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Applying Net Gain in Greater Manchester 11th February 2021 East Anglian Planning and Biodiversity Webinar Krista Patrick, Natural Capital Coordinator, GMCA

ABOUT GMEU • Shared Service across ten Councils • Six Ecologists and three project officers • Also acts as the Local Records Centre • Advises on approximately 1,000 new planning applications per year across GM, 30% Majors • Applying Net Gain through the use of a Metric for about 18 months • Now have about 35 Major Application Case Studies @GMGreenCity| #GMGreenCity

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Role of GMEU

• Working with the CA and Districts to develop individual Local Plan Net Gain policies • Applying the Metric to pilot cases, particularly GMSF strategic allocations – about 35 Pilot Majors looked at so far • Improving the ecology evidence base to allow for easier Metric calculations • Working with developers and consultants to promote understanding of the Metric and Habitat Banks

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Lessons Learned So Far • Using and Assessing the Metric and Liaising with developers and their agents significantly increases the time taken for local authority Ecologists to assess applications for development • If net gain is achieved on a piece-meal basis monitoring of long-term delivery will require very significant resources • There is considerable goodwill being shown by developers, but they need clarity and a level playing field • Achieving 5% net gain on site is possible for many developments, but 10% usually means that off-site contributions need to be sought and delivered

• Net gain is easier to deliver on-site for residential developments than for commercial land uses

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Lessons Learned so Far • There probably isn’t a set £ value per Unit because this depends on so many different factors, but there is a need for transparency about how the Unit value has been calculated. • Having said that, if the Unit value goes above £20k there is more significant developer pushback (viability issues)

• Elected members are open to cross-boundary provision of net gain • There is a need for mechanisms to be developed allowing for pooling off-site contributions to allow for cross-boundary and strategic delivery (in Greater Manchester this is being developed through the GM Environment Fund) • For landowners to really buy-in to the idea of Habitat Banks net gain needs to be made mandatory and/or have strong Policy drivers @GMGreenCity| #GMGreenCity

Is it Working? In Greater Manchester so far our estimate is that some 150ha of new and improved habitats and more than £300,000 have been secured off-site net gain. These estimates are above and beyond conservation measures which would have been achieved without the measurable net gain agenda. So YES, the idea of measurable net gain is making a difference now and it has the potential to deliver a real STEP CHANGE in the conservation of biodiversity

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Nature Recovery Strategies

Local Nature Recovery Strategy Pilots • 5 areas selected by Defra to pilot the creation of LNRSs. • £1m made available to provide capacity to the lead authorities in each area (local authorities) and Natural England to support delivery • Working closely with Natural England to develop a draft LNRS in advance of the Environment Bill being enacted. • Defra will use the pilots to inform what they bring forward in secondary legislation and guidance to implement the requirement of LNRS to be developed • 9 month project – prototype LNRS by April 2021.

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What outputs do we want? What outcomes do we want to achieve to realise that vision?

Local Nature Recovery Strategies A draft, prototype LNRS for GM that, depending on LA and GMCA decisions, could be adopted as a GM LNRS, adapted to be used as a GM LNRS or used by LAs to prepare their own individual LRNS.

Where do we want to achieve those outcomes?

Local Habitat Maps A map, building on our existing wide-ranging evidence base, setting out our most valuable existing habitats, alongside proposals for creating or improving habitats and spaces for nature and for wider environmental goals.

How do we go about achieving those outcomes?

Implementation Set out our implementation framework and plans for delivering the a Nature Recovery Network on the ground – building on work on funding (GM Environment Fund) and planning (biodiversity net gain).

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Nature Recovery Network

New or improved habitat on the ground in a joined up way

Local Nature Recovery Strategy

What the key priorities for the area are, where they could be delivered and how?

How are we implementing the LNRS?

Planning policy

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Funding models

Greater Manchester Environment Fund

Funding need for the environment A significant amount of additional funding is needed to deliver GM’s environmental objectives and develop and deploy local Nature-Based Solutions (NBS), much of which will need to come from non-public sources. Delivering NBS will lead to green jobs, greater wellbeing and economic resilience. Funding gap for natural capital projects in GM

Investors Supply of capital

Estimated funding need for identified natural capital projects in GM*

Gap

GM investment opportunities

>£100 million

Potential GMEF donative income**

Demand for capital

Natural Capital Projects

* Based on initial review of 26 projects with cost estimates; a further 25 projects have been identified but not yet costed. ** Scale for illustrative purposes only

GM is uniquely placed to act as a pioneer in the NBS investment sector thanks to its devolved status and recognition by its leadership of the importance of protecting nature for future generations. © Environmental Finance Limited

GMEF opportunity Extensive consultation with GM-wide stakeholders and project developers has demonstrated the considerable need to create the GMEF in order to mobilise the additional funding and investment required to deliver GM’s ambitions of becoming a leading green city Status-Quo GMEF Opportunity Project developers

Donors and Investors

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Funding pressures – ad-hoc and typically shortterm grants available from disparate sources for NGOs to protect and restore the environment, facing greater pressure due to Covid-19.

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Capacity constraints – limited capacity to create investable propositions to secure new sources of investment.

