Issuu

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VOL. 155, NO. 30 | THURSDAY, OCT. 29, 2020 | SINCE 1934 | WWW.SJSUNEWS.COM/SPARTAN_DAILY

fucking vote for democracy

ILLUSTRATION BY HANZ PACHECO AND MARCI SUELA

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Pages 6-8

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Three propositions most likely to affect college students

San Jose residents speak up about disenfranchised voters

Election tampering 101: How to navigate disinformation

EDITORIAL

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THURSDAY, OCT. 29, 2020

pathy kills democracy. You already know that you should vote and that this is a historic election so reiterating that probably won’t spur you into action. For those of you who already voted, we commend you. And for those of you who haven’t voted yet, we want to speak directly to you. The outcome of a presidential election doesn’t have a four-year expiration date. The results will affect the next several decades. One of President Trump’s enduring legacies will be the number of judges he appointed during his term. According to an Oct. 5 article by Ballotpedia News, a nonprofit and nonpartisan political encyclopedia, as of Oct. 1, Trump had appointed 218 Article III federal judges. Article III judges have life-term appointments and make up the U.S. Supreme Court, U.S. court of appeals, U.S. district courts and the Court of International Trade. According to a June 30 article by The Hill, a political news website, the average age of Trump’s appointees at the time they were appointed is 48 years old. Most are conservative, white and male. The average life expectancy for a male in North America is 77 years according to a Oct. 6 article published by Statista, a German market and consumer data company. This means most of the judges Trump appointed are expected to rule on cases for about the next 30 years. If you want a say in what your life will look like for the next 30 years and beyond, vote now and elect presidential candidates who share your vision. Young people seem to be the most energized when discussing the America they want to see. For many millennial and Gen Z students, social media has become a hub where they can be critical of politicians, laws they disagree with and social injustices. But if you complain about the way things are and don’t vote, you are facilitating the problem. According to a 2016 study by the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, a “rise in other forms of citizen activism, such as mass protests, occupy movements and increased use of social media as a new platform of political engagement.” However, while protesting is a powerful tool to advance social change, it doesn’t have the same effect as voting because it falls outside the lines of government. Instead, put your energy where it has the most effect. Make sure to vote and then you can complain all you want when your candidate doesn’t win. Maybe you haven’t voted yet because you don’t think politics affects your life. But the truth is, everything is political. Clean drinking water, paved roads and federally-tested medication are all the result of policies created by elected members of government. Many SJSU students are concerned about repaying student loans, the ability to get a job after college and being able to afford an apartment in the Bay Area. All of these things are affected by politics. If you don’t vote, then these decisions are being made without you. But don’t just vote for a presidential candidate. Vote for state and local government officials who help decide where resources should be allocated in our communities. Do you rely on public transportation but don’t have a bus line near you? Voting in a local election could extend bus routes to your area. Are you having a hard time finding affordable housing? You can vote to expand affordable housing in your community. Local and state governments also have more of an impact on people’s day-to-day lives than the national government. Libraries, schools and parking tickets all fall under the purview of state and local governments. And state laws often override national laws,

like the legalization of marijuana in California, which passed in 2016 according to the California Commission on Peace Officers Standards and Training website. The importance of voting in local elections can’t be understated. After Louisville, Kentucky police killed Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old emergency medical technician, while executing a no-knock warrant on March 13, community members turned toward their local, elected officials to make things right. Subsequently, the members of the Louisville, Kentucky metro council passed “Breonna’s Law,” which bans no-knock warrants, regulates how search warrants are carried out and mandates body cameras during searches, according to a June 11 CNN article. Local officials make a difference in your community and you can influence who is elected to respond to social movements like the Breonna Taylor protests.

The outcome of a presidential election doesn’t have a four-year expiration date. The results will affect the next several decades. But historically, voter turnout in local elections has been low. According to an article by the National Civic League, a non-partisan non-profit organization that encourages civic engagement, only 15-27% of eligible voters in the U.S. cast their ballot in local elections. The same article stated the median age of local election voters is in the 60s and white people vote at a rate 20% higher than non-white people in local elections. When people don’t vote in local elections, their ideas and views aren’t represented, minorities are further marginalized and each vote becomes statistically more significant. As a San Jose State student, you are also affected by local laws and measures. According to an Oct. 6 San Jose Spotlight article, San Jose City Council voted to add more protected bike lanes that would connect east and west San Jose with downtown. The effort, called Better Bike Plan 2025, would add protections to 253 miles of existing bike lanes, create 104 miles of new bike lanes and add 102 miles of bike boulevards, which are paths away from cars for bicyclists and pedestrians to use. So don’t just vote in big, presidential elections. Vote in smaller, local elections too. Governments are maintained through elections. But in the past, young voters have had the lowest turnout rates among all voting blocs. According to a 2017 U.S. Census Bureau report, only 39% of voters ages 18-24 cast their ballots in the 2016 election compared to 68% of voters ages 65 and up. If a country is running well and people are generally happy, it’s because people elected competent government officials. So don’t fall into a false sense of security. Things can change drastically in the space of one election. If you haven’t voted because you don’t like the candidates running or because you don’t think the candidates take your concerns seriously, you should still vote for whichever candidate from whichever party you like most. Sometimes you need to vote for the candidate you can get now so they can pave the way for the

SOURCE: CALIFORNIA SECRETARY OF STATE WEBSITE; INFOGRAPHIC BY CHELSEA NGUYEN FLEIGE. ICONS FROM FREEPIK.COM

candidate you want in the future. Maybe the type of candidate you want hasn’t stepped up yet. This should be an incentive to get involved in politics and find the candidate you want to lead. If you’re worried about voting because of the pandemic, you can always mail in your ballot or take it to a drop box, which minimizes your contact with others. The pandemic makes it even more important to vote this year because voting for the next president can help decide how the pandemic is handled going forward. And not voting because you feel like nothing really changes and your vote doesn’t matter anyway won’t solve your disappointment with the political system. A lot of people feel frustrated because candidates only win the presidency by reaching 270 electoral votes, which makes the number of nationwide votes for a particular candidate, also known as the popular vote, seem unimportant. The Electoral College, which gives electoral votes to each state based on its population, doesn’t nullify the importance of individual votes. According to a May 11 National Geographic article, most states have a “winner-take-all” system. This means whichever candidate wins the state’s popular vote also wins all the state’s electoral votes. So if you and enough others vote for the same candidate and help that candidate win the state’s popular vote, then you’ll also be helping them win the state’s electoral votes – which can help them win the presidency. Young voters are already surpassing voter turnout expectations when it comes to early voting. According to a Politico article published Monday, young voters in Texas have cast two-thirds as many early votes as they did in 2016. In states such as Michigan, Maine, Minnesota, Florida, Pennsylvania and North Carolina, “early votes by young voters have exceeded the 2016 margin of victory in each state — meaning young voters could theoretically be the deciding factor.” Additionally, about 64% of voters under the age of 30 who have cast ballots early didn’t vote in 2016, according to the Politico article. You also shouldn’t get out of voting by relying on others to vote for the same candidates and propositions you want.

I n the 2000 presidential election between Al Gore and George W. Bush, Gore lost to Bush by 537 votes in Florida, according to a Nov. 12, 2018 NPR article. In an election where six million people voted, the winner was decided by a few hundred votes. So never doubt that your vote counts. Don’t let this election pass by without voting. You have the chance to build the nation and community you want.

