further individual in a new area to the right of the water tower. Another period of sunshine produced two clashing near the water tower. Easter Wood TL7655 ~ this wood with a landscape high point was watched from 16:00 during poor ZHDWKHU FRQGLWLRQV 7ZR ODUJH EXWWHUÀLHV ZHUH VHHQ WR FKDVH EXW KDUG WR YLHZ DQG JHW D JRRG DSSUHFLDWLRQ of the size, probably were Red Admirals 9DQHVVD DWDODQWD A wood worth revisiting next year. 30th July 2013 1RUWK¿HOG :RRG ~ another wet day with only a short window of ‘brightness’ in the morning followed by rain throughout the day. Returned late afternoon and with a short window of sunshine around 18:00 watched the ‘high point’ with only Purple Hairstreak 1HR]HSK\UXV TXHUFXV À\LQJ 6HH ,PDJH 3DJH a 1RUWK¿HOG :RRG DQ H[DPSOH RI ZRRG PDS VW\OH 31st July 2013 1RUWK¿HOG :RRG a D PRUQLQJ YLVLW IROORZHG E\ UDLQ DJDLQ %HWZHHQ DQG ZDWFKHG µKLJK point’ in weak sun with no activity. A lady reported seeing / FDPLOOD recently in the wood. Easter Wood ~ an afternoon visit with good periods of sun. Watched woodland edge from roadside but with no further activity. Visited adjacent Spring Wood, but it was very windy despite good sunshine. Some sallows and elm were noted. TL65 ~ 16:50 a brief stop but very windy and poor sun. Balsham Wood (Cambs) ~ at 17:30 cloud with blue sky on the horizon, forecast was not as predicted DV JRRG ODWH DIWHUQRRQ SHULRGV RI VXQ $W WZR PDOHV FODVKLQJ KLJK XS ZLWK D WKLUG LQGLYLGXDO MRLQLQJ LQ EULHÀ\ :H OHIW DW KDYLQJ REVHUYHG VHYHUDO ÀLJKWV DQG FODVKHV Visit 4 ~ 3rd and 4th August 2013 (AM only) 3rd August 2013 Stanstead Great Wood ~ no sightings Easter Wood ~ no sightings Balsham Wood (Cambs) ~ late afternoon one single male $ LULV 4th August 2013 1RUWK¿HOG :RRG ~ watched wood throughout day, one / FDPLOOD observed. Rather cloudy weather. 7RWDO FRPELQHG VXPPHU VXUYH\ YLVLW PLOHDJH PLOHV

Purple Emperor by Douglas Hammersley 30

Summer 2014

The Purple Project Bill Stone

Habitat and adult behaviour

Published in this issue of The Suffolk Argus is the report by Liz Goodyear and Andrew Middleton on their efforts to locate suitable woodlands for Purple Emperor in Suffolk. Ignoring introduced populations, I am a great believer that the Purple Emperor could exist, albeit in small numbers, much more widely in Suffolk than our records suggest. +RZHYHU LQ RUGHU WR ¿QG DQG DFFXUDWHO\ UHFRUG WKLV PDJQL¿FHQW EXWWHUÀ\ WKHUH LV JRLQJ WR EH D QHHG IRU D VLJQL¿FDQW DPRXQW RI IRFXVVHG VXUYH\LQJ HIIRUW RYHU a number of years. To try to provide some structure and coordination to this recording effort I would like to introduce the “Purple Project”.

In order to look for the Purple Emperor it is perhaps important to have an understanding of habitat SUHIHUHQFHV DQG EHKDYLRXU RI WKH DGXOW EXWWHUÀ\ ,Q 6XIIRON WKH 3XUSOH (PSHURU¶V PDLQ ÀLJKW period is between mid-July and mid-August. It is RIWHQ VHHQ À\LQJ DW WKH VDPH WLPH DV ERWK :KLWH Admiral and Silver-washed Fritillary and the three species share a love of mature deciduous woodland. However, for Purple Emperor it is important that the woodland should ideally contain or have close E\ D JRRG TXDQWLW\ RI WKH SULPDU\ ODUYDO IRRG SODQW Goat Willow (Salix caprea). Purple Emperors also SUHIHU 2DN ULFK ZRRGODQG EXW WKH\ DUH NQRZQ WR À\ between woodlands and suitable habitat.

This recording scheme will initially focus on a QXPEHU RI ZRRGODQGV ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ LGHQWL¿HG E\ Liz and Andrew in their report as having a Purple Emperor suitability rating as either “Red” (very good habitat - abundant sallow, sallow thickets (100+, 100s) or “Orange” (good habitat - good numbers of sallow, maybe a sallow thicket, 50- 100). Other Suffolk woodlands can be added if the ZRRGODQG LV LGHQWL¿HG DV EHLQJ VXLWDEOH DQG ZKHQ records for Purple Emperor are received from new woodlands.

