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Ölümlerden geliyorum þarký söyleyerekten, geliyorum yaþamak için. Býrak, ýþýldayan bir yara baðýþlasýn bana sesini, býrak da kinler büyüsün, kafeslerin içimde ektiði, býrak, uzlaþmazlýk çýksýn ortaya, yýkýmlarýn doðurduðu. Yaramýn üstünde yürümeyi öðretti bana celladýn býçaðý. Yürümeyi, hem de yorulmadan yürümeyi. Direnmeyi öðretti. Direnmeyi. Mahmut Derviþ

4

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Güz ‘08

5

A

ytmatov, 1928 yýlýnda Kýrgýzistan’ýn baþkenti Biþkek’in Þeker köyünde doðar. Çocukluðu II. Emperyalist Paylaþým Savaþý döneminde geçer. Toplumun açlýðýna, yokluðuna ve kahramanlýklarýna tanýk olur. Bugünleri Erken Gelen Turnalar adlý hikayesinde anlatýr bize. Babaannesi Ayýmkan’ýn anlattýðý masallar, ninnilerle büyür. Kýrgýz toplumunun destanlarla örülü dünyasý onu çocuk yaþlardan itibaren sarar, büyüler. Ýç dünyasýnýn zenginleþmesinde çok büyük etkisi olur bu masallarýn, destanlarýn.

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6

Güz ‘08

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Güz ‘08

7

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Güz ‘08

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Güz ‘08

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10

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GĂźz â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;08

11

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urjuvazinin ideologlarĂ˝, ekonomi okullarĂ˝, teori yoluyla sĂźrekli bir kafa karýÞýklýðý yaratarak, kapitalizmin geliĂžiminin zorunlu olarak komĂźnist topluma geçiĂži gĂźndeme getirdiĂ°ini yadsĂ˝rlar. Ama yaĂžamĂ˝n gerçekleri onlarĂ˝ devamlĂ˝ yalanlar. Ă&#x2021;ĂźnkĂź Ăźretimin toplumsal boyutlarĂ˝nĂ˝n derinleĂžmesi kaçýnĂ˝lmazdĂ˝r, zorunludur. KomĂźnizmi kaçýnĂ˝lmaz yapan bu tarihsel geliĂžmedir. Burjuva teorisyenler, yaĂžamĂ˝n bu gerçeĂ°i karÞýsĂ˝nda yenilgiye uĂ°rarlar. YaĂžamĂ˝n gerçekleri, gerçekler kendisini yenilgiye uĂ°rayanlara da kabul ettirir.

nsanýn entelektüel durumu gerçek iliþkilerinin durumunu yansýtýr. Günümüz insan iliþkileri son derece zengin ve karmaþýktýr. Bu denli karmaþýk iliþkiler ve uluslararasý sorunlar ancak güçlü bir entelektüel yetiyle kavranabilir. Bugünün sorunlarýnýn doðru olarak anlaþýlabilmesi için yalnýzca bireysel düzeyde geliþmiþ bir entelektüel deha olmak yetmiyor; bunun için çok sayýda yetenekli bireyin kolektif çabasý gerekiyor.

Ý

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12

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Güz ‘08

13

nsan bilinci artýk daha çok gerçek bilgiye dayanýyor. Dýþ dünyanýn gerçek bilgiye dayanýlarak kavranmasý giderek yaygýnlýk kazanýyor ve egemen hale geliyor. Gelecek toplumda bu eðilim tamamen egemen olacaktýr. Ýnsanlar yaþamýn gerçek bilgisine dayanacak ve hayatlarýný bu gerçeðin bilgisiyle yönlendireceklerdir.

Ý

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14

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Güz ‘08

Ben bir baþkasýdýr Temade Çýnar

yabancýlaþmaya karþý beyin egzersizleri

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Güz ‘08

15

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iþiliðimiz dýþ baský ve yaptýrýmlarýn etkisi altýnda, içsel ihtiyaçlarýmýzýn sürekli çatýþmasý ve yeni yeni çatýþmalarý ortaya çýkarmasý ile olgunlaþýr. Eriþkin bir insanýn deðer yargýlarýný deðiþtirmek bu nedenle oldukça zordur. Onun geldiði yolu yeniden yürümesi anlamýna gelir. Yeniden yapýlanmasý… Özenle dizilmiþ domino taþlarýnýn bir bir yýkýlmasý gibi. Bugüne kadar yaþadýklarýmýz üzerinde þöyle bir düþündüðümüzde þu anda yaþadýðýmýz pek çok duygu ve yargýnýn kökenlerini bulabiliriz.

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uhan Mavruk’un “Fiyortlar”ýndaki gibi kimi insan, kuzey denizlerinin sürekli tuzlu su dalgalarýna maruz kalýp dantel dantel oyuluyor. Kimisi bir korunaklý kuytu içinde bir kaya parçasý olarak kalýyor. Aslýnda yaþamýn herkese eþit olarak sunduðu bir seçim meselesi… Eþit, çünkü yaþamla mücadele etmenin yol ayrýmlarýnda herkesin seçimi göze aldýklarýyla denktir. Karþýlaþtýðý zorluklardan hile ya da uyum (?) gösterme yoluyla kurtulanlar kendi korunaklý kovuklarýný oymaktalar. Ayný zorluklarla karþýlaþan ama bunlarla savaþmanýn bedellerini ödeyenlerse fiyortlara katýlýyorlar.

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16

Güz ‘08

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Güz ‘08

ekhWm M_m Xlm]lSm `Pmijmbkmgjimgjmhkim Hd^Vmh_Gm dlUmhlmifm[fm YPambjhmT cjmakmikimPmi\mijmYjXmcjmikimXjm[kbmgkm`^gmglmhfm^mglm]kmgkhWmCme^mi^mT ckemUjmQ^mgkmbkeme^m[_gmglhmkimalmilmkimalim^gmclmifimYjmhjemgkmgkemT gjmhkmikm dlm`lmbfhmejiSm ]_m Yjmhjemgkmgkemgjhmdjim _mZlem d_hmcle i^hcmglmhlm_`mY_iSm^hmblem]khmdlUmhlmif[mOlmgkmijmYjmgjm]kmgkhWmCmT ZkmgjmikmalmU_imclemlQmblgmgfeSmafhmbfmifmdPmi\QmYkbmcjemUjmjmUkmij elmQlimclemlmefgmgfmgfem^mglm]kmgkhWm?lmdlgm`^mi_imYPmh\mijim`\mZ\S `lmikm]khm]l[melmafmafhmbfmifmdPmi\QmYkmdjhmejimclmdlgm`^mi_imPmT bjmekm `\mZ\mi\iSm `lmikm H]jiGm kim kimalimgfmVfm ZjmdjmgjmikhSm lmZlQ d_m`lhWmFlmekmejimdkmakmjmZkgmcjmikimafmRlemh\ZmYlmhfmifm`\mZ\imdj d_m`_imRlm`lmelmdlhW MP`mgjmakmdPmijcmgjhmdjmdjmelmQkmblmgkZmckim`lmdlmjmYjmcji Y\XmgjmhkimlXmbfemglmhfm`^gmglhmUlh<mOkXm]khmlmZlQmd_`mclmdlim]_ kmekmgkmekm[kmgkemgjm`lm[lm`fQmYkbmcjmckmZkmalVmglm`liWmCamekmdjim]jmhk a\mh\QmYkmdjim]khmkmilmif[m^mglimBkibmkmilmifm[fmilmYPmhjmhjmjimelhmT ilam`^im 9`jmikmdjim d^mV_[5m a^mi_mR_m ZjimYkimgjhm ]khm a^imhlmek `lm[limbfmglmhfimdlmNlmekhSmNlmekhmgjhmdjmZjimYkim^mglmRlemglhmdfhWmM_ d\m[\imRjm`jmZjimYkimgjhmijmelmdlhmkmilmifhm]kmgkimcjZmlmclmNlmT ekhmgjmhkim Olmglm jbmekmakimdjm ^gmd_emglmhfm c_mOlemeleWm MkZmdjm dj HbjmUjeme\gGm Ujm HelmdjhmRkmgkeGm Ulhmdfhm `lWm Ilhm[fmglm[fmglim ]kh OlemafZmgfem elhm[fmafimdlm HLgmglmOfimdlim ]_gma_iGm djmikhWm M_mglmT RlmVfmilmdlm^melmdlhmkmilmifmgfhmekmkimalmikma^mh_cmg_mg_emUjmkXmajg lmZlQm]khmlimdlmakmgkmikQmYkmdjhWmAlmikm]_mhlmdlmclamejmgkm`lmifmT cfZmglSmH]khm]l[melmaf`mglGm]lmhfm[fmhfZWm9IlmdjhmRkmgke5mDmXkmckZmdjmT ekmH]jiGmb_bmalembfhWmLimRlem]_mb_bmalemgfemHPm]\hmd\im`lmdlG c\melmNlmbfmifm lmglmRlembfhWm 9FjmUjeme\g5m LmZlQm Xjmejimgjhm Zlmbji RjimijmbjmYkmdjmRjembkhmUjmlmZlQmXjembkmhjimRjmOjimijcmdjmRjmZlmT afmifm]_mglmRlembfhWm&jmjimelhmilam`^i mJ^mh_cmg_mg_emblm`_melmhfmT glmhlm]khm`jhmgjmhjmlmbfgmcf[mUjmkXmajgmhlmOlbmgfemalVmglimcf[mbfhWmDXmT bjmekmkimalim`lmifmcfmZfmZ^hmglm`limajam^hmblmdlimelgmdfmhfmgfhmalmZlmT bjimelmQkmblmgkZcmlmXfmafimdlima^mh_imelgmclm`lmRlembfhWmJkmikhmgjmhk lmgfimcf[m]khmkimalimYkm]kWmMkhmYlmZjmbjmOlm]jmhkm]l[mgfmVfimdlm[P`mT gjm ]khm c\>mdjm Ujmhkmgkm`^hmd_;m I^mc\mikZmcjm Xlmhjm ]_mg_imd_W :lmhjmlgbm]l[mgfemblmlimglmbfmgfm`^hWmDimalmifmkimalim`lmQlimekm[kmgke cjhmejmZkm]jm`kimdjmNh^imblgmg^]Kdlm9lgmifimlhmelmafimdlmekmg^]5 ]_mg_mi_m`^hmc_[Wm Mkmgkcm lmdlcmglmhfm 965m ^mi_m Xfmelhmclm`fm ]lmT [lhmcf[mglhWmm Lmafgm^mglmhlemY\mi\ima^mh_ma_<md^Vmh_mdlUmhlmifm[fmYjhmXjemT gj[mbkhmcjmikim ]jmdjgmgjmhkmijm elbmglmilm]kmgjmRjem ckm`kZ6m M_imRl Zlmclimdfhm alemglimdfmVfmcfZm clamejmgjmhkmckmZkm Xfmelmhlm]kmgjmRje ckm`kZ6mF^Qmg_cmOlmhjmejmbjmYjXmbkmVkimdjmjgm]jbmbjm^imglhmglm]khmT gkembjmOlmhjmejmbjmYjmXjmRjem^mglim]_mNfhmalmbfm]jemgjm`jimQjemX^e kimalim^gmclmgfWm%mZjmhkmijm`lmQf[mcf[m]khm]l[melmafimdlime_hmb_mT g_Qmbjem]khm]\mb\imkimalim^mglmhlem`lm[lmclemkambjm`jiWmM_m`lmT ]limRfmgl[mclmdlim af`mhfmgfQm ]khm XfhmQfmdlm e_hmb_gmclem kambjm`jiW @Pmh\mijim^mekmekm[kmgkmVkmckZmdjmekm]_m]Pmg\imcjmikim]jmdjgmgjmhk dlmOlmlmVfhWm@\imYjXmbkemXjmYjhmXjemgjhmgjm`\Zmgj[mcjemdlmOlmelmT XfmifgmclZm]khmOlgmlmgfm`^hWm:^mR_emglmhfmcfmZlmkm`kSmd\mh\abm]khmkimT alim^gmclm`fmPVmhjmbkhmejiSm]_mPVmhjmbkmgjhmgjmOlm`lbmblmilmafgmb_mb_mT ilm]kmgjmRjemgjmhkmikm a^hmY_mg_m`^mh_ZWm JfmifNm lbmglmclmglmhfmifm kambjhmT ejiSm]kZmdjimUjmejimdkmgjmhkimdjim_mZlemglm[lmRlemglmhfmkmXkimel`mT Yfmglmifm`^mh_ZWmLm`lemblmelmglm]kgmcjmgjmhkmkmXkim`lgmifZmejimdkmXfmT elhmglmhfmifme^mh_mclmglmhfmifmcfm`^emalmQl`mgl[mclm`fmcfmPVmhjmbjmT

17

G

erçeklerin farkýnda olan insanlar da bu çatýþmayý yaþayabilirler. Yine gerçeðin dayattýðý içsel baský ile sistemin dayattýðý dýþ baský arasýnda bir çýkýþ yolu arayabilirler. Bunu bulmak da hiç zor deðil. Kafamýzý karýþtýran önemli olaylardan bazýlarý bize böyle yansýr. Bazý insanlar aðýzlarýný açtýlar mý mangalda kül býrakmazlar ama iþ eyleme gelince o zaman biraz önceki insandan eser kalmaz. Bize devrimci gibi görünenler bizi þaþýrtabilir. Madalyonun diðer yüzünün olduðunu bilen ama çevirmeye cesareti olmayan bu insanlar, toplumlarýn da uzun bir süre kafasýný karýþtýrabilir. Bu kiþileri “ama”larýndan tanýmak mümkün. “Böyle olmasý gerekir ama...” diye sürüp giden cümleler ve sonuç: koca bir hiç.

