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Ver s i on1. 0 Ha r dc ov er , 1893. F i r s tE di t i on. 8v o, pp. v i , [ 2] , 228; f r ont i s pi ec epor t r a i t , 9pl a t es . Publ i s hedbyKega nPa ul , T r enc h, T r ubner&Co. L t d. , L ondon( 1893) I fy ou nda nyOCRer r or s , pl ea s er ea c husa t s @i book bi ndi ng. c om. Mor ebook sa boutbookhi s t or y , booka r t s , a ndbook bi ndi ng onourwebs i t e: ht t ps : / / www. i book bi ndi ng. c om/ pdf book bi ndi ngc ol l ec t i on/ ht t ps : / / www. pa t r eon. c om/ i book bi ndi ng

FABRI

P E IR E S C .

to n • -

• ■

■

I. nd on Kegari Paul, Trench, T ’Tibncr .M D C cC X C lIT

1 4

T h e Great Book-Collectors By Charles Isaac E lton Author of ‘ Origins of English History’ ‘ The Career of Columbus,’ etc.

& Mary Augusta Elton

London Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co., Ltd. M D C C C X C III

C o n te n ts PAGE

Classical,

CHAPTER I. ...................................................................................i CHAPTER II.

I reland—Northumbria,

........................................................ 13

CHAPTER III. E ngland,

................................................................................. 27 CHAPTER IV.

I taly—T he Age of P etrarch , ................................................ 41

CHAPTER V. Oxford—D uke H umphrey ’s Books—T he L ibrary of the Valois, ......................................................................... 53

CHAPTER VI. I taly—T he R enaissance, .........................................................63

CHAPTER VII. I talian Cities —Olympia Morata—U rbino—T he Books of Corvinus, ................................................................. 76

CHAPTER VIII. Germany—F landers—Burgundy—E ngland, .

4—

Contents PAGE

CHAPTER IX. F rance : E arly Bookmen—R oyal Collectors,

T he Old R oyal L ibrary—F airfax—Cotton—H arley— T he University of Cambridge, . . . .

111

CHAPTER X.

CHAPTER XI. Bodley—D igby—Laud —Selden —A shmole,

.1 2 4

CHAPTER XII. Grolier and his S uccessors,

................................................ 139

CHAPTER XIII. L ater Collectors ; F rance—I taly—S pain ,

158

CHAPTER XIV. D e T hou—P inelli—P eiresc , ................................................ 169 CHAPTER XV. F rench Collectors—N au de to R enouard,

L ater E nglish

183

CHAPTER XVI. Collectors, ............................................... 202

I ndex, ............................................................................................... 2 2 J

L is t o f I l l u s t r a t i o n s PORTRAIT of

P eiresc,

.................................................... Frontispiece

(From an engraving by Claude Mellan.)

I nitial L etter from the <Gospels of St . Cuthbert/ Seal of R ichard de B ury,

PAGE 18

................................................................38

P ortrait of the D uke of Bedford praying before St . George, . . . . . . . . . .

(From the Book of Hours commonly known as the i Bedford Missal.’)

Portrait of Magliabecchi, ................................................................ 74 (From an engraving in the British Museum.)

Binding executed for Q ueen E lizabeth, .

.1 1 2

(English jew eller’s-work on a cover of red velvet. From a copy of ‘ Meditationum Christianarum Libellus/ Lyons, 1570, in the British Museum.)

P ortrait of S ir R obert Cotton,

........................................... 117

(From an engraving by R. W hite after C. Jonson.)

P ortrait of S ir T homas Bodley,

........................................... 127

(From an engraving in the British Museum.)

Binding executed for G rolier ,

........................................... 141

(From a copy of Silius Italicus, Venice, 1523, *n Bie British Museum.)

P ortrait of D e T hou,

...............................................................168 (From an engraving by Morin, after L. Ferdinand.)

TH E

GREAT BOOK-COLLECTORS.

C H A P T E R I. CLASSICAL.

I n undertaking to write these few chapters on the lives of the book-collectors, we feel that we must move between lines that seem somewhat narrow, having regard to the possible range of the subject. We shall therefore avoid as much as possible the descrip tion of particular books, and shall endeavour to deal with the book-collector or book-hunter, as distin guished from the owner of good books, from librarians and specialists, from the merchant or broker of books and the book-glutton who wants all that he sees. Guillaume Postel and his friends found time to discuss the merits of the authors before the Flood. Our own age neglects the libraries of Shem, and casts doubts on the antiquity of the Book of Enoch. But even in writing the briefest account of the great book collectors, we are compelled to go back to somewhat remote times, and to say at least a few words about the A

I 2

The Great Book-Collectors

and that it was as necessary to nourish the body as to stuff the mind with learning. When the barbarians were established through Gaul and Italy the libraries in the old country-houses must have been completely destroyed. Some faint light of learning remained while Boethius â€˜ trimmed the lamp with his skilful hand â€™ ; some knowledge of the classics survived during the lives of Cassiodorus and Isidore of Seville. Some of the original splendour may have lingered at Rome, and perhaps in Ravenna. When Boethius was awaiting his doom in the tower at Pavia, his mind reverted to the lettered ease of his life before he had offended the fierce Theodoric. His philosophy found comfort in thinking that all the valuable part of his books was firmly imprinted on his soul; but he never ceased regretting the walls inlaid with ivory and the shining painted windows in his old library at Rome.

C H A P T E R II. IRELAND— NORTHUMBRIA.

T he knowledge of books might almost have dis appeared in the seventh century, when the cloud of ignorance was darkest, but for a new and remarkable development of learning in the Irish monasteries. This development is of special interest to ourselves from the fact that the church of Northumbria was long dependent on the Irish settlement at Iona. The Anglians taught by Paulinus very soon relapsed into paganism, and the second conversion of the North was due to the missionaries of the school of St. Columba. The power of Rome was established at the Council of Whitby ; but in the days when Aidan preached at Lindisfarne the Northumbrians were still in obedience to an Irish rule, and were instructed and edified by the acts and lives of St. Patrick, of St. Brigit, and the mighty Columba. We shall quote some of the incidents recorded about the Irish books, a few legends of Patrick and dim traditions from the days of Columba, before noticing the rise of the English school. The first mention of the Irish books seems to be contained in a passage of yEthicus. The cosmo graphy ascribed to that name has been traced to very 13

The Great Book-Collectors

up his quarters with a few Irish monks on the Isle of Lindisfarne, and his Abbey soon became one of the main repositories of learning. The book called The Gospels of St. Cuthbert was written in 688, and was regarded for nearly two centuries as the chief ornament of Lindisfarne. The monastery was burned by the Danes, and the servants of St. Cuthbert, who had concealed the ‘ Gospels’ in his grave, wandered forth, with the Saint’s body in an ark and the book in its chest, in search of a new place of refuge. They attempted a voyage to Ireland, but their ship was driven back by a storm. The book chest had been washed overboard, but in passing up the Solway Firth they saw the book shining in its golden cover upon the sand. For more than a century afterwards the book shared the fortunes of a wandering company of monks : in the year 995 it was laid on St. Cuthbert’s coffin in the new church at Durham ; early in the twelfth century it returned to Lindisfarne. Here it remained until the dissolution of the monasteries, when its golden covers were torn off, and the book came bare and unadorned into the hands of Sir Robert Cotton, and passed with the rest of his treasures into the library of the British Museum. Theodore of Tarsus had been consecrated Arch bishop of Canterbury in the year 669. He brought with him a large quantity of books for use in his new Greek school. These books were left by his will to the cathedral libraryi where they remained for ages