In suitable woodlands male Purple Emperors can occasionally be seen feeding on the ground mid- morning (and again late afternoon) where they seek out sources of salt, moisture and other nutrients. It is believed that salt is essential for both the male and the female to assist in egg development and the male will pass some of his own salt reserves through his sperm during mating. Many sources for both salt and essential nutrients are utilised but especially from animal faeces.

,Q VKRUW WKH 3XUSOH 3URMHFW ZLOO UHTXLUH UHFRUGHUV WR YLVLW LGHQWL¿HG ZRRGODQGV DV RIWHQ DV SRVVLEOH GXULQJ WKH ÀLJKW SHULRG DQG XQGHUWDNH REVHUYDWLRQV both within the wood but perhaps more importantly from external view points.

After morning feeding, male Purple Emperors will slowly accumulate height and move up to a congregation area within or very close to the wood. These areas tend to feature the highest point of their habitat or particularly prominent trees, also referred to as master trees. These areas can also feature along the edge of the woodland. One favoured feature of a congregation area is where there is natural depression in the canopy in the shape of a half bowl and which attracts full sun. Favourite trees for congregation tend to be broad-leafed trees such as 2DN %HHFK DQG $VK DV WKH OHDYHV DOORZ WKH EXWWHUÀ\ to perch. Ideally, the leaf selected will allow the EXWWHUÀ\ FOHDU YLHZV RI LWV WHUULWRU\ DQG WR RULHQWDWH itself so that it can remain in full sun. Males will then use these particular leaves to watch from, OHDYLQJ IUHTXHQWO\ WR SDWURO WKHLU RZQ WHUULWRULHV DQG await the entry of an unmated female. They will also

The following woodlands are those rated by Liz and Andrew as “Red” and “Orange” and with reasonable public access: Red 0HOO¿HOG :RRG 7/ 6:7 %UDG¿HOG :RRGV 7/ SWT Bonny Wood (TM0651/0751/0752) :RRGODQG 7UXVW 1RUWK¿HOG :RRG 70 Orange 5D\GRQ *UHDW :RRG 70 563% :ROYHV :RRG 70 2OG +DOO :RRG 70 31

The Suffolk Argus continue to feed, favouring aphid honey dew and in particular sap runs from Oak. Purple Emperors UDUHO\ XVH ÀRZHUV IRU QHFWDU DOWKRXJK LQ VRPH woods they have been observed favouring Sweet Chestnut, blossoms and buddleja.

Find a suitable point to watch from and VWDUW WR ORRN XS IRU EXWWHUÀLHV À\LQJ IURP their perches, scan regularly. Remember WKDW PRVW DIWHUQRRQ ÀLJKWV ZLOO EH DERYH the canopy.

Female Purple Emperors normally become active towards 11.00am and will head to the male territories. If a fertile male is in residence then he will challenge the female and the female will lead him away to a high point to copulate. This could be a long distance away from the male territory and the female often utilises an Oak or Ash tree as her resting place. However, if a female who has already been mated enters a male territory then she will DYRLG KLV DWWHQWLRQV E\ À\LQJ GRZQ WR WKH JURXQG The male will eventually lose interest and return to his territorial perch. Egg laying will normally take place midday through to early afternoon and the female will look for sallow leaves that are shaded from full sun. This is to avoid the eggs and young larvae becoming exposed to extreme temperatures and suffering from desiccation. The egg is laid on the upper surface of the leaf and often near the edge.

Try and match your visit with good weather. The Purple Emperors will be at their most active from midday through to late afternoon, they prefer full sun and temperatures above 22 degrees Celsius.

Remember the Purple Emperor is a large EXWWHUÀ\ LW FDQ VRDU DQG JOLGH SRZHUIXOO\ and effortlessly. Purple Emperors will RIWHQ FKDVH HDFK RWKHU RU RWKHU EXWWHUÀLHV and insects so look out for this aggressive behaviour and aerial pursuits.

Keep to footpaths and authorised routes

Importantly, use a good pair of binoculars and prepare yourself for a sore neck!

If you are interested in getting involved in the Purple Project then please let me know which of the woodlands listed above you can visit.

Survey methods The following points will, hopefully, assist in maximising recording opportunities for woodland visits for adult Purple Emperors.

Details of all visits made are important, please record when you visited, the weather conditions, times and which parts of the woodland you were able to watch. Negative visits for Purple Emperor will also be very useful.

Because a male Purple Emperor could settle on suitable ground anywhere in woodland it is best to look for their congregation areas and attempt to identify males on territory. As discussed above, the congregation areas tend to feature the highest point of the wood so it’s best to look for this during an initial visit or utilise an Ordnance Survey map. You may need to stand at a distance away from the wood to achieve this.