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18

Güz ‘08

Özgür Güven

Sanatta Özne-Nesne ve Gerçeklik

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Güz ‘08

19

“Tarihsel evrimin ürünleri olarak olgular sadece sürekli bir dönüþüm içinde yer almakla kalmýyor, onlar kendi nesnel yapýlarý gereði ayný zamanda belli bir tarihsel dönemin, yani kapitalizmin de ürünleridir. O bakýmdan ‘bilim’ verilerin kendilerini dolayýmsýz olarak veya doðrudan doðruya temsil etme tarzýný bilimsel olgularýn esasý olarak görüyor ve bu verilerin fiili biçimini, kavramlarý oluþturmanýn çýkýþ noktasý olarak kabul ediyorsa, kendini düpedüz ve dogmatik olarak kapitalizmin toplumsal zeminine oturtuyor demektir.” G. Lukacs Tarih ve Sýnýf Bilinci

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anatçý dýþ dünyayý olduðu gibi aktarmaz; gerçeðin bir benzerini çizmek, anlatmak, yaratmak için de sanat yapmaz. Bir benzerini yaratmak, onun kopyasýný yapmak ya da yapmaya çalýþmak deðil, ama bu sanat eseri dýþ dünyanýn, sanatçýnýn düþ gücüyle yeniden yorumlanmýþ bir tasarýmý olurken; dýþ dünyanýn sanatçý tarafýndan algýlanýþýnýn gerçeðin algýlanýþý- dýþ dünyanýn sanatçýda ki yansýmasýnýn, sanatçýnýn yarattýðý eser yoluyla gösterilmesidir. Bunlara ek olarak sanatçýnýn sosyal konumunun, iç dünyasýnýn ve ruh zenginliðinin de yansýtýlmasý, aktarýlmasýdýr.

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20

Güz ‘08

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21

eylĂźl ve mecra Ruhan Mavruk

uyandÄąm daÄ&#x; gĂśllerini titreten aĹ&#x;Äąk rĂźzgarÄąn bildik coĹ&#x;kusuyla deÄ&#x;iĹ&#x;ken damlalarÄąn mavi gĂźlĂźĹ&#x;Ăź karĹ&#x;ÄąladÄą sesimi balkon kapÄąsÄąnda benim için yaÄ&#x;mÄąĹ&#x; dedim AtinalÄą dĂźĹ&#x;ĂźnĂźr serin tutmak için sabahÄąnda kÄąrk yaĹ&#x;ÄąmÄą gĂśÄ&#x;ĂźsleyeceÄ&#x;im geceyi

Bir çiçek iliĹ&#x;tiriyorlar saçĹma Soluma diyorum, sol yanÄąmaâ&#x20AC;Ś silah sesleri varoĹ&#x;lardan sekiyor kurĹ&#x;unu celladÄąn kendini linç ediyor tiran safran çĹÄ&#x;lÄąÄ&#x;Äą gelir gelmez ĂślĂźmĂźn bir daÄ&#x; beni çÜzĂźyor geriliyor ayak kaslarÄąm yeni bir koĹ&#x;uya ta Orpheusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;tan son gerillaya

ey eylĂźl ipek hĂźzĂźnlerin baÄ&#x; bozumu kesiyorum iĹ&#x;te ayaklarÄąndaki ipleri karda yitmiĹ&#x; kâĹ&#x;iflerin ayak izleri seslenir daÄ&#x;cÄą bir bulut saÄ&#x;ar yĂźreÄ&#x;ini ovaya gĂźnler tozar, Simonov bekler beni

bugĂźn 9 EylĂźl selam sana her vuslatta gĂśzlerini biraz daha uzaÄ&#x;a kaçĹran sandinist sevda

â&#x20AC;&#x153;If you go awayâ&#x20AC;? olmalÄą bugĂźn pikapta sahaflarda kitap kokusu BeĹ&#x;iktaĹ&#x;â&#x20AC;&#x2122;ta acÄąsÄą alÄąnmÄąĹ&#x; safir bir anÄą ve YevtuĹ&#x;enkoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;dan kehribar bir gĂźlĂźĹ&#x; bir Leipzig tablosu eriĹ&#x;ilmez dĂźĹ&#x;lerden sĂźzĂźlmĂźĹ&#x;

Ăźveyikler su içer miydi ellerimden deÄ&#x;iĹ&#x;ir her Ĺ&#x;ey demeseydin ey mecra!.. papatyalar dolaĹ&#x;Äąr mÄąydÄą ayaklarÄąma

vitrin camlarÄąndaki kÄąza gĂźlĂźmsĂźyorum ellerinde buÄ&#x;day baĹ&#x;aklarÄą sÄąrtÄą delik deĹ&#x;ik giydiÄ&#x;i pelerinlerden

dayanabilir miyim sanÄąyorsun bak, hala gramofonlarda ezilen bir gĂźlĂźn çĹÄ&#x;lÄąÄ&#x;Äą gĂśzlerinde esir kuĹ&#x;lar, saçlarÄąndan baÄ&#x;lÄą kĂśhne iskeleye

çocukluÄ&#x;uma imrenen kuĹ&#x;lar var -hasadÄą buruk olsa da-

bir Ĺ&#x;ey deÄ&#x;iĹ&#x;tiremedin der gibi bakar durur bir karakol akĹ&#x;amÄą yalnÄązlÄąÄ&#x;Äąyla Afife Jale.

22

GĂźz â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;08

Ben Bir Usanmaz Ozaným Derdim Vardýr �nilerim NazĹm Akarsu

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927 yĂ˝lĂ˝nda Sivasâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ă˝n GĂźrĂźn ilçesinde Demiryolu iÞçisi Ă&#x17E;ĂźkrĂź Baba ile okumasĂ˝ yazmasĂ˝ olmayan â&#x20AC;&#x153;TĂźrkçesi yetmeyince derdini anlatmaya kalkĂ˝p oynayanâ&#x20AC;? GĂźlßÞan Anaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;nĂ˝n oĂ°lu olarak dĂźnyaya gelen ozan Hasan HĂźseyin 1950 yĂ˝lĂ˝ndan Gazi EĂ°itim EnstitĂźsĂźnĂź bitiriyor. MaraĂžâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ă˝n GĂśksun ilçesinde Üðretmenlik yaparken çocuklara â&#x20AC;&#x153;al elmayĂ˝ benden al/benden alma elden alâ&#x20AC;? tĂźrkĂźsĂźnĂź Üðretmekle â&#x20AC;&#x153;komĂźnizm propagandasĂ˝ yaptýðýâ&#x20AC;? gerekçesiyle hakkĂ˝nda 142. maddeden dava açýlĂ˝yor ve Üðretmenlikten atĂ˝lĂ˝yor. Bundan sonra sĂźrgĂźnler baĂžlĂ˝yor Hasan HĂźseyin için.

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zan radyum, uranyum gibi bir madendir: Þiiryum! Kendini yiyip bitirmesi beÞikten mezara dek sßrer ozanýn: yanar, yanar, yanar, durmadan yanar! Solumaktýr Þiir, yßrßmektir, yßzmektir, yiyip içmektir, çalýÞmaktýr, sevmektir, kavga etmektir, gßlßp aðlamaktýr Þiir ozan için.

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24

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GĂźz â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;08

25

O

zanýn biliyorsunuz saçlarý beyaz býyýklarý siyahtý. Ona sormuÞlar, Hßseyin abi niye senin saçlarýn siyah býyýklarýn beyaz demiÞler, o da demiÞ ki, aralarýnda yaÞ farký var.

İþime karým dedim, karýma Kavel diyeceðim Ve soluðum tükenmedikçe bu doyumsuz dünyada, Güneþe karýþmadýkça etim Kavel grevcilerinin türküsünü söyleyeceðim Ve izin verirlerse Kavel grevcileri İzin verirlerse Ýstinyeli emekçi kardeþlerim İzin verirlerse Kavel Grevcileri Ve ben kendimi tutabilirsem, sesimi tutabilirsem O çoban ateþinin yandýðý yerde Kavel’de O erkekçe direnilen yerde, Kavel’de Karýn altýnda niþanlanýp dostlarýmýn arasýnda Öpeceðim niþanlýmý Kavel kapýsýnda Ve izin verirlerse Ýstinyeli emekçi kardeþlerim İzin verirlerse Kavel Grevcileri İlk çocuðumun adýný Kavel koyacaðým

26

Güz ‘08

Ahmet Aydın

İnsanın Evriminin İlk Aşamalarında Dil

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Güz ‘08

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nsanýn hayvandan insana evrimi süreci geliþmiþ insan aþamasýna kadar çok uzun bir süreyi kaplar. Ýnsanýn atalarýndan insana evrimi uzun, zorlu bir yoldur. Bu evrimleþmede insan elinin oluþumu, geliþmesi, beynin oluþumu ve geliþmesi, bunlarla beraber bütünlüklü olarak insanýn geliþmesi gerçekleþiyor. Elin ayaktan ayrýlmasý, insanýn dik duruþa geçmesi uzun süreleri kapsayan bir geliþmedir.

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Güz ‘08

29

D

il kiþinin sadece kendi duyumlarýný dýþarý yansýtmasý deðildir. Ayný zamanda algýlarý soyutlamasýnýn da bir ifadesidir. Bütün algýlarý soyutlayýp, bunlarý sentezleyip daha ileri bilgilere ulaþarak bunlarý dil yoluyla aktarýr. Ýnsan bilincinin oluþmasýnda ve bilince dayalý etkinliklerin gerçekleþtirilmesinde bilincin ve bu etkinliklerin geliþmesinde dil rol oynar. Dil vasýtasýyla alýnan ve dil vasýtasýyla aktarýlan bilgiler bilincin etkinliði için önemlidir.

D

ilin bir รงocukta geliรพimi insanรฝn evrimine iliรพkin birรงok ipucu da verir. Bebeklikteki ilk geliรพimi, bรผyรผmesi, ilk heceleri sรถylemeye baรพlamasรฝ hem รงevresiyle iletiรพimini, รงevresini algรฝlamasรฝnรฝ hem de buna verdiรฐi tepki diรฐer รพeylerin yanรฝnda ilk รงรฝkardรฝรฐรฝ sesler, heceler ve giderek ilk kelimelerde gรถrรผrรผz. ร ocuk bรผyรผdรผkรงe toplumdan ve doรฐadan etkilenimi, bunlarรฝ algรฝlayรฝรพรฝ artar. Bu artรฝรพ รงocuรฐun konuรพmasรฝnda genel olarak gerรงekleรพir.

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Nereden geliyoruz

EY Ă&#x2013;ZGĂ&#x153;RLĂ&#x153;K! Okulda defterime SĂ˝rama aĂ°açlara YazarĂ˝m adĂ˝nĂ˝ OkunmuĂž yapraklara Bembeyaz sayfalara YazarĂ˝m adĂ˝nĂ˝ YaldĂ˝zlĂ˝ imgelere Toplara tĂźfeklere KrallarĂ˝n tacĂ˝na En gĂźzel gecelere GĂźnĂźn ak ekmeĂ°ine YazarĂ˝m adĂ˝nĂ˝ Tarlalara ve ufka KuĂžlarĂ˝n kanadĂ˝na GĂślgede deĂ°irmene yazarĂ˝m UyanmýÞ patikaya Serilip giden yola HĂ˝nca hĂ˝nç meydanlara adĂ˝nĂ˝ Ey ĂśzgĂźrlĂźk! KapĂ˝mĂ˝n eĂžiĂ°ine KabĂ˝ma kacaĂ°Ă˝ma Ă?çimdeki aleve CamlarĂ˝ oyununa UyanĂ˝k dudaklara YazarĂ˝m adĂ˝nĂ˝ YĂ˝kĂ˝lmýÞ evlerime SĂśnmßÞ fenerlerime Derdimin duvarĂ˝na Arzu duymaz yokluĂ°a Ă&#x2021;Ă˝rçýplak yalnĂ˝zlýða YazarĂ˝m adĂ˝nĂ˝ Geri gelen saĂ°lýða Geçen her tehlikeye YazarĂ˝m ben adĂ˝nĂ˝, yazarĂ˝m Bir sĂśzĂźn çoĂžkusuyla DĂśnĂźyorum hayata Senin için doĂ°muĂžum haykĂ˝rmaya Ey ĂśzgĂźrlĂźk! P. Eluard

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Modottiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;nin en tanĂ˝nmýÞ portresi, onun fotoĂ°raflarĂ˝ndan biri olan Benita Galeanaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;nĂ˝n portresi (PankartlĂ˝ KadĂ˝n olarak bilinir), portrenin neyi içerdiĂ°i hakkĂ˝nda pek çok soruyu akla getirir. Bu sadece portre deĂ°ildir. Ă&#x2013;nemli olan Meksikaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;daki sosyalist hareket sĂ˝rasĂ˝nda yaptĂ˝klarĂ˝ndan dolayĂ˝ Benita Galeanaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;nĂ˝n bu fotoĂ°rafla birlikte tarihi bir figĂźr olmasĂ˝dĂ˝r.

Sovyetler BirliĂ°i Kominist Partisine SunduĂ°u Otobiyografi (Soru KâðýdĂ˝na Cevap) KĂśken ve Sosyal Durum: 16 AĂ°ustos 1896â&#x20AC;&#x2122;da Ă?talya-Undineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;de doĂ°dum. Ailem Ă?talyan kĂśken ve milliyetindendir. Sosyal konumlarĂ˝na gĂśre anne ve babam proleter. Babam (Ăślen) mekanikçiydi; annem meslek olarak Ăžapka yapĂ˝cĂ˝sĂ˝ydĂ˝. Her ikisi de çok yoksul bir proleter aileden geliyorlardĂ˝.