Follow the Spartan Daily on Twitter @Spartandaily

ILLUSTRATION BY BLUE NGUYEN

OPINION

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THURSDAY, OCT. 29, 2020

Voting in person reduces doubt Olivia Gerber STAFF WRITER

Less than a week away from one of the most crucial elections in U.S. history, voters can no longer rely on the postal service to deliver their mail-in ballots on time. At this point, if California voters have not sent their ballot in the mail, they should not. Instead, voters should explore the multiple routes of action they could still take to exercise their right to vote in-person. In response to the coronavirus pandemic, Gov. Gavin Newsom issued an executive order in May stating that all California residents who had registered to vote by Oct. 19 would automatically receive a mail-in ballot. This seemingly simple method of voting is now a gamble given that the election is right around the corner, ballot drop-off boxes are confusing voters and the U.S. Postal Service is facing a snail-mail crisis. According to an Aug. 14 USA Today article, the U.S. Postal Service made changes to limit overtime for employees and is facing a drastic loss of funding, which could result in mail being delayed. The postal service also advised voters to send their ballots at least a week prior to the Nov. 3 election to be counted on time. On Oct. 12, Alex Padilla, the California Secretary of State, issued a cease-and-desist letter to Republican Party leaders in California to stop the placement

ILLUSTRATION BY NICK YBARRA

of fake ballot drop boxes in multiple communities. There is now too much uncertainty associated with some ballot drop-off boxes and the postal service to risk a vote in this election. The 2020 election will dramatically impact the democratic institutions of the U.S. forever. Even more pertinent than that, the election could quite possibly influence international politics. According to a Sept. 25 ForeignPolicy.com article, multiple historians, political scientists and diplomats have said that this election could possibly be one of the most important elections in United States history because the U.S. occupies such a central place in stabilizing the global system. The leaders selected in this election will make decisions

concerning the current civil rights movement, the COVID-19 pandemic and the response to climate change. With that being said, eligible voters must perform their civic duty to vote in the election. In California, this no longer includes voting by mail. If voters have a completed mail-in ballot, they should take it to an official polling place to be counted. If not, they need to make arrangements to physically vote in person at a polling place. Padilla has developed a nearly 50-page guide for polling places to ensure voter safety during the COVID-19 pandemic. The guide includes directives for county officials to implement COVID-19 safety precautions like training workers to help prevent the spread of the illness, spacing each voter six feet apart from each other and disinfecting surfaces in

the polling place frequently. Despite poll workers’ efforts to uphold COVID-19 preventative measures, voting in person is still a gamble. However, it is a necessary gamble. Poll workers are meant to help facilitate the voting process, not suppress voters, which is why anyone who arrives at a polling place without a face covering will not be turned away. The guide asserts that the right to vote takes precedence over health measures and advises election workers to avoid confrontation because intense conversation and shouting increase the volume of exhalations and may increase risk of exposure to COVID-19. It is suggested that workers utilize additional social distancing measures if a voter does not have a face mask. According to an Oct. 2

New York Times article, several stadiums and large venues in California have been converted into polling places to allow for social distancing. In Santa Clara County, Levi’s Stadium will be used as a polling place. The importance of this election highlights the necessity for citizens to vote by any means. Voting by mail is no longer a viable option. Voters should drop off their ballot at an official polling place or make arrangements to vote in person at a site in their county where they would feel most comfortable. The country’s future is on the line and remaining idle during such a crucial election is not an option.

Follow Olivia on Twitter @LivGerber

We don’t need a holiday to vote Shiri Marwaha STAFF WRITER

We don’t need a holiday to vote because that’s our duty to the country we call home. As a citizen of a democratic country, it is an honor and privilege to exercise the right to vote and participate in the political affairs of the country. People shouldn’t have to be bribed with a holiday to vote. According to a 2014 Associated Press-Gfk poll, about 75% of Americans polled said that voting was a “very important obligation,” but voter turnout numbers don’t support the claim. Roughly 138 million Americans voted in the 2016 presidential election, only 61.4% of about 214 million people who were registered to vote, according to the U.S. Election Assistance Commission. Meanwhile, countries like Sweden saw about 87% of eligible voters participate in the 2018 general election according to Statistics Sweden, a statistics research organization. Voting at all levels, whether it’s national, state or local level, is not just a civic responsibility, but a way to show that we care about the future of our country. The 21st century American tends to forget that the right to vote wasn’t always a right granted to everyone, but more so a privilege given to white male landowners. In 1776, the right to vote was only granted to Caucasian,

SOURCE: PEW RESEARCH CENTER; INFOGRAPHIC BY CHELSEA NGUYEN-FLEIGE

male landowners. White women couldn’t vote until 1920, Native Americans couldn’t vote until 1924 and Black people weren’t allowed to vote until 1965 according to the Constitutional Rights Foundation, an organization that educates youth about citizenship. People fought to earn the right to vote which is why everyone should vote regardless if it’s a holiday or not. So why is it that after all the struggles to gain the right to vote, people are taking it for granted? Only 61.4% of eligible voters actually voted in the 2016 presidential election, according to the U.S. Census Bureau website. The fact that some people don’t take the time to perform their most important duty is mind-boggling. It’s disheartening when immigrants who came to America to live a life of freedom and have

a say in government affairs sit out during elections. It’s especially important this year because the immigrant voter bloc is growing. According to a Feb. 26 Pew Research Center article, more than 23 million U.S. immigrants will be able to vote in the 2020 presidential election. Naturalized citizens, people who belonged to other nationalities before becoming U.S. citizens, make up roughly 10% of the nation’s overall electorate. Naturalized citizens who came from countries ruled by corrupt governments and dictatorships know what it’s like to not live in a democracy. So they should want to be more active in politics. The fact that President Trump is unwilling to agree to a peaceful transfer of power if he loses the 2020 election should be enough to motivate all citizens to vote

this election year. But even if it’s not, declaring Election Day a holiday is unnecessary because it is not a given that people will go out and vote. If a national holiday is declared, some people may decide to have a backyard barbeque or spend time with family and friends instead of spending time at their local polling place. Election Day is already a holiday for state employees in more than a dozen states including Michigan, New York and Kentucky. But none of those states have a considerably high turnout compared to those where it isn’t a holiday. In Michigan, voter turnout was relatively the same before and after state workers were given the day off. New York recorded only 57% voter turnout which was less than the national level by about 3% according to a 2018 report

by the New York State Senate Democratic Policy Group. In Kentucky, the turnout represented 59.1% of the electorate, a short decline from 2012’s 59.7% turnout and 64% in the 2008 presidential election, according to a Feb. 21, 2017 article from WTVQ, a ABC-affiliated television station in Lexington, Kentucky. Declaring Election Day a holiday not only mocks democracy, but neglects the fact that national holidays does not cater to everyone. America gives citizens the opportunity to voluntarily fulfill their civic responsibility and vote, so it is only fair that we keep our end of the bargain and vote even if Election Day is not a national holiday. Follow Shiri on Twitter @Marwaha5Shiri

REGISTRATION

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THURSDAY, OCT. 29, 2020

BLUE NGUYEN | SPARTAN DAILY

Joey Tierney, a San Jose State environmental studies alumnus, takes a photo of his ballot before dropping it into a ballot box on campus Wednesday.

