SP's MAI January 16-31, 2015

From the

Editor’s Desk

All roads lead to Rajpath

T

he US President is said to be the most powerful person on earth. When the present incumbent, Barack Obama, descends on New Delhi to be the guest of honour at India’s Republic Day celebrations, the first US President to do so, his presence will reenergise a nation which is already on a strong resurgent path under the dynamic leadership of the Prime Minister Narendra Modi. All credit must go to the astute leadership and forward-thinking approach of Narendra Modi who has engaged the international leadership in ways no one has done so far. It is touted that the US President’s visit will trigger off further business partnerships and other positive engagements here in India. With Modi’s ‘Make in India’ campaign on course, such high-level visits have the potential to give the campaign a further momentum. The defence and internal security industry hopes that the visit will set off new partnerships. General V.P. Malik (Retd) writes that Indo-US geopolitical and strategic relations have never been as upbeat and as promising as they stand today. There are several niggling issues that need to be ironed out between the two great democracies. One of them is the tangled issue of civil nuclear energy cooperation. The Prime Minister has assured to remove roadblocks and we believe he will do so. General Malik mentions that the agenda on tackling counter terrorism has to take priority as the US is aware of cross border terrorism from Pakistan. The US, he avers, can switch off the tap and this is important if both India and US have agreed to collaborate on dismantling the safe havens and disrupting the financial networks of Pakistani terror outfits. Similarly, Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) states that Obama’s visit is happening in the wake of increasing Chinese assertiveness in the Asia-Pacific region with aggressive territorial claims of regional land and maritime neighbours, analysts are talking about evolving triumvirate of India, US and Japan to counter Chinese designs. We have a write-up from Air Marshal B.K. Pandey (Retd) on the Japanese budget which has been enhanced to counter the rise of the

4    SP’S MAI    Issue 2 • 2015

inimical neighbour and its growing military activity in the region. The budget enhancement is the largest ever in the last seven decades. In this issue, we have excerpts from a lecture of the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir, His Excellency N.N. Vohra, who has stated that India’s serious problems in recent years have emanated from Pakistan’s continuing proxy war in Jammu and Kashmir; jihadi terrorism; destructive activities which the left-wing extremist groups; serious unrest created by the still active insurgencies in the North East region; and incidents of serious communal violence which have been erupting in the various states from time to time. He has suggested, among other things, the setting up of a National Security Administrative Service to run the security management institutions in the country. In his forthright viewpoint, Lt General Katoch mentions that the sacking of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) chief Avinash Chander may just be a warning to others and stop the ‘chalta hai’ attitude. We look forward to your feedback as to help us improve our coverage. Happy reading!

Jayant Baranwal

Publisher & Editor-in-Chief

www.spsmai.com

Military Report

Army Day Parade 2015

I

ndian Army celebrated its 67th Army Day on January 15, 2015. General Dalbir Singh, Chief of the Army Staff, reviewed the parade at Army Parade Ground, Delhi Cantonment, and awarded 14 Sena Medals (including four posthumously) for individual acts of gallantry and 14 COAS Unit Citations for commendable performance of their respective units. Every year Indian Army celebrates 15th January as Army Day to commemorate the day when General (later Field Marshal) K.M. Cariappa took over the command of Army from General Sir Roy Bucher, the last British Commander-in-Chief in 1949, and became the first Commander-in-Chief of Indian Army post Independence. In the past six decades, the Indian Army has grown to be a professional and humanitarian force, while serving in the most adverse and diverse conditions. Indian Army also acquitted itself extremely credit-

ably in internal security and counter-insurgency operations over prolonged periods and has extended invaluable aid to civil authorities in disaster management and maintenance of law and order. On the occasion of Army Day, an impressive parade was organised at Army Parade Ground in Delhi, where Army contingents including eight mechanised and nine marching contingents participated. For the first time in the history of our Army, a women officer contingent took part in the parade showcasing ‘Nari Shakti’. They marched past the saluting dais alongside the other contingents exhibiting their strong resolve to national service. A grand finale was a combat demonstration, which showcased battle drills and combat techniques of the Army units. Earlier in the day, wreaths were laid at Amar Jawan Jyoti, India Gate by the three service chiefs to commemorate the Army Day.  SP

The three service chiefs paying homage at India Gate on the occasion of Army Day

General Dalbir Singh, COAS, reviewing parade at Army Parade Ground

Photographs: Indian Army

(Left, above & right) Combat demonstration during Army Day parade

T-90 tank during Army Day parade

General Dalbir Singh interacting with women contingent

Issue 2 • 2015    SP’S MAI    5

MILITARY Viewpoint

PHOTOGRAPH: PIB

General V.P. MALIK (Retd)

On India’s part, increasing public awareness in India of the US support to our national security concerns in our region and beyond should help in balancing deep-rooted perceptions of the unreliability of the US as a defence supplier

Modi-Obama strategic agenda

I

Prime Minister Narendra Modi shaking hand with President Barack Obama after press statement at the White House in Washington DC on September 30, 2014

ndo-US geopolitical and strategic relations have never been as upbeat and as promising as they stand today. During his five days rollercoaster visit to the United States in September 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi came across as a charismatic Indian leader who not only broke the ice with the US leadership but also reopened the India-US relations door, which was tending to frustrate in the UPA II tenure. His initiative to invite President Barack Obama as the Chief Guest at the Republic Day parade, and its acceptance by the latter has raised the level and expectations of the Indo-US relations to a high level. Before listing new and analysing some stalled strategic and economic issues, it would be appropriate to mention the agenda and promises made by Modi during his visit to the US. Let there be no doubt that before the US leaders and businessmen roll out

6    SP’S MAI    Issue 2 • 2015

revised policies, technologies and investments, they would want to know if Modi is capable of delivering what he promised so emphatically in the US. Modi’s emphasis in Washington DC was on business investments in India, particularly in the manufacturing sector. He had said, “I am business minded. No businessman is a donor. A businessman has to make profits. He must get a return for his investment and I am in favour of that…Make haste before the queue to invest in India gets too long.” He promised to simplify Indian laws, rules and regulations that impacted many businesses adversely. The US lawmakers and businessmen accompanying Obama would want to know the progress on these. An important connected but tangled issue is the civil nuclear energy cooperation. The Indian Parliament’s August 2010 legislation on the nuclear liability of operators and suppliers had virtually shut out www.spsmai.com

MILITARY Viewpoint American companies from participating in India’s nuclear power generation industry. Since then there have been many discussions including a proposal to set up a common insurance ‘pool’ to compensate suppliers in case of a nuclear accident. Modi said that he was serious about removing roadblocks in the civil nuclear energy cooperation. The ‘contact group’ established for this purpose has been busy discussing the contentious liability, and other administrative and technical issues related to implementation, but we have yet to reach a mutually acceptable formulation. A somewhat related issue is the future climate change negotiations. The recent Sino-US communiqué and the forthcoming global conference in Paris on this issue have put further pressure on India to work out its intended goals quickly. During Modi’s US visit, India and the United States had agreed to extend the US-India Framework for Defence Relationship (2005) by another 10 years. The old framework signed by the then Defence Minister Pranab Mukherjee and the US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld was to replace past mutual suspicions with extensive defence ties based on shared political objectives and an active agenda for military cooperation. The key features included protection of sea lanes on important oceanic routes like the Malacca Strait, joint military exercises, cooperation to combat terrorism and defence trade with a “framework of technology security safeguards, increase opportunities for technology transfer, collaboration, coproduction, and research and development.” This was a bold initia-

tions and suspicions. First, that Pakistan controls cross border terror incidents into India and that the US is aware of it. The tap can be switched off at America’s bidding. Second, is it OK if such incidents happen before or after the visit? There are many other strategic issues that require deep and continuous mutual discussions. The US needs to assure and support India unequivocally in its territorial claims vis-à-vis China. This would discourage Beijing from trying to change the territorial status quo, which can lead to a border conflict. The US and India must intensify their bilateral consultations and ensure a measure of coordination between their respective policies on Pakistan and Afghanistan. Greater international pressure on Pakistan to crack down on its state and non-state sources of terrorism would not only contribute to the India-Pakistan peace process but also to Afghanistan’s stability. On account of our high strategic and economic stakes, the US must also put aside any hesitation on its part to include India in any multinational discussions on Afghanistan. There is also the need to remain in consultation and collaboration over the fast moving strategic picture in the Middle East and Iran, particularly the possibility of the Islamist extremists taking advantage of the political chaos in that region. Ultimately, the success of the much needed Indo-US strategic partnership depends upon (a) bureaucracies in both countries not