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The Great Book-Collectors

a word in remembrance of Archbishop AHfric, the author of a great part of our English Chronicle. He was trained at Winchester, where the illuminators, it is said, were ‘ for a while the foremost in the world.’ He enacted that every priest should have at least a psalter and hymn-book and half a dozen of the most important service-books, before he could hope for ordination. His own library, containing many works of great value, was bequeathed to the Abbey of St. Alban’s. We end the story of the Anglo-Saxon books with a mention of Leofric, the first Bishop of Exeter, who gave a magnificent donation out of his own library to the Cathedral Church. The catalogue is still extant, and some of the volumes are preserved at Oxford. There were many devotional works of the ordinary kind ; there were ‘ reading-books for winter and summer,’ and song-books, and especially ‘night-songs ’ ; but the greatest treasure of all was the ‘ great book of English poetry,’ known as the Exeter Book, in which Cynewulf sang of the ruin of the ‘ purple arch,’ and set forth the Exile’s Lament and the Traveller’s Song.

C H A P T E R III. ENGLAND.

A MORE austere kind of learning came in with the Norman Conquest. Lanfranc and Anselm introduced at Canterbury a devotion to science, to the doctrines of theology and jurisprudence, and to the new dis coveries which Norman travellers were bringing back from the schools at Salerno. Lanfranc imported a large quantity of books from the Continent. He would labour day and night at correcting the work of his scribes ; and Anselm, when he succeeded to the See, used often to deprive himself of rest to finish the transcription of a manuscript. Lanfranc, we are told, was especially generous in lending his books : among a set which he sent to St. Alban’s we find the names of twenty-eight famous treatises, besides a large number of missals and other service-books, and two ‘ Books of the Gospels,’ bound in silver and gold, and ornamented with valuable jewels. A historian of our own time has said that England in the twelfth century was the paradise of scholars. Dr. Stubbs imagined a foreign student making a tour through the country and endeavouring to ascertain its proper place in the literary world. He would have seen a huge multitude of books, and ‘ such a supply 27

The Great Book-Collectors

out demanding a fee in money or in kind: if you draw near, they sleep n o t: if you ask, they answer in full: if you are mistaken, they neither rail nor laugh at your ignorance.’ ‘You only, my books!’ he cries, ‘ are free and unfettered : you only can give to all who ask and enfranchise all that serve you.’ In his glowing periods they become transfigured into the wells of living water, the fatness of the olive, the sweetness of the vines of Engaddi; they seem to him like golden urns in which the manna was stored, like the fruitful tree of life and the four-fold river of Eden. Richard de Bury had more books than all the other bishops in England. He set up several per manent libraries in his manor-houses and at his palace in Auckland ; the floor of his hall was always so strewed with manuscripts that it was hard to approach his presence, and his bedroom so full of books that one could not go in or out, or even stand still without treading on them. He has told us many particulars about his methods of collection. He had lived with scholars from his youth upwards ; but it was not until he became the King’s friend, and almost a member of his family, that he was able ‘ to hunt in the delightful coverts ’ of the clerical and monastic libraries. As Chancellor he had great facilities for ‘ dragging the books from their hiding-places ’ ; ‘ a flying rumour had spread on all sides that we longed for books, and especially for old ones, and that it was easier to gain our favour by a manuscript than by gifts of coin.’ As he had the power of promoting

SEAL

RICHARD

BURY.

The Great Book-Collectors

collecting with a reference to an eastern tale, com paring himself to the mountain of loadstone that attracted the ships of knowledge by a secret force, while the books in their cargoes, like the iron bars in the story, were streaming towards the magnetic cliff ‘ in a multifarious flight.’

CHA PTER

IV.

ITALY— THE AGE OF PETRARCH.

T he enlightenment of an age of ignorance cannot be attributed to any single person ; yet it has been said with some justice, that as the mediaeval darkness lifted, one figure was seen standing in advance, and that Petrarch was rightly hailed as ‘the harbinger of day.’ His fame rests not so much on his poems as upon his incessant labours in the task of educating his countrymen. Petrarch was devoted to books from his boyhood. His youth was passed near Avignon, ‘on the banks of the w’indy Rhone.’ After receiving the ordinary instruction in grammar and rhetoric, he passed four years at Montpellier, and proceeded to study law at Bologna. ‘I kept my terms in Civil Law,’ he said, ‘and made some pro gress ; but I gave up the subject on becoming my own master, not because I disliked the Law, which no doubt is full of the Roman learning, but because it is so often perverted by evil-minded men.’ He seems to have worked for a time under his friend Cino of Pistoia, and to have attended the lectures of the jurist Andrea, whose daughter Novella is said to have sometimes taken the class ‘ with a little curtain in front of her beautiful face.’ While studying at 41

The Great Book Collectors

fortune. How long the gift remained in the Palazzo Molina we cannot tell. We conjecture that it was discarded in the next century, before Bessarion preÂ sented his Greek books to the senate, and became the actual founder of the library of St. Mark. The antiquary Tomasini found Petrarchâ€™s books cast aside in a dark room behind the Horses of Lysippus. Some had crumbled into powder, and others had been glued into shapeless masses by the damp. The survivors were placed in the Libraria Vecchia, and are now in the Ducal Palace ; but it was long before they were permitted to enter the building that sheltered the gift of Bessarion.

C H A P T E R V. OXFORD— DUKE HUMPHREY’S BOOKS— THE LIBRARY OF THE VALOIS.

T he University Library at Oxford was a develop ment of Richard de Bury’s foundation. The monks of Durham had founded a hall, now represented by Trinity College, in which Richard had always taken a fatherly interest. He provided the ordinary texts and com mentaries for the students, and was extremely anxious that they should be instructed in Greek and in the languages of the East. A knowledge of Arabic, he thought, was as necessary for the study of astronomy as a familiarity with Hebrew was requisite for the understanding of the Scriptures. The Friars had bought a good supply of Hebrew books when the Jews were expelled from England ; Richard not only increased the available store, but supplied the means of using it. ‘ We have provided,’ he said, ‘ a grammar in Greek and Hebrew for the scholars, with all the proper aids to instruct them in reading and writing those languages.’ He formed the ambitious design of providing assistance to the whole University out of the books presented to the hall. The rules which he drew up were not unlike those already in use at the Sorbonne. Five students were chosen as wardens, 53

THE

DU KE

OF BE D FO R D

PRAYING

BE FO R E

ST. GEORGE.