If you see Purple Emperor then please let me know as soon as possible. Ideally, a photograph or video footage would be of great use too. Finally, if you know of any other suitable woodland then let me know. Good luck!

Where no clear or accessible high point exists, explore the wood and look out for a woodland edge or ride which features an indentation in the canopy and importantly, offers exposure to sun.

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Summer 2014

Variation of the Brown Argus in East Anglia

Rob Parker

A recent article in the Entomologists’ Gazette by Professor David Newland on the variation of the Brown Argus (Aricia agestis) in South Cambridgeshire and Essex caught my eye at once. He was drawing attention to specimens with the ÀHFN RI ZKLWH RQ WKH IRUHZLQJ ZKLFK LV QRUPDOO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH QRUWKHUQ %URZQ $UJXV ± D separate species, and we have had a few white- spotted Brown Argus sightings in Suffolk in the past 2 years, from Trevor Goodfellow, seen where he lives at Green Farm, just outside Thurston near Bury St Edmunds. Trevor’s photos appeared in the Autumn 2013 edition of Suffolk Argus (on p.2, with a short note on p.9).

to be found in females. Interestingly, Green Farm hosts a healthy population of Brown Argus, but the specimens showing the white halo were found only in one small patch of meadow;; the remainder of the grassland has produced only the normal form.

This unusual form of our resident Brown Argus exhibits a vestigal white surround to the black discoidal spot on the forewing, and therefore looks just like a Northern Brown Argus, Aricia artaxerxes. Similar specimens have been named as form snelleni ter Haar, 1899 and as form albiannulata Harrison, 1906. A genuine Northern Brown Argus, photographed by Peter Maddison is illustrated on the back cover of the Autumn 2013 Suffolk Argus. Curiously, it has less white than the imposters!

,W LV ZRUWK DGGLQJ WKDW WKH GH¿QLWLYH ZRUN RQ WKH EXWWHUÀLHV RI 6XIIRON 0HQGHO 3LRWURZVNL contains a photograph of such a female, along with a historic note on 3 specimens taken at Lakenheath Warren in the 1860s. Clearly, specimens with white halos have been around for some time, but as a small minority. Perhaps it is a normal variation within the $ DJHVWLV populations everywhere. After all, one of Richard Lewington’s paintings in Thomas & Lewington 2010 does show this form.

On 3 Sep 2012, Trevor photographed a female exhibiting the white surround and drew it to my attention. I gave him some background information, and told him to look out for more in 2013. He duly SKRWRJUDSKHG D ¿UVW JHQHUDWLRQ VSHFLPHQ RQ June 2013, and then a second generation example on 6 Aug 2013. This latter specimen is a male, whereas the preponderance of this form appears

References: 0HQGHO 3LRWURZVNL 7KH %XWWHUÀLHV RI 6XIIRON 6XIIRON Naturalists’ Society p.68. 1HZODQG ' 9DULDWLRQ RI Aricia agestis (Linnaeus, 1761). Ent Gaz Vol 65, p.26-29. 7KRPDV /HZLQJWRQ 7KH %XWWHUÀLHV RI %ULWDLQ Ireland. BWP. p.125.

Observers are urged to report any further sightings. 2QH UHDOLW\ KRZHYHU LV WKDW WKH EXWWHUÀ\ JHQHUDOO\ sits wings closed, and needs to be seen close- up whilst basking before the white halo can be discerned. Good digital photography now opens the way to discovering more about the distribution of this subspecies, form, variation or aberration (It might be considered to be any of these).

*** David Newland requests records of the Brown Argus with white halos on the forewings The distribution of this form in East Anglia is only partially known. David recorded it in his Cambridgeshire garden in 2013 and, as reported in The Suffolk Argus Autumn 2013, Trevor Goodfellow photographed this form near Bury St Edmunds. Other sightings have been made in Essex and into the East Midlands, and David 33

would like to know more about the extent of the distribution. Please send details of your sightings of the Brown Argus with white halos, preferably with a photograph, to: denewland@gmail.com. Also, please inform Bill Stone, the Suffolk 5HFRUGHU EXWWHUÀLHV#VQV RUJ XN

The Suffolk Argus

Hibernating Butterflies Richard Stewart

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The Small Tortoiseshell in March 2014 Richard Stewart

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Summer 2014

Variation of the Brown Argus in East Anglia

Photo: David Newland female Photo: Trevor Goodfellow male Brown Argus Aricia agestis form snelleni ter Harr

Hibernating Butterflies in a WW2 pillbox

Photo: Richard Stewart

The Suffolk Argus

Image 5.4 ~ White Admiral L. camilla distribution in Suffolk 2005-2013 (see page 24)

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