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Growing interest in environmental initiatives – funders are seeking new opportunities to deliver environmental impact alongside financial returns.

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Lack of investable projects – limited robust business models at sufficient scale to attract new sources of investment.

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Reduce funding pressures – provide a coordinated approach and governance framework involving public, private and third sector stakeholders to source and channel funding.

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Increase capacity – deliver funding for technical assistance and capacity building to enable organisations to access blended finance opportunities.

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Develop investable business models – deploy funding strategically to develop investable business models that can attract private investment

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Aggregate and leverage new funding sources – provide a transparent mechanism to align public and private funds and to use repayable finance where appropriate to free up grant resources for high impact but non-investable projects.

The GMEF provides a transparent framework for funders and delivery organisations to set regional priorities and facilitate projects that can deliver substantial local social and environmental impact. © Environmental Finance Limited

GMEF structural overview The GMEF is a unique approach taken by a UK city region to strategically aggregate and leverage funding through an independent governance vehicle to deliver its environmental ambitions. Fund Management

Investment

Greater Manchester Environment Fund (GMEF) Funds recycled

Investment strategy and governance

Investment Funds

Investors

Unrestricted donations

Restricted Funds

Restricted income

Returns Returns

Funding / investment

Environmental Projects

Direct grants, technical assistance and capacity building

The GMEF provides a transparent mechanism to collate funding sources and provide a governance framework to house further vehicles designed to fund specific natural capital projects in GM.

GMEF funding opportunities horizon

Repayable investment funds

Non-repayable funding sources

Liaison with a broad range of GM stakeholders and a dedicated GMEF Advisory Group has evidenced the significant opportunity for the GMEF to raise public, philanthropic and private funds to deliver a thriving natural environment in GM and become self-sustaining over the long-term. Short Term (<1 year)

Medium Term (1-3 years)*

Pump-priming public and philanthropic grants

Clean Air Zone

Corporate sponsorship and individual giving

Enforcement undertakings

Landfill tax

Plastic bag / waste levies; business levies

Habitat Bank Funding Facility

Sustainable Drainage Scheme (SuDS) fund

Built environment carbon fund

Carbon Offsetting Facility

Environmental Impact Bonds

Low-carbon / circular economy

Long Term (3-5 years)*

Within 5 years, the GMEF could accumulate sufficient funding, levies and private investment to become a self-sustaining funding source to deliver GM’s environmental ambitions *Funding opportunities are indicative based on an initial review and stakeholder engagement – further analysis is required to assess the opportunity to incorporate medium/long term funding sources within the GMEF. Other funding opportunities may also be available. © Environmental Finance Limited

Investment model opportunity 1: Habitat Bank Funding Facility GM plans to lead the delivery of strategic habitat creation by setting up a dedicated Habitat Bank Funding Facility to provide funding to deliver local Biodiversity Net Gain (BNG) projects. Emerging BNG policy provides opportunities for funding habitat creation • New BNG policy anticipated through the upcoming Environment Bill will require all new developments to provide biodiversity gains of at least 10%. • The new policy is expected to generate c.£200 million revenues for habitat creation / restoration per year from developers in England (Defra, 2019).

Loans

• Enable districts in GM to access upfront financing to create and restore strategic habitats in advance of development impacts • Accelerate the delivery of a GM-wide Nature Recovery Network. • Facilitate a co-funding approach for projects with multiple outcomes. • Centralise development and verification costs across habitat projects • Enable the GM region to fulfil its potential as a pioneering market for BNG.

Repayments

Habitat Banks Investment in priority habitats

A dedicated Habitat Bank Funding Facility could…

GMEF Habitat Bank Funding Facility

Independent verification

Verification

Investment model opportunity 2: Carbon Offsetting Facility With GM’s ambition to become carbon neutral by 2038 and rising demand for local carbon credits, the GMEF is creating a Carbon Offsetting Facility to accredit and monetise carbon credits from natural assets.

Significant GM carbon opportunity • 98% of GM’s lowland peat bogs have been destroyed with the remaining peat being degraded and emitting huge amounts of CO2. • Restoring these peatlands to their natural state could reduce emissions by in excess of 200,000 t CO2-eq per year. • As part of the Northern Forest initiative, GM is seeking to plant 1 million trees by 2024.

Investors Investment

Payment

GMEF Carbon Offsetting Facility

A GM Carbon Offsetting Facility could… • Secure offtake agreements with corporates with carbon targets to enable mitigation of residual emissions in return for verified carbon credits. • Attract private investment into carbon sink projects with funding needs, allowing GM to meet its carbon targets through restoring its natural assets. • Provide project aggregation to achieve higher and more consistent carbon prices and lower set up and verification costs. • Act as a regional hub for information sharing and capacity building for local partners developing carbon capture projects.

Returns

Investment

Corporates Accredited carbon credit sales

Accredited carbon credits / revenue share agreement

Direct sales Verification Contract

Carbon projects

Verification

krista.patrick@greatermanchester-ca.gov.uk http://gmgreencity.com/ https://naturegreatermanchester.co.uk/ @GMGreenCity #GMGreenCity