{F ro m the â€œ B e d fo rd M is s a lF )

Duke Humphrey s Books

by Leonardo Aretino, with an original dedication to the Duke. The third is a magnificent volume of Valerius M aximus prepared, as we know from the monastic annals, under the personal supervision of Abbot Whethamstede, the ‘ passionate bibliomaniac ’ of St. Alban’s. It contains inscriptions, says Mr. Macray, recording its gift for the use of the scholars, with anathemas upon all who should injure it. ‘ If anyone steals this book,’ says the Abbot, 'may he come to the gallows or the rope of Judas.’ Many of the Duke of Gloucester’s books had come to him from the library of the French Kings at the Louvre, which had been purchased and dispersed by John, Duke of Bedford. The Duke himself was in the habit of ordering magnificently illuminated books of devotion, which he gave as presents to his friends. The famous ‘ Bedford Missal ’ (really a Book of Hours) was offered by the Duchess in his name to Henry V I.; and Mr. Quaritch possesses another Book of Hours, which the Duke presented to Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, as a wedding gift. The House of Valois was always friendly to literature. King John, who fought at Cregy, began a small collection: he had the story of the Crusades, a tract on the game of chess, and a book containing a French version of Livy, which seems to have belonged after wards to Duke Humphrey, and to have found its His way later into the Abbey of St. Genevieve. son Charles le Sage was the owner of about 900 volumes, which he kept in his castle at the Louvre.

The Great Book-Collectors

the time when the library was first established ; and it is estimated that about two hundred of the books must have been saved in this way to form the beginÂ ning of a new library in the Louvre, which, after the expulsion of the English, began to attain some imÂ portance in the reign of Louis XI.

CHAPTER VI. ITALY— THE RENAISSANCE.

T he study of the classics had languished for a time after the deaths of Petrarch and Boccaccio. It revived again upon the coming of Chrysoloras, who is said to have lighted in Italy ‘ a new and perpetual flame.’ Poggio Bracciolini was one of his first pupils; and he became so distinguished in literature that the earlier part of the fifteenth century is known as the age of Poggio. Leonardo Aretino describes the enthusiasm with which the Italians made acquaintance with the ancient learning. ‘ I gave myself up to Chrysoloras,’ he writes, ‘and my passion for knowledge was so strong that the daily tasks became the material of my nightly dreams.’ He told Cosmo de’ Medici, when translating Plato’s Dialogues, that they alone seemed to be infused with real life, while all other books passed by like fleeting and shadowy things. We are chiefly concerned with Poggio as the dis coverer of long-lost treasures. He saved Ouintilian and many other classics from complete extinction. ‘Some of them,’ said his friend Barbaro, ‘were already dead to the world, and some after a long exile you have restored to their rights as citizens.’ As a famous stock of pears had been named after an 63

CHA PTER

V II.

ITALIAN CITIES— OLYMPIA MORATA— URBINO— THE BOOKS OF CORVINUS.

T he memory of many great book-collectors has been preserved in the libraries established from ancient times in several of the Italian cities. There are two at Padua, of which the University Library may claim to have had the longer existence : but the ‘ Capitolina ’ can claim Petrarch as one of its founders, and may boast of the books on antiquities gathered by Pignoria, the learned commentator upon the re mains of Rome and the historian of his native city of Padua. It may be worth noticing that there were several smaller collections in the churches, due to the industry of bookmen whose names have been forgotten. We hear of the books of St. Anthony and of Santa Giustina: and as to the library in the Church of St. John the tradition long prevailed that Sixtus of Sienna, a noted hunter after rare books, saw on its shelves a copy of the Epistle to the Laodiceans, and read it, and made copious extracts. Mantua received many of the spoils of Rome from Ludovico Gonzaga, which were lost in the later wars : the most famous acquisition was Bembo’s tablet of hieroglyphics, which was interpreted by the patient 76

Italian Cities— Olympia Mor ata

skill of Lorenzo Pignoria. At Turin the King’s Library contains some of the papers and drawings of Ligorio, who helped in the building of St. Peter’s : but most of his books were taken to Ferrara, where he held an official appointment as antiquary. The University Library contains the collections of the Dukes of Savoy, including a quantity of Oriental MSS., and some of the precious volumes illuminated by the monks of Bobbio. The Pere Jacob in his treatise upon famous libraries had some personal anecdote to record about the bookmen of each place that he visited. At Naples he saw the collection of the works of Pontanus, presented to the Dominicans by his daughter Eugenia; at Bologna he found a long roll of the Pentateuch, ‘ written by Esdras ’; and at Ferrara he described the tomb of Ccelius, who was buried among his books, at his own desire, like a miser in the midst of his riches. Ferrara derived a special fame from the munifi cence of the House of Este and the memory of Olympia Morata. A long line of illustrious princes had built up ‘ an Athens in the midst of Boeotia.’ Ariosto sang the praises of the literary Court, and Tasso’s misfortunes were due to his eagerness in accepting its pleasures. The library of Lilio Giraldi was a meeting-place for the scholars of Italy, and it continued to be the pride of Ferrara when it passed to Cinthio Giraldi the poet. Renee of France, after the death of her husband, Duke Hercules, made Ferrara a city of refuge for Calvin and Marot and

The Great Book-Colle ctors

Oldys the antiquary distinctly stated that these ‘ were the remnants of the King of Hung ary’ ; ‘they after wards fell into the hands of Bilibald Pirckheimer.’ The Senator of Nuremberg made the books his own in a very emphatic way : ‘ there is to be seen his head graved by Albert Diirer, one of the first examples of sticking or pasting of heads, arms, or cyphers into volumes.’ Pirckheimer died in 1530, three years after the sack of Buda, and had the opportunity of getting some of the books. We cannot tell to what exten t he succeeded, or whether William Oldys was right on the facts before him ; but we know from Pirckheimer’s own letters that he was the actual owner of at least some MSS. that ‘ came to him out of the spoils of Hungary.’

C H A P T E R V III. GERMANY— FLANDERS— BURGUNDY— ENGLAND.

A lmost immediately after the invention of printing in Germany there arose a vast public demand for all useful kinds of knowledge. The study of Greek was essential to those who would compete with the Italians in any of the higher departments of science, and great schools were established for the purpose by Dringeberg in a town of Alsace, and by Rudolf Lange at Munster. The Alsatian Academy had the credit of educating Rhenanus and Bilibald Pirckheimer. Lange filled his shelves with a quantity of excellent classics that he had purchased during a tour in Italy. Hermann Busch, the great critic, was taught in this school, and he used to say in after life that he often dreamed of Lange’s house, and saw an altar of the Muses sur rounded by the shadowy figures of ancient poets and orators. Busch was sent afterwards to Deventer, where he was the class-mate of Erasmus. Here one day, while the boys were at their themes, came Rudolf Agricola, the sturdy doctor from Friesland, who wanted to see a Germany ‘ more Latin than Latium,’ and had vowed to abate the ‘ Italian insolence.’ The visitor told Erasmus that he was sure to be a great man, and patted the young Hermann on the head, 87

The Great Book-Collectors

in his record of their life-long friendship. Thomas Lilly, the master at St. Paul’s, not only worked at Florence but went to perfect his Greek in the Isle of Rhodes. Sir Thomas More was the pupil of Grocyn, whom he seems to have excelled in scholarship. His affection for books is known by his son-in-law’s care ful biography. An anecdote cited by Dibdin pre serves a record of the fate of his library. When the Chancellor was arrested, the officers were expected to listen to his talk with certain spies, on the chance that the prisoner might be led into a treasonable con versation ; but, as Mr. Palmer said in his deposition, ‘ he was so busy trussing up Sir Thomas More’s books in a sack that he took no heed to their talk ’ ; and Sir Richard Southwell on the same occasion deposed, that ‘being appointed only to look to the conveyance of the books, he gave no ear unto them.’ Erasmus praised More as ‘ the most gentle soul ever framed by Nature.’ He was astonished at his learning, and in deed at the high standard that had already been attained in England. ‘ It is incredible,’ he said, ‘ what a thick crop of old books spreads out on every side : there is so much erudition, not of any ordinary kind, but recondite and accurate and antique, both in Greek and Latin, that you need not go to Italy except for the pleasure of travelling.’ Hallam remarked that Eras mus was always ready with a complime nt; but he ad mitted that before the year 1520 there were probably more scholars in England than in France, ‘ though all together they might not weigh as heavy as Budeeus.’