Youth voter registration triples voters registered to vote in California in the 2020 election compared to the 2016 election, according to a 2020 report of registration from Padilla’s office. Public relations sophomore Angelica Cornejo is realizing her vote matters during elections and believes other students are coming to that conclusion too. That’s why she thinks more young people are registering to vote and she’s excited to also exercise that right. “[Younger Americans are] realizing how much of a privilege it is to vote, or even seeing now, over the news in other countries [that] people are still fighting for their rights,” she said. Cornejo said that young Americans can make a By Samantha Herrera difference in our community. STAFF WRITER “We [younger people] should take advantage of [voting] and realize the importance of it,” she said. In California, college students are registering to vote in SJSU political science professor Matthew Record groundbreaking numbers. agrees that it’s important to express your voice According to a news release from California by voting. Secretary of State Alex Padilla, 65,000 California college “Issues of political identity [and] a political philosophy students registered to vote through College Ballot Bowl of who we are as a nation, younger people really tend to this election. respond to the margins [of that thinking],” Record said. College Ballot Bowl is a competition hosted by “I think that’s why you might be seeing an uptick in the the California Students Vote Project. California number of people that are registered.” institutions of higher education have partnered with the Secretary of State’s office to promote a democracy that is more inclusive of student voices. The competition consists of registering voters ages 18 to 24. This year 94 campuses registered, including all 23 CSU campuses. SJSU industrial technology freshman Natnaiel Yishak said he registered to vote because it’s his civic responsibility and he’s proud to cast his vote this election. “I think that our age group is known as a voting bloc because we are rarely known to be voting in many of these [elections],” Yishak said. “So it’s a nice change to see that many of us are actually voting in this election.” Angelica Cornejo Only about 21,000 California college students public relations sophomore throughout 2016 registered to vote using the Secretary of State’s online voter registration system, according to an email from Padilla. According to Padilla’s news release, registering to vote However, as of Oct. 24, 2016, there were more is the first step of engaging in the democractic process than 2.5 million registered voters in California in America. from the ages of 17 1/2 to 25, according to California Lt. Gov. Elani Kounalakis expressed her a report of registration from Padilla’s office. excitement over the increase in youth voter registration. About 110,000 of those voters were registered in “Thanks to leadership of students and universities Santa Clara County. across the state, the California Student Vote Project “College students are excited and motivated to turn out is making huge progress in encouraging student civic to vote,” Padilla said in the news release. engagement and promoting a democracy that is more According to California College Ballot Bowl, prior inclusive of students,” she said in the news release. to this election, not as many college students registered Cornejo hopes her vote will count toward building a to vote. better democracy that works for everyone. As of Sept. 4, there were almost 200,000 more young “We people want change,” Cornejo said.” We can make

College students sign up to vote in the 2020 General Election in groundbreaking numbers – sensing high stakes for the future

[Younger Americans are] realizing how much of a privilege it is to vote, or even seeing now, over the news in other countries [that] people are still fighting for their rights.

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I’m really hoping this time, in this election, that our voice matters. I want to make a change using my vote. Natnaiel Yishak

industrial technology freshman

change by making our voices heard and voting.” Yishak said that he hopes his voice will be heard and taken seriously by casting his vote. “I know last election, there were like 40% of unregistered voters because they thought their voice didn’t matter,” Yishak said. About 78% of eligible voters in the state registered in 2016, while nearly 85% registered this election, according to the California Secretary of State website. “I’m really hoping this time, in this election, that our voice matters,” Yishak said. “I want to make a change using my vote.” He also said that younger people have a vested interest in voting and their vote can help change what happens in the future. “There’s just so much at stake in this election,” Yishak said. “From environmental rights, civil rights and even human rights are all at stake.” He said that he feels like it’s very important that college students go vote because presidential elections will affect the future of college students. Cornejo said because of projects like College Ballot Bowl and voter registration speakers who take their time to educate students, she was able to register to vote after seeing a presentation about voting rights in class. “When you hear from somebody else, especially when you hear the importance of realizing to vote, it sticks with you a little bit more than a five-second ad,” she said. Cornejo also said that the human connection of having a speaker talk to you about voting rights leaves a real impact. Political science professor Record advised people not to believe that their vote doesn’t matter. “If your vote didn’t matter, they wouldn’t be trying to take it from you,” Record said.

Follow Samantha on Twitter @sammiherreraa_

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PROPOSITIONS

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THURSDAY, OCT. 29, 2020

What’s on the ballot?

The Spartan Daily breaks down three statewide propositions on the ballot that aﬀect college students and their communities and explains what a vote for or against each proposition would mean. for California communities. Proposition 16 would likely

aﬀect the diversity of educational institutions and workplaces. Proposition 22 challenges a gig-based economy wherein many students work to make ends meet. Proposition 24 would give consumers more control over their data.

Repeal Proposition 209 Aﬃrmative Action Amendment By Ruth Noemi Aguilar • Staff Writer

his election will decide w he t h e r C a l i for n i a will remain one of nine U.S. states that bans affirmative action, which is a preference in employment and school admissions decisions based on race, sex, color, ethnicity or national origin. Proposition 16, if passed, would repeal Proposition 209, which banned affirmative action in 1996. The U.S. Supreme Court first declared diversity quotas in the university admissions process unconstitutional in 1978 in Regents oOf the University of California v. Bakke court case. According to the Bakke case report, racial diversity quotas were implemented at the University of California, Davis School of Medicine, where 16 out of 100 seats were set aside for minority students, which the courts deemed was impermissible. Supporters of Proposition

“Yes” means:

“No” means:

Federal institutions and contracts would consider race, sex, color, ethnicity or national origin with the intent to diversity when admitting students and hiring employees.

California would keep its current ban on aﬃrmative action, which prohibits discrimination based on race, sex, color, ethnicity or national origin in federal institutions and contracts.

16 said the ballot measure is a step in the right direction to combat systemic racism against minorities. “[Affirmative action is] not racist . . . it’s a response to racism,” SJSU psychology senior Kevin Abea said. “The only reason why [Proposition 16] was even created in the first place was because racism [exists].” California Assemblywoman Shirley Weber proposed the ballot measure in June to equalize opportunity and diversify schools, according to a June 10 Los Angeles Times article.

“I hope that the whole [California State University system] uses [affirmative action] as a tool,” SJSU educational professor María Ledesma said. “Unfortunately, so many years after the passage of Proposition 209, the admission of certain student groups still is very much stagnant.” According to the California voter guide, opponents of Proposition 16 believe people should be treated equally because the only way to stop discrimination is to stop discriminating. The argument for Proposition

16 is that not every Asian American or white person is advantaged and not every Black or Latinx person is disadvantaged. Stephen Miller, an Orange County resident and chairman for Californians For Equal Rights, opposes the ballot measure because he believes Prop o s it i on 16 is dis c r iminator y agai nst Asian Americans and will not help diversify schools and workplaces. Californians for Equal Rights is a nonprofit organization that defends Proposition 209. “It has been common knowledge in the Asian American community . . . that universities outside of California actively racially discriminate against Asian Americans,” Miller said. “When [Proposition 16] was proposed, it immediately triggered activism by parents to

protect t h e i r children from racial discrimination when they apply to college.” He said discrimination toward Asian Americans is prevalent in California because of Japanese internment camps established during WWII. Miller said that Asian Americans make up a majority of The California for Equal Rights organization. The argument against Proposition 16 also claims there will be favorites at the state and government level, whereas Proposition 209 ensured everyone would be treated equally, according to the California Voter Guide.

