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ISSUE 5 • 2018

a word

from editor-in-chief

In the first week of April this year, a RFI for 110 fighter aircraft, single or twin-engine, was issued. Hopefully this will be pursued by the Ministry of Defence with vigour and the numbers will be appropriately enhanced to close the ever increasing deficiency in the combat fleet

With the combat fleet of the Indian Air Force (IAF) badly depleted and the possibility of the Indian armed forces being called upon to militarily confront both China and Pakistan simultaneously, it had become necessary for the IAF to make a realistic evaluation of its operational capability to cope with a two-front war. Thus it was that in the second half of April this year, the IAF carried out a two-week long and the largest ever war gaming air exercise called Gagan Shakti 2018. Quite understandably, there would be a message embedded in the exercise for both Pakistan and China. Two reports on Exercise Gagan Shakti 2018, including exclusive details of types and numbers of aircraft that participated have been included in this issue of SP’s Aviation. While the IAF may have good reason to be proud and happy about its performance during Exercise Gagan Shakti 2018, it can no longer ignore the need to build up the strength of the combat fleet from the present 31 squadrons to the authorised level of 42. The issue has acquired real urgency and in fact is turning virtually into a crisis as efforts of the IAF over the last 11 years to induct modern fourth-generation combat aircraft in large numbers as also to develop a fifth-generation fighter aircraft (FGFA) jointly with Russia have both run aground. A report on the failed FGFA project by Air Marshal B.K. Pandey (Retd) figures in this issue. In the first week of April this year, a Request for Information for 110 fighter aircraft, single or twin-engine, has been issued. Hopefully this will be pursued by the Ministry of Defence with vigour and the numbers will be appropriately enhanced to close the ever increasing deficiency in the combat fleet. While the leading players in the global aerospace industry such as Boeing and Lockheed Martin who are the major pillars of strength, are all set to jump into the fray, in the final analysis, there is no alternative to self reliance in this field in the long run. A major development in the regime of military aviation visible on the horizon is the trend to shift to the unmanned regime including in respect of combat platforms. But the proliferation

of unmanned platforms, has accentuated the need for safe integration of unmanned platforms with the manned air traffic, civil and military. Consequently, the involved regulatory agencies are in search of affordable solutions especially of integration of mini-UAVs. J. Noronha looks back on this front. Wish you refreshing reading. Jai Hind! SP’s Aviation joins the global aviation fraternity in paying tribute to the legendary Serge Dassault. The former Chairman and CEO of Dassault Aviation was associated with the company for nearly 50 years. Under his leadership, Dassault Aviation consistently developed to new market realities to rise to the challenges of the 21st century. During his tenure, new and innovative aircraft emerged meeting the new customers’ requirements in both civil and military aviation. He held various prestigious positions in the French and European Aviation sector and was elected as the ‘Aircraft Manufacturer of the Year’ in 1998. As a person who dedicated his life to aeronautics and the aviation industry, he will always be remembered for his passion for aviation.

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MILITARY viewpoint

Desire to Preserve History of the IAF Inducted in 1946, the Dakota was an iconic platform and in the initial years of post-independence India, was the mainstay of the transport fleet of the IAF

Photograph: Rajeev.in

By Air Marshal B.K. Pandey (retd) A Dakota DC-3 which had been gifted three months ago to the Indian Air Force (IAF) by Rajeev Chandrasekhar, Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha), was formally inducted into the IAF and joined the Vintage Squadron located at Air Force Station Hindan, on Friday May 4, 2018. The Dakota bearing tail number VP 905 and appropriately christened as ‘Parashurama’, was formally inducted into the IAF at a grand ceremony at Hindan where it was handed over by Air Commodore M.K. Chandrasekhar (Retd), father of Rajeev Chandrasekhar and a renowned veteran from the Dakota fleet of the IAF. The aircraft that was purchased and restored by Rajeev Chandrasekhar, was received by Air Marshal B.S. Dhanoa, Chief of the Air Staff. Inducted in 1946, the Dakota was an iconic platform and in the initial years of post-independence India, was the mainstay of the transport fleet of the IAF and played a sterling role in its operational history. It was the first to land troops of the Indian Army at Srinagar in 1947 in response to Pakistani efforts to usurp control of the Kashmir Valley and provided logistic support to the Indian forces through the war in 1947-48. In Poonch, Dakotas were employed to drop bombs and this was followed by the first ever landing at a manually prepared strip just 600 yards long. The Dakota played a crucial role in preventing Poonch from falling into Pakistani hands. During the war in December 1971, Dakotas were a part of the fleet that dropped Indian paratroopers at Tangail in Bangla Desh. It was one the finest transport aircraft ever designed and was endowed with versatile operational capability. When the Dakota fleet was retired from service, the last of this platform was sold off by 2010 as scrap. Driven by the motivation of preserving history, Rajeev Chandrasekhar initiated a move in 2011 to purchase a Dakota that was on sale in Ireland. His initial proposal to gift a Dakota aircraft to the IAF at his own cost, was rejected by the Minister of Defence, A.K. Antony, ostensibly on account of lack of a precedent. However, Manohar Parrikar, the Minister of Defence in the BJP Government, cleared the proposal subsequently with a pre-condition that the fully restored aircraft be handed over to the IAF in India. Having embarked on the task, the challenges for Rajeev Chandrasekhar especially with regard to the restoration of the Dakota to make it airworthy, were formidable. One of the greatest challenges was to procure the required original spare parts, both for the airframe and the engines, as the original equipment manufacturer had ceased production of the Dakota over seven decades ago and hence was not in a position to provide

ISSUE 5 • 2018

iconic platform: VP905 Parashurama at Diagoras International Airport, Rhodes, Greece Gallery

any product support. Spare parts and the required engineering expertise had to be sought from private parties spread across the United Kingdom (UK) and Europe. Thus to get the aircraft back on the line and make it fit to fly safely several thousand miles across seven nations to reach India, was not only an expensive proposition, but was painstaking and demanded both patience and passion on the part of Rajeev Chandrasekhar. Another major hurdle would have been to obtain certification for the restored aircraft from the Civil Aviation Authority, the regulatory authority of the UK. Apart from the overpowering desire on the part of Rajeev Chandrasekhar to preserve history, the effort and cost involved in gifting of a vintage Dakota aircraft to the IAF is a reflection of the respect for and high esteem that the family holds the IAF in. This gesture is not only be a matter of pride for those retired or currently serving in the IAF; but will continue to be a source of inspiration for future air warriors as well. SP

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military exercise

hands on: defence minister and cas air chief marshal b.s. dhanoa interacting with the air warriors

“Gagan Shakti” Aerial Might on Display! Exercise Gagan Shakti will also convey a message to Pakistan and China that any threat emanating from them, would be dealt with in a befitting manner

Photograph: Twitter / DefenceMinIndia

By Air Marshal B.K. Pandey (retd)

Exercise ‘Gagan Shakti’, translated into English to mean ‘Aerial Might’, that commenced on April 10, 2018, was a two-week long air exercise conducted by the Indian Air Force (IAF). The air exercise that had the involvement of the entire fleet of aircraft of the IAF based across the length and breadth of the country, has been described as the largest such effort undertaken by the service in the last 30 years. The aims and objectives of the exercise were to test the operational preparedness and capability of the IAF to cope with the possible security challenges emanating from the two adversaries Pakistan and China that the nation may be con-

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fronted with. The assessment is to be made in terms of the state and performance of assets, professional capability of personnel manning these assets and the adequacy and competence of various supporting organisations. The purpose of the exercise was also to display to the nation, the combat preparedness of the force. Specifically, the exercise encompassed all aspects of aerial warfare including network-centric warfare, air defence, close air support, interdiction, deep strike, counter air operations, airborne assault operations, special heli-borne operations, aerial reconnaissance, medical evacuation and logistic support operations. In the worst case scenario, even with the

ISSUE 5 • 2018

military

exercise

Photograph: IAF

air superiority combat aircraft: iaf’s su-30mki displayed its strategic reach and carried out operations over the maritime zone

shortages the combat fleet of the IAF is currently afflicted with, helicopters as also drones participated in Exercise Gagan the organisation would have to be prepared to fight a two-front Shakti. Given the fact that the combat fleet of the IAF has dwindled to 31 squadrons, the total number of combat aircraft the war. There is no other option available to the IAF. One of the several objectives of the exercise was also to vali- IAF has would be in the region of 620. Of this number, with the date the capability of the IAF to dominate the entire extended flight line availability at 80 per cent as stated by Air Chief Mararea of the Indian Ocean Region. Su-30 MKI air superiority shal B.S. Dhanoa, Chief of the Air Staff during a media briefcombat aircraft of the IAF armed with the potent BrahMos ing, the number of combat aircraft actually participating in the supersonic cruise missile, a combination cleared recently and exercise was around 560. The remaining aircraft participating the fleet of Jaguar deep penetration strike aircraft armed with in the exercise were from the transport and helicopter fleets as the Harpoon anti-ship missiles, displayed their strategic reach also force multipliers.. During the exercise, over 11,000 missions were flown and and capability to carry out operations over the maritime zone in coordination with the Indian Navy. The critical role that a flight in all, more than 15,000 air warriors participated in the exerrefuelling aircraft can play in the enhancement of reach and cise. In addition, for segments of the exercise involving joint capability of the combat fleet of the IAF over the Indian Ocean operations with the Indian Army and the Indian Navy, personregion extending to the island territories, was also clearly dem- nel of these two services were also involved. One notable feaonstrated. This is particularly relevant in the context of the per- ture of the exercise was that the light combat aircraft Tejas Mk petually increasing level of activity by the People’s Liberation I that has been inducted into the IAF in the recent past and has Army Navy (PLAN) of China in the Indian Ocean which could generally been used as a technology demonstrator, participated pose a serious threat to the sea lanes of communications on for the first time in an air exercise where the indigenously produced platform had the opportunity to which the Indian economy is heavily display its operational capability, firing dependent. For a realistic appraisal of close combat and beyond visual range capability, the various types of aircraft (BVR) missiles. This should inspire the participating were required to operate Exercise Gagan Indian aerospace industry to aim for both by day and night. further achievements and to cross new Exercise Gagan Shakti was conShakti will help milestones in the regime of indigenous ducted in two phases. Phase I consisted the IAF make production of aircraft, particularly of of operations along the India-Pakistan combat platforms. border. Phase II, involved operations an accurate While Exercise Gagan Shakti will along the India-China border and assessment of the undoubtedly help the IAF make an accuincluded aircraft operating from airstate of operational rate assessment of the state of operafields located at high altitudes that have tional preparedness across the specbeen made operational and capable preparedness across trum of capability, it will also convey a of handling both combat aircraft and the spectrum of message to Pakistan and China that any large transport aircraft of the IAF. As threat emanating from them, would be divulged by the IAF, about 1,100 aircapability met with in a befitting manner. SP craft including fighters, transport and

ISSUE 5 • 2018

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military exercise

hands-on: defence minister nirmala sitharaman Alighting from a Mi-17 chopper

Photograph: IAF

“Gagan Shakti” may give China & Pakistan a cause for concern 11000 sorties by 1100 aircraft, disaster-relief evacuation drills and more, the air warriors are ‘shaking the heavens and splitting the Earth’ By Arpita Kala