PHOTOGRAPHS: US Army

(Left) AH-64 Apache attack helicopter in flight; (right) CH-47F Chinook helicopters in action

tive. Its vast scope could not be exploited due to (a) lack of political consensus in India, (b) continuing suspicions over US policies in Af-Pak, (c) cautious approach in the US to pass defence technologies, and (d) bureaucratic lethargy in both countries. Even the high level, inter-agency Defense Technology and Trade Initiative, set up in 2012, has failed to make any substantial contribution. Will there be a new framework enhancing defence relationship during Obama visit? Its emphasis would have to be on the execution of Modi’s ‘Make in India’ policy of India’s defence needs. Another topic discussed in Washington DC was cooperation in counter terrorism. Both the US and India agreed to collaborate on dismantling the safe havens and disrupting the financial networks of Pakistani terror outfits. They had also agreed to prevent counterfeit currency, limit the use of cyberspace by terrorists and identify modalities to exchange terrorist watch lists. The US unusually strong warning to Pakistan on January 18, 2015, to ensure that Obama’s visit is not disturbed by any cross border terror incident is most welcome. But it also raises a few tongue in cheek ques-

remaining prisoners of the past, (b) greater Indo-US consultation in working on the right strategies, (c) India’s domestic transformation agenda which the Prime Minister has promised, and (d) forging a domestic consensus over important strategic issues, which is a big problem in the existing political polarisation. On India’s part, increasing public awareness in India of the US support to our national security concerns in our region and beyond should help in balancing deep-rooted perceptions of the unreliability of the US as a defence supplier. The US too needs to learn quickly the advantages of dealing with a partner which shares its values and several strategic interests but remains assertive of its autonomy. Late K. Subrahmanyam, the doyen of India’s strategic community, once said, “As the world changes, we should change too. It is stupid of us if we don’t. I always say that you can have a cat as a pet, or a dog, but certainly not an elephant! No American can treat India like a pet.”  SP The writer is former Chief of the Army Staff. Issue 2 • 2015    SP’S MAI    7

MILITARY Viewpoint

PHOTOGRAPH: PIB

air marshal b.k. pandey (Retd)

On the strategic and security issues that are likely to be on the agenda, the US would like to incorporate India into her broader plan and assign her a larger role to achieve stability through a balance of power in the Asia-Pacific region primarily to neutralise the growing influence of China.

Obama The chief guest

A

fter the high profile and immensely successful visit of Prime Minister Narendra Modi to the United States in September last year, acceptance of his invitation by the American President to be the Chief Guest at the Republic Day parade in New Delhi on January 26, 2015, is being seen as another major diplomatic coup for the Indian leadership. Barack Obama will be the first ever American head of state to be given this honour. Besides, this will be his second visit to India during his tenure as the President, in fact the only US President to do so. While expectations from the forthcoming visit are bound to run high, there is also skepticism in some quarters primarily as the ruling party in the US has lost majority in both houses of Congress in November last year. Obama therefore is being seen as nothing more than ‘lame duck President’ for the rest of his term that ends in January 2017. After a series of hiccups since the famous civil nuclear deal, called the ‘123 Agreement’, initiated jointly nearly a decade ago by Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh and President George Bush and ratified in 2008, Indo-US relations have been afflicted with divisive issues and in fact occasionally appeared to be completely derailed. However, with the NDA Government coming into power in May last year, bilateral ties between the US and India appear to getting back on track. And there is hope amongst the majority that the forthcoming visit of the US President will be the beginning of a new chapter in the relationship between the two nations and propel the strategic partnership crafted earlier to a new level. What then are the possibilities and opportunities the forthcoming visit has to offer? First and foremost, the effort of the US President would be to break the stalemate on the nuclear liability law that would pave the way for US companies to exploit the opportunities latent in the Indo-US civil nuclear deal. For India too, this is important in view of her ever-growing energy needs. Pursuing the same agenda, India would like some progress on the supply of LNG and shale gas supplies from the US. As for cooperation

8    SP’S MAI    Issue 2 • 2015

in the field of defence, the decade-old partnership in this field that has been weakened considerably, may be renewed and given a fresh lease of life. Raising the cap on foreign direct investment in India could also figure prominently on the agenda. In order to attract investments from the United States, the Indian side would leave no stone unturned to reassure the US President about the determination of the Modi Government to make it easier for foreign companies to conduct business in India especially in the large capital-intensive segments of the industry such as surface transportation as well as in defence production with transfer of technology. President Obama may personally interact with the leading business houses in India. Some progress on resolution of issues regarding intellectual property rights regimes of both the nations may also be expected. On the strategic and security issues that are likely to be on the agenda, the US would like to incorporate India into her broader plan and assign her a larger role to achieve stability through a balance of power in the Asia-Pacific region primarily to neutralise the growing influence of China. The two nations are likely to re-evaluate the rising menace of terrorism from Pakistan and Afghanistan especially post withdrawal of US forces from the region, way forward for the global war on terrorism and the relationship between Pakistan and the US especially its financial support to the former. Also on the agenda could be the rise of ISIS and the ensuing turmoil in the Middle East and its impact on India in the long run. While the nation will anxiously look forward to positive outcomes from the visit, internal security during this period would be of serious concern. Apart from the threat to personal security to both the leaders, there is a real possibility of terrorist attacks sponsored from across the border to disrupt the visit and scuttle the dialogue. As per the top echelons of the military leadership in Jammu & Kashmir, terrorists may adopt the Peshawar model and even target schools in India. The Indian security establishment will be confronted with serious challenges during the visit.  SP www.spsmai.com

MILITARY Viewpoint

Photograph: White House

Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd)

Over the past decade, the US has bagged defence deals worth $10 billion displacing Russia from the top position in the last three years

Expectations from Obama visit

T

here is excitement in the air about the impending visit of President Barack Obama later this month. He will spend about two-and-a-half hours as chief guest at the Republic Day parade on January 26, breaking the laid down security protocol for a US President limited to 20 minutes in the open. That it is the second visit by Obama to India and first by any US President at the Republic Day parade is well known. Secretary of State John Kerry attended the Vibrant Gujarat Summit and later met Prime Minister Narendra Modi at New Delhi. US Under Secretary for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics arrives on January 22. Obama’s visit is expected to witness inking of a new 10-year defence framework taking the 2005 Defence Framework Agreement signed by Defence Ministers of both countries to the next level. The defence framework pact of 2005 had outlined agenda ranging from the new 10-year bilateral defence framework is to outline a series of steps to bolster the defence partnership including upgrading scope and intensity of joint military exercises, closer cooperation in intelligence sharing for countering terrorism, maritime security, countering proliferation of weapons of mass destructions (WMDs) and, significantly, incorporation of the Defense Trade and Technology Initiative (DTTI) augmenting the existing mechanism of the IndoUS Defence Planning Group that has been meeting every six months post-9/11. It may be recalled that the DTTI was formalised in September 2013 when Ashton Carter (now Defense Secretary), then Deputy Secretary for Defense, had led a delegation to New Delhi and the US had offered 10 technologies to India. The issue also came up in 2014 during the visit of then US Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel to India but apparently some issues have yet to be ironed out; perhaps in addition to red tape on both sides, also lack of clarity about the initiative itself. The high point of Defense Secretary Hagel’s visit to India is the offer he made last week of joint development of seven defence technologies. The DTTI represents US commitment to build an indigenous Indian industrial base by pre-screening projects for co-production, and eventually, codevelopment. There are over 20 items ranging from anti-tank missiles to launch systems for aircraft car-

riers that the US has offered to India under DTTI. The two countries are setting up a task force to quickly evaluate and decide on unique projects and technologies which will have a transformative impact on bilateral defence relations and enhance India’s defence industry and military capabilities. Over the past decade, the US has bagged defence deals worth $10 billion displacing Russia from the top position in the last three years. Other deals in the pipeline include: 22 Apache attack helicopters at the cost of $1.4 billion; 15 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters at the cost of $1.1 billion; and, four additional P-81 maritime patrol aircraft costing $1 billion. It is obvious that the Indian side would like those US companies to participate in the DTTI who already have joint ventures with Indian companies, bringing in foreign direct investment (FDI) and that technologies coming initially should also be open to being exported for long-term sustainability of such projects. Energy security too will be high on agenda. It is obvious that the geopolitical situation will be discussed between President Obama and Prime Minister Modi, some of which may be behind closed doors. Aside from pushing for more sales in Indian markets including in the defence sector, the US would be more focused on the Indo-Pacific, seeking enhanced cooperation by India. The US may even still try to push for India joining the US-led Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) network and the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) bandwagon and inking foundational military agreements like the Logistics Support Agreement (LSA), Communication Interoperability and Security Memorandum Agreement (CISMOA) and Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA)—all of which India has resisted in the past. From the Indian viewpoint, US looking askance at Pakistan’s proxy war on India and continuing military and financial aid to Pakistan, collusive China-Pakistan threat to India, possible Chinese missile deployments in Gilgit-Baltistan to support operations in the Indian Ocean region (IOR), and stability of the Af-Pak region, Middle East and Iran are important issues that need serious discussion to evolve comprehensive approach suiting national interests of both countries. Such focused discussions approach are vital to take the Indo-US strategic cooperation to the required level.  SP Issue 2 • 2015    SP’S MAI    9