Follow Ruth on Twitter @RuthNAguilar

App-Based Drivers as Contractors and Labor Policies Initiative By Jovanna Olivares • Staff Writer

his fall, voters must make a decision on Proposition 22, the most expensive ballot proposition in California history, according to an Oct. 14 News Spectrum 1 article. The main decision California voters face is – should gig companies create a new contractor category for their workers that doesn’t include employee protections and benefits, like unemployment insurance and workers compensation. Major ride-hailing and food distribution companies like Uber, Lyft and DoorDash spent over $110 million dollars on the “Yes on Prop 22” campaign to fight California Assembly Bill 5. In September 2019, California Gov. Gavin Newsom signed Assembly Bill 5, also known as the “gig worker bill” that took effect Jan. 1. The law extends

work classification for independent contractors by classifying them as employees to protect them from exploitation and job misclassification. Brandon Castillo, a spokesman for the initiative, said in an Oct. 29, 2019 LA Times article, “We’re going to spend what it takes to win.” Anthony Fuccella, a San Jose State alumnus, said he began driving for Uber two years ago to make money on the side so he could pay for a Disneyland family trip. He said he’ll be voting “yes” on Proposition 22 because driving is a flexible way to earn income. “I like it because it is my side hustle, not my full-time job,” he said. “When you sign up for a job you accept their terms. You don’t try to change the employer after you’ve been there for a while.” Fuccella said app-based jobs are not the same as full-time jobs and should not be compensated

“Yes” means: App based-drivers can set their own hours and schedule as independent contractor workers, who can work for higher pay and no standard state beneﬁts..

equally. Though he said some people do work app-based jobs as full-time jobs. “I’m not coming from the perspective of someone with a major language barrier or perhaps a different educational background,” he said. Voting “no” on Proposition 22 would mean companies like Uber, Lyft and DoorDash have to follow state labor laws and reclassify their drivers as employees. This could direct more revenue to their workers, raise prices for consumers and increase requirements for casual drivers, according to the

Olson v. State on the claim that Assembly Bill 5 is unconstitutional and violates several clauses, such App-based businesses would as the Equal Protection Clause, by be required to pay drivers as classifying non-comparable work employees. It limits the ﬂexibility of how long an employee can for equal wages. drive for and when they can On Aug. 20, Uber and Lyft do it for while earning standard threatened to stop operations state beneﬁts. according to an Aug. 20 New York Times article. Before the planned shut down, an appeals court California government toter guide. granted Uber and Lyft temporary The guide also states that if gig permission to continue operating workers are considered employees, while the court weighed their appeal they would have benefits like to classify workers as independent overtime pay, health care, paid sick contractors until a decision is made leave, unemployment insurance about Proposition 22. Labor groups are fighting back and workers’ compensation. Meanwhile, gig workers can’t set as a caravan of 250 rideshare d their own hours and can’t vary in rivers traveled from San Diego to Uber headquarters in San taking and declining jobs. Some service-app companies Francisco on Oct. 14 as part continued to classify gig workers of a two-day protest against as independent contractors after Proposition 22, according to the Assembly Bill 5 was signed. Spectrum News 1 article. On Dec. 30, 2019, California Follow Jovanna on Twitter Postmates Inc. and Uber @joo_zuniga Technologies sued the state in

“No” means:

Consumer Personal Information Law and Agency Initiative By Andrea Briseño • News Editor

roposition 24, also known as the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020, aims to expand consumer privacy and build on the 2018 California Consumer Privacy Act. The proposition states that the 2018 privacy act allows consumers to request personal data that businesses have collected, ask the businesses delete that information if desired and to stop companies from targeting them with advertisements while surfing different websites. Personal data includes a consumer’s race, ethnicity, religion, health information and geological location. Proposition 24 would give consumers the right to limit a business’s ability to use and share their personal information, correct it if it is inaccurate and restrict the amount of time a company can have that data for, according to a 2020 California government text of proposed laws.

“Yes” means:

“No” means:

Consumers would have the right to limit a business’ ability to use and share their personal information, correct it if inaccurate, restrict the amount of time a company can store data. Allows businesses to pay for consumer’s privacy, increases privacy violations ﬁnes; establishes protection agency.

No new consumer data expansion. The 2018 California Consumer Privacy Act would continue, which allows consumers to request personal data that businesses have collected, to delete that information and stop companies from targeting them with advertisements.

Moreover, the act would increase the fines on businesses that commit privacy violations against children under the age of 16 and would apply to companies that collect personal information on 100,000 consumers, a 50% from the 2018 privacy act. It would also establish a privacy protection agency that will cost Californians about $10 million annually. Consumer Watchdog President Jamie Court said that he hopes the proposition will help consumers to let businesses know, if they allow the use or sale of their information

via a button on the companies’s home page or browser. Consumer Watchdog is a non-profit organization that advocates for consumers’ interests like privacy, insurance, health and political advocacy. “Companies can try to dissuade you from opting out . . . by charging you a little more for that service if there’s a relationship to the cost of your data,” Court said. AT&T Inc. discontinued providing personal data privacy protection for its customers in late September after the company

was criticized for charging $29 for the service, according to a Sept. 30 PR News article. Court said charging consumers for privacy is allowed under the 2018 privacy act. But Proposition 24 states that if a company chooses not to display the “do not share or sell” button on their website or app, and instead just electronically accepts the “do not share” button signal, that the company can charge you more for your privacy. “[Businesses] can pay you more for your privacy if it only does that. And we’re hoping that that’s the way it’s going to be, that companies will accept those electronic signals,” Court said. This means that companies can charge you extra for protecting your sensitive data. Richard Holober, Consumer Federation of California president, said that is one of the reasons why he doesn’t agree with the proposition. It would allow for the right to pay for privacy, which he feels is unfair to

people who are unable to afford the extra cost of keeping their information confidential. “[Privacy] should not be the preserve of the wealthy,” he said. “Prop. 24 will result in the electronic version of . . . express lanes for the wealthy and traffic jams for the rest of us.” Holober doesn’t believe Californians should vote yes on Proposition 24 because it would be enacted as it is currently written and provide no room for workability, given that a ballot initiative would need the approval of voters to appeal if enacted. “You know, a ballot measure, you vote up or you vote down,” he said. “You can’t just pick the parts you like, exactly.” Follow Andrea on Twitter @andrea_briseno_

VOTER RIGHTS

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THURSDAY, OCT. 29, 2020

CHRISTIAN TRUJANO | SPARTAN DAILY ARCHIVES

From left to right: Student Homeless Alliance members Lana Gomez, Diana Rendler and Briena Brown answer questions about housing solutions during a Jan. 27 news conference.