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ISSUE 5 • 2018

military

exercise

Photographs: Twitter / NSitharaman, IAF

Looks like the South Asian neighbours—India, Pakistan and China are taking this adage pretty seriously. After sporadic reports of Chinese ‘annual exercises’ in South China Sea threw everyone in a tizzy, the Indian Air Force’s power and might were on display during Gagan Shakti 2018. Preparedness was the aim of the exercise rather than intimidating the hostile neighbours, as Air Chief Marshal B.S. Dhanoa reportedly said, “The aim of the exercise is to validate our operational capabilities and concepts in a realistic war-like scenario as well as check our ability to sustain high-tempo operations. It’s not aimed at any country.” Touted as the biggest ever war combat game exercise on Pakistan and China borders, the exercise kicked off on April 8 and culminated on April 22 with the IAF involving almost all of its assets for the event. Minister of Defence Nirmala Sitharaman even took to her Twitter handle to share a video of the exercise appreciating the plan by tweeting- ‘The scale and scope of #GaganShakti2018 is enormous & like never-before. Given here are only glimpses. Kudos to @IAF_MCC, CAS Air Chief Marshal BS Dhanoa and to all’. Over 1,100 aircraft were deployed at their operational locations and more than 11,000 sorties were flown, which include approx 9,000 sorties by fighter aircraft. These included close to 550 fighters like the Su-30MKIs, S-30s, MiG-29s, MiG-21s, MiG27s, Jaguars, Mirage 2000 Hawks, transport aircraft such as the C-17 Globemaster, C-130 Hercules, as well as the IAF workhorse, An-32. For the first time, the indigenous Tejas Mark 1 was included in the biennial excercise. The Tejas has already been inducted into the ‘Flying Daggers’ 45 Air Force squadron but is undergoing constant improvements with the Air Force eagerly waiting for the improved version, Tejas Mark 1A and Tejas Mark II. Not only that, this is the first time an exercise of this magnitude has been done since Operation Brasstacks in November 1986 and Operation Parakram in December 2001. For skeptics, who aren’t able to digest the mammoth scale of the operations, former Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha clarifies, “It includes all types of aircraft, fighters, transport aircraft, helicopters, UAVs, force multipliers, etc. High serviceability and rate of sortie generation have helped in achieving such flying effort. Almost all Indian Air Force level exercise have used maximum assets in the past.” Of battalion drops and evacuations As part of the recently concluded exercise, a Mass Casualty Air Evacuation Drill was also conducted in the Northern sector in which 88 ‘casualties’ were airlifted from Leh and taken to Chandigarh by C-17 Globemaster aircraft. The aircraft was converted for this role by fixing support structures for the stretchers, in the main cabin. An indigenously developed Patient Transfer Unit (PTU) capable of providing In-Flight Critical Care to patients was also demonstrated during the exercise. After landing in Chandigarh, these ‘patients’ were evacuated to Command Hospital, Chandimandir. For swift transfer of the patients in ambulances to the Hospital, a green corridor was made in liaison with Chandigarh civil authorities. The IAF sought to prove their quick response in carrying out mass casualty evacuations through this demonstration. This capability will also be utilised by the IAF in disaster relief operations near the incident locations by even landing on the designated highways. During Exercise Gagan Shakti 2018, the IAF also formalised the concept of a Forward Surgical Centre (FSC) with the aim of enhancing the medical capabilities at a forward base which is located away from a service hospital. The establishment of FSC as a forward base enables immediate life and limb saving surgery and stabilization of the patient. Evacuation rear-ward to a

ISSUE 5 • 2018

(Top to above) garud commandos in action; Mass Casualty Air Evacuation Drill in progress; defence minister with air chief address the media in Chabua, Assam, during Gagan Shakti 2018.

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exercise higher surgical centre could then be undertaken at an opportune time during operations. The availability of FSCs at remote forward bases would be a major boost to the morale of not only the air warriors but also for army soldiers. So far, the first FSC has been operationalised in Naliya, Gujrat and two more are expected to come up in Phalodi, Rajasthan and Sirsa, Haryana. Air Chief Marshal Dhanoa also visited the FSC at Naliya and was quite impressed with the dedicated surgical team, equipped to undertake six to eight surgeries a day. There was a mass casualty air evacuation drill on Day 8 of the exercise by the Eastern Air Command (EAC) from Air Force Station Chabua in Assam to Netaji Subhash International Airport, Kolkata and further on to Command Hospital (Eastern Command), Alipore by road. Two An-32 aircrafts aided the drill that took place in the middle of the night.

(Top to above) paratroopers boarding and jumping from C-130J; Exercise tested LCA across a varied spectrum encompassing Air Defence and Strike capabilities amongst others.

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Best of all three forces More than 300 officers and 15,000 air warriors participated in the exercise, so it comes as no surprise that from a total of 11,000 sorties, over 5,000 sorties were conducted in just 3 days. Defence Secretary Sanjay Mitra and the Vice Chief of Air Staff Air Marshal S.B. Deo also flew a sortie each in Su-30 MKI squadron based at Sirsa. The mission was flown in a dense network centric environment as part of the exercise. In an all-inclusive move, the IAF also conducted maritime air operations on the Western seaboard, aiming at air dominance and deep strike validation over the extended area of interest in the Indian Ocean region (IOR). In the long range strike concept validation, the Su-30s, airborne from a base on the eastern coast engaged multiple targets, in the western seaboard, at distances beyond 2,500 km, and landed at a southern base, thus covering a total distance of 4,000 km, in a single mission. The enormous ranges were aided by the use of Il-78 flight refuelling aircraft for long range strike capabilities as well as the Indian Navy P-8I aircraft and airborne warning and control systems (AWACS). Gagan Shakti also gave an opportunity to evaluate joint operations with the Indian Navy for testing enablers such as AWACS and FRAs in the Op matrix and in conjunction with Su-30 and Jaguar aircraft. The exploitation of the combat support assets helps to extend the reach in the entire IOR. Joint operations with Army and Navy would help in achieving better operational synergy between the three services, in application of combat power. The good ol’ Sukhoi jets also made an appearance on the ninth day of the exercise in a massive bombing exercise on the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border. Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman and Air Chief Marshall B.S. Dhanoa witnessed this operation. “The exercise has shown that the IAF can reach the north-east from any part of the country within two hours, fully prepared. Heavy vehicles landed in front of me at the Advanced Landing Ground (ALG) at Pasighat (in Arunachal Pradesh). Thus, we have achieved our access to the remotest part of the country,” said Sitharaman. Earlier, the Defence Minister flew on a Mi-17 chopper to go to Pasighat ALG from the IAF base at Chabua in Assam. At Pasighat, she witnessed the take-off of two Su-30 jets and the landing of a C-130 aircraft, from which Garud Commandos simulated taking over the base. Sitharaman, who also witnessed the bombing drill, was briefed on the uploading of rockets on a Mi helicopter gunship. Meanwhile, a major joint operation, Inter Valley Troop Transfer (IVTT), was conducted in the Northern and North-Eastern Sector to reposition troops from one valley to another, to counter any evolving threat and to surprise or offensively exploit

ISSUE 5 • 2018

military

exercise types & number of AIRCRAFT participated

Combat Aircraft Su-30 MKI

173

Chetak

Cheetah

MiG-29

Dhruv

Mirage 2000

Cheetal

MiG-21 Bison

Total

MiG-21 Bis

Force Multipliers

MiG-21 M

IL-78 Aerial Tankers

MiG-27 UPG

A-50 AWACS

Jaguar

Embraer AEW&C

Jaguar M

UAVs

Total

Tejas Hawk

Total

556

Transport Aircraft

251

Number of sorties • Combat Aircraft

Approximately 9,000 sorties

• Transport & Helicopters

Around 2,000 sorties

C-17 Globemaster III

Commands Involved

C-130J Super Hercules

The IAF Commands involved were the following:

IL-76

An-32

• Phase-I: Western, South Western and Southern Air Commands

Avro HS-748

• Phase-II: Western, Central, Eastern and Southern Air Commands

Dornier DO-228

aircraft INVOLVED on Western front

Total

207

Su-30 MKI, Mirage 2000, MiG-29, Jaguar, MiG-21, LCA Tejas and Hawk

134

aircraft INVOLVED on Eastern front

Helicopters Mi-17 Family Mi-35

Su-30 MKI, Mirage 2000, MiG-29, Jaguar Source: IAF hQ via air marshal b.k. pandey (retd)

the weakness of the adversary. The operations used C-130 Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) drills. In a Tweet to signify the start of the activities, and An-32 tactical transport aircraft and the official page of Indian Air Force stated Mi-17 V5/ALH helicopters, also validating that the ‘Aim of the Exercise is real time the versatile manoeuvering capabilities of ‘The aim of the coordination, deployment and employthese platforms in an extremely demandment of Air Power in a short and intense ing high altitude terrain. exercise is to validate battle scenario. IAF will exercise the The IAF and Indian Army Parachute our operational entire machinery to validate its concept of Brigade’s battalion-level airborne assault capabilities and operations and war waging capability. Air on Day 3 was indeed hair-raising. The misChief Marshall Dhanoa also agreed that sion included paradrop of 560 paratroopconcepts in a the mega exercise ‘achieved more than its ers, combat vehicles and GPS guided cargo realistic war-like stated objectives’. IAF was able to achieve platforms. The landing force was dropped 80 per cent serviceability of aircraft while behind the simulated enemy lines to scenario as well as radars and surface to air guided weapsoften up the likely resistance to our own check our ability ons maintained a serviceability of 97 per armoured offensive. The airborne force to sustain highcent, which included some of the legacy comprised six C-130J and seven An-32 systems that were over 40 years old. aircraft launched from multiple IAF bases. tempo operations. Focused effort enabled a dispatch rate The force was provided aerial surveillance It’s not aimed at any of more than 95 per cent for the Combat by AWACS and protected by a flight of Assets, 100 per cent availability of ComSu-30 air superiority fighters. country,’ says Air bat Support Systems and almost 100 per Chief Marshal B.S. cent dispatch rates of Combat Enablers. A Grand Finale Dhanoa Well then, ‘May God have mercy on our The exercise stands out in its quest to enemies, because we won’t.’ SP merge the wartime drills with various

ISSUE 5 • 2018

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Industry boeing

US Aerospace Industry and Boeing’s Standing One of the aerospace majors in the United States (US) is the Boeing Company that is virtually the pillar of strength for the US aerospace industry

Photograph: Boeing

By Air Marshal B.K. Pandey (Retd) The regime of aerospace industry is one area in which the United States (US) has held for quite some time and continues to hold a dominant position in the world. With high degree of command and control over modern technologies, most of which has been developed indigenously, as well as the ongoing continuous advancement in this domain, the US aerospace industry enjoys significant competitive advantage over those of other technologically advanced nations of the world. Today, the US is undoubtedly the leading innovator in the world and producer of technologically advanced products. Like other developed nations especially in Europe, the aerospace industry of the US is a high technology capability that is being fully exploited by the nation for the original design, development and manufacture of both civil and military aircraft, the aero engines to power these platforms, guided missiles, space vehicles and all components related to these required by the users. A Brief Overview The US aerospace industry consists of around 300 large,