MILITARY Feature

The Obama visit: US-India to extend Defence Framework Agreement

President Barack Obama with Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his visit to the United States

[ By Ranjeet Kumar ]

PHOTOGRAPH: PIB

W

ill President Barack Obama’s visit to India on the eve of Indian Republic Day, which is marked with show of India’s military might, prove to be a game changer in the Asia–Pacific strategic calculus? Since the visit is happening in the wake of increasing Chinese assertiveness in the Asia-Pacific region with aggressive territorial claims of regional land and maritime neighbours, strategic analysts tend to dwell on the evolving triumvirate of India, US and Japan in the Asia-Pacific region as the counter to the Chinese designs. This appears to be a hidden agenda of at least two of the partners—US and Japan— and India would not dare to come out openly. Recent Indian diplomatic moves to strengthen diplomatic and strategic relations with Japan have been further followed up with US, whose President has made an unprecedented decision to travel to India as the Chief Guest of the Republic Day parade, showcasing India’s military might. The mere presence of the US President during the parade will entail not only the approval of

10    SP’S MAI    Issue 2 • 2015

India’s military modernisation programme but a sort of encouragement also as Obama visit is likely to herald a new era in Indo-US defence cooperation, who is keen to develop political and strategic ties with India. Since there is a bipartisan support for strengthening strategic relations with India, it does not matter if President Obama has become a weak President in the recent months. From economic to environment and defence to strategic arena, the US Administration is looking to strengthen the partnership with India and the proposal to extend the 10-year Defence Framework Agreement to 2025 will have a significant impact on bilateral strategic relations. This has a wide-ranging cooperation agenda for which Frank Kendall, US Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, will be visiting India next week to discuss with Defence Secretary R.K. Mathur, Defence Production Secretary G. Mohan Kumar and the Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar, the issues relating to co-development and co-production of weapon systems and to promote collaboration in defence technologies. According to Kendall’s spokesperson Maureen Schumann, “His primary objective is to continue momentum on the Defense Trade www.spsmai.com

MILITARY Feature and Technology Initiative (DTTI), which promotes collaboration on defence technology and enables co-production and co-development of critical defence systems.”

Defense Trade and Technology Initiative

(FMS) route is likely to be finalised during the President’s visit. The ambitious Defence Framework Agreement to be signed and extended for 10 years from 2015 during the President’s visit will deal with other issues like joint military exercises, the scope and level of which are likely to be raised significantly. Both the sides will also discuss on ways to advance shared security interests for regional and global security. In the context of ongoing tussle between China and rest of East Asian and South East Asian powers over control of South and East China Sea, the dialogue under the rubric of Defence Framework Agreement would be very significant. Under the joint naval cooperation both sides are expected to upgrade the annual Malabar maritime exercises.

The DTTI mechanism was initiated in 2012 but lying dormant over various differences relating to some of the Foundation Agreements, the US has been insisting India to agree to. However, India seem to have successfully resisted the pressure and in order to grab some of the mega defence contracts in the lucrative Indian defence market of over $100 billion, the US seem to have relaxed the application of its national law over Indian defence acquisitions. After the launch of DTTI three years ago, US side is reported to have proposed 17 projects for joint development and production but Indian concerns relating to transfer of technology hampered further progress. To promote cooperation under DTTI, consensus has been reached to augment the present one Nuclear under the overall mechanism of the Defence Policy Group, which has The most contentious issue appear to be in the nuclear arena, been assigned to chalk out path for future defence cooperation. where the interlocutors of the two sides have not yet come to any Under DTTI the US has been luring India with a number of so- conclusion over the Indian liability laws, which provides for supcalled transformative defence technologies for co-development plier liability in case of a nuclear accident whereas the US side is and co-production with India like the next-generation Javelin anti- insisting that India must ratify the International Atomic Energy tank guided missiles and MH-60 Romeo multi-role helicopters. The Agency (IAEA)-sponsored Convention on Supplementary ComLockheed Martin officials appear to be confident that in spite of pensation, which limits supplier liability. India has offered to the India ordering the Israeli Spike anti-tank guided missiles, India will US side to set up an insurance pool to indemnify global nuclear work with the company under DTTI to co-develop and co-produce suppliers against liability in the case of an accident in a nuclear the next-generation Javelin missiles. power plant. After the Indo-US Civil Nuclear Cooperation AgreeHowever, regarding DTTI, the US concerns also appear to ment in 2008, India offered two nuclear parks in Gujarat and be genuine as India has reportedly demanded right to manufac- Andhra Pradesh where the two US nuclear companies were proture components rather than whole systems, which will put the posed to set up six nuclear power plants each in the nuclear power US industry in disadvantage. Under the DTTI, US has probably parks. This involves an investment of over $100 billion and the US agreed to give final shape to two pilot projects – the one relating to Administration is eager to see that the US companies do not lose unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and the other relates to systems for out these multibillion-dollar mega contracts over nuclear liability the C-130J Super Hercules transport aircraft, manufactured and sold issue. However, India put a spanner in their plans as the Indian to the Indian Air Force (IAF) by the Lockheed Parliament passed a legislation to put the Martin Corp. According to US industry sources blame for a nuclear incident on the supplier of The ambitious the UAV project involves the RQ-11 Raven develnuclear plants. oped by US firm AeroVironment Inc. This drone According to the Indian proposal before Defence Framework is world’s most widely used UAV, which is a lightthe US companies, a nuclear insurance pool Agreement to be weight plane and can be manually used or also would be set up to indemnify the third party for autonomous operations. The US Administrasuppliers against liabilities in the case of a signed and extended tion maintain tight export control over the bigger nuclear accident. According to a news agency UAVs but unarmed systems like the Raven have report, insurance would be bought by the comfor 10 years from been cleared for sale and for the first time transpanies contracted to build the reactors who 2015 during the fer of technology to India, which are used mainly would then recoup the cost by charging more for surveillance. According to a Lockheed Marfor their services. Alternatively, governmentPresident’s visit will tin official the transport plane project involves owned Nuclear Power Corporation of India deal with other issues Limited would take out insurance on behalf of development of roll-on, roll-off modules which will permit the Super Hercules to be utilised for these companies. like joint military surveillance and also as VIP transports and hosIndian officials claim that insurance plan pitals. The US industry sources do not want to was the best option in view of the very tough exercises, the scope openly talk about the above mentioned two pilot Indian nuclear liability law which would be very and level of which projects, as the MoUs to be signed during the difficult to amend in view of vast differences in Obama visit is still under discussion. Lockheed Indian political class over liability provisions. are likely to be raised Martin has already supplied IAF six Super HerIndian officials claim that the US Adminsignificantly. Both the istration is considering Indian proposal but cules and order for six more have been placed. The US Administration is in fact enthused express doubt over US concurrence. sides will also discuss observers over Indian acquisition of weapon systems and The Obama visit thus seem to be productive platforms over present and last decade, worth $10 mainly in defence arena, whereas some of the on ways to advance billion and has received further commitments for economic issues like the visa and totalisation shared security deals worth $5 billion for the 22 Apache helicopagreement may not reach conclusion, though ters, 16 Chinook helicopters and six Super Hercuthe two countries will set a very ambitious target interests for regional les transport aircraft. The deals for the Apaches of scaling up the bilateral trade of $100 billion to and global security. and Chinooks under the foreign military sale $500 billion in next five years.  SP Issue 2 • 2015    SP’S MAI    11

MILITARY Viewpoint

Defence budget [ By Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) ]