Experts weigh in on homeless voters Advocates: Barriers to voting equals neglect of homeless people By Stephanie Lam STAFF WRITER

Registering to vote is at the forefront of most people’s minds during this election season. But for homeless San Jose State students and community members, it is the least of their concerns. Homeless students are too focused on getting basic necessities, like food and shelter, to worry about their voter registration, said Lana Gomez, a sociology senior and representative of the Student Homeless Alliance, a student-led organization that advocates for unhoused SJSU students. “When (homeless students) are trying to figure out, ‘What am I going to eat today? Where am I going to sleep?’ . . . Voting falls to the side,” Gomez said. She said voting isn’t a priority for some homeless students

when they are “struggling to make ends meet.” Briena Brown, a sociology senior and president of the alliance, said that the organization is focusing more on providing students with resources for their basic needs rather than resources to vote. “We don’t have a plan created on how to get [homeless students] to vote because most students in crisis don’t have the ability to prioritize anything but survival,” Brown said. A 2018 California State University study on students’ basic needs showed that over 4,300 SJSU students experienced homeless. They are a part of the 9,700 homeless people living in Santa Clara County, according to a 2019 census report. A third-year music major at SJSU who has been facing homelessnes since the start of this academic year said she had to take extra steps to get her ballot from a previous residence so she could vote. She requested to be kept anonymous to protect her privacy and will be referred to as Julie. “I don’t think people understand that having somewhere to live is actually super important with voting. It makes it easier to receive your ballot in the mail and turn it back in,” she said. Julie explained that it’s crucial for people facing homelessness to vote

even with so much to worry about with day-to-day challenges. “It’s important for people facing homelessness to be able to vote in the election, especially in San Jose because that’s a lot of people,” she said. Pastor Scott Wager, an SJSU class of 1994 alumnus and founder of the Alliance, said over the phone that people living in stable homes can’t expect homeless people to prioritize voting when their survival is at stake. “You can’t project [the values and priorities of people who are] housed on those who are unhoused,” Wager said. “[Homeless people’s] world is all about survival . . . competing with other [people and animals] for basic substance.” Wager serves as a senior pastor and is the founder of CHAM Deliverance Ministry, a service that provides meals and shelter to homeless people and families in Silicon Valley. Sandy Perry, president of the Affordable Housing Network of Santa Clara County, a movement dedicated to increasing affordable housing in the county, said that in addition to homeless people getting into a “survival mode” there are many overall barriers that prevent them from voting. According to the Santa Clara County’s Registrar of Voters website, a home address is required

We don’t have a plan created on how to get [homeless students] to vote because most students in crisis don’t have the ability to prioritize anything but survival. Briena Brown

president of the Student Homeless Alliance

in order to determine a person’s voting district. Although this can inconvenience those without homes, they can still register to vote by providing a specific description of a location where they spend most of their time. “It is extremely difficult for homeless people to vote, but it’s not impossible,” Perry said. Perry said another barrier is that homeless people don’t have a valid form of identification, such as a license, to register to

PHOTO COURTESY OF SCOTT WAGER

vote. Although they can use a location, like a homeless shelter, as their mailing address, there is no guarantee that they will stay in one place long enough to receive election material such as their ballots. Despite these barriers, Perry said that he has seen homeless people express interest in voting during the 2018 elections. “[This homeless woman] listened to the radio all the time and was very up-to-date on all the propositions,” Perry said. “She wanted to make sure she got her vote in.” Perry said, however, that the woman was unable to get her forms in on time and wasn’t able to vote. Wager said the difficulties homeless people face when voting is another reminder of how the county neglects its homeless population. “Voting is important for the unhoused,” Wager said. “But they are so margined that they don’t even have a voice.”

Follow Stephanie on Twitter @StephCLam

Olivia Gerber contributed reporting to this article.

CHRISTIAN TRUJANO | SPARTAN DAILY ARCHIVES

Top left: Pastor Scott Wager (center) receives supplies from leaders of the San Ramon MA center, a spiritual center, to give to a homeless encampment in Roosevelt Park in San Jose.

Top right: Student Homeless Alliance members stand with signs on Oct. 2, 2019 behind Scott Wager as he speaks to a crowd of onlookers and protestors in front of the Tommie Smith and John Carlos Olympic Black Power Statue.

Bottom left: Scott Wager (center) speaks to a group of protestors and onlookers during the Student Homeless Alliance protest. CHRISTIAN TRUJANO | SPARTAN DAILY ARCHIVES

VOTING RIGHTS

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THURSDAY, OCT. 29, 2020

PHOTO COURTESY OF MARLEY HARR

SJSU sociology junior Marley Harr, who is minoring in women, gender and sexuality studies, worries she’ll be forced to seek citizenship elsewhere if the president is reelected.

Gender, race intersect at polls SJSU community discusses challenges for voting women of color By Isalia Gallo STAFF WRITER

Ever since the 19th amendment granted American women the right to vote, we began to see how this interest group of female voters helped shape every following election. Women like Lucretia Mott, a Quaker activist, Ida B. Wells, a black journalist from Memphis, Tennessee, and Mary Church Terrell, the first black woman to serve on the American Association of University Women, became renowned leaders who fought for their voting rights. But to this day, there are still barriers when it comes to women voting. “Being able to find the time to vote [is a barrier],” said Peg Carlson-Bowen, president of the American Association of University Women San Jose, an organization that focuses on advancing gender equity for women and girls through education, research and advocacy.

came from the abolitionist movement. Women’s rights were first addressed in the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837. Sharon Bouska, a member of the women’s equality leadership council for the American Association of University Women San Jose, said places like the South don’t consider the amount of different languages people speak when it comes to voting compared to Santa Clara County. This means female voters who may have a language barrier are also less likely to vote. In a March 20, 2015 article by Facing South, the article states, “Difficulty understanding registration forms, ballots and other voting materials for LEP [Limited English Proficiency] voters such as recently-naturalized citizens may discourage them from turning out to the polls.” Facing South is an online magazine that focuses on in-depth analyzing and reporting of trends across the south. But even with these barriers, SJSU political science professor Sabrina Pinnell said that race is a larger issue when it comes to women, especially women of color. “Women in this country do not vote as a bloc,” she said. “White women voted more for Trump than Clinton in 2016, for example – so ethnicity is a bigger issue.” According to the book

PHOTO COURTESY OF AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN

Women in this country do not vote as a bloc. White women voted more for Trump than Clinton in 2016, for example – so ethnicity is a bigger issue.

Sabrina Pinnell

political science professor

Although research shows an increasing number of female voters, there’s an existing barrier to what types of female voters have quicker access to voting. According to a Aug. 11 study conducted by a Columbia University researcher, 46% of potential voters with family incomes two times lower than the federal poverty line voted in the 2016 presidential election, compared to 68% of those with family incomes two times higher than the poverty line. This ties back to how the women’s suffrage movement mainly focused on raising concerns based on racism and oppression, which included lower-income citizens and still happens to this day. The women’s suffrage movement

“Unconventional Wisdom: Facts and Myths about American Voters,” the myth that the gender gap emerged because female voters have become more Democratic is false because more women voted in the 2016 presidential election, which resulted in a Republican win. “The gender gap is the difference between women and men as reflected in social, political, intellectual, cultural, or economic attainments or attitudes,” states the World Economic Forum article. Looking at the 2016 election results, race also plays a role in the issue because white women vote at a rate significantly higher than any other demographic of women. According to an Aug. 18 Pew Research Center article, a

CHRISTIAN TRUJANO | SPARTAN DAILY ARCHIVES

Top: The American Association of University Women’s San Jose chapter walks at the 2020 Women’s March by San Jose City Hall on Jan. 18. Bottom: Protesters carrying colorful posters and chanting fill the Arena Green West park during the 2020 San Jose Women’s March. Speakers at the march emphasized voting in the upcoming election.