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medium and small companies. However, the leading companies in the US aerospace industry today who are also the major players on the global scene are Boeing, United Technologies Corporation (UTC), Space Exploration Technologies Corporation also referred to as SpaceX, Norththrop Grumman, General Dynamics, GE Aviation, Raytheon and Lockheed Martin Corporation. The US aerospace market being the largest in the world, has a skilled, well trained and competent work force, wide range of products on offer, elaborate distribution systems and strong support at the local and national level for policy formulation and promotion of products. The US aerospace industry employs more than 5,00,000 personnel in scientific and technical regimes across the nation and supports more than 700,000 jobs in related fields. Investment in the US aerospace industry is facilitated by a large pool of well-trained machinists, aerospace engineers and other appropriately skilled work force with the right level of experience in the aerospace industry. Some of the major sub-sectors of the US aerospace industry are as under: • Large Civil Aircraft. The US is a global leader in the pro-

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Industry

•

boeing

duction of large civil aircraft and offers numerous opportunities for investment in the supply chain. Rotorcraft. The US rotorcraft industry is diverse with the market encompassing the military aviation segment, emergency medical service providers, offshore oil and gas exploration and law enforcement applications. General Aviation (GA). The US is the world’s largest market for GA aircraft. Manufacturers of GA aircraft produce a wide range of platforms including piston engine aircraft, turboprops, jets, balloons, dirigibles and experimental aircraft. Engines. Major engine manufacturers produce engines for both civil and military aircraft, either by themselves or as part of one or more joint ventures. This sub-sector also provides business opportunities in maintenance, repair and overhaul of their products. Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). Given the rapid growth of UAS operations both in the military and civil regimes, there is immense potential for the US aerospace industry in this sub-sector.

The Civil Aviation Industry Companies in the US that are engaged in manufacturing activities in the civil segment of the aerospace industry, are heavily dependent on sales to the airline industry not only in the US which by itself is very large, but on the airline industry of other nations the world over. With the underlying drivers of demand in the global airline industry being very strong, there is an ever increasing demand for air travel all over the world. As a result, there has been a corresponding surge in demand for new commercial aircraft with more advanced technologies as well as higher levels of fuel efficiency leading to a healthy growth in the sales of commercial and business aviation platforms and other related products. In the domain of civil aviation, the US currently accounts for just over 50 per cent of the total global production. Admittedly, in the present times, there has been some reduction in the share of the US aerospace industry in the civil aviation segment of the global market when compared with that prevailing in the decade of the 1980 and the 1990s. In these two decades gone by, the US aerospace industry commanded a more dominant position with the global market share being close to 70 per cent. The present reduction has been due to the rise of European aerospace major Airbus as well as the Brazilian aircraft manufacturer Embraer as also a degree of consolidation at home with the merger of McDonnell Douglas with Boeing in 1997. As it stands today, North America and Europe account for around 80 per cent of global production in the domain of the civil aviation industry. Military Segment of the US Aerospace Industry Those firms in the US aerospace industry that are associated with the manufacture of aircraft or equipment for the military segment or for organisations related to space exploration namely the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), are dependent largely on the domestic market. This market is dominated largely by the US government with the Department of Defence and NASA being the two largest consumers of aerospace technology and products. Also, unlike in the case of the global civil aviation market, the demand for products in the military segment in the market outside the US is relatively lower and its customer base is limited generally to stra-

tegic defence partners, allies or nations friendly to the US. When compared with the commercial segment of the aerospace industry, the defence industry segment of the US aerospace industry commands a more dominant position with US based companies garnering around 60 per cent of global military sales. One of the aerospace majors in the US is the Boeing Company that is virtually the pillar of strength for the US aerospace industry. The Boeing Company As the world’s largest aerospace company, Boeing is undoubtedly the leading player in the US aerospace industry. It is the leading manufacturer of commercial airliners, defence, space and security systems as well as it is the service provider of aftermarket support. The company recorded an annual turnover of $94,571 million in the year 2016, nearly twice that by the US aerospace giant that is next in line. The Boeing Company consists of three business units namely Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Boeing Defence, Space & Security and Boeing Global Services. The last of the three units commenced operations only on July 01 last year. Supporting the three business units is Boeing Capital Corporation, a global provider of financing solutions. Boeing products and tailored services include commercial and military aircraft, satellites, weapons, electronic and defence systems, launch systems, advanced information and communication systems as well as performance-based logistics and training. Boeing Commercial Airplanes has been the leading manufacturer and exporter of commercial airliners for decades. The company supports airlines who are its customers, in more than 150 countries. Today, this wing of the company manufactures a large number of models such as the Boeing 737, 747, 767, 777 and 787 families of narrow and wide body airliners and a range of Boeing Business Jets. More than 10,000 Boeing-built commercial airliners are in service all over the world which accounts for almost half the global fleet. Products currently under development include the Boeing 787-10 Dreamliner, the 737 MAX and the 777X. The company also offers the most complete family of freighters and about 90 per cent of the world’s air cargo is carried onboard freighter aircraft from Boeing. Boeing Defence, Space & Security (BDS) is a diversified, global organisation providing leading solutions for the design, development and production of both fixed and rotary wing platforms for military use and projects related to space exploration by humans. Some of the products that is of interest to the Indian Air Force (IAF) are the KC-46 flight refuelling aircraft based on the Boeing 767 commercial airliner platform, the AH-64E Apache attack helicopter and the CH-47F Chinook heavy-lift helicopter. Contracts for the two rotary wing platforms i.e for 22 AH-64E Apache attack helicopters and 15 CH-47F Chinook heavy-lift helicopters have already been concluded and these platforms are expected to be delivered to the IAF in the near future effecting a qualitative upgrade in the operational capability of the IAF. Boeing Global Services delivers innovative, comprehensive and cost-competitive service solutions for the customers of products from Boeing. With engineering, digital analytics, supply chain and training support spanning across both the government and commercial service offerings, the unmatched, round-the-clock support provided by Boeing Global Services, helps sustain operations by commercial aircraft at high efficiency levels and mission assurance. SP

In the domain of civil aviation, the US currently accounts for just over 50 per cent of the total global production

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industry viewpoint

three in one: Boeing forged a partnership with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, a Defence Public Sector Undertaking (DPSU) along with Mahindra Defence Systems, a private sector for the joint production of the F/A-18 Super Hornet in India

A Powerful Impetus for ‘Make in India’ Production of a fighter aircraft in India through a joint venture, will provide a major impetus to the Make in India programme in the Indian aerospace industry

Photograph: Boeing

By Air Marshal B.K. Pandey (retd)

On April 12, 2018, Boeing made public the company’s success in forging of a partnership with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), the Indian aerospace major and a Defence Public Sector Undertaking (DPSU) along with Mahindra Defence Systems (MDS), an Indian aerospace venture in the private sector, for the joint production of the F/A-18 Super Hornet in India to

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meet with the requirements of the Indian Navy and possibly the requirements of the Indian Air Force (IAF) with a land-based version of the platform. This partnership also has plans to pursue the joint development of future technologies in this regime as well. This three-way partnership has been inspired by the move initiated by the Indian Navy to procure a modern combat air-

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Photograph: US Navy

industry

viewpoint

craft capable of operating from In 2016, the Ministry of the deck of an aircraft carrier. Defence (MoD) then headed Currently, the Indian Navy by Manohar Parrikar, initiated operates a fleet of 45 MiG-29K. a proposal to invite a foreign However, as the MiG-29K fleet original equipment manufacis plagued with poor serviceturer (OEM) of a proven, singleability and other maintenance engine combat platform to set issues, the Indian Navy is lookup a production line in India ing for a better and a more to manufacture the aircraft in reliable platform for the new fairly large numbers to meet indigenous aircraft carrier that with the current shortfall in the is presently under construction IAF as also the future requireat the Cochin Shipyard. ments. Initial dialogue through The Indian Navy rejected diplomatic channels indicated the naval version of the indigthat there were just two posenously built light combat airsible candidates. These were craft Tejas as it was found to Lockheed Martin Corporation of be much too heavy and conthe United States (US) offering siderably underpowered, thus the F-16 Fighting Falcon and being unsuitable for operating Saab of Sweden with the JAS from an aircraft carrier. Con39E Gripen, both proven, sinsequently, in early 2017, the gle-engine fighter aircraft. HowIndian Navy issued a Request ever, in early 2018, there was for Information (RFI) to proa rethink on the subject at the cure 57 multi-role combat airMoD and the IAF was advised craft for its new carrier. The to include twin-engine aircraft likely contenders in the race as well in the tender to increase for the final contract are Boethe number of contenders in ing, pitching its F/A-18 Super the race for the contract. This Hornet, the Rafale from Daswould not only provide the sault Aviation of France, the IAF with a wider spectrum of Russian MiG-29K and the Sea choice, it would also help obviGripen from Saab of Sweden. ate the possibility of a “single Although the Request for Provendor situation”, something strong contender: posal (RFP) which is the forthat is not acceptable under the Boeing F/A-18 Super Hornet stands a bright chance with mal tender document, is yet to Defence Procurement Proceindian navy be issued, from amongst the dure (DPP) 2016. four contenders listed above, As per the advice from the the F/A 18 Super Hornet undoubtedly stands a bright chance of MoD, an RFI was floated by the IAF in the first week of April 2018 being identified as the preferred platform. It will be less expen- for 110 single-engine or twin-engine fighter aircraft, 85 per cent sive compared with the Rafale and hence more affordable if large of which would have to be manufactured in India in partnership numbers are required to be procured and can boast of better with an Indian aerospace company in the private or public sector. capability and operational track record than the Sea Gripen As it appears, this exercise is likely to be a repeat of the MMRCA or the MiG-29K. While the initial requirement projected by the tender with possibly one or two fresh contenders joining the race. Indian Navy is for 57 aircraft, this figure may double in case For Boeing, it would make eminent sense to enter the race for the the Indian Navy decides to replace the existing MiG-29K fleet or contract with the offer for a customised version of the platform for induct another aircraft carrier. the IAF. If both the Indian Navy and the IAF opt for this platform, The business potential for Boeing however, is not likely to be the total numbers required to be produced by the joint venture limited to the requirements of the Indian facility in India will be much larger thus Navy alone. Since the cancellation in enhancing the financial viability of the 2015 of the tender for 126 medium business model. It will also provide for multi-role combat aircraft (MMRCA), better maintenance support by the OEM the IAF has been desperately looking to both the Indian Navy and the IAF. For Boeing, it would for options to induct modern fourthThis project will benefit immensely make eminent sense generation combat aircraft in large from the strengthening ties between numbers to arrest the crippling erosion India and the US especially as India has to enter the race of operational capability and restore the been declared a “Major Defence Partfor the contract strength of its combat fleet to the authoner” of the US. But more importantly, with the offer for a rised level of 42 squadrons in a respectmanufacture of the selected platform in able time frame. As of today, the IAF is India through a joint venture will procustomised version short of around 200 fighter aircraft and vide a major impetus to the Make in of the platform for in another five years, if induction plans India programme in the defence manudo not fructify, the deficiency could go up facturing segment of the Indian aerothe IAF to around 400 aircraft. space industry. SP

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More uptime, less downtime. More ﬂights, more revenue. That’s great for business. Utilization deﬁned. www.cfmaeroengines.com CFM International is a 50/50 joint company between GE and Safran Aircraft Engines

civil spicejet

SpiceJet AN emerging leader While rivals battle controversies, the low-frills carrier kicks off the new financial year with impressive accolades By Arpita Kala Another day, yet another accolade for Ajay Singh’s low-frills aviation dream, SpiceJet. Indian aviation is predicted to have a ‘robust growth’ this year and it looks like SpiceJet is leading the way for that. According to the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), Indian carriers carried 11.6 million passengers during the month of March 2018, up from 9.0 million in March 2017. And, the low-cost carrier has topped the list for flying with over 80 per cent of their seats full. “Clocking 95 per cent occupancy in the traditionally lean

travel month of March is an achievement that we are proud of. For three years in a row, SpiceJet has flown with the highest load factors in the Indian aviation market. For 35 months in a row, our loads have been in excess of 90 per cent — a feat unparalleled in global aviation history and a milestone that we are proud of,” Shilpa Bhatia, Chief Sales and Revenue Officer at SpiceJet was quoted in a statement. Domestic airlines posted a 28 per cent growth in passengers flown during March 2018 from a year-ago period, as per

SPICEJET: the story so far... 1984: The Company was incorporated on February 9 as a private company. The business commenced on March 14. Promoted by S.K. Modi of the Modi Group of Companies.