I

n the next one month or so, the second defence budget is to be announced by the present government, which will also be the first defence budget under the present Defence Minister. The close interrelation between economy and security of any country is an accepted fact. Both need to be fine-tuned. The rising threats particularly from China and Pakistan too need to be taken into account. We need to take a cue from the record $42 billion of Japan in face of Chinese aggressive posture – that we too face. Logically India should have a defence budget of three per cent or more of the GDP for next few years. The tragedy in India in the past decade plus has been that the economy slumped with deep rooted corruption despite announcement of some high sounding schemes. The economy has begun to look up somewhat under Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government albeit its future would have to deal with dynsmics of factors like global oil prices, levels of energy security, instability and conflict situations, etc, that is unpredictable, world economies having become interdependent. But the fact remains that defence has been the most neglected in India despite every government making thunderous announcements that there will be no dearth of money for defence. The Long Term Integrated Perspective Plan (LTIPP) for period 2012-27 that stood approved by the Defence Acquisition Council headed by the Defence Minister, as also the Twelfth Five Year Plan, was based on a defence budget allocation at 3 per cent of the GDP. But the allocation of defence has always been much below that. Defence expenditure for 2013-14 had been kept at `2,04,000 crore. Yes, the first Union Budget presented by this government in July 2014 boosted defence spending by 12 per cent in 2014-15 over the previous year and further opened the domestic weapons industry to foreign investment to help rebuild the military and narrow the widening capability gap between the Indian military and the China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA); setting the military budget at `2,29,000 crore for 2014-15, `50,000 more than what the previous government had agreed in an interim budget in February 2014. Impressive on first look but this has to be seen in the backdrop of not only the enormous shortages in the military including in ammunition but government website admitting that 50 per cent of defence equipment held by the army, navy and air-force is obsolete and the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) reports of last five years pointing out that the equipment provided by the DRDO is substandard and provisioned at excessive costs besides enormous amount of money and time spent on R&D without even consultation of the user (military) and some even without the Ministry of Defence (MoD) sanction. Raising of the Mountain Strike Corps itself will entail an yearly expenditure of `7000-10,000 crore for next seven years, in addition to about an overall `25,000 crore required for infrastructure to support the Mountain Strike Corps. Then we also have some 60,000 personnel retiring from the army alone and the snowballing effect since

12    SP’S MAI    Issue 2 • 2015

pensions are paid through the defence budget, leaving that much less money for military modernisation. But allotment apart, there are other aspects about the defence budget that appear to be given short shrift advertently or inadvertently, former being more likely. To start with, how do you work out a 15-year span LTIPP without a National Security Strategy followed by a Comprehensive Defence Review, and ironically the present government too has made no move to initiate these. In the US, a Congressional Committee is formed to which all Theatre Commanders and Commander Special Operations Command (SOCOM) make pre-budget presentation making their projections for the next defence budget. Their presentations cover what their present capabilities are and given allotment as per funds requested what their future capability would be. Why can’t we have a similar system? Surely, from the Parliament you can pick and choose requisite number of parliamentarians including defence veterans to form such committees, notwithstanding the fact that in the past we have had the Parliamentary Committee on Defence even headed by a film star and disinterested members who have little idea about matters military. Leaking of the letter from General V.K. Singh (then Chief of Army Staff ) to then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh created massive stink but with focused more on how it got leaked rather than the massive shortages. Little would public know that such letters have been written by many service chiefs as well as the Chairmen Chiefs of Staff Committee in the past. Yet the voids were permitted to grow because of vested interests that capitalise on creating criticalities and then capitalising on imports for individual or collective benefits of the vested interest of a select group. It is this group that would not permit induction of military professionals into the MoD and as users in DRDO-DPSUs-OF other that odd perfunctory post whereas the need is for them to be in the planning/design, management, policy formulation and decision making levels. A former Vice Chief of Army Staff, who had a close friend in MoD (Finance), was told by the latter that they have to give a quarterly report as to how much money ‘can’ possibly be surrendered from the defence budget, MoD being the only Ministry that has been surrendering funds barring odd year when complete funds were utilized perhaps on account of uproar over the issue in the media. Jaswant Singh, when Defence Minister, had mooted the idea of carry forward of unspent defence budget to the next financial year but the idea was given the quiet burial for reasons that can be well understood. In the present defence budget, some `98,000 crore were assigned to capital expenditure. As per information emanating from some quarters about `12,000 crore may get surrendered by design. The vested group is well versed in how to orchestrate all this, late allotment through revised estimates stage and pussyfooting files included, putting all the blame conveniently on the military. It will be another sad day for the Indian military. Well the end of the financial year is still far off. Hopefully the Defence Minister will look at all the issues mentioned herein.  SP www.spsmai.com

MILITARY Viewpoint

Photograph: Navair

air marshal b.k. pandey (Retd)

The enhanced budget, which is meant to counter the rise of the inimical neighbour and its growing military activity in the region, is the largest ever in the last seven decades.

Japan’s Defence Budget enhanced

I

n an unprecedented move that is being viewed as a consequence of the rising tensions lately between Japan and China, further aggravated by territorial disputes in the East China Sea and the perception by the former of threat from the latter, in mid January this year, the Japanese cabinet headed by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has given the green light to a $42-billion defence budget. This budget, which is obviously meant to counter the rise of the inimical neighbour and its growing military activity in the region, is the largest ever in the last seven decades. It also comes at a time when the Japanese economy does not appear to be in a very healthy state with problems further compounded by the burden of enormous social costs of an ageing population. However, the budget would have to be formally approved by the Japanese Parliament. This is unlikely to be an impediment as the coalition government headed by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, enjoys majority in both houses of the Parliament. The turbulent relationship between the two Asian giants in the last 1,400 years of history that has generally fluctuated between extreme cordiality and hostility, is also been marked by two major wars and 11 minor conflicts of varying intensity. The first major war between the two was fought in the period 1894 to 1895 and the second in the period 1937 to 1945 when both the nations were embroiled in the World War II with allegiance to opposing camps. At the end of the War, Japan lay devastated. However, with the emergence in 1949 of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), there began a phase of cordiality in their relationship as also wide-ranging collaboration. However, as Japan was totally allied with the United States, the PRC also saw her as a potential threat even though she was devoid of military power. However, China always considered the rise of Japan as a military power in the future a real possibility. On the other hand, Japan is also apprehensive about Beijing’s intentions especially on account of her aggressive sovereignty claims in the region. China is unlikely to permit this event to pass without notice and possibly action. The world may therefore soon witness increasing confrontation between the two nations. This would also serve the security interests of the United States as China will remain embroiled with regional issues, the objective of her containment as being pursued by the only superpower in the world. The hike in defence

spending by Japan will bring in its wake a bonanza for US defence and aerospace majors as Japan will move forward to enhance her military capabilities through the acquisition of the latest of military hardware. The US will only be too willing to oblige. Japan depends largely on the US and partly on her indigenous capability in this field for her requirement of military hardware. On top of the shopping list of the Japanese defence forces will be six of the fifth-generation F-35A Joint Strike Fighter Lightning II stealth combat aircraft at a cost of around $150 million per aircraft. Japan also plans to acquire five US-made Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft priced at $68 million per unit. With a futuristic outlook, the Japanese Self-Defense Force is looking to induct a fleet of Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle that has a price tag in excess of $100 million per platform. The Japanese aerospace industry is to supply 20 of the indigenously produced Kawasaki P-1 maritime patrol aircraft which is already in service with the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force. The Japanese Ministry of Defense is also purchasing one E-2D airborne early warning aircraft to strengthen the nation’s capability to safeguard her air space both over the mainland and the island territories in the East China Sea. There is also a move to build indigenously one Aegis destroyer, fund the deployment surveillance units around the southern islands of Okinawa and Amami as also acquire 30 units of amphibious vehicles. Despite the significant thrust towards militarisation, the Japanese Prime Minister maintains that the enhancement in the defence budget “did not mark a departure from Japan’s post-War pacifism or the strictly defensive posture of its armed forces”. Any confrontation between Japan and China would have implications for India as well. While the strategic partnership between the largest and the most affluent democracy in South East Asia is definitely becoming stronger, it would be in India’s interest to maintain cordiality in the relations with China as well and avoid military confrontation. It would serve India’s interest to focus more on strengthening economic relations with both Japan and China and discretely avoid getting trapped into a political or military power play in the region by joining the American scheme to forge an alliance to contain China.  SP Issue 2 • 2015    SP’S MAI    13

MILITARY Viewpoint

PHOTOGRAPH: DRDO

Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd)

Sacking of DRDO chief may just be a warning to others and stop the ‘chalta hai’ attitude but what is needed is a complete revamp

Sacking of DRDO chief – Is it a sign?