Washington think tank, white men and white women were more likely to say they voted than Black men and Black women. The study revealed that 67% of white women voted in 2016 compared to 64% of Black women. Sociology junior Marley Harr said that as a first-time voter, she feels like women in minority groups tend to consider others and vote for their best interests. “I do believe race plays a factor in the way women vote because most women are empathetic and nurturing. Therefore, we don’t only consider ourselves when voting, but we consider other marginalized groups,” she said. Carlson-Bowen agreed and said

there are more women with college degrees who support Biden because of this. “I think this has to do with concern about COVID-19, concern about the economy and healthcare,” she said. “So, a lot of times women vote on family issues, things that are going to affect their families.” More than 62 million American voters are breaking early voting records in the 2020 presidential election, and according to a Monday article by NPR, Latinx women are leaning toward a certain direction. In the same Aug. 18 Pew Research Center article, a growing number of women said they are most likely voting for the

Democratic party this year. “I personally think women in the election will be leaning more towards the Democratic nominee because he is the only candidate out of the two to condemn white supremacy and acknowledge decisions he has voted on in the past weren’t the best,” Harr said. She said that she might seek citizenship elsewhere if President Trump is re-elected. “I don’t believe a candidate who has been openly sexist, xenophobic and prioritizes the economy over the welfare our people should be president,” Harr said. Follow Isalia on Instagram @I5alia

EL ESPARTANO NOTICIAS

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JUEVES 29 DE OCTUBRE 2020

YO OPINÓ

Votar es un derecho para todos Yareli Solis Sanchez REPORTERA

Yo creo firmemente que el voto de inmigrantes indocumentados es necesario que sea permitido en los Estados Unidos. El impacto que tienen las elecciones no solo afecta a los ciudadanos sino a todo los que viven en los Estados Unidos y contribuyen de una manera o otra. Según el Pew Research Center, había aproximadamente 25 millones de no ciudadanos viviendo en los EE. UU. En 2017. No permitir a millones de indocumentados votar es una injusticia. El esfuerzo que personas indocumentados ponen para ayudar a este país a prosperar no refleja lo que reciben a cambio. Vox estimó en su informe del 2017, que en el año 2014 los indocumentados pagaron alrededor de 11.7 miles de millones en impuestos de estado y local. Incluye 7 mil millones de dólares en impuestos; también como todo los demás pagan reparaciones de carreteras, corte de estados, policía y

bomberos. 1.1 miles de millones en impuestos del estado y 3.6 millones de impuestos a las propiedades, fondos para las escuelas públicas y servicios de la ciudad. No es justo que los inmigrantes paguen impuestos pero no puedan asistir a sus propias necesidades. Los Estados Unidos ven su voto como una amenaza, si pudieran votar por la política y por el próximo presidente del país, esto sería como una presión y movimiento de hacer muchos cambios necesarios. Algunos de los cambios en las leyes que serían importantes son la involucración a la policía, ya que uno de los grupos más afectados son los hispanos. Cambios con la reforma inmigratoria, y hasta ver donde ponen los fondos económicos. Al fin y al cabo nuestros impuestos pagan el salario a representantes y hasta al presidente. En marzo de 2020, 12 municipios permitieron que los indocumentados votaran en las elecciones

JOVANNA OLIVARES | SPARTAN DAILY

Yareli Solis Sanchez lee sober temas sociales dentro de la cultura mexicana mientras refleja sobre sus similitudes.

El esfuerzo que personas indocumentados ponen para ayudar a este país a prosperar no refleja lo que reciben a cambio. locales, San Francisco fue una de las ciudades que amplificaron sus voces. El miedo de los inmigrantes resultó en una pequeña cantidad de votos. Esto demuestra que si el país no fuera tan anti inmigrante nuestra gente saldría de las sombras

CLASSIFIEDS CROSSWORD PUZZLE

donde no pertenecen, los Estados Unidos es su hogar. Los inmigrantes son retratados como malas personas cuando la mayoría de ellos huyen de su país de la pobreza, la violencia y con la esperanza de una vida mejor. Aunque

muchos no estén de acuerdo, es tiempo de que superen y acepten que los inmigrantes juegan un papel importante en ayudar a EE. UU. a prosperar. Como hija de padres que en algún punto fueron indocumentados, mis padres estuvieron mucho tiempo detrás de las sombras, nunca en paz. Muchos de mis familiares indocumentados pasan desafortunadamente sin ser escuchados. El privilegio de votar debería permitir a todo los mil millones de indocuemtnado, debería ser un derecho humano. La historia de ser tan anti-inmigrantes

SUDOKU PUZZLE Complete the grid so that every row, column and 3x3 box contains every digit from 1 to 9 inclusively.

sólo prueba los establecimientos racistas de este país. Por ahora confiamos en los votos de nuestra gente Latina con el privilegio de votar! Recuerda que es súper importante ir a votar! El último día de registro en California es Octubre 19 y el último día para entregar tu ballet por correo es Noviembre 3. Vas cargando no solo tu voz pero la voces de los mil millones indocumentados que no tiene el mismo privilegio.

Sigue Yareli en Twitter @yayrelii

JOKIN’ AROUND What did the digital clock say to the grandfather clock?

“Look! No hands!”

SOLUTIONS

ACROSS 1. Put one’s foot down 6. Probabilities 10. Breezed through 14. Eagle’s nest 15. Vice President 16. Soft drink 17. Smelled badly 18. Always 19. Mogul 20. Green chalcedony 22. Lease 23. At one time (archaic) 24. Redress 26. Smack 30. Beer 31. Daddy 32. 60 minutes 33. Cry 35. Name of a book 39. Lowborn 41. It holds cigarette debris 43. Slogan 44. Breathe hard 46. Overhang 47. 16 1/2 feet 49. Bleat 50. Colors

51. Washbasin 54. Anagram of “Ties” 56. Relating to urine 57. Without flaws or loopholes 63. Codger 64. Loyal (archaic) 65. Operatic solos 66. Small island 67. Diva’s solo 68. A type of dance 69. Extinct 70. Male offspring 71. Go in DOWN 1. Cummerbund 2. French for “Head” 3. By mouth 4. Short skirt 5. A black tea 6. Sleep longer than intended 7. Ardent follower 8. Bottomless 9. Disseminate 10. Recognized 11. Deceive 12. African antelope 13. Pub game

21. Setline 25. Arithmetic 26. Leveling wedge 27. Corporate image 28. Parental sister 29. Prolonged 34. Long slender cigars 36. Found in a cafeteria 37. Wash 38. Visual organs 40. Doofus 42. Step 45. Desist 48. A coarse linen cloth 51. Clear 52. Got up 53. String quartet instrument 55. French for “Storehouse” 58. Relating to aircraft 59. Weightlifters pump this 60. Aureate 61. A fish similar to cod 62. Russian emperor

10/28/2020

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ELECTION TAMPERING 101

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THURSDAY, OCT. 29, 2020

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THURSDAY, OCT. 29, 2020

Four years later: is the election any more secure?