1993-1996: ModiLuft, run by S.K. Modi and Lufthansa Airlines begin operations.

Photograph: SP Guide Pubns

1993: The name of the company was changed to MG Express Ltd on February 17. The Company enters into agreement with international airlines such as Swissair, KLMRoyal Dutch Autun, Qantas airways, Air Canada, etc.

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2000-2005: Defunct Modiluft renamed as Royal Airways but never really took flight.

Mid-2010: Kalanithi Maran acquires 38.7 per cent stake. Ajay Singh quits board.

In May 2005, Ajay Singh and Bhupendra Kansagra join hands. ModiLuft becomes Spicejet. November 23, 1994: The company is awarded the coveted status of a Scheduled Airline and obtains the Associate Membership of IATA.

August 2008: Wilbur Ross, the distressed assets buyer, acquires a controlling stake in Spicejet.

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civil

spicejet

data released by DGCA. All the main scheduled carriers flew their planes with over 80 per cent of their seats full. Gurugram based SpiceJet maintained its pole position in terms of load factor by flying its planes 95 per cent full. Also, the carrier said it is the first and only airline to connect Delhi-Adampur with direct flights under the UDAN scheme. Full throttle ahead And the no-frills carrier seems to be investing in quality performance for the future too by snagging a pretty lucrative engine deal. SpiceJet recently signed a $12.5 billion deal with CFM to purchase LEAP-1B engines for their 155 units of Boeing 737 MAX airplanes as well as spare engines to support the fleet. The LEAP engine family, a product of CFM Internationaljoint venture between United States’ GE Aviation and Francebased Safran Aircraft Engines, is steadily becoming a popular option with more than 14,300 orders received through January 2018. Under the recent $12.5 billion Safran-SpiceJet deal, 340 engines are to be supplied to power the airline’s Boeing 737 MAX fleet as well as spare engines to support the fleet. The airline also signed a 10-year rate per flight hour (RPFH) agreement with CFM that covers all LEAP-1B engines powering their airplanes, giving a 15 per cent reduction in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions versus current engines, a 50 per cent cut in NOx emissions (Nitrogen Oxides), and compliance with stringent noise standards. RPFH agreements is a flexible aftermarket support offering by the engine makers according to which CFM guarantees maintenance costs for all SpiceJet’s LEAP-1B engines on a pay-by-the-hour basis. Not only engines, the airline is venturing into newer vistas such as the very-much-in-vogue seaplane operations. According to the Chairman and Managing Director, Ajay Singh, Spice-

2015: On January 30, SpiceJet board approves `1,500 crore share sale. Maran exits the board. In February 24, 2015, Ajay Singh is back as promoter.

SpiceJet’s fortune 2017-18

Revenue (` in million)

Profit (` in million)

18,695.3

1,752.3

18,143.0

1,052.8

20,819.5

2,399.9

Jet is also exploring the possibility of manufacturing seaplanes in West Bengal following their plan to bring small amphibious and land planes into operation in the next 12 months. These are expected to connect tourist hotspots in the state such as Gangasagar, Sunderbans, etc. And it seems that the airline’s

2017: On January 13, SpiceJet inks mega deal with Boeing for up to 205 jets biggest order in airline’s history.

2018: In January, SpiceJet is awarded 17 proposals and 20 new sectors under the second round of bidding for UDAN. On March 9, SpiceJet gets India’s ‘Best Domestic Airline’ Award at Wings India 2018.

In October, SpiceJet initiates major network expansion with six new aircraft.

On March 10, SpiceJet and CFM sign $12.5 billion engine/ services deal.

On June 12, SpiceJet takes-off on UDAN routes. March 2012: SpiceJet records loss of `249 crore in Q4 due to rising fuel cost.

March 2016: On September 7, SpiceJet doubles net profit to `149 crore in Q1 FY2017

2017: On June 19, SpiceJet and Boeing announce commitment for forty 737 MAX airplanes.

In August 2013, CEO Neil Mills quits.

On November 25, SpiceJet doubles net profit to `58.9 crore in Q2 FY 2017

In September 29, SpiceJet signs order for up to 50 Bombardier Q400s.

On December 19, SpiceJet dominates Indian aviation with highest OTP & PLF in November 2016.

In December, SpiceJet conducts seaplane trials in Mumbai.

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spicejet

11,700

15,056 11,832

4,307

13,367

FY 15

FY 16

(6,871)

(1,911)

(3%)

Revenue Passenger Kilometre (million)

12,034

50,881

52,015

4,498

Earnings After Tax (` million)

61,913

63,042

56,007

Revenue from operations (` million)

(10,032)

civil

(13%) (16%)

FY 14

FY 15

FY 16

FY 17

expansion plans are spelling major business for aircraft manufacturers too. They recently announced a deal for up to 205 Boeing airplanes that includes 100 new 737 MAX 8s, 13 737 MAXs and purchase rights for 50 additional airplanes in addition to their current order for 42 MAXs. Their current fleet includes 35 NextGeneration 737s and 19 Bombardier Q400s, and the airline plans to grow its operational fleet to 100 airplanes by 2020. Apart from this, in the latter half of last year, SpiceJet signed the largest ever order for the 90-seater Q400 Turboprop with Bombardier for about 50 aircraft. They currently operate twenty 78-seater Bombardier Q400 aircraft in their fleet. Looks like SpiceJet is getting ready in full-swing for the forecasted boom in Indian aviation.

FY 13

FY 14

FY 15

FY 16

FY 17

Passengers (million)

FY 13

FY 14

FY 17

May. A daily direct flight between Delhi and Adampur (Jalandhar) is also expected to commence from May making it the airline’s sixth destination under the UDAN scheme.

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All bouquets no brickbats Though SpiceJet’s growing numbers speak for themselves, the man behind the airline, Ajay Singh, also received a concrete proof of his success. Singh was recently honoured with the BML Munjal Awards 2018 for Business Excellence through Learning and Development, making it another feather in their cap. Enhanced customer satisfaction and operational efficiency as well as focused initiatives like an emphasis on consistency in service delivery and customer retention and mostly, the airline’s operational efficiency FY 13 FY 14 FY 15 FY 16 FY 17 leading to a reduction of 2 per Source: SpiceJet Annual Reports cent fuel burn per flight was comNew routes and RCS plans mended. “I am honoured to receive One of the most enthusiastic supthis award. This is a recognition of porters of UDAN, SpiceJet has found SpiceJet’s spectacular comeback and a novel way for expansion through government’s ambitious Regional Connectivity Scheme. Enjoy- remarkable performance. We have achieved what very few airing perks such as reduced VAT on ATF, no charges for aircraft lines in the world have managed and I share this award with parking and landing etc under the scheme, SpiceJet has plans each and every SpiceJetter who has been a part of this magnifito start servicing 20 UDAN routes. With its Hubli-Chennai and cent journey,” said Ajay Singh on receiving the award. And this Hubli-Hyderabad flights launching soon, the airline will be the isn’t a first (and hopefully not the last), SpiceJet also walked first and only airline to connect these areas as well as enjoy away with the Best Domestic Airline Award at the aviation event monopoly for three years connecting the second largest city in Wings India 2018 recently held in Hyderabad. With Air Asia Karnataka. There are also reports doing the rounds that the air looking to challenge rival SpiceJet with cheap fares and more carrier has also won the bid to operate flights from Darbhanga routes, and Indigo remaining an investor-favourite in spite of airstrip, an Indian Air Force (IAF) base, while its flights to the some troubles, it will be interesting to watch how well the airtourist-hotspot rocky Leh region are slated to commence from line handles the competition. SP

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Learn why savvy owners are turning to operating Leases.

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Visit us at EBACE - Booth Z115 Contact Simon Davies at +1 (561) 235-1410 or email him at sdavies@globaljetcapital.com. We’ll get you in the air. globaljetcapital.com

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business aviation europe

boosting growth: gulfstream flagship G650ER

Have European private jets finally emerged from the Great Recession? Rising from the ashes of 2008 economic crisis and dispelling Brexit fears, business aviators gear up for the upcoming EBACE 2018

Photograph: gulfstream

By Arpita Kala While the 2018 European Business Aviation Convention & Exhibition (EBACE2018) doesn’t kick off until May 29, this edition has the business aviation community very eager. Especially, after the recent global changes such as the Brexit as well as the trickle-down effect of The Tax Cuts Act in the United States.