Ailemin ekonomik durumu hep çok kĂśtĂźydĂź. Annemin yedi çocuĂ°u vardĂ˝ ve babam çok nadiren evdeydi, çßnkĂź iĂž aramak için durmadan bir yerden bir baĂžka yere gidiyordu. 9 yaÞýma geldiĂ°imde, babam iĂž bulmak amacĂ˝yla Amerika BirleĂžik Devletleriâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ne gÜç etti. Uzun bir sĂźre, aylarca ondan ne haber alabildik ve ne de bize para gĂśnderdi, çßnkĂź iĂž bulamamýÞtĂ˝. Bu, bizim uzun bir sĂźre yardĂ˝m kuruluĂžu Ăźzerinden (Wohlfahrtâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;tan) yaĂžamak zorunda kalmamĂ˝z demekti. 13 yaÞýma geldiĂ°imde çalýÞmaya baĂžladĂ˝m ve o andan itibaren kendi geçimimi hep kendim saĂ°ladĂ˝m. 13 yaÞýmda Undineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;de bir Ă?pek fabrikasĂ˝nda çalýÞtĂ˝m. GĂźnde 10 saat çalýÞýyordum. Daha sonra, 1913 yĂ˝lĂ˝na kadar, BirleĂžik Devletlerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;de San Francisco, Kaliforniyaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;da yaĂžayan babamĂ˝n yanĂ˝na gidinceye kadar, bir tekstil fabrikasĂ˝nda çalýÞmaya baĂžladĂ˝m. San Fraciscoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;da hemen erkek gĂśmleĂ°i yapan bir fabrikada çalýÞmaya baĂžladĂ˝m. Burada iki yĂ˝l çalýÞtĂ˝m ve daha sonra bir Ăžapka fabrikasĂ˝na ve bir Ăžapka dĂźkkanĂ˝na girdim. Bu meslekte 1921-1922 yĂ˝lĂ˝na kadar çalýÞtĂ˝m. 1922 yĂ˝lĂ˝nda fotoĂ°rafa olan ilgim baĂžladĂ˝ ve çok iyi bir Amerikan fotoĂ°rafçýsĂ˝nĂ˝n atĂślyesinde çalýÞmaya ve Üðrenmeye baĂžladĂ˝m. 1930 yĂ˝lĂ˝nĂ˝n Ekim ayĂ˝na, Sovyetler BirliĂ°iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ne gelinceye kadar, bu mesleĂ°i Üðrendim ve buradan geçindim. FotoĂ°rafçýlýðý kendi mesleĂ°im olarak gĂśrĂźyorum çßnkĂź, en uzun çalýÞtýðým ve her adĂ˝mĂ˝nĂ˝ bildiĂ°im iĂžtir.

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Neruda anĂ˝larĂ˝nda Ăžunu yazmaktadĂ˝r: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Tina fotoĂ°raf makinasĂ˝nĂ˝ Moskovaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;nĂ˝n sularĂ˝na attĂ˝ ve yaĂžamĂ˝nĂ˝ komĂźnizm davasĂ˝nĂ˝n alçakgĂśnĂźllĂź iĂžlerine adamaya ant içti.â&#x20AC;?

Vittorio Vidali Vidali, Tinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;nĂ˝n fotografçýlýðý bĂ˝rakmasĂ˝ hakkĂ˝nda verdiĂ°i kararĂ˝ ÞÜyle yazar: â&#x20AC;&#x153;FotoĂ°rafçý olarak çalýÞmayĂ˝ kabul ettiĂ°inde bu, tĂźm zamanĂ˝nĂ˝ fotoĂ°rafçýlýða adamasĂ˝ gerektiĂ°i anlamĂ˝na geliyordu. Fakat tĂźm yaĂžadĂ˝klarĂ˝ndan sonra, Ăśzellikle de Meksikaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;da yaĂžadĂ˝klarĂ˝ndan sonra arzusu, kendisini politik yaĂžama adamak idi. AmacĂ˝ bĂźyĂźk bir teorisyen ya da Ăśnde gelen bir yĂśnetici olmak deĂ°ildi. Kendisini basit bir biçimde hareketin emrine vermek istiyordu. Bu Ăžekilde, daha Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;de kararĂ˝nĂ˝ daha da kesinleĂžtirdi.â&#x20AC;?

Partideki Konumum: Komünist partisi, yaþamým boyunca içinde ilk yer aldýðým partidir. 1927’de baþkent Meksiko’da Komünist Partisine girdim. Partiye girmeden önce, bir süre sempatizan olarak çalýþtým. Bundan önce, her ikisi de Meksico City’de bulunan Antiemperyalist ve Antifaþist Liga’nýn üyesiydim. KP’ye girmem, ikisi de Meksika KP’nin üyesi olan Rafael Carrill ve Jorge Contreas yoldaþlarýn önermeleriyle oldu. Parti Kimliðimin numarasý: 201 8142. Meksika KP’ne giriþimden kýsa bir süre sonra, Meksika devrimci hareketine yönelik olarak yeni baþlayan ve giderek keskinleþen takibat gündeme geldi. 1929’da, hükümet tarafýndan takibata alýnan Meksika KP ve ayný zamanda örneðin Kýzýl Sendikalar ve Kýzýl Yardým gibi devrimci kuruluþlar, illegaliteye geçmek zorunda kaldýlar. Berlin’e geldiðim Nisan ve Ekim aylarý arasýnda, altý ay süresince parti yaþamýna katýlmadým. Nedenleri þunlardý: Berlin’de kalýp kalmayacaðýmdan emin deðildim, partiye önerimi sununcaya kadar, böylelikle birkaç ay bekledim. Önerimi sunduktan sonra, yaklaþýk dört ay cevap beklemek zorunda kaldým. SSCB’ye yolculuk etmeden birkaç hafta önce, sonuçta partiye giriþ naklim geldi. Tereddüt etmemin nedeni, Berlin’de kalýp kalmayacaðým ve elimden tüm çabalara raðmen, yaþamýmý finanse etme yönündeki zorluklardý. Her þeye raðmen elimden geleni yaptým ve Partinin görevlendirmesiyle Berlin’de deðiþik devrimci gazetelere (örneðin AÝZ gazetesi gibi) resim çektim.

Tina Modotti öldü Tina Modotti, bacý, uyumuyorsun sen, hayýr sen uyumuyorsun. Belki yüreðin dünkü gülü dinliyor, yeni gülü dinliyor. Rahat et bacý. Yeni gül senin, senin yeni dünya: Sen kendine derin topraktan yeni bir giysi diktin ve senin gülümser sessizliðin þimdi kökleniyor Sen boþ yere uyumayacaksýn bacý. Senin tatlý adýn saf; saf senin kýrýlgan yaþamýn. Senin demir gibi sert, narin yapýn arýdan, gölgeden, ateþten, kardan, sessizlikten, dalgadan, çelikten, çizgiden, nektardan. Senin uyuyan gövdenin baþucundaki çakal yiyip bitirmek istiyor, kanlý ruhunu tatmin etmek için. Fakat sen gülümsüyorsun bacý, sanki çamuru aþacakmýþ gibisin. Seni benim ülkeme kaçýracaðým, ki ulaþamasýnlar sana, Benim karla kaplý ülkeme, ki senin saflýðýna dokunamasýn katiller Çakallar, paralý askerler: Orda barýþa ulaþacaksýn sen. Bir ayak sesi duyuyor musun, bir sürü ayak sesleri içinde, Steplerden gelen, dondan gelen, soðuktan yankýlanan bir ses? Karda yürüyen bir askerin ayak sesini duyuyor musun? Bacý, bunlar senin ayak seslerin. Günün birinde senin küçük mezarýnýn önünden geçecekler, açmadan dünkü güller, yarýnkiler geçecek mezarýnýn önünden ve sessizliðinin yanýþýný görecekler Bir dünya yürüyor bacý, senin gittiðin yere Senin türkülerin söyleniyor aðýzlarda hergün Senin onca sevdiðin halkýn aðzýnda. Ne cesurdu yüreðin senin. Senin ülkenin eski mutfaklarýnda, tozlu yollarýnda bir þeyler konuþuluyor ve akýp gidiyor. Bir þeyler senin altýn sarýsý halkýnýn ateþine karýþýyor Bir þeyler uyanýyor ve þarký söylüyor. Seninkiler bacým bugün senin adýný ananlar, bizler, her yerde, denizde, karada, senin adýnla susan ve baþka isimler söyleyenler. Ateþ ölmez çünkü! P. NERUDA

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Toplumcu Gerçekçilik mi? Sosyalist Gerçekçilik mi?

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Prometheus Karart göklerini Zeus, Duman duman bulutlarla; Diken başlarını yolan çocuk gibi de Oyna meşelerin, dağların doruklarıyla. Ama benim dünyama dokunamazsın, Ne senin yapmadığın kulübeme Ne de ateşini kıskandığın ocağıma. Su evrende siz tanrılardan Daha zavallısı var mı bilmem: Kurban vergileri Dua üfürükleriyle beslenir Haşmetli varlığınız zar zor. Size umut bağlayan budalalar, Çocuklar, dilenciler olmasa Yok olur giderdiniz çoktan. Ben de bir çocukken Ne yapacağımı bilmez olunca Çevirirdim güneşe doğru Görmediğini gören gözlerimi; Yakarışımı dinleyecek Bir kulak varmış gibi yukarda; Varmış gibi derdimle dertlenecek Benimkine benzer bir yürek yukarda

Azgın devlere karşı Kim yardım etti bana? Kim kurtardı beni ölümden, Kim kurtardı kölelikten? Su benim yüreğim değil mi, Kutsal bir ateşle yanan yüreğim, Her işi başarmış olan? O değil mi coşup taşarak, Yukarda uyuyanı aldatarak Basımı beladan kurtaran? Benim seni kutlamam mi gerek? Niçin? Hiç derdine derman oldun mu sen Derdine derman bulamayanın? Gözyaşını sildin mi hiç Başı darda olanların? Kim adam etti beni? Güçlüler güçlüsü Zaman Ve önü sonu gelmeyen Kader, değil mi? Onlar değil mi Senin de benim de efendilerimiz? Sen yoksa beni yasamaktan bıkar mi sandın? Kaçar çöllere giderim mi sandın Açmıyor diye Tüm düş tohumcukları? Bak iste, yerli yerindeyim; İnsanlar yetiştiriyorum bana benzer; Bütün bir kuşak benim gibi, Acılara katlanacak, ağlayacak, Gülecek, sevinecek, Ve aldırış etmeyecek sana Benim gibi!

Johann Volfgang von Goethe

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Pablo Picasso ( ,!,# $ ,+))+, ,), , " ,+* & 8=[na]Xnaghncmnjmndgnjgjnljnknakn^knhknjljn`cndmnhmnigjnfmjn^kniknfki[n>ln_inYlcnMimn `nl knhln^kinhkendlnD]n^kXbnmnegnbgnjgjnbknbmnignfgi[nCknSmcnc_n84n9nekbnL::LOnflnn?cnPmjnT amVnEmnhmnYmVfmnf_nUmi[n;lnckbnamPnbmnamnclnekXnamn\gjnfmn^m\nhmi[nL:J4OdlnMminclnT h_njmn>]nXlhnImnjmdnhmin7ne`nh`OjmnYknili[nLJ=LOfljnkndkn^mniljnmjnjlnc_namnfgn_nhmjnCknT Smcnc_Oa`ne`hnhmjnbmnamn^m\nhmi[ ,>@0?@(#@<=:@ LJ=LTLJ=6naghnhmnignCknSmcnc_Oj`jnbmnWknfQnjlnbkn_nhmnimenmfnhmjnfgnignhgi[nKinemnT fmn\gn2minh_cn2mncmnYlnbmcnkjndknRmniganhmn^m\nhmnamjn^`nfQnjlbnflVnCknSmcnc_Vndm^nh_nhmnT igjnfmnbmnWkniljnYknlnYlnbljn_nhmnimene`hnhmjnbg\ndgi[nM`nfQnjlbndm^nh_nhmnigjnfmnam\nhgnT hgeVnNmnekinhkenWlnQnh]bndlnbmnhmnignk\nhljnbk\ndki[nBmnRmnZ_en@mnekinhliVnfknhljnSknhlinWl eQinhlindmcnWkinlnfkhnbk\ndki$n =:@*=@(#@<=:@ CknSmcnc_VnLJ=.OdlnCmnikcOlnalinhln\ki[nM`nimnfmnkhenln\kn@linjmjnfln7nhknWknliOahl dmnjgn\gi[nBQnjlbVnmnfgnjgndgPnegnbmnWknfQnjlbnfln_hnf`nU`nYkn^kVnPlbn^lnWlnd_jnhmnignjgj a_nU`jne`hnhmnjgnbgjnfmjnmnhgi[n?\nhlnjljndlnbmnhminfmnRmnZ_enblnhmjne_nhkenWlnf`anY` a]enh]nf]i&n^`nfQnjlbndm^nh_nhmnigjnfmnckienf]jnamncgnjmnfmnimcdnhmnjgi[nCknSmcnc_Vn^` fQnjlbnflniljendljnZ_enZkXnYknWlnflncljne`hnhmnjgnbgnjmnQnjlbnWlniki[ .@*?2:@ LJ=,OfljnLJL.Olnemnfmine]n^kcdn_nhmnimenmfnhmjnfgnignhmjndmiXnfmndm^nh_nhminamnT Pmi[nD]n^kcdndm^nh_nhmnigjnYlnjlhnQnXlhnhknUkVnYln_nbldniknWlnYln_nbldniken\lnekhnhlnikjne`hnT hmnjghnbmncgnfgi[n ;lcnblnfknhljn jlcnjlnhlin Yln_nbldniken N_ibnhmin _nh`\nd`nimnSmen \lnekhnfl ^mnckdnhl\ndknikhnbk\namnR`dnYln_nbldniken\lnekhnhlniln^Qnh]jnb]\nd]i[nD]n^kXnbkjn^kinfknUli QnXlhnhknUknfln`nXmanfmnekn-6n^_na`dnh`+n^kinSkcnbknknekn^_na`dnh`na]nXlnalnmendminbmnZmnT ^mncgnfgi[nM`nmnbmZnhmnCknSmcnc_Vn\lnekhnhlniknamnjmhna]nXlanhlniknjln^Qnh]\nd]ni]PnRlin^kniknT jknknekn^_na`dnh`na]nXlanflnYQcndlinblnalnZmnhgn\gi[n<knjln^`njlnfljnfljnP_idnilnhlnikjnflnT eknkjncmjnhmnigjnRlbnPi_nNknhknRlbnflnQjnfljnYQni]nj]n\]nYQni]hnblendlnfki[n CknSmcnc_ndmnjgnjmjnljn]nildneljncmnjmdnZgnfgi[n>`nknjlccn;lne_inhminDkndmn^gOjmnYQnT ilVnL6V4==nilnckbVnL==V===n^mcnegVn6.V===nekndmPnilcnbkVnWln6==nRlanelhnWln^kinT Z_enclnimnbkenWlnZknXkbn]nildnbk\ndki[n 9jndmnjgjnbg\nlnclniknKhnbmjn_inf`nhmnignjgjn>`nlinjknSmnemncmn^mncgnjgn^_bn^mnhmnbmnT cgnjgnmjnhmndmjn>`nlinjknSmnmfnhgnlnclniknfki[n;lnckbnLJ6,OflnamnPghnbg\ndgi[nM`nilnckbn\` mjnfmnEmfnikfOfln;lnkjn mnI_N mnE]nXlnckjnfln^`nh`jnbmendmnfgi[nCknSmcnc_Vn^kinclinYknT ckncgnimncgjnfmneljnfkncknjlVnH^`nilcnbknckXnbknamPndgnjgXGnfknalnc_nimjn^kinKhnbmjnYlnT jlnimnhknjlVnHFmnagiVnckXnamPndgnjgXGnSlnWmn^gnjgnWlinbk\ndki[ 9<,:9<$8(</87<-:<4:9<8<08<8 </;< ;7<584 <+,<.;<681<0:<7!9<5:< :<-:7<5;<4;<4;<68 27<52< 29<:9<5:<0;<98<5;9</: <6:<4:<6!<,!9 </87<5:<$:<$8(<5'<129<4:<0:< :< !4<5;< 08%<.2< :<68<1*< ;<0;<:<.:</8<687<,89 < 0<,:<,'9<$8(</87<-:<4:9<);6<4;- < ;7< ;<08<,*0<6;<4;4<:<4: <$;7< ;<089<7;,<48<98<0:<%:<7!4 Pablo Picasso