S

acking of Avinash Chander, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) chief, 16 months prior to completion of his tenure has made headlines. Is it a warning shot for the organisation to get the ball rolling and usher in some accountability? Most countries do not have the type of DRDO complex: over 50 laboratories, 9 DPSUs and 42 ordnance factories – overall manpower of I,80,044 employees. Now a Cabinet Commitee on Security (CCS) note requests to take control of commercialisation of defence equipment. The 1995 Review Committee under Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (later President of India) set the target of 70 per cent in defence equipment by 2014 but no progress has been made after 19 years. So where is the accountability? Isn’t it shocking that our Ministry of Commerce and Industry website states 50 per cent defence equipment currently held by our military is obsolete, production of state-of-theart equipment needs to grow from 15 per cent to 30 per cent, and current cycle including acquisitions under the Long Term Integrated Perspective Plan (LTIPP) would require procurements worth $100 billion by 2022. Going by last few Comptroller and Auditor General of India reports, DRDO has been developing substandard equipment or with extended deadlines and additional budgets; many projects are without the Ministry of Defence (MoD) approval including just 10 per cent by one report; corruption and nepotism exists in the upper echelons. In 2010, a modular bridge being developed for army was shelved after 8 years and spending `21.46 crore but just six months later another `13.25 crore was sanctioned for another modular bridge project; in 2011-12, crores have been spent on random research and of 55 high priority projects based on user-requirements, only 13 had gone into production; and the initiative to produce next-generation laser weapons was shut down within a month after equipment for research was procured. These are but few examples. The Controller General of Defence Accounts (CGDA) audit has been equally revealing: DRDO has been buying equipment from other companies ‘after’ spending crores on R&D. For example, after spending five years and `129.96 crore to develop satellite signal monitoring equipment, DRDO ultimately bought the same from a PSU on

14    SP’S MAI    Issue 2 • 2015

single tender basis for `724.50 crore in April 2011; when commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment is available. DRDO still spends crores of rupees for reinventing the wheel. For example, DRDO spent `6.85 crore to develop explosive detectors, which were then offered to the army for `30 lakh per piece while COTS versions were available at `9.8 lakh apiece and that too with repair and maintenance. Through JVs with foreign firms, older technology is being imported without mandatory transfer of technology (ToT) agreement. The report submitted by the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence to the Parliament on December 22, 2014, has brought out that the DRDO, tasked with developing technology for the military, has failed since 1982 to produce an acceptable INSAS rifle, the standard weapon of the army. What may not be known that the DRDO had been provided 17 x 5.56 top assault rifles of 11 countries in 1982 to develop the INSAS and yet the INSAS is nowhere close to the top ten in its category despite 15 years of development. Despite importing all infrared tubes, Indigenous night vision equipment continues to be heavy and bulky. The Tejas Mk I is coming 30 years after the LCA project was sanctioned. Why we should have continuous ammunition shortages is another story. In his first address to the DRDO, Prime Minister Modi had stressed the need for scientists to complete work in time, and stay ahead of technological innovations. But if we have major voids in modern technology and modernisation of our armed forces, the reasons are: DRDO emphasis is less on R&D and more on commercialisation to earn profit; glaring voids in accountability, focused road map and periodic reviews, and; resistance to users (military) being posted at design, planning and decision making levels because of rampant corruption. Sacking of DRDO chief may just be a warning to others and stop the ‘chalta hai’ attitude but what is needed is a complete revamp: rename DRDO as ‘Avishkar Udyog’ and charge it exclusively for R&D, not commercialisation. Commercialisation of defence equipment should be pursued through militarycivil-industrial zones, with DRDO affiliated to it. Users (military professionals) be posted at design, planning and decision making levels pan the defence-industrial complex.   SP www.spsmai.com

Military Updates The Admiral R.D. Katari Memorial Lecture at New Delhi

T

he 24th Admiral R.D. Katari Memorial Lecture titled ‘A National Security Strategy for India and the Maritime Domain’ was delivered by Shyam Saran, Chairman, Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS) and Chairman, National Security Advisory Board (NSAB). Admiral R.K. Dhowan, Chief of the Naval Staff, presided over the function. Navy Foundation (NF) is an organisation of retired naval officers with the Chief of Naval Staff as its President. The 15 branches of NF pan India, apart from networking the veterans` community to harness their efforts towards nation building, also undertake philanthropic work and conduct activities to generate awareness on maritime issues. Towards this, the Navy Foundation Delhi Chapter conduct an annual lecture by eminent speakers in memory of late Admiral R.D. Katari. Admiral R.D. Katari, the first Indian to be Chief of the Naval Staff (April 22, 1958 to June 4, 1962), is widely admired and much loved for the challenge he undertook at the young age of 47 years to integrate the best practices of Royal Navy and lay the foundation of modern Indian Navy. He is also remembered for his pioneering work and strategic vision in providing the fledgling Indian Navy a firm push towards self-reliance and indigenisation, and in formulating the blueprint for the strong force the Indian Navy has become today. Admiral R.D. Katari settled in Secunderabad after his retirement and served as the Chairman of Andhra Pradesh

Landing craft utility ship for Indian Navy launched at GRSE

Photograph: PIB

T

he third ship of the landing craft utility (LCU) Mk IV project, Yard 2094, for the Indian Navy was launched at the Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Ltd (GRSE), Kolkata, recently in the presence of Vice Admiral Sunil Lanba, Vice Chief of the Naval Staff, and Mrs. Reena Lanba. Launching of Yard 2094, designed in-house and built by GRSE for the Indian Navy, is yet another milestone in India’s quest for selfreliance in sophisticated shipbuilding. Mrs. Lanba named the ship as ‘LCU L53’ and wished the ship good luck before launch. LCU L53 is the third vessel in the series of eight LCU ships being built by GRSE for the Indian Navy. The first LCU was launched on March 12, and the second on September 23 last year. These ships will play significant role in transportation of main battle tanks, armoured vehicles and troops of the Indian Army during amphibious operations. The ship will be fitted with an advanced integrated platform management system for remote control of propulsion, auxiliary and power generating equipment. Two CRN-91 indigenous 30mm guns to provide fire support during operations will also be fitted onboard. The ship can be deployed for maritime roles like maritime security, beaching/un-beaching, humanitarian relief operations and evacuation from distant islands, search and rescue operations and peacekeeping missions. Speaking on the occasion, Vice Admiral Lanba commended the contributions made by GRSE towards meeting the Navy’s growing requirements of state-of-the-art warships. He also lauded GRSE and

State Road Transport Corporation from December 1962 to May 1964. Thereafter, he was appointed as India`s Ambassador to Burma for five years.  SP

its team of designers, engineers, technicians, quality controllers and the members of Warship Overseeing Team for their untiring efforts in successfully achieving this significant milestone of launching of Yard 2094. He appreciated the efforts put in by GRSE and other private sector industries for their valuable contributions towards achieving Indian Navy’s dream of transformation from a ‘Buyers Navy’ to a ‘Builders Navy’.  SP

Russia and Iran sign military deal

R

ussia and Iran have signed a military cooperation deal recently. The Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu signed the military cooperation deal with Iran. Shoigu is the most senior Russian military official to visit Tehran since 2002. The deal provides for joint exercises and military training, as well as “cooperation in peacekeeping, maintaining regional and international security and stability, and fighting against separatism and extremism,” the Iranian Defence Ministry website said. Defence Minister Hossein Dehqan told state television that Iran and Russia had a “shared analysis of US global strategy, its interference in regional and international affairs and the need to cooperate in the struggle against the interference of foreign forces in the region.” Russia has long been Iran’s principal foreign arms supplier but their ties took a major hit in 2010 when Moscow cancelled a contract to deliver advance S-300 ground to air missiles, citing UN sanctions imposed over Tehran’s nuclear programme. “The two countries have also decided to settle the S-300s problem,” the Iranian Defence Ministry said.  SP Issue 2 • 2015    SP’S MAI    15

Aerospace Developments Defence Minister hands over Tejas to Indian Air Force

D

efence Minister Manohar Parrikar handed over the first series production light combat aircraft (LCA) Tejas made by the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) to the Indian Air Force (IAF) at a ceremony at HAL Bengaluru complex on January 17, 2015. The Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha, Chief of the Air Staff (CAS), received the aircraft documents from the Minister in presence of HAL Chairman Dr R.K. Tyagi. Speaking at the ceremony, Defence Minister congratulated HAL and everyone involved in the project and called upon to think “out of the box” to meet the time line challenges by applying the right management tools. “Thrust should be given on research and technology by exploiting the existing knowledge base which companies like HAL have”, he said. “Although one does not achieve everything overnight. However by modifying our work culture and by adopting better technology and tools we can achieve the results better”, he added. The CAS outlined that LCA is the need of the hour, given the operational needs of IAF. “We are happy to receive the documents of the first series production of LCA”, he said. He complimented HAL for handing over this aircraft, which would allow its induction and subsequent formation of first Tejas squadron. Dr Tyagi described the event as one of the major milestones in the history of HAL. “We have achieved 60 per cent indigenisation in this LCA project so far. We will produce six aircraft next year (201516) and subsequently scale it up to eight and 16 aircraft per year” he added. He complimented, IAF, the Aeronautical Development Agency, Centre for Military Airworthiness & Certification, Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance, National Aerospace Laboratory and other participating institutions for the successful delivery of first series production aircraft. Tejas is a 4.5th generation aircraft. It is significant for its lighter weight and greater agility and manoeuvrability. The lighter weight