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The 3-day long, European Business Aviation Association (EBAA) and the National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) hosted event, will bring together 13,000 business aviation professionals, feature hundreds of exhibitors as well as static display with more than 50 aircraft and numerous education sessions. And, if that isn’t enough, ‘Jetman’ Yves Rossy will kick-

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business aviation

europe

start the event’s Opening Session this year. The Swiss militarytrained pilot, Rossy, has invented a series of experimental individual jetpacks and is currently using a self-designed jetpack with top speed of more than 150 knots, carbon-fiber wing and four miniature jet engines. Numbers don’t lie According to intergovernmental organisation Eurocontrol, the last aviation boom in the European skies was in 2002-07 and after the mighty lows during the Great Recession of 2008, the situation seems to be on the mend from 2010 onwards barring a few dips between 2012 and 2015. Then, in 2016 United Kingdom bowed out of the European Union resulting in Britain and the remaining twenty-seven EU members fumbling to forge new relationships. EBAA has also released a Brexit analysis report that calls for negotiators to preserve the current aviation relationship. According to EBAA, business aviation contributes a total of 1,92,000 jobs to the European economy directly, with an additional 1,82,000 estimated to be generated indirectly. Meanwhile, the competitive Tax Cuts Act introduced by the Donald Trump administration in the United States of America, isn’t pleasing the Europeans either, mostly due to the feature of the legislation that offers much-lowered corporate tax rate. So much so that EU finance ministers have vocalized that the legislation violates World Trade Organisation rules and could lead to discrimination against European companies, simply as Germany’s acting finance minister, Peter Altmaier puts it, “We want to avoid companies moving their headquarters from Europe to the US and we want to avoid investment flows being redirected.” Though it may be too early to tell the implications of the reform on the European business aviation manufacturers, their American counterparts such as Gulfstream did report that the company’s flagship G650/G650ER just had its best quarter since 2014. However, the initial actionable market intelligence providing startup company, WINGX reportedly noted that August 2017 was the busiest ever August for flight activity, exceeding August 2008 by 1.3 per cent. And it seems that charter business model is one of biggest reason behind it with jet charter activity up more than 10 per cent year-on-year. It should also be noted that aviation industry is cyclical in nature and business aviation even more so since it is affected by the region’s economic condition. However, the charter boom has spelt doom for private jet ownership. According to WINGX Advance’s findings, the growing realisation that charter jets are a more cost-effective travel to business meetings or a stress-free vacations as well as the current unstable economic climate, are working against the private ownership of aircraft. Growing markets Though the majority of the total business aviation flights in Europe, 63 per cent to be precise, are concentrated in five countries – France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Switzerland,

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the smaller markets have also finally started warming up. As of January 2018, Greece, Belgium and Portugal saw a 15 per cent growth this month, with flights from Poland and Croatia up 25 per cent while private jet flights from Turkey recorded a 6 per cent hike, as reported by AvBuyer, the online aircraft market that brings together buyers and sellers of jets. The website also pointed out the ‘millennial’ effect on the business jet world. Embraer’s Michael Amalfitano spoke to them saying, “We believe there’s a new platform—a new ecosystem—out there… It’s no longer about the airplane. It’s no longer about owning the plane. It’s very much about how you want to create an experience for the passenger, to have the experience of corporate flight.” He reportedly said that this is happening because millennials , the future customers of the industry, have a very different approach to how they buy and use things to previous generations, since they use “the device in their palm to buy everything they need and then share it with everyone they know.” Does that bode well for the much-needed digitalization of the business aviation industry? Only time can tell, but herself a millennial and charter jet aggregator, Kanika Tekriwal of JetSetGo, echoes the same sentiments, “I personally believe that at the gate of the airport, the driver should be able to scan a barcode on his phone and drive to the plane. You don’t need so much shoo-sha manpower of someone opening the gate or someone doing this and that,” she says, adding, “No one in private aviation has so far understood data and use it as a resource.” Flight to reduce the footprint But what’s remarkable about their slow ascend to the top after an almost decade long slump is environmental responsibility standards that have been duly maintained. Carbon emissions generated by airport operations account for up to 5 per cent of total emissions from the aviation sector, and engagement of the airport industry is important to toe the guidelines set in the Paris Agreement. Furthermore, being environmentally conscientious also serves the interests of the aviation industry since preventing extreme weather from climate change works such as storms, heatwaves and turbulence will affect air travel. According to the planning of the European branch of Airports Council International (ACI Europe), about a 100 European airports are expected to be carbon neutral by 2030. The council has doubled its carbon neutrality target for 2030 in support of the Paris Climate Change Agreement, which aims to hold the global average temperature rise to 1.5°C. Geneva Airport, which is also the site of the static display of aircraft at the annual EBACE, went the ‘carbon neutral’ route last year, earning the highest level (3+) in the Airport Carbon Accreditation (ACA) campaign created by Airports Council International Europe. Even on the economic front, Geneva has had the largest revenue month with the highest number of flights ever recorded in August 2017. The third busiest business aviation airport in Europe, Geneva Airport is the 37th airport in the world to achieve carbon neutrality. SP

Millennials, the future customers of business aviation industry, have a different approach to how they buy and use things compared to previous generations, since they use “the device in their palm to buy everything they need and then share it with everyone they know,” says Embraer’s Michael Amalfitano in AvBuyer

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business aviation gulfstream

tailored to mission requirements When the G500 and G600 enter the market, they will offer the same high-speed capabilities as the G650 and G650ER and give customers additional range option for diverse business needs

Photograph: gulfstream

By Roger Sperry As familiarity with business aviation continues around the world, international businesses are recognizing its strategic value. Research shows that companies using business aviation perform better than those that don’t. This is especially true in regions, such as North America and Europe, where there is strong aviation infrastructure and a commitment to the industry. It is also true for other regions of the world where business aviation is still somewhat new. Understanding business aviation’s strategic benefits is critical to the growth of the worldwide market. So, too, is a commitment to support its growth. For example, as India’s economy continues to grow, continued advancements in the business aviation environment must be realized to support a growing fleet. We have already seen some improvements but considerable progress needs to me made in terms of permits, processing and operations to see further growth in business aviation. Equally important are facilities dedicated solely to business aviation, so that business aviation operators don’t have to compete with the entire aviation industry for resources. Continued development of airport infrastructure, expanding airspace utilization and reducing bureaucratic requirements are key to expanding business aviation and harnessing one of its key benefits: flexibility. The same is true in China. There, a strong commitment to expanding both the infrastructure specifically and aviation resources more broadly while also streamlining bureaucratic requirements has helped elevate the industry. While there is still work to be done, the country has made great strides in enhancing the infrastructure necessary for continued businessaviation growth and increased utilization. The aviation market in China specifically and Asia Pacific generally has settled into a solid and steady cadence. While it’s certainly challenging to predict where the market is headed, especially with geopolitical happenings around the world, one thing remains clear: it’s important for everyone – manufacturers and operators alike – to educate users and nonusers alike about business aviation and its benefits. And they must advocate for the continued infrastructure enhancements that would promote further development. It’s that, more than anything, that will allow business-jet operators to fully leverage the capabilities of their aircraft. Two of the biggest benefits of business aviation are flexibility and time, and the Gulfstream fleet – from the Gulfstream G280 to the Gulfstream G650ER – support this concept. Gulfstream’s fleet provides a range of performance capabilities, so customers can choose an aircraft tailored to their mis-

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flagship: Gulfstream G650ER Affirms Performance Prowess

sion requirements. The agile, super mid-size G280 can access remote airports and fly like a larger jet, thanks to its ability to reach high altitudes quickly and fly longer distances faster than other aircraft in its class. Among the large-cabin aircraft, speed and range capabilities offer something for everyone, from the stalwart G550, a company workhorse with more than 550 in service, to the G650 and flagship G650ER with more than 300 in service, which feature the largest cabins in the Gulfstream fleet. The G650 ushered in a new category of business-jet travel when it was introduced in 2008 and can fly 7,000 nautical miles at Mach 0.85. The G650ER is a longer-range variant of the G650 and can fly 7,500 nm at Mach 0.85. When the G500 and G600 enter the market, they will offer the same high-speed capabilities as the G650 and G650ER and give customers additional range option for diverse business needs. This flexibility, combined with Gulfstream’s product offerings and attentive customer support, will help individuals and companies continue to seize their unique opportunities for success around the world. SP The writer is Regional Senior Vice President, International Sales, Gulfstream.

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UAVs technology

TRENDING NOW — DRONES The US has a lead in military UAV development in the world, but China is swiftly closing the gap, thanks to intellectual property theft, reverse engineering and innovative skills

Illustration: ANOOP KAMATH

By Joseph Noronha

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ISSUE 5 • 2018

UAVS

technology

Twenty years ago, drones were objects of interest for military personnel alone. That changed after February 4, 2002, when the United States Central Intelligence Agency (US CIA) first used an unmanned General Atomics MQ-1 Predator in Afghanistan for a “targeted killing” or assassination in plain language. By the time the MQ-1 retired on March 9, 2018, “drone” had become a household word. A drone, more correctly called an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), may be a remote controlled aircraft operated by a pilot on the ground or may fly autonomously based on a pre-set flight plan or operate using more elaborate dynamic automation systems. Its military roles include anti-aircraft target practice, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, communications, and strike missions. But it is in the civil domain that drones are finding new applications by the day such as agricultural services, traffic and crowd surveillance, weather monitoring, search and rescue operations, photography and delivery services. Military Seed, Civilian Harvest More than a hundred years have passed since the British Army first used a pilotless plane to obtain aerial photographs of the German trench fortifications. There were many other attempts to use unmanned aerial reconnaissance and the name drone (male bee) may have originated from the de Havilland DH82B Queen Bee that entered service in Britain in 1935. A major reason for the Israeli Air Force’s stunning victory over the Syrian Air Force above the Bekaa Valley in June 1982 was its innovative use of UAVs. The US military now has well over 11,000 UAVs and their numbers are increasing. According to the New America Foundation, about 80 countries have military drones, mainly unarmed surveillance platforms; but around 20 nations have armed UAVs. Is the current boom in civilian drones a spinoff from military research? No way. Civilian drones are in some ways more capable than the more expensive military machines. Just as smartphone use exploded globally and led to immense innovation, leading consumer drone models are now being upgraded and adapted for commercial use. Even military organisations are beginning to realise that they can obtain adequate drone capability from civilian sources at a fraction of the cost. Military – the Unmanned Force Although UAVs have long been acknowledged as a vital component of air power, they advanced rather slowly because of their inherent vulnerability and the large gap between their capability and that of manned combat aircraft. But now they are making spectacular progress in every aspect of performance and are increasingly usurping the functions of manned aircraft. The US has a large technological lead in military UAV development over the rest of the world, but China is swiftly closing the gap, thanks to intellectual property theft, reverse engineering and now due to its innovative skills. According to Stanford political scientist Amy Zegart, “Drones offer three unique coercion advantages that theorists did not foresee: sustainability in long duration conflicts; certainty of precision punishment, which can change the psychology of adversaries and changes in the relative costs of war.” That is why a major trend is the impending emergence of next-generation unmanned combat aerial vehicles

(UCAV) that will be more lethal than ever and offer greater speeds, ranges and agility. Even combat jets now in the design or development stage such as the US Sixth-Generation Fighter Aircraft, are likely to be optionally manned. Apart from stealth, to enhance the survivability of drones, the most exciting prospect is drone swarms where many small, inexpensive UAVs are used instead of risking a large and costly one. Once the swarm consisting of dozens or even hundreds of drones is airborne, they communicate among themselves and fly in coordination. Even if the defending force succeeds in taking out several drones, the surviving ones can regroup and execute their mission as planned, or choose an alternative target. The cost-benefit equation too would be heavily in favour of the attackers, because each UAV destroyed would expend at least one expensive anti-aircraft missile. Another trend is to deploy several fixed-wing UAVs/UCAVs alongside a manned combat jet. The drones could then perform sensing, reconnaissance and targeting functions. They could also operate ahead of the fighter aircraft to probe the enemy’s defences thus reducing the risk to the pilot. The emergence of fully autonomous UAVs that depend solely on artificial intelligence and do not need human inputs or control through their entire mission is technologically only a question of time. However, a fierce debate is raging about the use of autonomous weapon systems and military robots that can independently decide whom to kill and whom to spare. Critics insist that for a variety of moral and legal reasons, the development and deployment of such weapons that can perform advanced functions such as targeting and application of force, with little or no human oversight, should be curbed or even prohibited. Consumer Drones Turn Commercial Unlike other spheres, the civilian drone space is dominated not by the US but by China. Shenzhen-based DJI now has about 70 per cent of the consumer-drone market and a well-earned reputation for quality and reliability. The spectacular advancement of civilian drones over the last five years or so is due to the merger of two different technologies—radio-controlled aircraft and smartphones. And commercial drones owe their progress not to spinoffs from military UAVs, but by scaling up of consumer drones. Both capability and performance are increasing rapidly thanks to GPS-based enhanced navigation and the use of ultra-fast charging and long-lasting batteries. In the near term, the strongest growth in commercial drones is expected in the agricultural sector for tasks such as crop survey, pest detection and spraying. Drones are also in great demand for inspection of buildings and other infrastructure such as pipelines, bridges and highway. They are vastly superior to other methods because they can carry a range of sensors including thermal, infrared and x-ray imaging. The use of drones for emergency response to natural disasters is well documented. Now they are being used for disaster prevention too. For instance, surveillance drones outfitted with thermal imaging cameras can continually survey risk-prone forest areas and detect fires within minutes after they break out. Fire-fighting parties are then swiftly despatched to the affected area well before the fire spreads.