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KĂźbizm nedir 20. yy. baĂžlarĂ˝nda ortaya çýkmýÞ bir sanat akĂ˝mĂ˝dĂ˝r KĂźbizm. Birinci DĂźnya SavaÞýâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ndan Ăśnceki yĂ˝llarda Parisâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;te geliĂžen bir resim akĂ˝mĂ˝nĂ˝n adĂ˝dĂ˝r. O dĂśnemde Avrupaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;da biçimlenmekte olan modern sanatĂ˝n, ýÞýðýn geçici etkilerini resmetmek olan izlenimcilerden hoĂžnut olmayan bir genç ressamlar kuĂžaĂ°Ă˝ yetiĂžiyordu. â&#x20AC;&#x153;KĂźbizmâ&#x20AC;? adĂ˝, Georges Braqueâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ă˝n bir tablosunu gĂśren Matisseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;in bu tablo için ÂŤkßçßk kĂźplerÂť sĂśzĂźnĂź kullanmasĂ˝yla ortaya çýkmýÞtĂ˝r. Braque ve Picasso hacimlerin iç içe geçtiĂ°i portreler, manzaralar, natĂźrmortlar çizmekteydi. Onlar iki boyutlu (en ve boy) olan tuvalin yĂźzĂźne doĂ°ada ßç boyutlu (en, boy, derinlik) olan nesneleri çizebilmenin çarelerini araĂžtĂ˝rĂ˝yorlardĂ˝. Bu, yeni bir sorun deĂ°ildi; bĂźtĂźn resim sanatĂ˝nĂ˝n sorunuydu; ama o zamana kadar, derinlik izlenimi perspektif aracĂ˝lýðýyla verilebiliyordu. Picasso ile Braque, her Ăžeyden Ăśnce bir tablonun ne olduĂ°unu unutturan bu çÜzĂźm yolunu bir yana bĂ˝raktĂ˝lar: Tablo, aslĂ˝nda dĂźmdĂźz bir yĂźzeydir. Braque ile Picasso, biçimleri tuvalin Ăźzerine kademeli sĂ˝ralayarak Ăźst Ăźste yerleĂžtirdiler. Zaten onlarĂ˝n niyeti, gerçeĂ°i gĂśrdßðßmĂźz gibi deĂ°il, olduĂ°u gibi gĂśstermekti: Yerimizi deĂ°iĂžtirmeden bir nesneye baktýðýmĂ˝z zaman onun sadece bir kĂ˝smĂ˝nĂ˝, bir kÜÞesini veya bir yĂźzĂźnĂź gĂśrĂźrĂźz. KĂźbistler ise nesneleri, sanki çevresinde dolaÞýyorlarmýÞ gibi, birkaç bakýÞ açýsĂ˝ndan, cepheden, yandan, Ăźstten, alttan bakarak aynĂ˝ imge Ăźzerinde gĂśstereceklerdir. AynĂ˝ Ăžekilde, bir yĂźzĂź hem yandan, hem de iki gĂśzĂź gĂśrĂźlecek biçimde (karmaÞýk gĂśrĂźntĂź) vereceklerdir.

Neruda yaĂžamýÞ olan en bĂźyĂźk dĂźnya ozanlarĂ˝ndan birisidir. Ve faĂžizmin insanlara yaĂžatýðý acĂ˝larĂ˝ Ăžiirlerinde en iyi anlatanlardan biri oldu. Onun aĂžk Ăžiirleri dĂźnyanĂ˝n neredeyse tĂźm Ăźlkelerinde okunmakta ve halen çevirileri yayĂ˝mlanmaktadĂ˝r. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Yirmi AĂžk Ă&#x17E;iiri ve Umutsuz Bir Ă&#x17E;arkĂ˝â&#x20AC;? isimli kitabĂ˝ onun adĂ˝nĂ˝ en çok duyuran kitabĂ˝dĂ˝r ve daha 1961â&#x20AC;&#x2122;de bu kitap Buenos Airesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;teki Losada yayĂ˝nevinde milyonuncu baskĂ˝yĂ˝ yapmýÞtĂ˝r. Ă&#x17E;imdilerde bu sayĂ˝ iki milyona yakĂ˝ndĂ˝r.

Neruda çocuk yaĂžta La Manana gazetesinde çalýÞmaya baĂžladĂ˝. Gazetede edebiyat eklerini dĂźzeltmekle gĂśrevlendirildi. Bu dĂśnemde, Ă&#x2021;ekoslovakyalĂ˝ Ăžair Jan Nerudaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ya olan hayranlýðýndan dolayĂ˝ Pablo Neruda takma adĂ˝nĂ˝ kullandĂ˝. Ă?lk ve orta Üðretimini yaptýðý Temucoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;da Ăžair Gabriela Mistral ile tanýÞtĂ˝.14 yaÞýndayken La Manana gazetesinin sanat bĂślĂźmĂźnĂź yĂśnetmeye baĂžladĂ˝.1917 -20 yĂ˝llarĂ˝ arasĂ˝nda ilk Ăžiirlerini yazdýðýnda, Neftali Reyes imzasĂ˝nĂ˝ kullandĂ˝.

Pablo Neruda

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Nonna Mordyukova 25 Kasım 1925-6 Temmuz 2008

“Dünden beri Rusya’da her yerde o konuþuluyor. Bültenlerin ilk haberleri, gazetelerin ve internet sitelerinin manþetleri arasýnda bir kadýnýn genç, yaþlý fotoðraflarý hep ön planda, acýlý bir ses tonuyla okunan metinler kulaklarda. Çünkü, Sovyet sinemasýnýn insancýl yüzünü beyaz perdeye en iyi yansýtan pek çok filmin unutulmaz aktristi, komediden drama her tarzýn yýldýzý, sosyal yaþamdaki “güçlü Rus kadýný”nýn sinemadaki aynasý Nonna Mordyukova öldü.” Ukrayna’nýn Donetks kentinde doðan Mordyukova 1948’de rol aldýðý “Genç muhafýzlar” filmiyle sinemaya atýldý ve kýsa sürede büyük ün kazandý. Sanatçý sinemada oyna-

dýðý rollerde sosyalizmin insana ve doðaya verdiði deðeri en iyi biçimde ortaya koyarak sosyalizmin güçlenmesine önemli katkýlarda bulundu. Oyuncuya ününü kazandýran 1955’te, yönetmenliðini Mikhail Þveitser’in yaptýðý “Baþkalarýnýn Akrabalarý” adlý filmde canlandýrdýðý Steþa karakteri oldu. Yine aktristin Sovyet döneminde peyaz perdeye aktardýðý “Hýsým” “Pýrlanta El” filmlerinde olduðu gibi komediden, drama birçok dalý ustalýkla sergilemesi büyük hayranlýk uyandýrdý. Mordyukova, elli yýllýk kariyeri boyunca 60 tan fazla filmde rol aldý. Çok sayýda komedi filminde oynayan sanatçýnýn, o bilindik sesiyle bir repliði okumasý, esprilerin popüler kültürde kendine kalýcý yer edinmesi içi yeteli oluyordu. Dünyanýn en güzel kadýnlarý arasýnda yer alan Nona Mordyukova ayný zamanda oynadýðý rollerde bir sosyalist kadýnýn gücünü ve kudretini ortaya koymasý açýsýndan çarpýcýydý. Mordyukova’nýn baþarýlarý ona, hem SSCB, hem de Rusya milli sanatçýsý unvanlarýný kazandýrdý. Birçok ödül sahibi olan Mordyukova, Ýngiltere’nin “Kim Kimdir?” ansiklopedisinde 20. yy.ýn en baþarýlý 10 kadýn oyuncusu arasýnda da yer alýyor.

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Marie Sklodowska Curie +) & +*&% , L:16nagnhgjnfmVn)minhgen;`cnamOcgnjmnemin\gnamnPgnhmjn^mn\mnigncgXn^kinmnamenhmjnT bmnfmjnegncmn^kinc]nilnc_jnimVnC_nh_jnamOfmnf_Unf`[nMmn^mncgnhknclnflnNknXkenQUnildnT blnjknmjnjlncknknclnkhne_ne`hnQUnildnblnjkanfk[n0knclnlnUkndknbkjnfljnc_jnimVnCmnikcOdl ^`nh`njmjnmnUmn^lnaknjkjnWlnegXneminfln\knjkjnlnUkndkbnYknflinhlniknjknemin\gnhmnbmenknZkj Zmnhg\ndg[nKanjgnXmnbmjnfmnCmnikcOlnYkdnblenknZkjnflnPmnimn^knikendkinfk[n7nZmUnhmnigj C_nh_jnamOcgjnfmnegXnhmnigjn]njknWlinckndlnfln_ne`nbmncgnf`na`hnb`\n^kin\lanflnUkhnfk[ L:JLnagnhgjnfmnI_in^_jnjln!njknWlinckndlncknjlnYkinfk[nEmniknln2`niknlnd]bnbmfnfkn_nT hmnjmencgXnhgenhmnimnimUnbljn-^kinelnilnckjnflncgnjgNndmnmZnhgendmjn^mnaghnbg\ndg+ncgnjgnNgj ljn^mn\mnignhgnQUniljnSknckanfk[ L:J4Odln@imjncgXnekbnamnSgnCknliniln2`niknlnknhlnlWnhljnfk[nCknliniln2`niknlVn_ndmnT ikRnhlinflnPknlnX_TlnhledniknUknel\nNlnfljn^knhkbnmnfmnbgn_nhmnimendmnjgnjgna_inf`n-MkinPknT lnX_Tn lnhledniken eikcndmnhknjln ^mncgjZn `anY`nhmjnfgnUgjnfmn ^kin P_ndmjncknalhn Nminegn _nh`nT \`i[+nEmniknln2`niknlVnPknlnX_TlnhlednikenQnXlhnhknUkn_nhmjnbmfnflnhlnikne`hnhmnjmnimeVnimfnT a_nmendkNnbmfnflnhlnikjnmendkNnhknUknjknQhZnblenc`nilndkanhln`nimjna`bnWlnd_ina`bnlnhlnT bljdnhlniknjkjnimfna_nmendkNnamnPgnfmn_hnf`enhmnignjgnYQcndlinfk[n L:J:nagnhgjnfmnEmniknlnWlnCknliniln`nimjna`bnNknhknXknjkjnknZlinfknUknalnjkn^kinimfnT a_nmendkNnlnhlnbljndknel\nNldndknhli[nM`nalnjknlnhlnbljndlnbmnfmbn2`niknlOjkjn]hnelncknT jkjnmnfgn_nhmjVnP_nh_jna`bnmnfgnjgnWlinfknhli[n7nfQnjlbnfln^`nfmWnimnjg\n^mnUgbncgXnT hgenb]nSmnflnhlncknWlinblendln_nhmjnC_nh_jnamnRmhnegnjmnflcndlenmjnhmnbgnjmnYlnhkna_inT f`[nM`nZmnhg\nbmnknZkjneljnfkn^`hnf`nU`nSknRmnXgnEmniknlOjkjn^`nh`n\`nknZkjnWlniljnWl manjgnXmnbmjnfmneljnfknZmnhg\nbmnhmnignjgn^gnimnegPn^`n^`nh`n\mneljnfknjknmnfmnamjnCknT linilOkjnfmWnimnjgn\gn^`nY]jn_hnf`nU`nYkn^kn_nY]jnflnd]bnf]jnamnagnflnikjnfljnldnT eknhlnbk\ndk[nL:J:nagnhgnjgjnc_jnhmnigjnfmn2`niknlOhlinimfna`bn_nhmnimenmfnhmjnfginfgenT hmnigVnZ_enfmnRmnNmXnhmnmendkNnlnhlnbljndknlnclinbkendminfmnlhnflnlnfln^khnfknhli[nAmindgnhmnT ^knhkinZ_enh`endmnimfna`bnlhnflnlnfln^khnblenknZkjnZ_en^]na]enZmn^mncmiNnlnflnileV `nimjna`bnSmnXljnYkjnSlWnRlinfljnimfna`nb`nmnagnimn^khnfknhli[ EmniknlVn/_n^lhnNknXkenQnf]nh]nj]nLJ=6OdlnR_nSmncgnMlSn `nlnilhnWlnCknlinilnknhl Pmanhm\ndg[nId_SenR_hbnMknhkbnhlinKnemnflnbknckOjflnamPndgnUgnQnf]hne_nj`\nbmncgjnfm CknlinilVnimfna`nb`jn^`nh`nj`n\`nj`jnNknXkendlndlnblhnkhnelnhlniknflnUk\ndkinfknUknjkVnimfnT a_nmendkNngn\gnbmanhmn_indmnamnZgnemjn^]na]enlnjlin*knjkjnemanjmnUgne_nj`nc`jnfmnalnjk e`nimbnhmnigjn _indmnamn mndghnbmncgnjgjn emnZgnjghnbmXn _hnf`nU`nj`n ^lnhkidndkendljn c_jnim e_nj`\nbmncgnjgn^]na]en^kinknhlniknYQni]\nh]nh]enhln\Qanhln^kndknikna_inf`[n H;mfna`nb`jn Smnjkn lhnhlinfln Z_en dlRnhknelnhkn _nhmn^knhlnSlnUknjkn f]n\]njln^knhknikX[ B_nUmnjgjncginhmnignjgnZQXnblenkjncmjnhgnUgjnamnimnignjmnbgnfgiVnmnSmn^mn^`ncginhminfmj amniminhmnjmn^knhlnSlenemnfmin_hnY`jnb`na`XVnlnfkjnfknUknbkXn^khnYknhlinkjncmjnhgenknZkj Xmniminhgn_hnbmnamnSmenbgVnfknalnc_inbmenRmenegnbgXnfgi[n/_n^lhOkjneljnfkn^`nh`\nhmnT ign^`n^mnegbnfmjnQinjlen_nhmnimenmnjgnhmn^knhki[n<]enclenY]ZndlneknPmdnhmnagnSgnhminkjnT

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“Nobel gibi ben de insanoðlunun yeni buluþlarýný, zararlý þeylerden çok yararlý þeylerde kullanacaðýna inanýrdým.” “Bireyleri geliþtirmeden, daha iyi bir dünya yaratmak umut edilemez. Bu amaca ulaþabilmek için her birimiz kendimizi geliþtirmeye çalýþýrken, ayný zamanda tüm insanlýk için genel bir sorumluluðu paylaþmalýyýz ve baþlýca görevimiz en fazla yararlý olabileceðimizi düþündüðümüz insanlara yardým etmek olmalýdýr.”