Air Marshal Anil Khosla takes over as Director General Air Operations

Photographs: HAL, PIB

A

ir Marshal Anil Khosla took over as Director General Air Operations at Air Headquarters on January 12. An alumnus of the National Defence Academy, he was commissioned in the fighter stream of the Indian Air Force in December 1979. He has over 4,000 hours of flying experience having flown the Jaguar and MiG-21. He is equally experienced on both ground attack and air defence roles with specialisation on maritime role. He is a post-graduate from the Defence Services Staff College and holds two M.Phil 16    SP’S MAI    Issue 2 • 2015

is achieved by use of higher percentage of carbon fibre composites. Other significant features of this indigenous aircraft are the digital fly-by-wire system, flight control systems, open architecture computer, etc. The naval variant of LCA is also under development and had last month did its first flight from the shore-based test facility (STBF) at Goa. In the design and development programme, HAL has produced 15 aircraft including the seven in limited series production (LSP), two technology demonstrators, three fighter prototype, two trainer prototype and one naval prototype. These aircraft have completed more than 2,800 flights. With the coming up of new high-tech manufacturing complex for the capacity augmentation of LCA, HAL is confident of sharing its responsibility in ensuring the national security. HAL is the principal partner for the development of LCA along with the Aeronautical Development Agency which is the nodal design agency and responsible for programme management of the project.  SP

degrees in military studies. He is an ‘A2’ category flying instructor and a fighter strike leader. He is also an alumnus of the National Defence College. The Air Officer has vast instructional experience and has been directing staff at prestigious institutions like the Tactics and Combat Development Establishment and Flying Instructor School. He has commanded a Jaguar squadron with maritime role and two front line bases of the IAF at Jaisalmer and Ambala. He has held various staff appointments at Air HQ. These include Principal Director at Directorate of Information and Electronic Warfare, Director in Personnel branch and Joint Director at Directorate of Concept Studies. In the rank of Air Vice Marshal, he has held the appointment of Air Officer Commanding HQ Maritime Air Operations and Air Officer Commanding, Jammu and Kashmir area. His last appointment was as Senior Air Staff Officer, Central Air Command. He is decorated with Presidential award – Vayusena Medal.  SP

Eurofighter global air policing duties

E

urofighter Typhoon will continue to play a key role as a deterrent and policing capability for 2015 says Alberto Gutierrez, the Chief Executive Officer of Eurofighter Jagdflugzeug GmbH. Speaking from Eurofighter’s head office in Munich, Germany, the CEO said: “Now, more than ever, the role that the Eurofighter is playing in protecting nations and policing behaviours across the globe is a critical capability for our customer’s armed forces.” With 427 Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft delivered to customer air forces in six nations, the multi-role fast-jet fighter is increasingly being seen protecting skies through a variety of missions – in some cases escorting civilian aircraft to safe landings where lives are believed to be in danger – and in others simply patrolling airspace and monitoring aircraft movements.  SP www.spsmai.com

Aerospace Developments Preliminary design for FGFA completed

R

ussian and Indian engineers have completed the preliminary design for the export version of the fifth-generation fighter jet – the PAK-FA, announced Andrey Marshankin, Regional Director for International Cooperation of the United Aircraft Corporation. “At the moment, together with our Indian colleagues, we have finished creating an export version of the PAK-FA, known in India as the FGFA. All the documentation is now ready, and we have an understanding of the amount of work that will be required for the next design phase, and the scale of the future series production,” he said. Marshankin also noted that while only one pilot operates the Russian version of the fifth-generation fighter jet, the Indian Air Force traditionally prefers aircraft operated by two pilots, writes RIA Novosti, citing the Russian News Service. “In the difficult conditions of modern warfare, it is extremely difficult to simultaneously manoeuvre a fighter jet and fire on the enemy. For now, the Indian side insists that their version of the fifth-generation fighter must be made for two pilots,” he said.

First maintenance stop for the A400M Atlas

In September, Russia and India were able to resolve the problematic issues on the draft design of the fifth-generation fighter, having also agreed to build 200 aircraft worth about $30 billion.  SP

tablets and digital media. To accommodate this new airlifter, the AIA operators have had special instruction in technical English.  SP

Boeing delivered all P-8As to US Navy

B

Photographs: Sukhoi, US Navy, defense.gouv.fr

T

his is another first for the Atlas! On January 12, 2015, one of the air force’s A400M began its first maintenance visit at the Atelier Industriel de l’Aéronautique (aviation workshop, AIA) at Clermont-Ferrand. This operation is covered by a maintenance contract that includes visits by a dozen aircraft until the end of 2017. For the next 18 months, AIA will benefit from the support of the manufacturer, Airbus, on its premises, before it attains full autonomy on the aircraft. The Atlas operation at AIA ClermontFerrand is a strong challenge for the facility. This new transport aircraft opens up new prospects, such as the repair of composite components which constitute more than 30 per cent of the weight of the aircraft, or the replacement of paper documentation by

oeing last month delivered the eighth P-8A Poseidon, completing all planned deliveries to the US Navy for the year on time and on cost. That airplane, the 21st overall for the programme, flew from Seattle to Naval Air Station Jacksonville in Florida on January 8. It joined other P-8As being used to train Navy crews. “Our US Navy and P-8 industry team continues to meet milestone after milestone on this world-class programme,” said Jimmy Dodd, Boeing Mobility, Surveillance and Engagement Vice President and Program Manager. “We’re delivering an aircraft that is providing superior capabilities to the men and women in uniform.”

The ‘Mad Foxes’ of Patrol Squadron (VP) 5 are conducting operational missions during the second overseas deployment of a P-8A Poseidon squadron. Last summer the VP-16 ‘War Eagles’ completed 600 sorties and 3,500 flight hours on the P-8A’s maiden deployment. The Navy plans to purchase the versatile multi-mission aircraft to replace its P-3 Orion fleet. Boeing is currently under contract for 53 P-8As. Boeing’s industry team includes CFM International, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon, Spirit AeroSystems, BAE Systems and GE Aviation.   SP

Japan selects Northrop Grumman’s E-2D Advanced Hawkeye

T

he Japan Ministry of Defense has selected two Northrop Grumman Corporation systems to enhance its intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities. Under a process known as type selection, the Japanese Government chose the E-2D Advanced Hawkeye airborne early warning aircraft and the RQ-4 Global Hawk unmanned aircraft system to help maintain the country’s sovereignty. Type selection identifies the capabilities and systems to be purchased to meet specific defence requirements. Following selection, the US Government will be asked to enter into the foreign military sale process for these items.  SP Issue 2 • 2015    SP’S MAI    17

INTERNAL SECURITY Special Feature

Management of National Security – Some concerns [ By His Excellency N.N. Vohra ]

I

feel privileged to have been asked to deliver the First Air Cmde Jasjit Singh Memorial Lecture to remember Jasjit Singh who, after a long and distinguished tenure as Director General, Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses, served as the Director of the Centre for Air Power Studies from the day it was established till he passed away last year. It would be useful, at the very outset, to state that, in simple language, the term ‘national security’ could be defined to comprise external security, which relates to safeguarding the country against war and external aggression, and internal security which relates to the maintenance of public order and normalcy within the country. However, such a segregated approach is no longer feasible, particularly after the advent of terrorism which has introduced extremely frightening dimensions to the internal security environment. I would go further to say that issues of internal and external security management have been inextricably intertwined ever since Pakistan launched a proxy war in Jammu and Kashmir in early 1990 and

Pakistan-based jihadi terrorists started establishing networks in our country. Our national security interests have continued to be influenced and affected by geopolitical developments in our region and far beyond. While it would not be feasible to recount the varied security challenges which India has faced in the decades gone by, it could be stated that the more serious problems in the recent years have emanated from Pakistan’s continuing proxy war in Jammu and Kashmir; jihadi terrorism, which has been progressively spreading its reach; the destructive activities which the left-wing extremist groups have been carrying out for decades now; the serious unrest created by the still active insurgencies in the North East region; and incidents of serious communal violence which have been erupting in the various states from time to time. Mention must also be made of the steadily growing activities of the Indian Mujahideen (IM), a terror group which has its roots in Pakistan. Another phenomenon, relatively more recent, relates to the emergence of certain radical countergroups which have been organised with the primary objective of countering the jihadi terror networks.