The emergence of autonomous UAVs that depend solely on artificial intelligence through their entire mission is technologically only a question of time

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UAVS

technology

Photograph: airman.dodlive.mil

deadly and accurate: GENERAL ATOMICS MQ-9 REAPER, SUCCESSOR TO THE MQ-1 PREDATOR

There is also a galloping demand for drones by the film and methods to kill or disable such drones are High Energy Laser television industry, and wedding planners due to low cost and and High Powered Microwave weapons. Just as the internet outstripped all predictions and left authorinherent flexibility. They are being increasingly used in smart policing, crowd monitoring, traffic monitoring and control ities scrambling to regulate it, drone use is expanding by the day. According to consultancy firm, Gartner, about 1,74,000 commerbesides other areas of safety and security. Another growing trend is tethered drones. Scores of compa- cial drones and 2.8 million consumer drones may have been sold nies are now offering drones on leash that can lift a power cable worldwide in 2017 alone. There is already more unmanned than or hose and climb up hundreds of feet for fire fighting missions manned traffic in the skies and it is expected that over seven milor de-icing wind turbine blades at wind farms. They offer huge lion drones will be shipped globally in 2020. In October 2017, a advantages over traditional UAVs by practically eliminating reg- drone collided with a commercial jet in Canada, starkly demonstrating the dangers of rampant drone operation. And yet, overulatory, battery and payload limitations. The massive sums being poured into developing autono- regulation could stifle the burgeoning drone industry. The current US situation is an example of over-regulation. mous land vehicles by the likes of Tesla and Uber may hasten the advent of autonomous aerial vehicles too. The Airbus Vahana, an In America, drones may only be flown below a certain height, electric-powered passenger drone, is a prime example. Such aer- away from airports and military bases and within direct line of ial cars or taxis will get airborne like helicopters from anywhere; sight contact at all times. It is this last stipulation that has stranthen change into planes to fly farther, faster and more silently gled the drone delivery business at birth. The Federal Aviation than helicopters and finally land vertically like helicopters. How- Administration is now reviewing its rules to take into account ever, the use of drones as AAVs raises safety concerns for people the needs of drone delivery enterprises. One sensible proposal is to allow in the air as well as on the ground. consumer and commercial operation Strangely enough, that darling of without any certification for drones the media—package delivery—is not a weighing less than two kg. Above this priority with drone manufacturers perConsequent to weight, analysts say, it would suffice haps because of all the technical and the global drone for regulators to specify an acceptable regulatory hurdles in the way. level of risk to people on the ground proliferation, major and then ask drone operators to demRegulate or Repent militaries and onstrate how they would meet this Consequent to the global drone prostandard—whether through parachutes liferation, major militaries and lawlaw-enforcement or cushioning or making them so light enforcement agencies are in search of agencies are in that they would not seriously harm anyaffordable solutions to the threat posed search of affordable one they might fall on. If the regulators by small UAVs. Non-state actors in worldwide get it right, there could soon West Asia and other parts have already solutions to the be a boom in drone-related businesses shown their ability to buy cheap comthreat posed by small and services such as consumer delivery, mercial drones and modify them into agriculture, surveying, insurance and rudimentary reconnaissance or even UAVs disaster relief. SP strike platforms. The most promising

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ISSUE 5 • 2018

by the way cantonment tales

Photograph: HiDesign, kalki / Facebook

Kalki Koechlin knows how to fly, courtesy her dad The Dev.D actor tells us how daddy Joel Koechlin’s experiments with making light sport aircraft shaped her childhood By Arpita Kala Not the submissive Ruth in That Girl in Yellow Boots (2011) nor the dazed Amy in Shaitan (2011), actor Kalki Koechlin’s off-screen persona is perhaps most similar to her role of adventurous Aditi in Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani (2013).

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And, much of that effervescent vibe can be attributed to her fun, feral childhood with her dad. The actor’s father, Joel Koechlin, is the man behind Raj Hamsa, the oldest makers of hand gliders and micro-lights in India. And, when he’s not giving peo-

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by the way

cantonment tales being a very difficult thing to earn because it comes from being daring and responsible at the same time. These activities take a lot of practice and effort, especially in a country like India where aviation for a hobby is uncommon.” Maybe that’s why Kalki is always a popular choice for aviation adventure organisations flying everything from powered parachutes to hang gliders. Kalki’s father and mother moved to India from France in the 1970s and lived in Auroville before settling down in a village near Ooty in Tamil Nadu, where Joel began his aviation journey. She even took to Facebook to say, “I had an unconventional birth and an unconventional upbringing (of course I’m unconventional queen now), but my upbringing consisted of a strong village community, having ample space to play and an organic, friendly environment for my parents to work in while raising me. I also know that everyone is not as lucky, and every parenting journey comes with its own set of challenges.”

ple the means to fly, Koechlin Sr. is busy photographing for Lumieres.in, including aerial photography, of course. An early flight Raj Hamsa was founded by Joel in 1980 with seeding investment from aviator and businessman J.R.D. Tata. They designed quality aeronautical equipment from scratch and manufactured light aircraft, mostly using indigenous materials. They were the ones to float the three-axis conventional control micro-light aircraft range X-Air in India that includes one and twoseater crafts, hang-gliders and powered hang-gliders. As per their website, about 1,300 X-Air are flying today and 60 of them in India. Back in the day when government restrictions and aviation fuel costs were low and the business was booming, Kalki was a regular visitor at their factory in Whitefield, Bangalore. Kalki has vivid memories of her dad’s aerial adventures. “I think I must have been six or so the first time he strapped me to his hang glider and jumped off a cliff. How did my mother let him do it? I don’t know!” she says, adding that at a later age she used to drop him to the top of the mountain to jump and drive herself back. The 34-year-old actor has also been known to strike a balance between her acting chops and adrenalin-fueled journeys. Just like the show called Kalki’s Great Escape, which showed the fatherdaughter duo travelling through the northeast of India on their respective motorbikes. They covered 4,000 kilometres on a bike. Now, that’s counting for something! Micro-lights and life Kalki has always spoken fondly about her childhood, from a young age, she could change tires, ski expertly and fly a micro-light. And, that she tells us has given her some life goals. She says, “I grew up hanging off gliders and flying micro-lights. I learned about freedom

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kalki Koechlin with her father

“I think I must have been six or so the first time he strapped me to his hang glider, and jumped off a cliff. How my mother let him do it? I don’t know!” says actor Kalki Koechlin

Life Inspires Art and Art Inspires Life But her roots have inspired a lot many other creative pursuits too just like her collaboration with Hidesign. The actor recently launched a capsule collection of women bags and wallets to show her interpretation of the French Quarter of India – Pondicherry. She says, “I don’t think we consciously thought about being French during this collection. I have my Pondicherry upbringing which is imbibed into everything I do in some way or the other. This collection was built on my journey from Pondicherry to Bollywood, from the grassroots to glamour and what I’ve learned along the way.” Bollywood actor, theatre artist, playwright, model and now, a designer, Kalki is a master of many trades. Does she have any ambitions in the aviation industry? Pat comes the reply, “No! Except for the times when I dream of doing a female Indiana Jones.” SP

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hall of fame

Ernst Udet (1896-1941) Udet’s superiors soon recognised his suitability as a fighter pilot on account of his aggressive attitude and he found himself in a fighter unit flying the new Fokker EIII. What is it like to be in mortal air combat the first time? For Ernst Udet, it almost became his last time. The First World War was in progress in December 1915 when the 19-year-old German in a Fokker EIII Eindecker monoplane spotted and identified a French Caudron G IV. Instead of trying to manoeuvre above and behind the enemy aircraft he flew head-on towards it. The two planes came closer and closer, then into firing range, but Udet was paralysed into inaction. His more experienced enemy fired. Ernst was hit on the face and his flying goggles flew off. Fortunately he was not seriously wounded and managed to land his severely damaged machine. Following this narrow escape Udet learned to attack more aggressively and became one of the most notable fighter aces of the War. He scored 62 confirmed victories, the highest tally after Manfred von Richthofen, the famed Red Baron and the highest by a surviving German pilot. Ernst Udet was born on April 26, 1896, in Frankfurt. As a child, he flew model aircraft and helped set up the Munich Aero-Club in 1909. But he yearned for the real thing. Together with a friend, he built a bamboo and canvas glider. He attempted to fly it off a hilltop, but merely succeeded in wrecking the contraption. In 1913, a test pilot finally took him for his first joyride. When the First World War commenced, Udet tried to join the army, but was rejected as being too short. He was not accepted for military aviation either; but got a tip – if he possessed a pilot’s licence, they would not turn him away. So Ernst’s rich father paid for flying lessons and he gained his licence in April 1915. He was immediately accepted into the Imperial German Air Service. Udet’s superiors soon recognised his suitability as a fighter pilot on account of his aggressive attitude and he found himself in a fighter unit flying the new Fokker EIII. The EIII was deadly because it had a machine gun synchronised to fire through the propeller, which more than compensated for its being slower and somewhat less manoeuvrable than the Allied fighters. Udet was nearly shot down in his first aerial engagement and it was only on March 18, 1916, that his first confirmed victory happened. On receiving a report that two French aircraft had been spotted nearby, he went in search of them. He soon encountered them and there were 22 instead of the reported

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two. He managed to shoot down one enemy fighter and then fled in haste since he was vastly outnumbered. In May 1917, Udet encountered another French pilot in a Spad VII. By his fierce and skilful manoeuvring, the enemy was clearly an expert flier and on coming closer, Udet recognised the aircraft markings of Georges Guynemer. He was engaged in a deadly duel with France’s deadliest fighter pilot, whose very name struck terror into German hearts. Somehow he managed to manoeuvre into position behind Guynemer, but when he pressed the trigger, he found to his horror that his guns were jammed and he was defenceless! Now Guynemer gained the advantage, but just as Udet braced his body for the fatal shot, Guynemer came close, waved to him in friendly fashion and flew away. Udet never forgot Guynemer’s gallant gesture. As a commander, Udet put in much effort training fledgling pilots. Otherwise, he was the stereotypical fighter pilot – easygoing and hard drinking. In early 1918, Udet was given command of Baron Richthofen’s old unit. However, he was increasingly troubled by intense ear pain and was grounded for some time. Against all odds he returned to flying. In June 1918, he almost perished when his damaged plane suddenly went into a spin, but he managed to bail out just in time. He thus became one of the first fighter pilots to save his life with a parachute. During his final aerial duel in September 1918, he was hit in the thigh and was still recovering when the war ended. Udet spent the next 15 years as a stunt pilot, barnstormer, aircraft manufacturer, and playboy. He even made flying films. In 1934 he joined the new Luftwaffe. However, instead of active flying he was put in charge of aircraft production, a job he was unsuited to. He gained weight and could not control his smoking and drinking. When World War II began, the pressures on him became more intense and he began to complain of sleeplessness and depression. He tried to warn Hitler that the upcoming war with Russia would be exceedingly dangerous for Germany. But Udet’s boss Hermann Göring lied to Hitler about the true situation and finally put the blame for the resultant disaster on Udet. On November 17, 1941, General Udet shot himself dead. SP — Joseph Noronha

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MILITARY ASIA-PACIFIC DEFENCE PLANNING COMMITTEE

The inaugural meeting of the Defence Planning Committee (DPC) was held on May 3, 2018 under the Chairmanship of the National Security Adviser Ajit Doval. Besides the three Service Chiefs, the DPC comprises Defence Secretary Sanjay Mitra, Expenditure Secretary Ajay Narayan Jha, Foreign Secretary Vijay Keshav Gokhale and Chief of Integrated Defence Staff, Lt General Satish Dua, who is also the Member Secretary. The members deliberated upon the geo-strategic landscape and agreed to chart a time-bound action plan in keeping with its broad mandate.