CH A PTER

IX .

FRA N CE: EARLY BOOKMEN— ROYAL COLLECTORS.

W e shall take Budaeus as our first example of the French bookmen in the period that followed the invention of printing. Of Guillaume Bude, to give him his original name, it was said that he knew Greek as minutely as the orators of the age of Demosthenes. If there was any real foundation for the compliment it must have consisted in the fact that the Frenchman had more acquaintance with the language than his instructor George of Sparta. Budaeus is said to have paid a very large sum for a course of lectures on Homer, and to have been not a pennyworth the wiser at the end. Erasmus, who also learned of the Spartan, confessed that his tutor only ‘ stammered in Greek,’ and that he seemed to have neither the desire nor the capacity for teaching. It is interesting to see how these students made the best of their bad materials. ‘ I have given my whole soul to Greek,’ wrote Erasmus, ‘ and as soon as I get any money I shall buy books first, and then some clothes.’ Budaeus was known as ‘ the prodigy of France,’ and even Scaliger allowed that his country would never see such a scholar again; and it is rather surprising that 09

1 IO

The Great Book-Collectors

Pauline Buonaparte was the owner of a well-selected library. But our best example is Madame Elisabeth, the ill-fated daughter of France, who was dragged from her books at Montreuil in the tumults of 1789. Only a short time before she had been absorbed in her simple collection. In the spring of 1786 she gave up her mornings to its arrangement. ‘ My library,’ she wrote, ‘is nearly finished : the desks are being put up, and you cannot imagine the fine effect of the books.’ On September the 15th she writes to her friend again: ‘Montreuil and its mistress get on as well as two sweethearts. I am writing in the small room at the end ; the books are settled in their shelves, and my library is really a little gem.’ On the 5th of October she was standing on the terrace by the library-window, when she saw a crowd coming along the Sevres road, and heard the noise of pipes and drums; and on the same day she was forced to leave Montreuil, and never saw her books again.

CHA PTER

LIBRARY— FAIRFAX— COTTON— HARLEY— THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.

THE

OLD ROYAL

H enry v ii . was the founder of a royal collec tion which in time became a constituent portion of the library at the British Museum. Careful as he was of his money, the King endeavoured to buy every book published in French, and he acquired the whole of Verard’s series of classics, printed on vellum with initials in gold and gorgeous illuminations, in some of which the printer is shown presenting his books to the royal collector. Henry VIII. established the separate library which was long maintained at St. James’s ; he intended it mainly for the education of princes of the blood royal, and supplied it with a quantity of early-printed books and a miscellaneous gathering of wreckage from the monasteries. During several succeeding reigns there were ‘studie s’ and galleries of books at Whitehall and Windsor Castle, at Greenwich and Oatlands, or wherever the Court might be held. It is said that in the time of Henry VIII. the best English collection belonged to Bishop Fisher. ‘ He had the notablest library,’ said Fuller, ‘two long galleries full, the books sorted in stalls, and a register of the name of each book at the in

C H A P T E R XI. BODLEY— DIGBY— LAUD— SELDEN— ASHMOLE.

THE University of Oxford still offers public thanks for Bodley’s generosity upon his calendar-day. The ancient library of Duke Humphre y and his pious predecessors had, as we have seen, been plundered and devastated. But Sir Thomas Bodley, when retiring from office in 1597, conceived the idea of restoring it to prosperity again ; ‘ and in a few years so richly endowed it with books, revenues, and buildings, that it became one of the most famous in the world.’ Bodley has left us his own account of the m atter:—‘ I concluded at the last to set up my staff at the library-door in Oxon. I found myself furnished with such four kinds of aids as, unless I had them all, I had no hope of success. For without some kind of knowledge, without some purse-ability to go through with the charge, without good store of friends to further the design, and without special good leisure to follow such a work, it could not but have proved a vain attempt.’ When Meric Casaubon visited Oxford a few years afterwards he found the hall filled with books. ‘ Do not imagine,’ he wrote, ‘ that there are as many MSS. here as in the royal library at Paris. There are a good many in England, 124

125

though nothing to what our King possesses ; but the number of printed books is wonderful, and increasing every year. During my visit to Oxford I passed whole days in this place. The books cannot be taken away, but it is open to scholars for seven or eight hours a day, and one may always see a number of them revelling at their banquet, which gave me no small pleasure.’ Bodley was not one of those who like libraries to be open to all comers. ‘ A grant of such scope,’ said his statute, ‘ would but minister an occasion of pestering all the room with their gazing ; and the babbling and trampling up and down may disturb out of measure the endeavours of those that are studious. Admission, from the first, was granted only to graduates, and every one on his entrance had to take the oath against ‘razing, defacing, cutting, noting, slurring, and mangling the books.’ Sir Thomas was ably seconded by ‘good Mr. James,’ his first librarian, and by the bookseller John Bill, who collected for him at Frankfort and Lyons and other likely places on the Continent. The most minute rules were laid down for the protection of the books against embezzlement. The volumes were chained to the desks, and readers were entreated to fasten the clasps and strings, to untangle the chains, and to leave the books as they found them. Bodley was always enquiring about the store of chains and wires. ‘ I pray you write to John Smith,’ he said to James, ‘that I may be furnished against Easter with a thousand chains’; he hopes to bring enough for

The Great Book-C ollecto rs

ostentation or ornament he seemed no more solicitous about their dress than his own ’ ; and therefore, says the compiler of his catalogue, ‘you’ll find that a gilt back or a large margin was very seldom any induce ment to him to buy. It was sufficient to him that he had the book.’ ‘ The garniture of a book,’ he would observe, ‘ was apt to recommend it to a great part of our modern collectors ’ ; he himself was not a mere nomenclator, and versed only in title-pages, ‘ but had made that just and laudable use of his books which would become all those that set up for collectors.’ He was the possessor of thirteen fine Caxtons, which fetched altogether less than two guineas at his sale ; the biddings seem to have been by the penny ; and Mr. Clarke in his Repertorium Bibliographicum ob served that the penny at that time seems to have been more than the equivalent of our pound sterling in the purchase of black-letter rarities.

C H A P T E R X II. GROLIER AND H IS SUCCESSORS.

J ean G r o l ie r , the prince of book-collectors, was born at Lyons in 1479. His family had come originally from Verona, but had long been naturalised in France. Several of his relations held civic offices; Etienne Grolier, his father, was in charge of the taxes in the district of Lyons, and was appointed treasurer of the Milanese territories at that time in the occupation of the French. Jean Grolier sucÂ ceeded his father in both these employments. He was treasurer of Milan in 1510, when Pope Julius formed the league against the French, which was crushed at the Battle of Ravenna ; and for nearly twenty years afterwards Grolier took a principal part in administering the affairs of the province. Young, rich, and powerful, a lover of the arts and a bountiful patron of learning, he became an object of almost superstitious respect to the authors and booksellers of Italy. He was eager to do all in his power towards improving the machinery and diffusing the products of science. He loved his books not only for what they taught but also as specimens of typography and artistic decoration. To own one or two examples from his library is to take high rank 139

CHA PTER

X III.