PHOTOGRAPH: Wikipedia

A soldier guards the roadside checkpoint outside Srinagar International Airport

18    SP’S MAI    Issue 2 • 2015

www.spsmai.com

INTERNAL SECURITY Special Feature The Pakistan Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) has also been striving to resurrect Sikh militancy in Punjab by supporting the establishment of terror modules from among militants in the Sikh diaspora. The activities of the left-wing extremist groups, which have been continuing their armed struggle for the past several decades to capture political power, are posing an extremely serious internal security challenge. India’s hinterland continues to remain the prime focus of Pakistan-based terror groups, particularly Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and IM. In the recent past, indigenous groups comprising elements of the Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) and Al Ummah have perpetrated serious violent incidents in the country and, not withstanding its frequent denials, Pakistan remains steadfastly committed to harbouring anti-India terror groups on its soil. Another factor which has adversely affected internal security management relates to the progressive erosion of the professionalism of the state police forces. This regrettable decline has taken place because of the day to day political interference in the functioning of the constabularies. It is important that the Central Government takes the most urgent steps for finalising the National Security Policy and the machinery for its administration, in suitable consultations with the states. For the past nearly two decades now, there have been repeated pronouncements that the Central Government is promulgating a law for dealing with identified federal offences and establishing a central agency which would have the authority of taking cognisance and investigating crimes which have serious inter-state or nationwide ramifications for national security. In this context, the proposal of setting up the National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC) has continued to be debated for the past several years. For progressively enhancing meaningful Centre-states relations in regard to national security management it would be useful for the Central Government to also consider various possible initiatives for promoting trust and mutual understandings between New Delhi and the state capitals. The Central Government could also consider setting up an Empowered Committee of Home Ministers of States to discuss and arrive at pragmatic solutions to various important security related issues, including the long pending proposal to set up the NCTC. If national security is to be satisfactorily managed, the states must effectively maintain internal security within their territories. Most states have also not taken the required steps to implement the Supreme Court’s orders regarding the establishment of Police Complaint Authorities and State Security Commissions; segregation of law and order and investigation functions; setting up of separate Intelligence and antiterrorist units and taking varied other required actions for establishing modern and accountable police forces which would enable the effective functioning of the security management apparatus. It is also necessary to recognise that national security cannot be safeguarded unless the entire apparatus of the criminal justice system discharges its duties with competence, speed, fairness and complete honesty. Last year, nearly two crore criminal cases under the Indian Penal Code and Special Laws were awaiting trial. It is necessary to weed out all obsolete laws and update and amend other statutes, many of which were enacted during the colonial era or in the early years after Independence, to ensure their relevance in the contemporary context. For instance, the Indian Evidence Act needs to be urgently reviewed to, inter alia, provide for the permissibility of electronic evidence. It would be incorrect to assume that serious threats to national security emanate only from the activities of Naxalites, terror groups and the mafia networks. Corruption at various levels, with which the entire governance apparatus is permeated, is another factor which adversely impacts our national security interests. The Government of India had set up a committee to ascertain

how Dawood Ibrahim and other mafia elements had been able to establish such powerful networks. The report of this committee had concluded that, in several parts of the country where crime syndicates/ mafia groups have developed significant muscle and money power and established linkages with government functionaries, political leaders and others, the unlawful elements have been able to carry out their criminal activities with ease and impunity. The security environment, in India’s neighbourhood and far beyond, has been progressively deteriorating. It would be enormously beneficial if the Central Government takes the bold step of establishing a National Security Administrative Service whose members, selected from among the best available in the country, are imparted intensive training in specialised areas before being deployed to run the security management institutions all over the country. I would like to conclude by briefly reiterating that:  India is facing progressively increasing security threats from across its frontiers, as well as from within.  The absence of a bipartisan approach has led to several states questioning the Central Government’s leadership role in national security management.  As a general practice, which is now long continuing, instead of progressively improving the capability of their police and security maintenance apparatus for effectively dealing with arising disturbances, the states have been perennially seeking assistance from Union Home Ministry, whenever a problem is arising in their territories.  While the Central Government has been, without any exception, providing assistance to the states by deploying Central Police Forces, and even the Army, for restoring normalcy in the disturbed areas, the states have never been questioned about the reasons for their failure to maintain internal security, nor about their failures to deal with the root causes of the recurring disturbances in their territories.  The Constitution of India prescribes that the states shall be responsible for the maintenance of public order and that the Union Government has the duty to protect the states against internal disturbances. A holistic National Security Policy and the mechanisms for its administration must be urgently finalised in suitable consultation with the states. The Central Government must not lose any more time in evolving the required Centre-states understandings for effective national security management.  Besides finalising the National Security Policy, the Central Government shall also need to take time bound steps for: – Establishing appropriate institutions/agencies for effective security management across the length and breadth of the country. – Enacting laws and establishing all required processes and procedures for the prompt investigation and trial of federal offences. – Establishing a National Security Administrative Service for manning and operating the security management apparatus in the entire country. To conclude, I shall yet again reiterate that if the security, unity and integrity of India is to be preserved and protected then there is no more time to be lost. The Central and the State Governments must immediately forge all required understandings and take every necessary step for ensuring that there is not the slightest chink in the enforcement of national security.   SP The writer is Governor of Jammu and Kashmir. He was formerly Defence Production Secretary, Defence Secretary, Home Secretary and Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister. Issue 2 • 2015    SP’S MAI    19

Internal security Cyber

BAE Systems’ top five predictions for 2015 B

ased on its work this year in the fields of cyber security and financial crime, BAE Systems Applied Intelligence believes the following will be the top five predictions for the digital criminality landscape in 2015.

Challenges in Detection as Cyber Crime Gets Fragmented

The past five years have seen an increasing industrialisation of the cyber criminal marketplace. Specialisms such as malware authoring, counter-AV testing, exploit kits, spamming, hosting, moneymuling, and card cloning are becoming miniature markets of their own. Crime as a service is a reality, lowering the barrier to entry for budding criminals and fuelling the growing threat, year after year. “Law enforcement action has done well to date by focusing on the big problem sets and causing significant disruption to these activities. In 2015, BAE Systems Applied Intelligence anticipates these efforts will cause a fragmentation in the market as criminal actors split into smaller units using newly developed and more resilient capabilities. We believe this will present a greater challenge for the security community. We also see the need for law enforcement to find ways to drive efficiency and automation into their intelligence collection and analysis work streams. This should enable them to ramp up the number of simultaneous investigations and make disruption a ‘business as usual’ activity,” said Scott McVicar, Managing Director, Cyber Security, BAE Systems Applied Intelligence.

Period of ‘Hyper Regulation’

In the context of millions of dollars in fines, financial institutions now have an imperative to actively search out criminals such as money launderers, rather than simply being compliant with regulatory guidance. We believe more organisations will hire big hitters from the law enforcement and national security world to show they are serious about stopping the criminals. Organisationally, we will see continued efforts to remove silos between Risk, Compliance and Information Security departments, a continuing move towards these departments to work more closely together, and requirements for combined detection capabilities. From an operational perspective, joining-up investigative capabilities to develop a single intelligence platform across the enterprise will be increasingly key. This will be combined with the deployment of integrated case management for all forms of financial crime across all financial institutions.

Next Industrial Revolution

One of the most disruptive forces in the coming generation will be the growth in interconnectivity of machines, data and people. Known as the ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT) or the ‘Internet of Everything’ (IoE), this disruption is expected to bring us the next industrial revolution whereby automation and orchestration of many tasks in manufacturing, retail, transport and the home lead to greater efficiency and massive productivity gains. Little stands in the way of this advance in technology; however security professionals are already voicing concern about both the systematic risks of greater connectivity, as well as the risks to life with machines such as cars and medical equipment becoming part of the connected world. 20    SP’S MAI    Issue 2 • 2015

“We anticipate that 2015 will see increased focus on building in security from the start for the next industrial revolution; security professionals will be tasked with finding solutions for protecting critical systems and national scale infrastructure. They will look at techniques such as segmenting high value systems away from high risk activity whilst retaining connectivity and trusted data flows. With a broader attack surface we expect that criminals, activists and spies will continue to penetrate networks. Limiting potential impact whilst enabling the myriad of advantages connectivity brings will be key to realising the benefits. Rather than being an impediment, we expect that good security can actually speed up the realisation of this next industrial revolution,” said McVicar.