Ýrene Annesinin yolunda ilerleyecek, yýllar sonra nobel kimya ödülünü alacaktýr.

“Madam Curie ile yirmi yýl boyunca asil ve gölgesiz bir arkadaþlýðýmýn olmasý benim için çok büyük bir þanstýr. Her an artan bir þekilde onun insani güzelliðine hayranlýk beslerim. Güçlülüðü, isteklerinin kesinliði, kendisine karþý sert davranmasý, nesnelliði, þaþmayan yargýsý: Bütün bunlar çok nadir olarak tek bir insanda bulunur. Her an kendisini toplumun hizmetçisi gibi hissetti ve katý alçakgönüllülüðü hiçbir zaman övünmeye yer vermedi. Toplumdaki rahatsýzlýklar ve eþitsizlikler onu sürekli rahatsýz etti. Bu onun dýþ görünüþünün sert olmasýna yol açtý, onu tanýmayanlar tarafýndan kolayca yanlýþ anlaþýldý ve hiçbir þekilde giderilemeyen bir merak uyandýrdý. Bir þeyin doðru olduðuna karar verdiði anda, hiç taviz vermeden aþýrý bir kararlýlýkla uygulardý. Hayatýnýn en büyük bilimsel baþarýsý olan radyoaktif elementlerin bulunmasý ve izole edilmesi, tamamlanmasýný sadece yeteneðe deðil, ayný zamanda akla gelebilecek en zor koþullar altýnda -ki deneysel bilim tarihinin pek tanýk olmadýðý kadar aðýrdý bu koþullar- büyük bir kendini adama ve kararlýlýkla baþarýlmýþtýr.” Albert Einstein

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Victor Jara (&,! ,' ',+*&(, ,+ ,! ,' ',+* & 3knhknhkn_nXmjn5kSnd_in'mnimVn86n9anh]hnLJ68nflnImjndknmnY_Oj`jnfgn\gjnfmnekne]nZ]e ^kin eQan _nhmjn 0_n `nljOfln f]jnamnamn YQXnhlniknjkn mnZmi[n Mmn^mncgn Emnj`nlhn ^ki e RamfgiVnmjnjlncknKnbmjnfmnknclnmnknhlncknjkjnYlnZknbknknZkjnZ_encmnagnfmnk\ndlnZmnhg\nbmenT dmnfgi[nMmn^mncgnjgjnmhne_hnc_ni`nj`nlnWkndlienldnblncknjlnjlnfljn_nh`i[nKjnjlncknjkjn_nb`XnT hmnignjmn^]na]en^kina]en^knjlinWln^`nj`jnknZkjnflnf`inbmnfmjnZmnhgn\gi[nB]nU]jnhlinflV dQniljnhlinfln Ykndmin ZmnhgPn cQanhlnaljn ^QhnYlnjkjn dmnjgjnbg\n ^kin Rmhen cmnjmdnZgncgnfgin 'mnT imOjgjnmjnjlncknKnbmjnfm[n'mnimnYkndminhmnkhen_nhmnimenmjnjlnckncmnalnckjnflndmnjg\nbg\nWl mjnjlncknjkjnflnaminfgnbganhmneljnfknjknYlnhk\ndkinblnNgincmndgn^`hnb`\nd`i[n 'mnimnL4namn\gjnfmaneljnmjnjlncknjkneman^ldndkendljnc_jnimnmnknhlncknfmnUgnhgi[n(Unilnjkb YQinf]nU]ndknSmnildnhknclncknjkn^gnimenbmenX_ni`jnfmnemnhgi[nM`n_nhmanfmjnc_jnimnknhmnRknamd hknclncknjln^m\nhminmjnSmenfknjln_nhmjnknjmjnSgnjgnakndkinfkendljnc_jnimn^`n_ne`nh`nfmn^gnimnT egi[n7ne`nh`n^gnimnegPn0_n ln`jOlnk\nckXn_nhmnimenYlniknfQjnf]nU]jnfln_nimnfmneknminemnfm\nT hmniganhmn^kinhkendln^]nd]jnXmnbmnjgnjgnN_henh_inlnUkndknbknjlnWlniki[nM`nlnUkndkbncgnimncgjnfm dknamdni_namn_nhmjnkhnYkncknmindminWln3knhkn!njknWlinckndlnckjnflndknamdni_n_ne`nh`njmn^m\nhmi[nAmnT ekPnlnfljnaghnhminfmn'mnimn^kinZ_endknamdni_nfmn_anjminWlnaQnjldnbljnhkenamnPmi[n ImjndknmnY_nfmn3knhknN_henh_inb]nXknUknRmanimnjgn CminimOnknhlndmnjg\ndgendmjnc_jnimneljnT fkncknjkn3knhknRmhenb]nXknUknjlnmnfmi[nCminimnmanjgnXmnbmjnfmne]nZ]en^kin^]nNlnk\nhldnblenT dlnfki[n'mnimn_n^]nNlnflnCminimOamnaminfgbnlnflinWln^lnimn^linb]nXkenamnPminhmi[n'mnimn^` cgnimnfmn3knhkOjkjnP_nhkndkenf]jnamncganhmndmnjgn\ginWlnkhnYknhljnblnaln^m\nhmi[nLJ11nagnhgjnfm khenmhn^]nb]nZgnemi[nKindgenP_nhkndkenk\nhlniknjlnfmnRmnNmXnhmnXmnbmjnmnaginbmnamnWlnZmnhg\nT bmnamn^m\nhmi[nM`jnfmjnQnd]ni]ndknamdni_na`n^gnimnegiVneljnfkncknjkndmnbmnbljnb]nXknUlnWlnT iki[nKinemnfmn\gnCminimnmanjgnXmnbmjnfmnH<lnjknA]ine]Gnmnegnbgnjgjnfmne`ni`nS`nc`nf`i[ H<lnjknA]ine]GnlbnPlinamnhkXnbkjnWlncQnb]inYlnSknhknUkjnemin\gncgjnfmn^kinckbnYlnRmnhknjl Ylnhki[n'mnimnfmn<lnjknA]ine]nalnemndgnhmnimenlbnPlinamnhkXnblnemin\gn_hnf`nU`nj`VncQanhlnT fknUknPminZmnhminfmnfknhlnYlndkniki[nKindgen'mnimOjgjn\minegnhmnignNm^niknemnhminfmVn_ne`hnhminfmV c_nemenhminfmnfgi[n ?ZndljVn S_\ne`nh`Vn R]nX]jnh]Vn fkniljZnhkn clnckn 3knhkn cgnjginhmnignjgn mn\mnime f]jnamnjgjnfQidn^kinamnjgnjmn`nhmn\gi[n 'mnimVnLJ,=nclnZkbnhlnikjnfln3knhkOflneknc_hnb`nRmnhlnNlndkjnclncknFmhnegjnMkinhknUkOjk - njknfmfnC_nP`nhmi+nWlnImhnWmnf_inKhnhljnflOaknflcndlenhli[nLLn9anh]hnLJ,6OdleknKn`nT Y_cnd_nCknj_SnRldOjkjnf]nXljnhlnfknUknNmn\kcdnfmin^lnjkjnRlnbljnlindlnckjnflnImjndknmnY_n!nT jknWlinckndlnckOjflnYQnXmhndgnjmnmnhgnjginWln^kjnhlinSlnekn\kanhln^kinhkendln^`nY]jnH5kSnd_in'mnT imGnmnfgnWlniknhljn3knhknImjndknmnY_nIdmfna`nb`OjmnYlndkniknhki[n<]nilnUkjnflVnP_cndmhnhminhm ZkUnjlnjljn]hnelncknjkjnWlnemdnhlnfknhljna_hnfmn\gnKhnhljnflOjkjnmnSgncgnWminfgi[ AmRnbknjljnL1n9anh]hnLJ,6OflnQXnY]inh]end]ine]nhlniknjkn^kinfmnRmnZmhnbmncgjnfknT alnQjnSlnlhnhlniknegnignhgiVnPminbmenhmnignelncknhkinWlnljnc_nj`jnfmnk\neljnSlanhlnmnSgnbmncgXnT Smnemdnhlnfknhki[n 3knhkOflneknCimWnfmnb`nRmn^knikn5hmnfknbkin)linjknclWVn'mnimOjgjnc_jnmjnhmnignjgn\QanT hlnmjnhmndgna_i$nH5kSnd_in'mnimnf`nfmenhmnigjnfmn\mineganhmnQhnf][n7nj`namnjgjnfmjnRkZnmnT aginbmnfgnUgnilnNmnemdnZknckanhlVnYkndmniganhmn^kinhkendlncdmfna`nbmnYlndkinfknhli[n5ln\minegncQanT hlnblnaln^m\nhmnfg[n(n^]ind`nd`enh`nhmiVnYminfknamjnhmnigjnmndl\nmZnbmndlRnfknfknjlnimUnblj blnh_nfknalnl\nhkenldnblnaln^m\nhmnfgnhmi[nI_jnimn^kinc`n^mnagjnlbniknknhlnmcnelinhlin5kSnT d_iO`jn lhnhlniknjkn eginfgnhmi[n Kindgen Ykndmin Zmnhmnbgna_inf`Vn mnbmn XmnagNn ^kin clcnhln \mineg cQanhlnblnaknc]inf]inf][nMkinfkPnZkenhlnemnNmncgnjgnPminZmnhmnfgnhminWlnfknUlind`nd`enh`nhmnim k^nildn_hnc`jnfknalnlhnhlniknjknelnckPndikn^]jnhlnikjnQnj]njlnmcndgnhmi[Gn

47

Jose Marti 28 Ocak 1853â&#x20AC;&#x2122;te Havanaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;da doĂ°du. BabasĂ˝ Ă?spanyol, annesi, Kanarya adalarĂ˝ndandĂ˝. Ă&#x2021;ok gençken siyasete atĂ˝ldĂ˝ ve Ă?spanyol yĂśnetimiyle çatýÞmaya baĂžladĂ˝. 17 yaÞýndayken 6 yĂ˝l boyunca aĂ°Ă˝r çalýÞma kamplarĂ˝nda tutsak olarak tutuldu ve sonrasĂ˝nda Ă?spanyaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ya sĂźrĂźldĂź. YaĂžamĂ˝nĂ˝n bĂźyĂźk bĂślĂźmĂźnĂź sĂźrgĂźnde geçirdi. Ă?spanyaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;dayken Hukuk ve Felsefe BĂślĂźmlerini bitirdi. Daha sonra Mexico Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ye gitti ve ailesiyle buluĂžtu. Orada edebiyat yaĂžamĂ˝ baĂžladĂ˝.

1878’de evlendi, bir oðlu ve bir kýzý oldu. Yýllarca þiirler, kitaplar ve gazete makaleleri yazdý. Ayný zamanda siyasi eylemlerine de devam ediyordu. Bu yaþam biçimi onun bilinçsel zenginliðinin kaynaðýdýr. Siyasi etkinliði nedeniyle hep baþý derde girdi ve hiçbir ülkede uzun süre kalamadý.Küba’nýn ABD’ye baðlanmasýna karþý çýktý. 1892’de Küba Devrim Partisi’ni kurdu. ABD emperyalizmine karþý Güney Amerika’nýn birliði için savaþtý. 1895’de Küba’nýn özgürlüðü için Küba’ya çýkartma yaptý. Baþarýsýzlýkla sonuçlanan isyanýn ilk çarpýþmalarýndan birinde Ýspanyol askerlerince vurularak öldüðünde 42 yaþýndaydý. Jose Marti yaþamýný, Küba’da Ýspanyol koloni yönetimini sona erdirilmesi ve Küba’nýn ABD dâhil baþka ülkelerin egemenliði altýna girmemesi için, baðýmsýz Küba için savaþmaya adamýþtýr. Jose Marti, 19. yy Latin Amerika’sýnda sömürgeciliðe karþý çýkýþýn ve dünyanýn ilk anti-emperyalist savaþçýlarýndan biridir. Küba’nýn ulusal kahramaný ve simgesidir. O siyasetçi, devrimci, ozan, gazeteci, edebiyat profesörü ve elçiydi. Yaþadýklarý ve gördüðü eðitim onun her alanda baþarýlý olmasýna yardýmcý oldu.

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venceremos venceremos kıralım zincirlerimizi venceremos venceremos! zulme ve yoksulluğa paydos

venceremos venceremos kıralım zincirlerimizi venceremos venceremos! zulme ve yoksulluğa paydos Şili'de halk bugün savaşıyor cesaret ve aklın gücüyle kahrolsun halkın katili cunta yaşasın united popula!