LATER COLLECTORS : FRA NCE— ITALY— SPAIN.

W e have still to notice one or two of Grolier’s contemporaries, who may be classed as great book collectors of an old-fashioned type. The y knew the whole history of ‘ the Book/ and were themselves the owners of exquisite treasures, which are now hoarded up as the choicest remains of antiquity. But their function was not so much to collect books as rare and curious objects as to undertake the duty of saving the records of past history from destruction. The y did the work in their day which has now devolved upon the guardians of public and national libraries. No private person could now take their plac e; but the interests of literature could hardly have been pro tected in a former age without the personal labour and enthusiasm of Orsini and Petau. Fulvio Orsini was born in 1529. He began life as a beggar, though for many years before his death he was the leader of Italian learning. A poor girl had been abandoned with her child and was forced to beg her bread in the streets of Rome. The boy obtained a place in the Lateran when he was only seven years o ld : the Canon Delfini recognised his precocious talents and undertook to find him a classical educa15S

Later Collectors : France

’ 59

tion. The student obtained some small preferment, and succeeded to liis patron’s appointment. His marvellous acquaintance with ancient books secured him a place as librarian to the Cardinal Farnese, and he received many offers of more lucrative employ ment : but he found that if he accepted he would have to live away from R o m e; and he refused every thing that could cause inconvenience to his mother, whose comfort was his constant care. On his death, in the year 1600, he bequeathed his vast collections to the Vatican, and the gift can only be compared to such important events as the arrival of the spoils of Urbino, or the great purchase of MSS. from the Queen of Sweden. Orsini has been ridiculed for having more books than he could read, and for an excessive devotion to the antique. ‘ Here is a library like an arsenal,’ said the satirist, ‘ stored with all the requisites for any campaign. The owner buys all the books that come in his w ay: it is true that he will not read them ; but he will have them magnificently bound, and ranged on the shelves with a mighty show, and there he will salute them several times a day, and will bring his friends and servants to make their acquaint ance.’ Orsini is rebuked for his admiration of a dusty manuscript. ‘ When one of these old parch ments falls into his hands, he makes you examine the decayed leaves on which the eye can hardly trace any marks of an ancient pen. ‘ What is this treasure that we have here ? ’ he cries, ‘ and oh ! what joy, here

C H A P T E R X IV . DE THOU— P IN E L L I— PEIRESC.

was long a saying among the French that a man had never seen Paris who had not looked upon the books of Thuanus. The historian Jacques-Auguste de Thou held a leading place in literature, without pretending in any way to rival the greatness of Joseph Scaliger or the erudition of Isaac Casaubon. He was the master of a great store of personal and secret history collected in state papers and records ; but he was also famous for the extent of his general scholarship, and for the patronage which he mani fested towards all who laboured about books. He was himself a most fastidious collector. He never heard of the appearance of a valuable work without ordering three or four copies on the fine paper manu factured for his private use ; and of any such book already issued he would order several sets of sheets to be taken to pieces in order to procure one perfect example. His library was not large. It consisted of about 8000 printed books and 1000 manuscripts, chiefly upon historical subjects ; but they were all well selected, well bound, and in perfect condition. There is a letter upon this subject by Henri Estienne the printer, in which the high reputation of De Thou’s 169 It

182

T/ic Great Book-Collectors

Peiresc employed some of the most learned men of his time to collect for him in Italy. Jacques Gaffarel, who had been engaged in similar work for Richelieu, was his principal agent in Rome. At Padua he was so fortunate as to secure the services of the archaeologist Tomasini. But his correspond ence shows that the prince of librarians, Gabriel Naude, was at once his agent, his adviser, and his friend; and it is from Naude that we take the words of grief which remain as the scholar’s memorial. ‘ Oh cruel Fate and bitter Death, thrust into the midst of our jollity ! Was there ever a man, I pray you, more skilled in history and philology, more ready to assist the student, more endowed with wit and wealth and worth, the equipment of any man who, like Peiresc, is to hold the world of letters at his beck and call.’

C H A P T E R XV . FRENCH COLLECTORS— NAUDE TO RENOUARD.

Gabriel Naudis was a Doctor of Medicine, and held an appointm ent at one time as physician in But even as a student ordinary to Louis ХШ. he manifested that passion for books which furnished the real occupation of his life. Before taking his degree at Padua he was librarian to Henri de Mesmes, and afterwards to Cardinal Bagni at Rome. On his patron’s death he was placed in charge of the great library which Cardinal Barberini was establish ing in his palace in the Piazza of the Quattro Fontane. Some part of his time was spent in collecting books for Cardinal Richelieu , who offered Naudd the charge of his library in 1642; but, the Cardinal having died in that year, Naude transferred his services to Mazarin. He inspired his employer with the desire of emulating the magnificence of Barberin i and the patriotic generosity of Borrome o; and the librarian’s keen scent for books and minute knowledge of their values were thenceforth utilised in the work of creating the Bibliothe que M azarine. Richelieu had done things on a grand scale. He had confiscated to his own use the whole town-library 183

CHAP TER XVI. LATER ENGLISH COLLECTORS.

I n describing the English collections of the eighteenth century we have the advantage of using the memoranda of William Oldys for the earlier part of the period. D’lsraeli deplored the carelessness which led the ‘ literary antiqu ary ’ to entrust his dis coveries and reminiscences to the fly-leaves of note books, to ‘parchment budgets,’ and paper-bags of extracts. He expressed especial disappointment at the loss of the manuscript on Londo n Libraries, with its anecdotes of book-collectors and remarks on book sellers and the first publishers of catalogues. The book has come to light since his time, having been discovered among theimp ortantc ollections bequeathed by Dr. William Hunte r to the University of Glasgow ; it was published by Mr. W. J. Thoms about the year 1862 in Notes and Queries, and was afterwards printed by him in a volume containing a diary and other ‘ choice notes ’ by Oldys and an interesting memoir of his life. ‘ In his own departments of learning,’ says Mr. Thoms, ‘ Oldys exhausted all the ordinary sources of information,’ and adds that ‘his copious and charac teristic accounts of men and books have endeared his memory to every lover of English literature? 202

Late r Eng lish Collectors

203

Oldys had some special advantages as a collector of old English poetry. He knew, as no one else at that time knew, the value of the plays and pamphlets that encumbered the stalls ; he had no competitor to fear ‘ clad in the invulnerable mail of the purse.’ Oldys was born in 1696; he became involved, while quite a young man, in the disaster of the South Sea Bub ble; and in 1724 he was obliged to leave London for a residence of some years in Yorkshire. Among the books that he abandoned was the first of his annotated copies of Langbaine, which he found afterwards in the hands of a miserly fellow, begrudging him even a sight of the notes. ‘ When I returned,’ he writes, ‘ I understood that my books had been disp ersed ; and afterwards, becoming acquainted with Mr. Thomas Coxeter, I found that he had bought my Langbaine of a bookseller who was a great collector of plays and poetical books.’ His autobiography shows that he soon restored his literary losses. His patron, Lord Oxford, for whom he afterwards worked as librarian, was anxious to buy everything that was rare. ‘The Earl,’ says Oldys, ‘ invited me to show him my collec tions of manuscripts, historical and political, which had been the Earl of Clarendon’s, my collections of Royal Letters and other papers of State, together with a very large collection of English heads in sculpture.’ Mr. Thoms quotes a note from the Langbaine to show that Oldys had bought two hundred volumes ‘ at the auction of the Earl of Stamford’s library at St. Paul’s Coffee-house, where

220

The Great Book-Collectors

volume. It passed into the great collection at White Knights, which then contained, in addition to some of the rarest English books, the ‘Bedford Missal,’ another missal given by Queen Louise to Marguerite d’Angouleme, and a volume of prayers from the hand of the caligrapher Nicolas Jany. On the 17th of June, 1819, the White Knights library was sold on behalf of the owner’s creditors; and the ‘ Boccaccio’ found a safe home at Althorp, where George, Earl Spencer, had by fortunate purchases, by zeal in the pursuit of books, and by the aid of an accomplished librarian, formed that matchless collection which Renouard justly described as ‘the finest private library in Europe.’