INDIA SEEKS ARMED UAVS

The Indian government has announced its intention to amend a deal with the Pentagon. Instead of buying 22 unarmed Guardian naval surveillance drones, New Delhi now favours the acquisition of armed drones that can boost ‘Hunt and Kill’ capabilities. In June 2017, the Trump administration had agreed to supply long endurance high-altitude surveillance armed UAVs at a cost of around $3 billion. Manufactured by General Atomics, Predator-B has both land and naval versions and can be armed with air-to-surface missiles, anti-ship missiles and laser guided bombs. The Predator-B is capable of hunting and destroying targets across seas and over land borders. This matter is likely to be discussed during the twoplus-two dialogue between the Indian Foreign Minister Sushma Sawaraj and Minister of Defence Nirmala Sitharaman and US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Secretary Defence Jim Mattis.

1,200km, enough to perform air superiority missions in the Korean and Japanese airspace from its Yanji base in Northeastern China.

PAKISTAN TEST-FIRES ENHANCED CRUISE MISSILE In a statement on April 14, 2018, Pakistan’s military said that it has conducted a successful test of an enhanced version of the locally-developed Babur cruise missile. The Babur Weapon System-1 “can strike targets both on land and sea with high accuracy, at a range of 700km. It is a low flying, terrain-hugging missile, which also carries certain stealth features and is capable of carrying various types of warheads.” Nuclear-armed Pakistan said the Babur Cruise-3 missile has a range of 450km and can fly low to evade radar and air defences.

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Aero Vodochody

Czech Republic’s Aero Vodochody will team up with Israel Aerospace Industries to improve and market the light attack and trainer aircraft L-159. According to the technical and marketing cooperation agreement, the team will integrate new avionics and other solutions on the L-159 platform as well as jointly market the aircraft.

Airbus Helicopters

AMERICAS

Airbus Helicopters has secured an additional order for one H-225 helicopter from the Japan Coast Guard (JCG), bringing JCG’s H-225 fleet to ten units. JCG currently operates three AS-332s and five H-225s, both from the Super Puma family. With this order, the customer’s Super Puma fleet will grow to 13 units by March 2021.

BOEING’S AGM-84 MISSILE FOR SAUDI ARABIA

China

The production line of the AGM-84 Standoff Land Attack Missile (SLAM) is being restarted all for the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A US Navy contract awarded to Boeing for $64 million will see the SLAM’s updated H/K expanded response variant put back into production with the deal also covering the redesign of obsolete, nearly obsolete or uneconomical parts to support production and improve future sustainment. The work will be completed by March 2019. Saudi F-15SA warplanes are likely to carry the munitions.

ISRAEL CONSIDERING PROCUREMENT OF V-22 OSPREY

CHINA’S FOURTH-GENERATION FIGHTER AIRCRAFT China’s fourth-generation J-10C Chengdu fighter aircraft has entered operational service with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force. The variant boasts of improvements on its predecessor, the J-10B and comes equipped with an indigenous active electronically scanned array firecontrol radar and new air to air weapon capability—the new PL-10 short range and long range PL-15 infrared-homing air-to-air missiles. Developed to be the mainstay of Beijing’s single-engine fighter fleet, the J-10B/Cs are capable of multi-role missions including air-to-air, air-to-ground and naval strike missions. Chinese analysts claim, that with three drop tanks and air-to-air missiles, the J-10B/C could have a combat radius of

QuickRoundUp

China’s new weapon system is said to be analogous to the Kinzhal, a new, highly maneuverable, hypersonic air-launched Russian missile system whose existence was unveiled last month. It was reported that China has conducted five flight tests of a new nuclear-capable air-launched ballistic missile (ALBM) and a modified longrange strategic bomber to go along with it. The missile has been classified by US intelligence as the CH-AS-X-13, is a two-stage, solid-fuel ballistic missile with a 3,000km range. China has entered its Dong-Feng 26 (DF-26) IRBM into service with the People’s Liberation Army Rocket Force. A statement by the Ministry of National Defense said the missile is capable of nuclear, conventional and anti-ship roles. Dubbed the “Guam-killer” by US military officials for its ability to potentially reach the island chain, is thought to have a range of around 4,000km and is capable of delivering both nuclear and conventional payloads. New Images of underdevelopment Chinese ten tonne Z-20 Medium Lift Utility Helicopter suggest that it is in final stages of testing and will soon be ready for operational testing by China’s People’s Liberation Army. Z-20 Medium Lift Utility Helicopter has already completed its high altitude tests at Xiahe airfield in China’s Gansu Province.

Dassault Aviation and Airbus Israel is considering joining the potential procurement of V-22 Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft with a larger heavy-lift package that aims to replace its fleet of aged CH-53 Yasur helicopters. Tel Aviv had initially put a pause on buying six Ospreys last year, three years after the US State Department cleared the potential sale. However, the freeze was short-lived with Israeli officials restarting talks over their purchase late last year. According to NAVAIR officials, any sale of V-22s

Dassault Aviation and Airbus have decided to join forces for the development and production of Europe’s Future Combat Air System (FCAS), which is slated to complement and eventually replace current generation fighters, the Eurofighter and Rafale, between 2035 and 2040. FCAS will be developed as a system of systems, including unmanned aerial vehicles, connectivity and secure communications

Embraer

Embraer and American Airlines have signed a firm order for 15 E-175 jets with a 76-seat configuration. The contract valued at $705 million based on current list prices, will be included in Embraer’s 2018 second-quarter

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QuickRoundUp

backlog. Deliveries will take place in 2019 between March and November.

GA-ASI

General Atomics Aeronautical Systems has announced that it will conduct maritime surveillance flight demonstrations in May 2018 using their MQ-9 Guardian Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA). The Guardian will collect data and conduct scientific research while operating from the island of Iki, in Japan’s Nagasaki Prefecture. This will be the first demonstration of a long endurance RPA by a private company in Japan.

Indian Ministry of Defence (MoD)

A delegation from the Indian MoD is to visit Kamov Design Bureau of Russian Helicopters Holding Company (part of Rostec) in order to participate in the demonstration flight of a light utility Ka-226T rotorcraft and to familiarise themselves with its ship-based version.

Indian Air Force

A defence deal valued at over $300 million for the provision of 20 Hawk Advanced Jet Trainer’s to the Indian Air Force could fall through as the negotiations for it have been stuck for almost three years now, mostly due to a steep price hike by the vendors.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

Due to additional technical checks to be carried by ISRO on GSAT-11 satellite, the Ariane-5 VA243 launch initially planned for May 25, 2018, has been postponed to July with VA244.

Lockheed Martin

It is reported that Lockheed Martin plans to offer Japan a stealth fighter design based on its export-banned F-22 Raptor and advanced F-35 Lightning II aircraft. It has discussed the idea with Japanese defence ministry officials and will make a formal proposal in response to a Japanese request for information after it receives permission from the US government.

Russia

The ground frequency tests of Russia’s IL-78M-90A tanker have been successfully completed in Ulyanovsk. The results will be the basis for analysing possible deviations from the operating standards during the whole life of the aircraft. Russian news agency Interfax has reported that India is on course to sign a deal with Russia later this year for the purchase of the S-400 Triumf air defence system and corresponding missiles. Quoting Russia’s Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation, the report said that all the technical aspects of the contract had been agreed and a price just needed to be decided.

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would be part of a package with heavylift helicopters. Israel is considering both the Sikorsky CH-53K King Stallion and the Boeing CH-47F Chinook, adding that European countries such as Italy, Norway, Spain and the UK have also been targeted as potential foreign buyers for the Osprey.

Show Calendar

Lockheed Martin’s AGM-158C Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM)

29-31 May EBACE 2018 Palexpo – Geneva, Switzerland www.ebace.aero/2018

The first range test of Lockheed Martin’s AGM-158C LRASM from an F/A-18 Super Hornet will take place later this year. Speaking to Military.com, Lockheed’s Vice President of Strike Systems, Alan Jackson said captive-carry testing is currently underway following a successful jettison release test last year. The munition has already been tested and dropped from the B-1B bomber and will be operationally fielded on the platform this September following two more flights this summer. Based on the AGM-158B JASSM-ER, the LRASM hosts the same capabilities; but can also detect, identify and attack moving maritime targets. In addition to the Super Hornet, Lancer and F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, the LRASM can also be deck-launched from a vertical launch system on a Navy destroyer.

ADVANCED PRECISION KILL WEAPON SYSTEM (APKWS)

Marine Corps’ F/A-18 Super Hornet squadrons have fired the APKWS during recent training. The low-cost 2.75 rocket utilises a laser guidance kit that gives it a precision-kill capability and allows the Super Hornet pilots to maintain a forward-firing, moving-target capability while increasing available ordnance per aircraft and provides a more efficient weapons match versus target sets currently seen in theater. The F/A-18 is the second Navy fixed-wing platform to carry APKWS. It is also employed from the AV8B as well as rotary-wing platforms including the UH-1Y, AH-1Z and MH-60S/R. The Navy and USMC have fired thousands of combined fixed- and rotary-wing shots and hundreds in combat scenarios.

CONTRACT FOR LOCKHEED MARTIN FOR THAAD

Lockheed Martin received on April 17, 2018, a $200 million modification for continued Terminal High Altitude Air Defense (THAAD) and Patriot system integration work. According to the Pentagon statement, the order covers “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense, Phased Array Tracking to Intercept of Target (PATRIOT), Advanced Capability (PAC-3) missile segment enhancement integration and PATRIOT launch on remote

23-24 May Helicopter Technology Central and Eastern Europe 2018 Angelo Hotel, Prague, Czech Republic www.futurehelicopter.co.uk

16-22 July Farnborough International Airshow Farnborough International Exhibition & Conference Centre, UK www.farnboroughairshow.com development.” Work is to be completed by February 28, 2022.