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geçmişe ağlamak fayda vermez gelecek mutlak sosyalizm yarını bugünden kuracağız o senin tarihin olacak venceremos venceremos kıralım zincirlerimizi venceremos venceremos! zulme ve yoksulluğa paydos Victor Jara

Vlademir Mayakovski ,nAlbnb`XnL:J6nWlnamnL:J.Odln-dmnikRndljnjlneljnfkncknjlnflnmjnjlnckn^mnT ^mncgnlnbkjnflnUkh+nn>]inSkcndmjOfmnD`ndmacnknhkVnMmUnfmnfknDQna]jfln^kin_inbmj ^lenZkncknjkjn_Unh`n_nhmnimenf]jnamnamnYlnhki[nMmn^mncgnjgjnmnfgn5hmnfknbkinD_cndmjnT dknj_nWkZVn mjnjlncknjkjn Knhlencmjfnimn KnhlenclWnjmVn egXn eminfl\nhlniknjkjn mnfgn kncl 0a`nfmnWln7hnamOfgi[n (Unilnjknbln^m\nhmnbmncganhmn^kinhkendlnamnWm\namnWm\nekndmPnhminhmnfmndmnjgn\gi[ 7ne`nf`nU`nkhenekndmPnKnUmdOdgi[n?nekjnSkn_ne`nf`nU`nekndmPnHB_jnDkn\_dGd`i[nM` ekndmPn_njmn_ne`nbmnagnclWnfkniki[n0knclnQUnilnjknbknjlnflnWmbnldnblenknZkjnMmUnfmnT fkOfljnD`ndmanckOalndmn\gnjginhmi[n0knclnaghnhmnigjnfmnIhmWnSmnRlin\lanfljnWlneknhknT clanhlnkhnYknhknRlin\lanfljnjlNnildnldnblnaln^m\nhmnamjnEmnamne_Wcnekn\Qanhlnfli$ MlhneknflnYlnhlnSlenZknhknUknbkjVndmjnigndmnjgnbmXnhgnUgnbgjnWlnljndlinjmcna_njmhnSknhknUknT bkjnemanjmnUgn^`nf`i[G <mn\gnjgjne]nZ]enh]nU]njlnimUnbljnc_nemenhminfmnmanignYQni]\nhlnikjnamnimdndgnUg Zmndg\nbmnhmnigjnknZknjlnYknili[n7nXmnjgjnamn\mnfgnUgn^`n^knhkjZnflnUkn\knbkVn_nj`nY]j YlZndkenZlnRmnilnelndkjnknZknjlnkndli[nLJ=4nagnhgjnfmnflWnikbnf]n\]jnSlnckn_nj`ncminbmnT amn^m\nhminWlnalnjknf]jnamnf]n\]Vn;`cnamnf]n\]anhln^kinhln\kPVnemnNmncgjnfmneknemnT _nc`njldnhl\ndkinblnalnf_Uni`n^kinmnfgbnfmnRmnmdnbmncgnjgncmUnhmi[ HBlWnikbn^lnjkbnknZkjn\Qanhln^m\nhmnfgGnflinEmnamne_Wcnek$nHKinemnfmn\gb ?nXknfliVnPmnPmnXgjnalnblenhlniknjknamnPgna_inf`Vn^kinfljnamnhgnjmnamenNgnignjgjn]cnd]njl cgZnimnfgnclnWkjZndlj[n>lnjlnimhnKnhknRmnj_PnQhnf]ni]hnb]\nd][n7anf`n>]inSkcndmjnmnT amenhmjnbmncgnjgn^mcndgnimj[nMkhnfkniknhliVnbkndkjYnhli[nMljnflnemndgnhgna_ni`bn^`jnhmnT im[n/lnY]nXlhnfk[nKenhgbnfmnY]nXlhnY]jnhlnikjnkXnhlniknWmi[nDmnimnlhn^knclnhknhlinmnjminT \kcdnhlinfkVnDginbgnXgnhgnhminI_cnamhnflWnikbnSknhliVnEmnWknhknhlinflnI_cnamhnflnb_enT imdnhmiVnfknUliniljenhlinNlnflnimnhkcdnhlinfk[G HE]dnRk\n^kinRgicnhmn_ne`nbmnamn^m\nhmnfgbnQjnSl"nDmRni_hnc`jnc_cnamhnflnT b_enimdnhmi[nI_jnimnfmn9ne_nj_nbkn!cnd]njlnD_nj`\nbmnhmi[nM]nd]jnRmnamndgbn^_nT a`jnSmn ^lnjkn ljn Z_en ldneknhlnaljVn c_cnamnhkcdnhlnikjn _nhmanhmnign ZQXnblendlVn lWnilnjk ^lhnhkn^kinYQni]n\ln_nd`idnbmendmneknYQcndlinfkenhlniknalndlnjlen_hnb`\nd`i[nEmienckcd ^kinZlWnilnalnYknikna_ni`b[nAmbnfmnKhnbmjnI_cnamhnBlnb_enimdnhmnigjVnEmi%Ogj lnhl\ndkniknckn ]nXlniknjln emhnfgnignhmjn H>_dnRmn Ci_YnimnbgGn alniknjln L:JLOfln 9inN`id e_jYnilncknc_nj`jnfmnemn^`hnldndkenhlniknH9inN`idnCi_YnimnbgGjgjn]cnd]njlnYlhnbk\n_nT h`na_ni`b[nFlin\lanZ_enY]nXlhVnh]bnPljnPi_nhlndminamncQXne_nj`nc`[nDljnfknbk ^kinc_cnamhnflnb_enimdn_nhmnimenYQni]na_ni`b[nMmn^mnbgjncknhmRnhmnignjgnZmnhgPVnc_cnT amhnflnb_enimdne_nbkndlncknjlnYQnd]ni]na_ni`bG L:n 9nekbn LJ=4Odln M_hn\lnWken Pmindkncknjkjn ]jnh]n ]nalnhlnikjnfljn Mmn`nT bmjOjgjn Qhnf]ni]hnblnckn ]nXlniknjlVn )miOmn emin\gn ^]na]en ZmPndmn YQcndlniknhlin f]nT Xljnhlnjki[nM`nYQcndlniknhlnilnEmnamne_WcnekOflnemndgnhgi[nLJ=1Ofmn^mn^mncgnjgjnQnh]nT b]anhlnE_cne_nWmOamnYQZnlnflinWlnbmfnfknX_inh`enhminZlneli[nDkndmPn_ne`nbmnam RgXnWlniki[nEmnamne_Wcnekn_nfQnjlbnknZkjn\Qanhlnfli$nH;_nbmjnhmine_nj`nc`jnfm

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Mayakovski’nin intiharýndan sonra yanýnda bulunan mektubu

Saat ikiye geliyor Belki yattýn artýk. akýyor Samanyolu güneþten bir oka gibi Artýk bütün zaman benim, ve telgrafýn þimþekleri Uyandýrmayacak seni bundan böyle üzmeyecekler Ýþ iþten geçmiþ ola derler ya hani, Günlük yaþamýn akýntýsýna çarparak parçalandý aþk teknesi de Koptuk birbirimizden seninle, Artýk anýmsamak boþuna acýlarý felaketleri karþýlýklý haksýzlýklarý. Bak, nasýl bir dinginlik sarmýþ evreni. Gece nice bir yýldýzla yükümlemiþ gökyüzünü. Ayaða kalkýlan saattir bu, konuþulan saat Yüzyýllarla, tarihle, evrenle…

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Mayakovki’nin yaptýðý Afiþlerden örnekler

Dario Fo

1997 yýlýnda Bir Anarþistin Kaza Sonucu Ölümü adlý oyunuyla Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü kazandý. 1970 yýlýnda Dario Fo tarafýndan kaleme alýnan eser; Ýtalyan Halk Tiyatrosunun (commedia dell’arte) bir örneði sayýlmaktadýr. Türkiye’de çeþitli tiyatro topluluklarý tarafýndan sahnelendi. Ýki perde olarak sunulan oyun, Ýstanbul Devlet Tiyatrosu tarafýndan sekiz yýl boyunca oynandý. Yazarýn bu komedisi, gerçek bir olaya dayanmaktadýr. 1969 yýlýnda Milano’ da bir meydanda patlayan bir bomba 16 kiþinin ölümüne yol açar. Ýtalyan polisince suçlanarak tutuklanan anarþistlerden Giuseppe Pinelli’nin cesedi, gözaltýnda tutulduðu emniyet müdürlüðünün penceresinin altýnda bulunmuþtur. Gelen açýklama, “kaza sonucu ölüm”dür. Bir “deli” sorgulanmak üzere ayný binaya getirilince, ironi içinde anlatýlan olaylar zinciri, devlet’in sorgulanmasýna kadar varacaktýr.

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Bolshoi Tiyatrosu

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Bilim tarihinin elektrik ve elektronik alanĂ˝nda, 20. yĂźzyĂ˝lda gerçekleĂžtirilen buluĂžlarĂ˝n altĂ˝ndaki isim olan Teslaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;nĂ˝n Ăźzerindeki giz perdesi ĂślĂźmĂźnĂźn Ăźzerinden 60 yĂ˝l geçtikten sonra yavaĂž yavaĂž kalkmaya baĂžladĂ˝. Teslaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;nĂ˝n Ăźzerine FBICIA tarafĂ˝ndan çekilen giz perdesinin altĂ˝nda 20.yy bilim tarihinin, sonuçlarĂ˝ çok aĂ°Ă˝r olacak hesaplaĂžmalarĂ˝ yatĂ˝yor. Nikolay Teslaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;nĂ˝n henĂźz yaĂžadýðý dĂśnemlerde maddi sorunlarĂ˝ndan dolayĂ˝ pratikte uygulayamadýðý buluĂžlar Ăžimdi yĂźzlerce bilim adamĂ˝ tarafĂ˝ndan hayata geçirilmeye çalýÞýlĂ˝yor.

GĂ?ORDANO BRUNO (1548 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 17 Ă&#x17E;ubat 1600) Ă?talyan filozaf. RĂśnesans felsefesini biçimlendirenlerin en Ăśnemlilerinden biridir. Ve Ăžair yĂśnĂźyle edebiyata da en yakĂ˝n duranĂ˝dĂ˝r. Ona doĂ°acĂ˝ coĂžkunluĂ°un dßÞßnĂźrĂź de denebilir. Aristotelesçi kapalĂ˝ evren gĂśrßÞßnden sĂ˝yrĂ˝lĂ˝p Ă?talyan filozof Kopernikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;in tezini savundu. Evrende dĂźnyadan baĂžka birçok gezegen bulunduĂ°unu sĂśyledi. AykĂ˝rĂ˝ gĂśrßÞler beslediĂ°i için Romaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;da dili bir çiviyle kelepçelenerek kazýða baĂ°lanĂ˝p diri diri yakĂ˝ldĂ˝. Soylu bir ailenin çocuĂ°u olarak 1548â&#x20AC;&#x2122;de Ă?talyaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;da Nola kasabasĂ˝nda dĂźnyaya geldi. OnaltĂ˝ yaÞýndayken Dominiken adĂ˝nĂ˝ taÞýyan bir tarikatta yer aldĂ˝. Kopernikus sistemi ile tanýÞýnca Bruno tarikat mensubu bir kiĂži olmaktan çýktĂ˝ ve HĂ˝ristiyan inancĂ˝yla bĂźtĂźn baĂ°larĂ˝nĂ˝ koparttĂ˝. Kiliseye karÞý bir sistem içinde yer aldýðýndan din sapkĂ˝nlýðý ile suçlandĂ˝. Engizisyon baskĂ˝sĂ˝ndan kurtulmak için Romaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ya oradan da Kuzey Ă?talyaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ya kaçtĂ˝. Dinsizlikle suçlandýðý için hiçbir yerde kalĂ˝cĂ˝ olarak yaĂžayamadĂ˝, sĂźrekli gezdi.

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1582 yĂ˝lĂ˝nda Sorbonne Ă&#x153;niversitesiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;nde bir kĂźrsĂź elde etti. Londraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;da yapĂ˝tlarĂ˝nĂ˝n bir bĂślĂźmĂźnĂź bastĂ˝rdĂ˝. Ă?talyan bir aristokrat tarafĂ˝ndan Venedikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;e davet edildi ve bu daveti kabul ederek Venedikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;e gitti. Burada Galille ile tanýÞtĂ˝. Kendisini davet eden ve birlikte çalýÞtýðý Mocinigo adlĂ˝ aristokratla çatýÞýnca onun tarafĂ˝ndan engizisyona verildi. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Ne gĂśrdßðßm hakikati gizlemekten hoĂžlanĂ˝rĂ˝m, ne de bunu açýkça ifade etmekten korkarĂ˝m. AydĂ˝nlĂ˝k ve karanlĂ˝k arasĂ˝ndaki, bilim ve cehalet arasĂ˝ndaki savaĂža her yerde katĂ˝ldĂ˝m. Bundan dolayĂ˝ her yerde zorlukla karÞýlaĂžtĂ˝m ve cehaletin babalarĂ˝ olan resmi akademisyenlerin yanĂ˝ sĂ˝ra kalĂ˝n kafalĂ˝ çoĂ°unluĂ°un Ăśfkesinde hedef olarak yaĂžadĂ˝m.â&#x20AC;? â&#x20AC;&#x153;Sonsuz sayĂ˝da gĂźneĂž bulunmaktadĂ˝r; yedi gezegenin bizim gĂźneĂžimiz etrafĂ˝nda dĂśndßðß gibi bunlarĂ˝n etrafĂ˝nda dĂśnen gezegenleri vardĂ˝r. Bu dĂźnyalarda yaĂžayan varlĂ˝klar bulunmaktadĂ˝r.â&#x20AC;? Kendisine ĂślĂźm emrini bildiren yargĂ˝ca da Ăžu cevabĂ˝ vermiĂžtir: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Ă&#x2013;lĂźmĂźmĂź bildirirken siz benden daha çok korkuyorsunuzâ&#x20AC;?. Kilisenin bu ĂślĂźm kararĂ˝, 1600 yĂ˝lĂ˝nĂ˝n Ă&#x17E;ubat ayĂ˝nda, Romaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;da Campo dei Fiori meydanĂ˝nda Brunoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;nun diri diri yakĂ˝lmasĂ˝ ile yerine getirildi.