IN D E X . /E lfr ic , Archbishop, 26. Agricola, Rudolf, 87. Aicardo, Paul, 176. Aidan, 13, 17. Albisse, 144. Alexander ab Alexandra, 80. Alfred, King, 25. Allatius, Leo, 91. Alphonso, Naples, 79. Amboise, Cardinal de, 100. Ancillon, David, 189. Anne, Queen, 120, 121. Anne of Austria, 108. Anne of Brittany, 79. Anselm, 27. Apellicon, 3. Arcanati, Galeazzo, 164. Aretino, Carlo, 66. ------Leonardo, 59, 63, 65. Argonne, Bonaventure d â€™, I47> 148. Aristotle, 3, 23, 33, 37? 57Arius, Montanus, 165. Arundel, Archbishop, 56. ------Henry, Lord, 116. ------Thomas, Earl of, 85. Ascham, Roger, 114. Ashmole, Elias, 135? 136* Askew, Anthony, D r., 214. Asser, 25. Attavante, 83, 85. Attalus, 2. Aubrey, John, 135.

Augustus, 4. Augustus of Brunswick, 85. Aumale, Due dâ€™, 105. Aungerville (see Bury, Richard de). Aurispa, John, 66, 70. Aquinas, Thomas, 70. B acon , Francis, 114. ------Koger, 30, 129. Bagford, John, 120-122. Bagni, 183. Baillet, Adrian, 188, 189. Baker (of Highgate), 207. ------Rev. Thomas, 210. Bale, Bishop, 57. Ballesdens, Jean, 148, 149. Baluze, Etienne, 188. Barberini, Cardinal, 183. Barocci, Francesco, 117, 131. Baron, Hyacinthe, 194, 198. Barre, M., 194. Bashkirtseff, Marie, 157. Basingstoke, John, 34. Beauclerc, Topham, 215. Becatelli, Antonio, 79. Beckford, W m., 156, 218, 219. Bede, 21, 22, 131. Bedford, John, Duke of, 56, 59, 60, 220. Bentley, D r., 118, 119. Bernard, D r., 137, 138. Berri, Jean Due de, 94, 103. 221

222

The Great Book-C ollecto rs

Berry, Duchesse de, 109. Berryer, M., 189. Bessarion, Cardinal, 52, 71. Bethune, Ilippolyt e de, 94, 162. Beza, Theodore, 123. Bignon, Jerome, 179. Bigot, Jean, 148, 152. ------Rob ert, 152. ------Lou is, 152. Bill, John, 125, 126. Biscop, Benedict, 20,21. Blanche, Queen, 60. Blandford, Lord, 219. Boccaccio, 49, 63, 64. Bodley, Lawrenc e, 127. ------Sir Thomas, 115, 116, 123128. Boethius, 7, 12. Boisot, Abbe, 192, 194. Bongars, Jacques, 160, 161. Boniface, St., 22, 23. Booker, John, 136. Borromeo, Frederic , 177, 183. Bouchet, Henri, 191, 192. Bouhier, Etienne de, 192. ------Jean de, 193. ------Pres ident, 193, 197. Bourbon , Charles de, 103. Brassicanus, 84. Bretonvilliers, 191. > Bridges, John, 211, 212. Bridget, St., 13, 15. Bristol, Earl of, 130. Britton, Thomas, 213. Brochard , Professor, 196. Browne, Sir Thomas, 7. Bruges, Jean de, 94. ------Lou is de, 93-94------See La Gruthuyse. Bucer, Martin, 112. Buchana n, George, 115. Budaeus, 82, 98-100, 140, 146, Đ˜7-

Buffon, 200. Buonapa rte, Pauline, 109. Burgh, Elizabeth de, 54. Burnet, Bishop, 205. Burney, Dr. Charles, 218. Burton, Robert, 126, 213. Bury, Richard de, 28-29, 32-40, 53-58. Busbec, Angere, 84. Busch, Hermann , 87-89. C/ESzXR, Julius, 2, 4. ------Sir Julius, 136, 137. Calcavi, 188. Camden, William, 117, 127. Canonici, Matheo, 133. Capranic a, Angelo, 81. ------Dom enico, 81. Carbury, Lord, 211. Carew, Lord, 207. Cartwrig ht (the actor), 207. Casaubo n, Meric, 124. ------Isaa c, 169, 170, 177, 179. Charron deM enars, 173, 174, 199. Chartrai re de Bourbon ne, 194. Chevalie r, Etienne, 101. ------Nico las, 102. Chifflet, Jules, 192. Child, Francis, 215. Christina of Pisa, 60. Christina (Queen of Sweden), 94, 4 9 , 154, 159, 162. 187. Chrysolo ras, 50, 63, 66. Cino da Pistoia, 41. Cassiodorus, 12, 23. Caxton, William, 93, 95, 97. Ceolfrid of Jarrow, 21. Chamilla rd, Madame de, 195. Charles I., 112, 122, 152. ------II., 122, 133. ------v. (of France), 59, 60, 94. ------v. (Empero r), 192. ------v n . (of France), 101, 102.

Index Charles v ill. (of France), 79, 100. ------ix. (of France), 106, 107. ----- the Bold, 95, 96. ------the Great, 20, 23. ------of Orleans, 102. Clarendon, Earl of, 203, 207. Clavell, W alter, 134. Clement, v n ., Pope, 69. ------x n ., Pope, 181. Clenard, Nicolas, 167. Cleopatra, 2. Cobham, Bishop, 55. ------Lord, 97. Ccelius, 77. Colbert, 148, 187, 188. Coleraine, Lord, 211. Colet, Dean, 208. Columba, St., 13, 15-17, 130. Columbus, Christopher, 168. ----- Ferdinand, 166-168. Conde, Princesse de, 105. Congreve, 213. Consentius, 10, 11. Costa, Solomon da, 133. Cotton, Sir John, 118. ------Sir Robert, 18, 113, 117, 118, 129, 178. ------Sir Thomas, 118. Courteney, Richard, 56. Cox, Captain, 115. Coxeter, Thomas, 203, 207. Cracherode, Clayton, 153. Cranmer, Archbishop, 112, 113. Crofts, Thomas, 215. Cromleholme, Samuel, 208. Cujacius, 160. Cuthbert, St., 18. D a n ie l , Bishop, 22. Dee, D r., 114, 130, 136. Dent, John, 217. Descordes, Jean, 184.