America again at risk for manipulation from foreign agencies By Samantha Herrera STAFF WRITER

n 2016, Russia caught America off guard and successfully interfered in the U.S. presidential election between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. But the question still stands, can it happen again? “Russia is always looking to divide the West, [and] they’re always looking to undermine American democracy,” James Brent, a San Jose State political science professor, said. “Most people would say that they found a useful tool to do that in Donald Trump.” Russia’s interference with the 2016 presidential election successfully flooded American media with disinformation extensively posted on social media platforms, according to a Sept. 20 American Progress article, an independent non-partisan policy institute. In the same article, it stated the Russian government spent more than $1 million per month in the last few months on creating and pushing online propaganda before the 2016 election. SJSU political science professor Kristina Mitchell said Russia’s spread of disinformation on social media platforms affected the election. “Russia did interfere with the election by producing a lot of misinformation targeted toward people in the United States, with the intention of getting them to vote for Donald Trump over (then-presidential candidate) Hillary Clinton,” Mitchell said. “Hillary Clinton was an unpopular candidate [and] Trump was such a wild card. Social media had become [such] a massive part of elections that the ingredients were all there to make misinformation and election interference really easy for people from other countries.” Along with hefty monthly expenditures during the last months leading to the election, the Russian government established online networks of bots and trolls and consulted with outside analysts to increase their reach and efficacy. They also published disinformation in online publications and paid unaffiliated content producers to publish speeches by the Kremlin, which is Russia’s executive branch that deals with foreign affairs, according to the American Progress article. The unaffiliated content producers were most likely the Internet Research Agency, a Russian company that created thousands of social media accounts to pose as Americans supporting radical political groups. A U.S. Senate Intelligence report about Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. election was released to the public on July 25, 2019. The report stated that the Internet Research Agency influenced the 2016 presidential election by supporting Donald Trump and harming Hillary Clinton’s chances at the direction of the Kremlin. On Facebook alone, the Kremlin’s propaganda reached at least 126 million users, according to an Sept. 2 American Progress article. An April 24, 2019, NPR article confirmed this number as well, adding that about 1.4 million people may have been in contact with accounts from the

Internet Research Agency on Twitter. Matthew Record, an SJSU political science professor, said social media companies act shocked when they find out election interference could be happening on their platforms. “The people who were the slowest to realize and the most aggressive in their ignorance were definitely the social media networks,” Record said. “That purposeful ignorance is what allowed these things to metastasize to this extent.” Mitchell agreed and said social media companies could have prevented the magnitude in which misinformation was spread on their sites in 2016. “I definitely think that social media companies knew this was happening and could have stopped it, but I think it’s very costly to do so,” Mitchell said. “I don’t think they really had much of an incentive to do so for that reason. And of course, it’s possible that people like Mark Zuckerberg might have wanted the misinformation. Maybe he perceived that a Trump presidency would be better for him, but then maybe not.” While spreading disinformation on social media platforms, Russian government hackers also hacked into Clinton and her campaign party’s emails and distributed private information. According to a July 13, 2018 article by The Washington Post, the Russian government hacked into 20,000 emails from the Democratic National Committee and released them to WikiLeaks, which is an online whistle-blowing organization led by Julian Assange.

and scandal about Hillary’s emails,” said SJSU political science professor James Brent. “We don’t have Hillary’s emails this time around, but we do have the social media aspect. The Russian state media has been issuing false talking points about Joe Biden, and the Trump campaign has been spreading that. I think it’s already happening, it is happening.” According to a Sept. 1 New York Times article, the FBI have warned social media companies that the Kremlin, who interfered in the 2016 election, is again trying to interfere with the 2020 election. They are using a network of fake accounts and a website set up to look like a left-wing news site. The article also states that the agency is trying to repeat what it did four years ago to Clinton and push voters away from Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden. Political science professor Kristina Mitchell believes that there is still foreign interference going on this election, just not as intense as in 2016 because Americans are getting better at recognizing fake news. “I think that the fake news and the interference campaign just hasn’t been quite as important this round as it was in the previous election,” Mitchell said. “Maybe some of us are wiser to it and maybe some of us already believe it, so it’s not quite as active.” According to a Sept. 1, article by The New York Times, the Russian government is trying harder to hide interference, but is still getting caught by social media companies. These companies like Facebook or Twitter have introduced

We don’t have Hillary’s emails this time around, but we do have the social media aspect. The Russian State Media has been issuing false talking points about Joe Biden, and the Trump campaign has been spreading that. I think it’s already happening, it is happening. James Brent

political science professor

At the same time, it hacked into 76 emails that were used by the Clinton campaign. These emails were published on WikiLeaks weekly in the month of October in 2016, according to The Washington Post article. In November 2016, WikiLeaks sent out a statement on its website saying that in recent months it received pressure to stop publishing the Clinton campaign’s emails. This was a hard blow to the Clinton campaign as the leaked emails led some voters to distrust her campaign. “If you’re someone who is starting with the belief that Hillary Clinton is corrupt and you see a headline of some news story that confirms that she is corrupt, your initial reaction is to believe it and share it,” Mitchell said. With everything that happened with foreign interference during the 2016 election, there has been speculation of foreign nations trying to interfere with the upcoming 2020 election. “Russian interference really took two forms last time around: one with social media disinformation and the other was the WikiLeaks

new measures to help curb m i s i n for m at i on , i n c re as e transparency and try to bolster the integrity of the democratic process this time around, according to an Oct. 18, ABC News article. Political science professor Record agreed that this election seems to have less interference by outside governments and more disinformation coming from ourselves, especially in the White House and political news outlets. “With [talking about] Russian [interference] I don’t think it’s necessary [happening] when Trump’s in the White House. I think we’re seeing less of it, or we’re seeing the same amount of it and it just matters less because the most effective propaganda is coming from the most powerful person in the world,” Record said. “I think the greatest form of misinformation in the electorate right now is Donald Trump himself.”

Follow Samantha on Twitter @sammiherreraa_

ILLUSTRATION BY MARCI SUELA

Algorithms behind social media threaten democracy Experts weigh in on how disinformation is strategically used to confuse voters and sow partisan mistrust By Chelsea Nguyen Fleige & Laura Fields PRODUCTION EDITOR & STAFF WRITER

For eight months now, billions of people have quarantined in their homes and lost their sense of normalcy – their screens are now their lifelines. According to a July 19, 2020 NPR article, dystopian stories related to the coronavirus pandemic, combined with stay-at-home orders, have enabled the binging of bad news. A massive uptick in time spent online even created a new word for an overload of social media news: doomscrolling. News consumption increased enormously during the coronavirus pandemic according to a March 2020 study by Andreu Casero-Ripolles, a professor and head of the Department of Communication Sciences at Jaume I University, a university in Castelló, Spain. The study stated that 32% more adult Americans have regularly accessed news outlets during quarantine compared to before the pandemic. “The most important discovery is that the COVID-19 has served those citizens furthest away and less interested in the news to reconnect with the information about public affairs,” said CaseroRipolles in the report. The report revealed the largest increase in news consumption and positive assessment of the media coverage on the pandemic occurred in those who weren’t regular news consumers, such as young people, uneducated people, and those who rarely consumed news. This seems like good news — more Americans are looking for ways to stay informed. But as more people spend more time online, scrolling for information, there’s a bigger risk lurking. In 2016, an expansive Russian campaign influenced the feeds of more than 100 million Americans, by flooding it with fake news in an attempt to tamper with public opinion of the presidential candidates running according to a May 27 NPR article. Four years later, experts are concerned that social media platforms have still not done enough to safeguard against fake news.

public opinion or obscure the truth.” It defines misinformation as simply “incorrect or misleading information.” Internet Research Agency, a Russian company, created thousands of social media accounts to pose as Americans supporting radical political groups. Examples of fake news heavily circulated in 2016 include a story of the Clintons running a childsex-slave ring out of a pizza parlor in the infamous “Pizzagate” story whose origins are still unknown, as reported in a Rolling Stone Magazine article on Nov. 16, 2017. The same Rolling Stone article suggested planting false information on anonymous chat boards brings real people to pick it up and add their ‘human touch’ to the story, making it even more believable. Wild stories such as this might be fun to share with friends and family online occasionally, but most Americans think that fake news is creating more confusion. As of March 2019, 67% of U.S. adults surveyed in a Statista survey said that made-up news and information caused a great deal of confusion, and a further 24% said there was some confusion about basic facts of current affairs. Your social media friends and followers can unknowingly filter misinformation into your timelines. The likelihood that the average person has shared fake news is shockingly high. According to a Dec. 15, 2016, Pew Research Center article, 23% of Americans surveyed said they had shared fake news online, whether they were aware of it or not.