ASIL ADALET insanlarda tek sýcak kanun üzümden þarap yapmalarý kömürden ateþ yapmalarý öpücüklerden insan yapmalarýdýr insanlarda tek zorlu kanun savaþlarda yoksulluða karþý kendilerini ayakta tutmalarý ölüme karþý yaþamalarýdýr insanlarda tek güzel kanun suyu ýþýk yapmalarý düþü gerçek yapmalarý düþmaný kardeþ yapmalarýdýr hep var olan kanunlardýr bunlar bir çocuðun tâ yüreðinden baþlar yayýlýr, geniþler, uzar gider tâ akla kadar

Dadacý ve gerçeküstücü Fransýz þair… Paul Eluard, çok ince ve çok güzel þiirlerin, lirik þiirlerin derinliði olan þiirlerin yaratýcýsý olarak çýkýyor karþýmýza. Gerçek adý Emile Paul Grindel’dir. Eluard, hem aþk hem de devrim þairi olarak 20. yüzyýlýn en büyük Fransýz edebiyatçýlarý arasýnda gösterilir. Fransýz Komünist Partisine katýlmasý sonucu gerçeküstücü hareketten kopan þair, þiirlerinde Stalin’i yüceltmiþtir. Ýnsanýn edimlerini yüceltir. 1926 yýlýnda diðer gerçeküstücülerle birlikte üye olduðu Fransa Komünist Partisi’nden 1933 yýlýnda ihraç edilir. II. Dünya Savaþý sýrasýnda direniþ hareketinin büyük þairlerinden biridir. 1934 yýlýndaki faþist darbeye karþý anti-faþist aydýnlarla birlikte mücadele eder.

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58

Paul Gauguin GOYA FRANCÝSCO 1746-1828

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spanyol ressam ve baský sanatçýsý. Kendine özgü doðalcý bir anlayýþa sahiptir. Tam adý; Francisco José Goya y Lucientes’tir. Sanat yaþamýna Jose Luzan y Martinez’in yanýnda çýrak olarak baþlar. 1763’te Madrid’e gider ve Francisco Boyeu’nun atölyesinde çalýþýr. Bu yýllarda San Fernando Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi’nin açtýðý yarýþmada baþarýsýzlýða uðrar ancak 1766’da gittiði Ýtalya’da Parma Akademisi’nin açtýðý yarýþmada ikincilik kazanýr. 1771’de Zaragoza’ya döndüðünde kentin katedrali için ilk fresk sipariþini alýr. 1774 – 92 arasýnda da Santa Barbara kraliyet halý fabrikasýnda dokunmak üzere duvar halýsý kartonlarý hazýrlar. Romantik anlayýþla rokoko türü bezemelerle canlý, gündelik hayatý betimler. Ayný yýllarda ünü artan Goya, 1779’da San Fernando Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi’ne seçilir. 1780’de müdür yardýmcýsý, 1785’te de müdür olur. IV. Carlos’un tahta çýkýþýndan sonra da (1788) saray ressamý olur. Erken dönem yapýtlarýnda Mengs ve özellikle Velazquez etkilidir. 1792’de aðýr bir hastalýktan sonra duyma yetisini yitirmesi sanatçýyý büyük ölçüde etkiler ve yapýtlarýnda daha içe dönük duygusal bir anlatýma yönelir.

Ý

1793’te engizisyonu, boða güreþlerini ve karnavallarý iþlediði baskýlarýnýn ardýndan, üzerinde 1798’e deðin çalýþtýðý kapriçyolar adlý 82 levhalýk dizisini yapar. “leke” baský ve “aside yedirme baský” yöntemleriyle birlikte kullandýðý bu dizide geleneklere ve kilise kurallarýna karþý kabaca, ancak zeki taþlamalarda bulunur. 1794’ten sonra portrelere yönelir. Bu dönemi; tablolarýnda kullandýðý gri ve gümüþ tonlardan ötürü “gümüþ dönemi” diye adlandýrýlýr. 1808’de Napoleon’un ordularý Madrid’e girdiðinde Zaragoza’da olan Goya, kentin Fransýzlara karþý direniþini resimler. Ayný yýllarda yaptýðý 82 baskýdan oluþan “savaþýn dehþetleri” adlý dizisi üzerindeki çalýþmalarýný 1814’e deðin sürdürür. 1819’da geçirdiði ikinci aðýr hastalýktan sonra, evinin duvarlarýna “siyah resimleri” yapmaya baþlar. Yaklaþýk 500 yaðlý boya ve duvar resmi, 300’e varan da aside yedirme ve taþ baskýlarýyla son derece üretken olan Goya, herhangi bir sanatsal üsluptan çok, bazen de kýyasýya bir yerginin yer aldýðý yapýtlarýnda, gerçekçi bir anlayýþla özgün tutumunu yaratmýþtýr. Yapýtlarýndan ve yaþamýndan duygu ve heyecan hiç eksik olmamýþtýr.

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Yannis Ritsos Bu aðaçlar katlanamaz daha basýk bir göðe Bu taþlar katlanamaz yabancý çizmelere, Yalnýz güneþe boyun eðer bu yüzler. Yalnýz doðruluða boyun eðer bu yürekler.

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D

ünya üzerinde emekçi halklarýn sesini ve kaygýlarýný imgelerinde taþýyan karþý kýyý komþumuz Yunanistanlý þair Yannis Ritsos, 1909’da Pelopenez’de Manomvasia’da doðdu. Þiir yazmaya daha on yedili yaþlarýnda baþladý. Öðrenim için gittiði Atina’da vereme yakalanýp bir süre çeþitli sanatoryumlarda tedavi gördü. Devrimci düþünceleri yüzünden zaman zaman kovuþturmalara uðradý ve bunlardan dolayý çeþitli zamanlarda sürgünlere gönderildi. 1967 yýlýnda yapýlan darbeyle siyasi iktidarý ele geçiren cuntacýlar, birçok aydýn ve yazarla birlikte Yannis Ritsos’u da sürgüne gönderdi. Çeþitli adalarda sürgün hayatý yaþarken hastalýðýnýn artmasý üzerine, uluslararasý aydýn ve yazarlarýn baskýsý sonucunda 1970’de Atina’ya dönmesine izin verildi. Ülkesi bizim ülkemiz gibi büyük acýlardan geçti. Bu acýlý sesler Yannis Ritsos’un adeta sesiz çýðlýk olan imgelerinde derinlemesine hissedilir.

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annis Ritsos’un þiiri yalýn, akýcý ve lirik bir dille yazýlmýþ. Ýnsana dair ne varsa konusu olmuþ ve büyük bir ustalýkla örmüþ dizelerini. Ritsos’un þiirlerinde ikindi vakti, deniz, zeytin aðaçlarý, sessizlik, daðlar ve kararlý, inançlý insan betimlemeleri aðýrlýklý olarak yer alýr. Ritsos, emperyalist savaþlarýn yol açtýðý yýkýmý ve beraberinde getirmiþ olduðu yoksulluðu ve bu yoksulluklara raðmen insanlýk onuru için direnen Yunan halkýnýn vermiþ olduðu savaþý, kimi zaman ikindi vaktinde kayalarýn üzerinde oturmuþ denize bakan ve kimi zaman tüfeðine yavuklusuymuþ gibi sarýlan, büyük bir kararlýlýkla mücadele eden insanlarý imgeler. Yoksulluðun ve sefaletin üzerine geçmiþin izlerini serperek bütün insanlýk için bir direnç abidesi haline getirir Yannis Ritsos.

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62

Louis Aragon &,!,# $,+)* ,(%, , ",' #,+*)(,

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63

1919 Breton, Rene Hislum, Louis Aragon, Paul Eluard

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ouis Aragon’un þiirlerine dair düþüncelerini Erdoðan Alkan’ýn çevirisiyle kendi yazdýklarýndan okuyalým. “Her imge bir tufan yaratmalýdýr. Þair, sazýný eline al... Evet ama, sabah gazeteni okuduktan sonra, saçmalýklarý ve baðýþlanmayacak pislikleri gördüðünde hiçbir þey söylemeden, alabildiðine konuþmak; þairlere özgü olan buysa eðer, kötü, bu hiçbir þeyi, þair olmayanlarýn bir þeyiyle karþý karþýya koymak gerekiyor çünkü. Tözde iddialý olmak, yine töz adýna bunu zorunlu kýlar. Hiçbir zaman þiir olarak adlandýrmadýðým gerçek þiirsel anlatýmla, diðer anlatýmlar arasýnda, düþünceden gevezeliðe kadar varan bir uzaklýk bulunur.

... TanrĂ˝ aĂžkĂ˝na, siz hiç yangĂ˝n gĂśrmediniz mi? Gecenin ortasĂ˝nda gecelikli kanlar, herifler sĂ˝výÞýrken ve alevlerle kalaslar yaygaracĂ˝ bebelerin odalarĂ˝nĂ˝n Ăźzerine çÜkerken, entelektĂźellerin tĂźm ipekten kaĂ°Ă˝tlarĂ˝ tutuĂžurken ve pencerelerden altĂ˝n saatler fĂ˝rlatĂ˝lĂ˝r, mĂźcevher çekmecelerini kivilerin basar ve pelßÞ kanepeleri kĂ˝zĂ˝l kurtarĂ˝cĂ˝larĂ˝n suyu Ă˝slatĂ˝rken, bu yangĂ˝n, tĂźrleri karýÞtĂ˝rmanĂ˝n en iyi ĂśrneĂ°ini vermiĂž olmaz mĂ˝? Ă?nsanĂ˝n, içinden geçenleri anlatmak istemesinden doĂ°al ne var! GĂźnĂźn endiĂželer içinde çýrpĂ˝nan utanç anlayýÞý, elinde tuttuklarĂ˝nĂ˝n uygulama için yetmediĂ°i inancĂ˝ndadĂ˝r. Durum bĂśyleyken, aĂžk yerine, â&#x20AC;&#x201D;bu inançtakilerin kitabĂ˝na gĂśreâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; gittikçe yĂźkselen bir sesle politika iĂžitilmeye baĂžlanĂ˝rsa, iĂžte o zaman kĂ˝yamet kopar. Ă&#x2021;ĂźnkĂź kurtçuklar ayaĂ°Ă˝mĂ˝n baĂžparmaĂ°Ă˝nĂ˝ ezerken, ne pahasĂ˝na olursa olsun, susmam gerekir. Ă&#x17E;air, sazĂ˝nĂ˝ eline al... Evet ama, sabah gazeteni okuduktan sonra, saçmalĂ˝klarĂ˝ ve baðýÞlanmayacak pislikleri gĂśrdßðßnde ve yalnĂ˝zca askerlik sĂźresine ve Fas savaÞýna karÞý çýkĂ˝p, sĂśzde, ihtiyatlarĂ˝ itaatsizliĂ°e iten kiĂžiler, bilinmeyen yerlerde otuz yĂ˝l, on yĂ˝l hapislere çarptĂ˝rĂ˝ldýðýnda, bĂźtĂźn bunlara duygulanmak gibi olaĂ°anĂźstĂź bir yĂźzsĂźzlĂźk gĂśstermek yerine, çeneni kapa!... ... Ă&#x2013;zĂź fĂ˝rtĂ˝na olan Ăžiirde, her imge bir tufan yaratmalĂ˝dĂ˝r. EĂ°er gerçekĂźstĂźcĂź yĂśntem uyarĂ˝nca kederli budalalĂ˝klar yazĂ˝yorsanĂ˝z, ortaya çýkacak olan yalnĂ˝zca kederli budalalĂ˝klardĂ˝r.â&#x20AC;?

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64

Federico Garcia Lorca

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65

ÖLÜ ÇOCUÐA GAZEL Her akþam üzeri bir çocuk ölür, her akþam üzeri Granada’da. Her akþam üzeri yerleþir de su dostlarýyla konuþur baþ baþa. Yosundan kanatlarý var ölülerin. Bulutlu yel ve duru yel yan yana süzülen iki sülündür kuleler üstünde, gündüzse yaralý bir oðlan. Havada kalmazdý tek kýrlangýç gölgesi þarap maðarasýnda rastlayýnca ben sana, tek bulut kýrýntýsý kalmazdý yerde sen ýrmakta boðulup gittiðin zaman. Yuvarladý vadi köpeklerle süsenlerini bir su devi yýkýlýnca daðlara. Gövden, ellerimin mor gölgesinde, bir soðuk meleðiyle, kýyýda cansýz yatan. Çeviri: SAÝD MADEN