223

Des Essars, Antoine, 60. Desportes, Philippe, 102. D ’Ewes, Sir Symonds, 120. Diane de Poitiers, 104, 106. Digby, Sir Kenelm, 128-30. Dodsworth, Roger, 134-35. Domitian, 4. Dorchester, Lord, 208. Douce, Francis, 133-34. Dryden, 213. Du Barry, 109, 199. Dubois, Simeon, 184. Dudley, Robert (Leicester), 114, 206. Du Fay, Charles, 148, 196, 197. Dugdale, Sir William, 135. Dunstan, St., 25, 128. Du Puy, Charles, 171, 172. ------Jacques, 171, 173. ------Pierre, 171, 173. Dury, John, 116. E adburga , Abbess, 22. Edward VI., 112. Egbert of York, 23. Elisabeth, Madame, 109. Elizabeth, Queen, 112, 113. Ellesmere, Lord, 136. Erasmus, 7 J > 80, 87, 89, 90, 98, 99, 140. Essex, Lord, 127. Estienne, Henri, 89, 90, 169, 193. Estrees, Due d’, 194. ----- Gabrielle d’, 106. Eusebius, 6. Evelyn, John, 85, 190. F a irfax , Bryan, 215. ------Lord, 116, 117, 134, 135. Falconnet, D r., 194. Farmer, Dr., 217. Farnese, Cardinal, 159. Fauchet, Claude, 162.

224

The Great Book-Collectors

Faure, Antoine, 151. Ferrar, Nicholas, 121, 122. Finnen, St., 16. Firmin-Didot, 101, 156. Fisher, Bishop, i l l , 112. Fitz-Ralph, Archbishop of Ar magh, 31. Flechier, Esprit, 150. Fleming, Robert, 97. Fletewode, W., 136. Folkes, Martin, 134. Fontius, 83. Foucault, Nicolas, 198. Francis, St., 30, 31. ----- 1., 163, 217. ----- П., 106, 107. Freebairn, 209. Fugger, Raimond, 90. ----- Ulric, 90, 91, 185. Gaffarel, Jacques, 182. Gafori, Franc, 143, 144. Gaignat, 93, 153, 194. Gale, Thomas, 134. Gascoigne, Dr., 34, 128, 130. Gascoyne, Richard, 204. Gascq de la Lande, 198. Gasparus, Achilles, 91. George of Trebisond, 71, 72. Germanus, St., n . Gibbon, 218, 219. Gilles, Pierre, 104. Giraldi, Cynthio, 77. ----- Lilio, 77. Girardot de Prefond, Paul, 194, 198. Gloucester, Humphrey Duke of, 56-59.124. Gosset, 218. Gouffier, Arthur, 102, 103. ----- Charles, 103. Gough, Richard, 133, 134. Granvelle, Cardinal de, 192.

Gray, William, 97. Grenville, Thomas, 153. Grolier, Etienne, 136, 146. Grolier, Jean, 56, 100, 103, 106, 139, 162, 175, 196, 198, 201, 217. Grostete, 30, 33, 34, 128, 129. Guillard, Charlotte, 102. Guinguene, Pierre-Louis, 200. Guy Earl of Warwick, 54. Guy de Rocheford, 96. Guyon de Sardieres, 106. H ackett, Bishop, 123, 208. Hale, Sir Matthew, 137. Harley, Edward, 119, 203, 210, 212. ----- Robert, 119-122. ----- Gabriel, 114. Hearne, Thomas, 134, 211-214. Heath, Benjamin, 218. Heathcote, Robert, 217. Heber, Richard, 213. Heinsius, Daniel, 89, 1S0. Henri 11., 104, 105, 109. ----- ill., 107. ----- iv., 107. Henry iv. (England), 56. ----- v. (England), 56. ----- vii. (England), i l l , 112. ----- viii. (England), i n . ----- Prince, 116. Hohendorf, Baron, 148. Holkot, Robert, 35. Hoym, Count d’, 148, 194, 197. Hunter, John, 218. ----- William, 202. Huntingdon, Robert, 131. Hurtado de Mendoza, Diego 166. Hutten, Ulric von, 89. I nguimb ert, Don Malachid, 181.

Inde x J ames i ., 115-116, 126, 136. James, Dr. Thoma s, 125-127. Jekyll, Sir Joseph , 134. Jerome , St., 6, 14, 102. Jersey, Earl of, 215. Joanna II. (Naple s), 79, 109. John, Duke of Burgun dy, 95. John, King (France ), 59. John, Precen tor, 22. John of Ravenn a, 49 Johnso n, Samue l, 119, 215, 216. Jonson , Ben, 114. Jovian , 7. Julian, Emper or, 6, 7. Julius II., Pope, 139. Juvena l des U r sins, 101. K en n e t t , Bishop , 211. Kinnou l, E arl of, 211. Ь авё , Louise , 102. Lambe rt de Thorig ny, 194. La Gruthu yse, Louis de, 93, 94. Lami, Giovan ni, 73. Lamoig non, Chretie n de, 188, 189. ------G. de, 148, 187, 188, Lanfra nc, 27. Langar ad, 16. Lange, Rudolf, 87. Lascaris, Consta ntine, 81. ------Jo hn, 81, 82, 104. Laud, Archbishop, 129, 13-1. Lauwrin, Mark, 142, 144. La Valliere, Due de, 61, 83, 94, 106, 153, 191, 194, 217. Le Blond, АЬЬё, 201. Lebrixa , Antonio, 166. Leland , John, 34. Le Neve, Peter, 120, 121, Leo x., Pope, 69, 72, 81, 82, 89, 104. Leo, the Philoso pher, 9. Leofric, Bishop, 26, 128. P

Leoni, Pompe o, 164. Leontio Pilato, 49, 50. Le Tellier , Archbishop, 150, 151. Ligorio , Piero, 77* Lilly, William , 136. Lipsius , Justus, 162, 180. Loche, Gilles de, 132. Lomen ie, Antoin e de, 184. Louis (of Hunga ry), 83, 85. ------ix ., 151. ------x i., 62, 101. ------x ii., 94, 177, 193. ------x iii., 183, 184. ------ XIV., 94. ------xv ., 109, 188. ----- XVI., 173. Louis-P hilippe , 105. Louise de Loraine , 107. Louise de Savoie, 103, 220. Lucian , 5, 170. Lucullu s, 4. Lulla, Bishop, 22. Lumley , Lord, 116, 127. M acart hy , Count, 141, 153, 155, 194, 199. Maglia becchi, Antonio, 74, 75. Mainte non, Madam e de, 195. Maioli, Thoma s, 141, 144. Malton , Lord, 204. Mansio n, Colard , 93, 95. Mansard, Francis , 162. Margar et of Austria , 96. Margar et of Burgun dy, 95. Margue rite d’Angouleme, 103, 220. Margu erite de Valois, 108, 109. Marie Antoin ette, 109. Marie Leczinska, Queen, 108, 109. Mary of Austria , 85, 96. Mary of Burgun dy, 96. Mary, Queen of Scots, 106, 107. Marucelli, 73.