The Art of Attribution to be Impacted

Cyber threat reporting and public whitepapers have grown in regularity and prominence during 2014. One of the key parts to a contemporary threat report is attribution – the small details in the code and attack behaviour which give away clues as to the perpetrators of attack campaigns. What should be a scientific process is still more of an art, with technical indicators mixed in with contextual information and cultural references providing hints which are picked up by researchers. Attackers read the resulting public reports as well, we can see evidence of this from the shifts in behaviour which occur immediately afterwards. In 2015, we anticipate that attackers will go to greater lengths to improve their own operational security and increase their use of deception – that is, the placing of false flags to throw off researchers and hamper attribution. This runs the risk of undermining the art of attribution and casting a shadow over the field of threat intelligence. Researchers will need to adopt practices from the professional intelligence community and tread carefully when drawing conclusions about who is ultimately behind cyber attacks.

2015 Crunch Time for Big Data

We’ve seen the rise of ‘Big Data’ in recent years with technologies such as Hadoop moving from niche projects to mainstream workhorses. Businesses in sectors such as telecom, banking and technology have shown interest and many have already invested in big data technologies. We are now entering a maturing phase of the life-cycle, with competing platforms, support services and a strong market for developers, data scientists and administrators. However, business leaders who’ve funded the investment are increasingly asking their technology teams to show value from their implementations. “We anticipate 2015 to be crunch time for Big Data crunching – where those who are still running at the prototype phase are expected to deliver towards specific business use-cases to justify continued investment. This will focus minds from ‘getting more data in’ to ‘getting more out of existing data’. There will be a shift from technologies which enable storage and basic reporting to those which enable meaningful intelligence to be extracted. Use-cases such as network monitoring, fraud-detection and security analytics will be popular – driven by the increasing overlap between cyber threats and other risks and focused board-level attention on managing cyber security across the business,” said McVicar.  SP www.spsmai.com

CORPORATE News A.S. Kiran Kumar is Secretary, Department of Space, Chairman, Space Commission and ISRO

A

lur Seelin Kiran Kumar, distinguished scientist and Director, Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad, assumed the office of the Secretary, Department of Space, Chairman, Space Commission and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on January 14, 2015. Kiran Kumar is a highly accomplished space scientist and engineer with a distinguished career spanning over four decades in ISRO in the satellite payload and applications domains. He has made immense contributions to the design and development of electrooptical imaging sensors for airborne, low earth orbit and geostationary orbit satel-

Lockheed Martin leaders visit Tata-Lockheed Martin Aerostructures facility

lites starting from Bhaskara TV payload to the latest Mars colour camera, thermal infrared imaging spectrometer and methane sensor for Mars instruments of India’s Mars orbiter spacecraft, which has successfully completed one hundred days in Mars orbit recently. Kumar was instrumental in evolving the successful strategy for steering the Mars orbiter spacecraft towards planet Mars as well as its Mars orbit insertion. He has also made significant contributions for evolving the observation strategy encompassing land, ocean, atmospheric and planetary studies. Kiran Kumar began his career in ISRO by joining SAC in 1975. Later, he became its Associate Director and in March 2012 took over as the Director of SAC. At SAC, Kiran Kumar has been steering the design, development & realisation of payloads and application activities of earth observation, communication, navigation, space science and planetary exploration.  SP

that the manufacturing output at this facility is of top quality, and look forward to exploring expanded opportunities for greater collaboration in the near future.” Lockheed Martin has already supplied six C-130J Super Hercules aircraft to the Indian Air Force, and has signed a follow-on agreement for six more, to be based in Panagarh. Tata Advanced Systems is a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Sons that provides integrated solutions for aerospace, defense, homeland security and disaster management.  SP

Patria and Kongsberg in combat vehicle and weapon system programme in the Middle East

P Pat Dewar (fourth from left) with Tata and Lockheed Martin executives at the TLMAL facility in Hyderabad

PhotographS: PIB, Lockheed Martin

A

team of senior Lockheed Martin executives led by Patrick Dewar, Executive Vice President, Lockheed Martin International, visited the Tata-Lockheed Martin Aerostructures Limited (TLMAL) facility in Hyderabad on January 21, 2015, to inspect the C130-Js as well as to tour the TLMAL site. Set up in 2012, TLMAL manufactures airframe components for the global supply chain of the C-130J Super Hercules. TLMAL was the winner in the best joint venture category at the 2013 Aerospace & Defense Awards. Tata Advanced Systems holds a 74 per cent stake in the joint venture, with Lockheed Martin holding the remaining 26 per cent stake. “This is our first JV in India, and it has strengthened our relationship with the Indian Defense customers as well as reinforced our commitment and partnership with Indian industry,” said Dewar. “We are extremely pleased with the role Tata has played in ensuring

atria and Kongsberg have announced a teaming agreement to pursue together a major combat vehicle and weapon system programme in the Middle East region. Patria is the market leader of modern 8 x 8 wheeled armoured vehicles and turreted 120mm mortar systems with strong sales track record. Both Patria AMV 8 x 8 wheeled armoured vehicle and Nemo 120mm turreted mortar are already in use in the Middle East. Patria AMV 8 x 8 is currently in commission by seven nations in wide range of environments. The vehicle is combat proven in the real mission environment. Kongsberg offers products and systems for remotely controlled weapon systems, command and control, weapons guidance, communications solutions and missiles. The two companies make a strong team together and will now develop their solution further to meet the future customer needs. “Together with Kongsberg we are a strong competitor with outstanding performance, skills and solutions, enabling us to offer the state-of-the-art systems for next generation soldiers”, says Mika Kari, President of Patria’s land business unit. “This is a strategic partnership – combining each company’s unique strengths and expertise as well as our best practices means we can build even better solutions to future markets”, says Espen Henriksen, President of Kongsberg Protech Systems.  SP Issue 2 • 2015    SP’S MAI    21

Internal Security Breaches

Miley Cyrus has had her Los Angeles home burgled again

M

iley Cyrus has had her home burgled for a second time in less than a year - with the most recent break-in taking place just before Christmas. The man accused of burgling her Los Angeles home on December 16, 2014, has now pleaded not guilty to all of the charges against him. Rusty Sellner, who was arrested, is accused of burglary, theft and receiving stolen property. He faces up to seven years and eight months in prison if convicted. According to the prosecution, Sellner broke into Miley’s home in Toluca Lake, an area known for its celebrity inhabitants, and stole things belonging to the singer and her brother. Back in May her home in San Fernando Valley was broken into and thieves took clothes, bags, jewellery and a car that was later found abandoned. A couple from Arizona were sent to prison for that burglary.  SP

thousands of confidential documents — everything from private correspondence among Sony executives to salary and performance data about Sony employees. Those documents were password protected, and whoever is behind the hack provided said password only to journalists. But it’s likely only a matter of time before they break out into the world at large.  SP

Park ‘N Fly breached

L

PHOTOGRAPHS: hdwallpapers.in, Wikipedia

Sony hacking

W

hen Sony Pictures employees got into the office on November 24, they discovered that their corporate network had been hacked. The attackers took terabytes of private data, deleted the original copies from Sony computers, and left messages threatening to release the information if Sony didn’t comply with the attackers’ demands. Sony’s network was down for days as administrators struggled to repair the damage. Staff were reportedly forced to work on whiteboards to do their jobs. But the greater damage was from all the confidential information that got leaked to the public. The hackers posted five Sony movies (four unreleased) to file-sharing networks. And they also leaked 22    SP’S MAI    Issue 2 • 2015

ate last year, KrebsOnSecurity wrote that two huge swaths of credit card numbers put up for sale in the cybercrime underground had likely been stolen from Atlanta-based Park ‘N Fly and from OneStopParking.com, competing airport parking services that lets customers reserve spots in advance of travel via Internet reservation systems. This week, both companies confirmed that they had indeed suffered a breach. In a statement released, the company acknowledged that its site was hacked and leaking credit card data, but stopped short of saying how long the breach persisted or how many customers may have been affected. The statement reads: “Park ‘N Fly has become aware of a security compromise involving payment card data processed through its e-commerce website. Park ‘N Fly has been working continuously to understand the nature and scope of the incident, and has engaged third-party data forensics experts to assist with its investigation. The data compromise has been contained. While the investigation is ongoing, it has been determined that the security of some data from certain payment cards that were used to make reservations through Park ‘N Fly e-commerce website is at risk. The data potentially at risk includes the card number, cardholder’s name and billing address, card expiration date, and CVV code. Other loyalty customer data potentially at risk includes e-mail addresses, Park ‘N Fly passwords and telephone numbers.”   SP www.spsmai.com