US AIR FORCE OPENS SPACE TRAINING TO ALLIES

During her keynote speech at the 34th Space Symposium in Colorado Springs, on April 17, 2018, citing the National Defense Strategy, Air Force Secretary Heather Wilson announced that beginning in 2019, the Air Force is opening its space training to allies. Wilson said. “We will strengthen our alliances and attract new partners not just by sharing data from monitoring, but by training and working closely with each other in space operations.” The Air Force will add two new courses to its National Security Space Institute, including one on space situational awareness for US partners and allies to learn more about collision avoidance, de-orbits and reentries. The service will also open more of its advanced courses on national security space to military members of allied countries.

ARMS TRANSFER AND UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS (UAS)

On April 19, 2018, President Trump signed a National Security Presidential Memorandum approving a new Conventional Arms Transfer (CAT) policy. He has also established a new Administration policy on the export of Americanmanufactured UAS. The new CAT policy reflects the priorities set out in the President’s National Security Strategy and provides a framework under which all US Government agencies will review and evaluate proposed arms transfers and approve commercial defence sales by US companies. The Trump Administration’s new UAS export policy replaces an overly restrictive policy established in 2015 that hindered American companies from

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appointments

EMBRAER

On April 17, 2018, the Board of Directors of the Company elected Nelson Krahenbuhl Salgado, as an interim measure, for the position of Executive Vice-President Finance and Investor Relations, replacing José Antonio de Almeida Filippo

INTERGLOBE AVIATION LTD (INDIGO)

Following the resignation of Aditya Ghosh from the post of President of IndiGo effective July 31, 2018 and as Director of the Company with effect from April 26, 2018, on April 27, 2018, InterGlobe Aviation Ltd (IndiGo) announced the appointment of Rahul Bhatia as its interim Chief Executive Officer.

delivering a crucial military capability to our allies and partners. These updated policies reflect the President’s commitment to peace through strength by building up its allies and partners, expanding opportunities for American industry, creating American jobs and advancing the national security interests of the US.

INDUSTRY ASIA PACIFIC OXYGEN SYSTEMS FOR SOUTH KOREA’S KF-X9

British aerospace equipment manufacturer Cobham has been selected by Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) to provide oxygen systems for South Korea’s indigenous fighter KF-X. The agreement covers the aircraft’s development phase and tasks Cobham with designing an onboard oxygen generating system that includes technologies such as the Next Generation Oxygen Concentratorwhich creates breathable oxygen from engine bleed air and the Electronic Seat Mounted Regulator that allows pilots to control the flow of oxygen. This will be the fourth contract given to Cobham for various systems on the KF-X.

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The Company also announced the appointment of Gregory Taylor as Senior Advisor to the Company reporting directly to Rahul Bhatia.

NORTHROP GRUMMAN

Effective April 09, 2018, Northrop Grumman Corporation appointed Gabrielle Batkin as Vice President of Legislative Affairs. Batkin will report to Lesley Kalan, Corporate Vice President, Government Relations.

ROCKWELL COLLINS

Rockwell Collins has appointed Jairo Soterio as the Managing Director to lead the company’s growing presence in the Latin American region.

AMERICAS SUCCESSFUL TEST OF A PARTIALLY-3D PRINTED WARHEAD

Orbital ATK announced the successful test of a partially-3D printed warhead designed for hypersonic weapons on March 29, 2018. The testing comes just sixty days after conception, with three out of five of the warhead’s major components made using additive manufacturing. Speaking to Defence News, Orbital said the aim of the test was to examine effects the fragmentation will have on various targets. Orbital decided to try additive manufacturing on a warhead design for hypersonic applications because the Defense Department is moving full speed ahead with hypersonic technology development in the coming years as it decides how it will employ such weapons.

EUROPE ILA 2018 AIR SHOW TAKES OFF IN BERLIN

ILA Berlin opened on April 25, 2018 and will close on April 29. Now in its 109th year, the bi-annual event held South of Berlin, presents modern aircraft, new air and space technology and features a programme of displays and conferences that target both experts and the general public. Claiming to be the longest-running air show in the world, this year’s event hosts 1,100 exhibitors from over 40 countries, which showcase their latest innovations including conceptual designs for flying taxis, zero emissions aircraft and 3D-printed drones. 

QuickRoundUp

Raytheon

Raytheon has received on April 24, 2018 a $12.1 million contract modification for the AIM-120 Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile. Awarded by the US Air Force, the agreement calls for production Lot 32 field spares and initial depot spares for FMS going to the Governments of Australia, South Korea, Qatar, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and Turkey. Work is expected to be completed by January 31, 2021.

Turkish Aerospace Industries

Turkish Aerospace Industries Inc (TAI) has started work to produce Turkey’s national fighter jet, the TF-X. The fifthgeneration fighter jet, one of the country’s largest design projects announced by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, will be realised within a project-based incentive system. Preliminary design activities received a TL 4.8 billion ($1.16 billion) incentive certificate under the incentive programme.

USA

As part of efforts to boost the competitiveness of its arms manufacturers internationally, the US government is planning to drop its administrative surcharge on foreign arms exports. As of June 2018, the surcharge will drop from 3.5 to 3.2 per cent, Defense Security Cooperation Agency director US Lieutenant General Charles Hooper said during an interview at the ILA Berlin Air Show.

US DSCA

The US Defense Security Cooperation Agency has approved the possible FMS of 12 AH-1Z Viper attack helicopters to the kingdom of Bahrain. The fleet will be armed with 14 AGM-114 Hellfires and 56 Advance Precision Kill Weapon System II. The estimated cost of the acquisition is set at $911.4 million. The Viper’s manufacturer Bell, alongside Textron and General Electric have been listed as principal contractors on the sale.

USAF

The Air Force’s 45th Space Wing supported United Launch Alliance’s successful launch of the AFSPC-11 spacecraft aboard an Atlas V rocket from Space Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station April 14, 2018. The successful launch of AFSPC-11 enables the opportunity for increased satellite communications capabilities for the war fighter once its payload reaches geosynchronous orbit.

US Naval Air Systems Command

The US Naval Air Systems Command has confirmed that the V-22 Aerial Refueling System (VARS) will start testing this fall. According to a US Marine Corps statement, VARS-equipped Ospreys will be capable of providing an additional 10,000 pounds of fuel to aircraft forward deployed with Marine Expeditionary Units, extending the range of aircraft such as the F-35B and other V-22s. The new refueling system is to be operational by September 30, 2019.

ISSUE 5 • 2018

LAST word

5th Gen Fighter – Still a Distant Dream

photograph: sukhoi

In its overall assessment, the IAF did not consider the FGFA platform suitable for induction and recommended cancellation of the project.

In April this year, the military aviation fraternity in India received the disparaging news of the cancellation of the Indo-Russian project to develop a fifth-generation fighter aircraft (FGFA) for the Indian Air Force (IAF). This high profile project was decided upon and initiated in 2007. The project involved collaboration between the state-owned Indian aerospace major the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and Sukhoi Design Bureau of Russia to develop a twin-engine FGFA based on the Russian T-50 PAK FA, single-engine FGFA that was already under development for the Russian Air Force and had gone beyond the drawing board and was approaching the test flight stage. The T-50 which has now been renamed as the Su-57, undertook its maiden flight three years later. Since the mid 1960s, the IAF had patronised largely Russian combat platforms as also transport aircraft and helicopters. This was driven by a favourable political disposition between the two nations on account of which combat aircraft were more easily available to India, the procurement costs compared with those available from Western sources were relatively lower and the facility of licensed production was more easily available albeit without transfer of technology. The IAF thus operated a range of fighter aircraft in large numbers that included the MiG-21 and MiG-23 with their several variants, the MiG-25, MiG-27 and the MiG-29 from the Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG, the Sukhoi Su-7 and the Su-30MKI from Sukhoi Design Bureau. From Western sources, the IAF received combat aircraft in much smaller numbers. It was thus only logical that the IAF should look at Russian help to graduate into the fifth generation and so it opted to do in 2007. Unfortunately, the project proved to be totally disappointing for the IAF. After evaluation of the new fifth-generation platform that was being developed by the Sukhoi Design Bureau, in 2014, the IAF apprised the Ministry of Defence (MoD) about the inadequacies in the proposed fifth-generation platform. The engine had doubtful reliability and was not capable of delivering the thrust required to meet with the performance parameters of a fifthgeneration platform. The Russians were not prepared to undertake development of a new engine with the required thrust rating and in the time frame dictated by the programme. Besides, the stealth features of the airframe were badly engineered and the capability of the aircraft in this regard was doubtful. In all, there were over 40 parameters related to the features of the aircraft and its performance that required upgrade or redesign. The IAF also observed that contrary to the agreement, there was no transfer of technology as the Russians were reluctant to

ISSUE 5 • 2018

By air marshal b.K. PANDEY (Retd)

share critical design information with the Indian team. Besides, the Russian side deviated from the prior agreement pertaining to work share for HAL. Practically, the work share for HAL was much lower than the 50 per cent originally agreed upon. There was marked increase in the price agreed upon and as the list of improvements required in the aircraft drawn up by the IAF was indeed significantly large, it would only serve to aggravate the steep and continuous escalation in the price. In its overall assessment, the IAF did not consider the platform suitable for induction and recommended cancellation of the project. Initially, the MoD was not in agreement with the perspective and recommendation by the IAF. However, despite the investment of `2,500 crore already made, the MoD has finally decided to withdraw from the project and has informed the Russian government that the parent company can continue development of the platform. India would consider direct purchase of the aircraft when fully developed provided it is found suitable. This perhaps was the only option out of the logjam. But the question that stares the IAF in the face is – What next? The alternatives for entry into fifth-generation are Lockheed Martin F-35 through the Foreign Military Sales programme of the US Government if affordable and/or the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft project of the Indian aerospace industry. Many believe that walking out of the FGFA deal will do wonders for the indigenous Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) fighter programme. Jointly developed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) and HAL, this fifth-generation fighter aircraft is expected to have next-gen cutting-edge aeronautical technologies. Air Chief Marshal Raha (Retd) also agrees. “There are two ways of doing it. There are many aircraft with advanced technology available in the global market like F-35 and it’s all a question of purchasing it. But for the long-term view, we should go ahead with AMCA wholeheartedly. I am sure DRDO, ADA and HAL can join hands to do really well. I think we should emphasize more on its capability and it should be monitored at the highest level, I’ll say the PMO or even the Prime Minister.” However, the testflight of the prototype has already been delayed from 2020 to 2025, which means that the initial plan of beginning production by 2025 will also take a hit. In that scenario, Lockheed Martin’s F-35 is a likely candidate for immediate induction. From a long-term perspective, in the absence of an appropriate indigenous capability, a successful foray into fifth-generation will remain a distant dream! SP

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Union Minister for Civil Aviation, Suresh Prabhu receiving a copy of SP’s Civil Aviation Yearbook from Publisher and Editor-in-Chief of SP Guide Publications Jayant Baranwal.

Minister of State for Civil Aviation Jayant Sinha receiving a copy of SP’s Civil Aviation Yearbook from Publisher and Editor-in-Chief of SP Guide Publications Jayant Baranwal.

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