226

The Great Book-Collectors

Mason, George, 219. Matthias Corvinus, 82-86, 212. Mazarin, Cardinal, 162, 183-187. Mazenta, 163, 164. Mead, Dr., 210, 212, 214. Medici, Catherine de, 104-106, 108. ------Cosmo de’, 63, 66, 68, 104. ------Lorenzo de’, 67, 68, 82, 83, 97----- Marie de, 134. ------Pietro de’, 68. Melanchth on, Philip, 90. Melzi, Francesco , 163. Merard de St. Just, 199. Mercatellis, Rafael de, 92, 93. Mesmes, Guillaume, 151. ------Henri, 184, 151. ------Henri, junior, 151, 162, 179, 183. ------Jean Antoine, 152. ------Louis-Emeric, 152. Mirabeau, Honore de, 200. Mirandula , Pico della, 68, 71, 73, 88. Monson, Sir William, 205. Montacute , Lord, 127. Montaigne , 156. Moore, John (Bishop), 122, 123. Morata, Olympia, 77, 78. More, Sir Thomas, 98. N a ud e , Gabriel, 182, 187. Negri, Stefano, 142, 143. Neleus, 3. Nevison, D r., 113. Newton, John de, 54. Niccoli, Niccolo, 66, 68. Nicholas v. (Pope), 69, 70. Norfolk, Duke of, 85. Nunez, Ferdinand , 166, 185. O ’D o nn ell , David, 17.

O ’Donnell, Sir Neal, 17. Oldys, William, 86, 119, 121, 122, 202, 214. Oppenheim , David, 133. Orsini, Fulvio, 158, 160, 172. Osorio, Jerome, 127. P alladius , 14. Pamphilus , 6. Paris de Meyzieux, 217. Parker, Archbisho p, 19, 113, 120, 128. Pars, Jacques de, 101. Patrick, St., 13-15, 130. Paullus, /Emilius, 4. Pearson, Major, 217. Peiresc, Nicolas, 132, 161, 177182. Pembroke , Henry, Earl of, 211. ------Thom as, Earl of, 210. ------W illiam, E arl of, 131. Pepusch, John, 206. Pepys, Samuel, 133, 213. Petau, Alexander , 162, 186. ------ Paul, 148, 158, 161, 162, 209. Peters, Hugh, 116, 131. Petrarch, 35, 36, 41-63, 76, 80, 166. Philelpho, 66, 67, 70, 142. Philip 11. (of Spain), 82, 164. Philippe le Bon (Burgundy ), 92, 95Philippe le H ardi (Burgundy ), 94, 95Photius, 8, 9, 74. Pichon, Jerome, 103. Pignoria Antonio, 76. Pinelli, Gian-Vinc enzio, 175-178. Pinelli, Maffeo, 177. Pirckheim er, 85-87. Pithou, Francois, 151 ------Pierre , 148, 170, 186.

Inde x Poggio, 63-67, 72, 73, 79, 80, i75Politian , 68, 71, 97. Pollio Asinius, 4, 146. Poly dore Vergil, 165. Pompad our, Madam e de, 109, 199. Postel, Guillau me, 1, 104. Prynne, 120. Ptolemy (Philad elphus) , 3, 46.

22"]

Salutati, 68. Sambucus, D r., 84, 145, 146. Sammo nicus Serenus, 46. Sancroft, Archbis hop, 206. Sartines , Gabriel de, 194. Savile, Sir Henry, 127, 179. Savona rola, 68, 73. Saye, Lord, 97. Scalige r, Joseph, 71, 99, 132, 161, 169, 177, 178. Seguier, Charles, 149. R abelais , 142, 200. ------Pie rre, 149, 179. Ramese s, 2. Seilliere, Baron, 156. Rancon net, 106, 107. Seignelaye, Marquis de, 188. Rantzau , Marsha l, 154, 155, 185. Selden, 116, 131-133, 137, 208. Rasse de Neux, 144. Seneca, 5, 7. Ratcliffe, John, 216. Shakesp eare, 114. Rawlins on, Richard , 127, 133, Sheldon , Archbishop, 206. 134, 175, 213. Sherrin gton, Walter, 97. ------Th omas, 205, 213, 214. Shewsbury, 59. Rene of Anjou, 79. Sidoniu s Apollin aris, 11. Renee, Princes se, 77, 177. Silvestri, Eurialo , 144. Renoua rd, Antoine , 156, 200, 201, Sixtus v., 70. 220. Sixtus of Sienna, 76. Reping ton, Philip, 56. Smith, Joseph, 215. Reuchlin, Johann , 88-90. ------Ric hard, 211. Rhenan us, Beatus, 87, 142. Soltikoff, Prince, 101. Richelieu, Cardina l, 1 4 9 / 171, Soubise, Prince de, 141, 148, 174 182. Spelma n, Sir Henry, 117. Rigault , Nicolas, 179. Spencer, George, Earl, 220. Rivers, Anthon y, Lord, 97. Spenser, 114. ------Ric hard, Lord, 127. Stafford, Marquis of, 136. Roberte t, Florimo nde, 102. Stanley , Colonel, 218. Rodolf ii., Empero r, 84. Stilling fleet, Bishop, 120. Roe, Sir Thomas , 131. Stowe, 120. Rohan, Cardina l de, 145, 174» Strozzi, Marsha l, 73, I 0 4Ronsard , Pierre, 102. Strype, 205. Rotheli n (Charle s d ’Orlean s), 191,6 Sulla, 3. 197, 198. Sunderland, Earl of, 209, 210. Roxburghe, Duke of, 219. Sussex, Earl of, 205. Sykes, Sir Mark, 217. S a in t A n d r £, Jean de, 162. Saint Vallier, Comte de, 105. T enison , Archbis hop, 207.

228

The Great Book-Collectors

Theodore of Gaza, 71, 72. ------of Tarsus, 18, 21. Thomason, George, 123. Thou, Abbe de, 173. ------Francois de, 173. ------Jacques-Auguste de, 105, 108, 109, 120, 145, 146, 148, 169-174, 177-179, 185,212-213. ------Jacques-Auguste de (junior), 173, 174Thyard, Pontus de, 193. Tiptoft, John, 97. Toletus, Cardinal, 160. Tomasini, Giacomo, 52, 183. Tory, Geoffroy, 145. Tournon, Cardinal de, 186. Towneley, John, 218. Trajan, 4. Tyrannion, 3. U rbino , Elizabeth d’, 81. ------Federigo d’ 80. ----- Francesco d’, 81. ------Guidobaldo d’, 80, 8 1. ------Leonora d ’, 134. Urfe, Claude d’, 94. ------Honore d’, 94. Usher, 117.

V an H u lth em , 94. Vasee, Jean, 167. Vendome, Duchesse de, 107. Verard, Antoine, i n , 193. Vic, Dominique, 147. ------Meric de, 147. Vinci, Leonardo da, 106, 162-164. Vorstius, 115.

W a k e , Archbishop, 134. Walsingham, Sir Francis, 206. Wanley, Humphrey, 120, 210, 211. W are, Sir James, 207. W ebb, Philip Carteret, 136. W est, James, 216. W entmore, Abbot, 54. W hethamstede, Abbot, 59. W hittington, Sir Richard, 31. Wilfrid, St., 21, 22. Williams, Dean, 208. W odhull, Michael, 218. W ood, Anthony, 118, 128, 135.

X im en es , 184.

Cardinal,

Printed by T. and A. Constable , Printers to Her Majesty, at the Edinburgh University Press.

121,

165,

The Great Book-Collectors (Charles Isaac Elton, Mary Augusta Elton, 1893)