What have social media companies done to change since 2016? 16?

Mellon University announced more than 90 million tweets from January to May were likely sent by accounts that behave more like computerized robots than humans. Researchers collected more than 200 million tweets between January and May discussing COVID-19. Of the top 50 influential retweeters, 82% were bots; of the top 1,000 retweeters, 62% were bots, the researchers revealed in a university blog post. Additionally, in May, Twitter kicked its factchecking up another notch when it labeled a May 26 Twitter thread from President Trump about mail-in ballots as potentially misleading and offered a link with more accurate information. The president promptly lashed out against the company, tweeting, “Twitter is now interfering in the 2020 Presidential Election,” and “Twitter is completely stifling FREE SPEECH, and I, as President, will not allow it to happen!” The president isn’t the only one challenging the legitimacy of Twitter’s fact-checking. Some experts are questioning the accuracy of such labels and if the labels actually fulfill its purpose in stopping disinformation. "These kinds of labels have a very limited, marginal impact on influencing the opinion of the people who consume that content," said Dipayan Ghosh, co-director of the Harvard Kennedy School's digital platforms and democracy project, in an Oct. 18 ABC News article. According to an Oct. 6 BBC article, “Shortly after Twitter put a warning label on his posts for the first time in May, Trump signed an executive order to repeal Section 230.” As part of the United States Code under the House of Representatives in Title 47, section 230 provides protection for private and blocking screening of offensive material

“[Social media companies] are continuing to evolve based on what happened in 2016 when there was a lot of misinformation put on social media platforms by foreign governments,” SJSU media law professor or Larry Sokoloff said. “Because they’re private companies, mpanies, they can do what they want but there hass been an attempt to make them more responsible.” In an attempt to o deter the spread of “synthetic or misleading media” edia” on its site, Twitter introduced a new w policy of labeling such information accordingly in February. In a Feb. b. 4 blog post, the company pany said it would d apply a label to a suspicious tweet, show a warning to people beforee they retweet or like it, reduce the visibility of the tweet weet and/or prevent it from being recommended nded and provide additional itional A RR What is fake news? explanations through ough a BA Y K Definitions for fake news can run the gambit linked page. NIC BY N but most can be split into two categories Moving forward TIO RA T –“disinformation” and “misinformation” during the pandemic, andemic, US ILL according to San Jose State communication studies Twitter began labeling professor Carol-Lynn Perez in an Oct. 3, 2019, tweets containing misleading Spartan Daily article. ut COVID-19 information about According to a Merriam-Webster definition, in March, according ing to a May 11 disinformation is defined as “false information company blog post. st. deliberately and often covertly spread (as by These actions would turn out to be more than the planting of rumors) in order to influence necessary. On May 20, researchers at Carnegie

I thought that as the misinformation and the propaganda would get worse, I thought our sophistication would sort of grow from it commensurately. Matthew Record

political science professor

under a “Good Samaritan” principle. In other words, companies use their best judgment. With social media companies’ ethics being in the national spotlight for so long, viewpoints about the ramifications are starting to polarize as well. In the book, “Anti-Social Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us and Undermines Democracy,” Siva Vaidhyanathan, a University of Virginia professor and author, analyzes the idea that Facebook is a threat to democracy. Vaidhyanathan said in his book, “One of the keys to the success of ‘fake news’ is that often these pieces were designed expertly to play both to the established habits of rapid sharers on Facebook content and to Facebook’s EdgeRank algorithm.” EdgeRank was an algorithm Facebook used that allowed the newsfeed to be customized by posts relevance to users and users’ reactions to posts. Speaking specifically about Facebook’s algorithm, Mark Zuckerberg posted on Jan. 11, 2018 on his Facebook account that the algorithm would show more friends and family posts rather than sponsor sponsored ads and news articles of mysterious origin. In a Sept. 3 Facebook post, Mark p Zuckerberg promised to work with state of election officials to take down false voting information and restrict messag that resemble spam on the messages Mes Messenger app. A June 30 Facebook blog post p proclaimed Facebook would prioritize original news reporting saying, “When multiple stories are shared by p publishers and are available in a person’s News Feed, we will boost tthe more original one which ge more distribution.” will help it get The blog post w went on to say standards for ar complex, so Facebook is original reporting are continuing to work on refining their methods with publishers and academ academics. Facebook is still facing fa serious criticism, even from governmental re regulatory bodies. During a July 2020 congressional hearing, David Democrat congressman from Rhode Cicilline, a Democratic Island and the U.S. H House antitrust chair berated fiv hours it took Facebook to Zuckerberg for the five N remove a Breitbart News video falsely claiming w a cure for COVID-19. hydroxychloroquine was

now saying that Twitter, when it silences people, when it blocks people, when it censors political speech, that has no impact on elections?” Cruz said. In response to Cruz’s accusations, Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey said, “People have a choice of other communication channels.” “Not if they don’t hear information,” interjected Cruz. The hearing was about accusations Twitter faces regarding the censorship of a New York Post article regarding Democratic candidate Joe Biden’s foreign dealings and blocking the New York Post’s Twitter account from posting the story and users from linking it to their Twitter accounts. “The enforcement action, however, of blocking URLs in both tweets and in direct messages, we believe is incorrect. And we changed it.” Dorsey said in response to Cruz’s questioning. “[It was changed] Today. The New York Post is still blocked from tweeting, two weeks later,” Cruz shot back.

Divided in an election year Despite the controversy of fake news influencing elections, social media content is protected under the First Amendment as free speech. The exception to this is speech that is “inciteful.” Merriam-Webster defines the word meaning “to call to action, to move or stir up.” Right-wing Americans claim that despite this, social media platforms have a history of banning conservative viewpoints and continue to do so. According to an Aug. 19 Pew Research Center article, about 90% of Republicans polled said they think social media sites censor political viewpoints and are “accusing tech firms of political bias and stifling open discussion.” The same article states that Democrats are more likely to approve of social media companies labeling posts from elected officials and ordinary users as “misleading” or “inaccurate.” But overall, most Americans, according to the article, are skeptical about the flagged posts. Building partisan mistrust in social media platforms may be a part of disinformation strategies. In a 2018 public presentation, Facebook’s internal researchers wrote on a slide, "Our algorithms exploit the human brain's attraction to divisiveness.” A 2019 Stanford study found the use of Facebook correlated with how polarized a person is and how open they are to understanding the views or ideas of the opposition party. For some people, doomscrolling during these last few months have only confirmed their fears of a repeat of the 2016 debacle and a worsening of the social media zeitgeist. “I thought that as the misinformation and the propaganda would get worse, I thought our sophistication would sort of grow from it commensurately,” said Matthew Record, SJSU political science professor. He said the media consumption habits of his cohort are troubling. “[White nationalist rally in] Charlottesville, those are people my age [on] 8Chan. All the people active on that, those are people my age,” Record said. “Now I no longer have faith in my generation in terms of making systematic changes.”

Censorship In a Senate Comme Commerce meeting on Oct. 28, Sen. Ted Cruz, a Republican Republic from Texas, pointed out Twitter’s censorship of political ideas was “the most egregious” out of Twitter, Tw Facebook and Google. “So you're testify testifying to this committee right

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