SEZÝLMEMÝÞ AÞKA GAZEL Karnýndaki karanlýk manolyanýn Kimseler anlamadý kokusunu. Acýttýðýný kimseler bilemedi Diþlerinle sýktýðýn o aþk kurþunu. Binlerce Acem tayý uykuya yattý Alnýnýn ay vurmuþ alanýnda, O senin kar düþmaný göðsünü Kucaklarken dört gece kollarýmla. Bakýþýn, tohumlarýn solgun dalýydý Alçýlar,yaseminler arasýndan, Aradým vermek için yüreðimde O fildiþi mektuplarý her zaman diyen, Her zaman: acýmýn bahçesi benim Gövden her zaman, her zaman þaþýrtýcý Damarlarýnýn kanýyla dolu aðzým, Aðzýn ölümüm için söndürdü ýþýðýný. Çeviri: Ülkü Tamer

i`anhmn^mcndgnighnbg\ndg[n0_inSmn^kinamjnfmjn\knkinhlniknjknamnXgna_iVn^kinamjnfmjndknamdni_nhmnT ignjgn_anjmndgna_inf`[nLJ61Ofmnc_hnS`nhmin^mn\mnYlnZkjnSln^kinemZnmanknZlniknckjnflnd_PnT h`bncmhnf`ni`bnYlinYkjnhl\ndk[n@mn\kcdnhlinc`nknemcdnhmnimnYknikn\kna_iVnRmhenfmn^`nc`nknemcdnT hmnimnemin\gnhgenWlnikna_inf`[n0_inSmnknZkjn>imnjmnfmOamnfQjnblendljn^m\nemnZgnemina_h emhnbmnbg\ndg[n Knbmn _n >imnjmnfmOamn fQjnf]endljn ^kin knekn Y]jn c_jnimVn mnamenhmnjmj @imjnS_nS`nhmin >]njlan ?cnPmjnamOagn lnhln YlnZkinfknhlin Wln Nmn\kcdn ^mcnegnhmnign mindginfgnhmi[ 7jn ^l\n ^kjn ekn\knakn e`in\`njmn fkXnfknhli[n 0_inSmn fmn d`nd`enhmjnfg[n LJn KnU`cnd_c LJ61Ofmne`in\`njmnfknXkhnfk[ @lnflniknS_n>minSknmn0_inSmVna]Xnagnhgjnljn^]na]enknekn?cnPmjna_hn\mnkin kjnfljn^knik _nhmnimenemn^`hnlnfknhki[n<linhln\kenflnUlinaminYgnhmnignjmnfmnemin\gnfgi[nM`nj`nmnZgenZmncQanT hli[nIkcndlnbkjn^]nd]jnalinhln\kenflnUlinaminYgnhmnignjmn^kincmnjmdnZgnjgjn^ljnSlnemin\gnZgnT emncgnYlnilnekna_i[n)]jne]nemnPkndmnhkXbVnlbnPlinamnhkXbnYlniknSknflnUlinaminYgnhmnigjnfmj ^lcnhlnjki[n?jncmjnhmnimnfmnamdndgnUgn^`nf`i[ 3knkinflVn P_nhkndknemn Wln mRnhmen mjnhmnagn\gjnfmn b_nflijnhknUkjn cmnW`nj`nS`nc`n _nhmj 0_inSmVnl\nSkjnclhndlinSknRkn_nhmjn^kincmnjmdnZgnfgi[nM`njlnfljnhlnDmnd_nhkeneknhlnckanhlnmnimnT cgnRlPnmnZgen_hnf`[n0_inSmnknZkjnZmUnfm\nhmnignjgjnHljnamnimndgnSgncgVnljnYlnhlnjlenclnhkn-^`nT imnfmnPmnimjndlXnmnZmnhgbnRlnbljVnamn\mbndminXgnmnZgncgjnfmjnflnUkhVn?cnPmjna_hn\knkniknjkj 0mndkjn\knkniknjkjnQnXlhnhkenhlniknjkndmn\gna_i[n7nS_\ne`nh`VnZ_enaQjnh]VnZ_enclcnhkVn\knkniknjknknT Nmnflnlndlenkcndkna_i+nWlnljn?cnPmjna_hO`nfkna_inhmi[nM`nfmnRlinRmhnfln_nj`jn\knkinhlnikjnT flneknRmnilneldnhknhkendljVnldneknhlnaknSknhkendljnemanjmenhgn_nhmn^knhki[nI_nU`enWlncgnegnSgn_hnT bmendmjn`nXmendgi[n(anhln^]na]en\mnkinhlinWminfgi[nMkinfmneknemnfmnmnhgPnW`nimnSmenclnjkV ldneknhlnalnSle[n7ne`namnSmencgjVn_nkbnYlnhlnikjnRmhnemVnkjncmnjmnamnegjn^kinamjnWminfgi[ Fline_nj`na`nSlncmnildnhlnk\nhlnbk\ndki[nMknilanclhnamnfmnd_Pnh`bncmhn_nhmjne_nj`nhmnigjnfm \`nj`nRlinXmnbmjnknNmnflnldnbk\ndki&nA_Pnh`bnhmn^kilanfknamnhlendken^kin^]nd]jnh]enknZlnT iknckjnflnfki[nM]nd]nj]nldneknhlnaljn^knilnaknflnldneknhli[n7nj_endmnfmne_nj`nclnZknbknQnjlbnT hknfki[nDljnfknbknXlncgnjginhmine_anbmnbmnhgnagX[n(njlbnhkn_nhmjnlnblendljnamnjmn_hnbmenT dgi[nBlWnikbnSknf]n\]jnSlnfljnamnjmn_hnbmendgi[nElnclnhmnQnh]nZ_nS`enhminmfnhgn\knknikjnfl Z_enY]nXlhnmjnhmdnbg\ndgin^`nd_Pnh`bncmhnhgnUgVnHRlinmen\mbn^kinZ_nS`enQnh]iVnRlinmenT \mbn^kinZ_nS`en>imnjmnfmOfmGnIlnXkhnblnbk\nm\nemnfmnkinfln_nj`jnfmnRmnmanegnign^ki i`nR`n_indmnamnZgnegna_i[ ?bnYlnhlnikjnjlnemnfminY]Znh]n_hnf`nU`njmnfkenemdnZlnelnhkb[nKnbmn\`nfmnWmiV ^kXnhlinflnkbnYlnhlnikjnY]nXlhnhknUknjkVnflnikjnhknUknjkVne_nj`nhmnigjnZ_enZln\kdnhkn_hnbmncgnYlnT ilendknUknjknf]n\]nj]na_ni`X[n/mnXgbnFkenbldOkjn^kinek^nikdnZQnP]jnfljVnbmneknjlnjkj ZgneminfgnUgndkendmenclncknjlnemnfmincmnagncgXne_nj`na`n^]na]en^kinSlncmnildnhlnk\nhlnbk\ndki[ MknXkbndmnimnNgnbgXnfmjnfmn^`ne_nj`nhmnigjne_nj`n\`hnbmncgnYlnilnekna_i[nMkXnhlin0mndkj \mnkinhlniknYkn^kVn@imjncgXne_nb]njminhmnignYkn^kn^kinmhdnamnPgnamncmnRkPn_nhmnimenc`njmnbgna_nT i`Xn]nildndkenhlniknbknXk[n?bnYlnamnimndgineljVn^kin\lanhlnikjn]nXlniknjknemnPmnbmenknZkjnflnT UkhVn^kin\lanhlniknfmnRmnldneknhkneghnbmnamnZmnhg\nbmenknZkjn`Unimn\gna_ni`X[nKjnhmn\ghnbgna_i amnfmnamjnhg\nmjnhmn\gnhgna_i[nMknXkbne`n\mnUgjnfmn^Qanhln^kinc_ni`nj`nWmi[nKnbmn^kin0mnT dkjnKnblniknemOfmVn@imjncgXne_nb]njminhmnigjnfmn^`n\lnekhnfln^kincgnegjndgnhmnignjgjn_hnbmnT fgnUgnjgnf]n\]nj]na_ni`b[nFlPnmanjgncQXnS]enhlinhlnflnUkhVn^kXnhlniln`nhm\ndgnhmincmVnZmUnhmnT ignmn\gPVnf]jnamnamn`nhmn\gPnZ_enflnUkn\kencQXnS]enhlinhlVnZ_enflnUkn\kenkbnYlnhlinhlVnZ_e NmXnhmnZmnhgn\mnimeVn\knknikjVncmnjmndgjn`cndmnhgnUgnjmnWmnimnimen`nhm\nbg\nhminfgi[n 0_inSmVndknamdni_nRmhnegjnknZknjlnj]nN`cnldnblnhkVnfli[nFlinXmnbmjn^`nj`ncQanhlnT bk\ndki[nI_nemendknamdni_nc`jnfmn^`nj`ncQanhlnbk\ndki[nA]ine]nhlniknbkXnmnamenhmnignZmnigenhgnT hmnimn`nhm\nbmnhgnfgiVnflinmnbmn^kinamjnfmjnfmn]nildndknUkn]ni]jnhlinflnfmnknbmn^kinflnikjnT hkeVn^kinXljnYkjnhkenWminfgi[n)]jne]ncmnjmdnflnakjnSlneljnfknjlnYQniln^kinlnblnUkn_hnbmnT hg[nKneminc`njlnemnfminY]nXlhn_nh`incmn_hnc`jncmnjmdnflnUkhnfkiVnZ]jne]nknZkjnflncmnjmdnlnT blnUkna_end`i[n<mnjkn^`ncmnjmdnZgnjgjn^kinflnikjnhknUkn_hnbmnhgndmn^k[nIgnjgNncmhnemanYgnhmnigV kjncmjnfmjVnlnblendljnamnjmnf]n\]jnSlnhlnilndlicnf]\nblencknXkjn^kXVnknZlnikenWln^knZkb _nhmnimenljn]cnd]jnljnY]nXlhn_nhmnjgnjknalnamnimdnbmnamnhgb[

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Charles Chaplin 16 Nisan 1889-25 Aralýk 1977

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Askerler! izleri aldatan, sizleri kĂśle gibi kullanan, ne yapmanĂ˝z gerektiĂ°ini, nasĂ˝l dßÞßnmeniz gerektiĂ°ini ve nasĂ˝l Ăślmemiz gerektiĂ°ini sĂśyleyen bu zalimlere asla boyun eĂ°meyin. Sizleri bir hayvan terbiye eder gibi ĂžartlandĂ˝rĂ˝p topun aĂ°zĂ˝na sĂźrenlere boyun eĂ°meyin. KafalarĂ˝ ve kalpleri bir makine gibi olan bu adamlara boyun eĂ°meyin. Sizler birer makine deĂ°ilsiniz. Sizler insansĂ˝nĂ˝z! Kalbiniz insanlĂ˝k sevgisiyle dolup taĂžmaktadĂ˝r! Nefret etmeyin! YalnĂ˝zca sevilmeyenler nefret eder... sevilmeyenler ve anormal olanlar! Askerler! KĂślelik uĂ°runa savaĂžmayĂ˝n! Ă&#x2013;zgĂźrlĂźk için savaÞýn! St Lukeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un Ă?ncilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;inin on yedinci bĂślĂźmĂźnde cennetin tek bir adamda ya da bir grup insanda deĂ°il tĂźm insanlarĂ˝n içinde olduĂ°u yazĂ˝lĂ˝dĂ˝r. Siz insanlar gßçlĂźsĂźnĂźz. Makineleri yapacak gĂźce sahipsiniz. MutluluĂ°u yaratacak gßç sizdedir! Bu hayatĂ˝ ĂśzgĂźr ve gĂźzel kĂ˝lacak gĂźce sizler sahipsiniz. Bu hayatĂ˝ olaĂ°anĂźstĂź bir maceraya çevirecek olan yine sizlersiniz. Ă&#x2013;yleyse, demokrasi adĂ˝na bu gĂźcĂź kullanalĂ˝m ve birleĂželim. Yeni bir dĂźnya için savaĂžalĂ˝m. Herkese çalýÞma ĂžansĂ˝ verecek, gençlere gelecek, yaĂžlĂ˝lara gĂźvenlik saĂ°layacak bir dĂźnya için savaĂžalĂ˝m.â&#x20AC;?

S

A

dý 17. yüzyýl bilimsel devrimi ile birlikte anýlan en önemli bilim adamlarýndan birisi olan Galileo, fizik, matematik ve astronomi gibi konularda çýðýr açan çalýþmalar yapmýþ ve ilgisi daha çok hareket üzerinde yoðunlaþmýþtý. Bu alandaki çalýþmalarýnýn sonucunda klasik mekaniðin temellerini kurmuþ, güneþ merkezli astronomi sisteminin fiziðini geliþtirmiþtir. Aristoteles’e göre, her hareket onu hareket ettiren bir kuvvet sonucu meydana gelirdi; cisim bu kuvvet kendisini hareket ettirdiði sürece hareket ederdi. Galilei, günlük gözlemlere uyan bu Aristotelesçi yaklaþýmý eylemsizlik prensibi ile yýkmýþtýr. Eylemsizlik prensibine göre, kendi haline býrakýlan cisim, herhangi bi kuvvet etkisinde kalmadýðý sürece, durumunu korur, yani hareket halinde ise hareketine, sükunet halinde ise sükunetine devam eder. Galilei’nin üstü kapalý olarak ifade ettiði, Newton’un ise formüle ettiði bu prensip ile yeni bir hareket kavramý ileri sürülmüþ oldu. Buna göre, hareket cisimde bir deðiþiklik yapmaz; hareket bir durumdur, bir noktadan baþka bir noktaya geometrik bir geçiþtir; durma da harekete karþýt baþka bir durumdur. Durma için kuvvet uygulanmasý gerekmiyorsa, hareket için de kuvvet uygulanmasý gerekmez; hareketin hýzýnýn dðiþmesi için ise kuvvet gerekir. Eylemsizlik, içinde bulunduðumuz Dünya’da gözlemlenemez; ancak ideal koþullar altýnda böyle bir durum meydana getirilebilir.

Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642)

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Zaten Galilei’nin deneyleri de düþünce deneyleri idi. Galilei için gerçek dünya, matematik baðýntýlarýn dünyasý, Platon’un deyimi ile idealar dünyasý idi. Ýçinde yaþadýðýmýz dünyayý anlamak için, idealar dünyasýndan bakmak gerekliydi. Mükemmel yuvarlaklýktaki toplar, sürtünmesiz düzlemler üzerindeki hareketlerini, yalnýzca idealar dünyasýnda sonsuza dek sürdürürlerdi. Doða, geometrik harflerle (eðrilerle, dairelerle, üçgenlerle) yazýlmýþ bir kitap gibiydi; doðayý anlamak için, bu dili bilmek gerekiyordu. Hareket, cisimde bir deðiþiklik meydana getirmediðine göre, cisim ayný anda birden fazla harekete sahip olabilir. Bu hareketler birbirini engellemez ve birleþerek tek bir yörünge izler. Buradan, fýrlatýnlan bir merminin, düzgün doðrusal hareket ile serbest düþme hareketinin bileþkesi olan parabol biçiminde bir yörünge izlediðini göstermiþtir. Galileo’nun hareket konusunda çözüm getirdiði bir diðer konu da serbest düþme hareketi ile ilgilidir. Düþen bütün cisimlerin ayný ivmeye sahip olduðunu göstererek, serbest düþmenin sabit ivmeli bir hareket olduðunu saptamýþ ve serbest düþmede alýnan yolun zamanýn karesiyle orantýlý olduðunu (S=1/2 gt2) göstermiþtir. Sonuç olarak, Galilei’nin mekanik konusunu matematikselleþtirmeyi baþardýðý söylenebilir. Düzgün ve sabit ivmeli hareketleri tanýmlamýþ ve matematiksel formüllerini vermiþtir. Modern hareket kavramýný Galilei’ye borçluyuz.

Galilei teleskopu astronomik amaçla kullanan ilk bilim adamýdýr. 1609 yýlýnda yaptýðý bir teleskopla önemli gözlemler yapmýþ ve bu gözlemleri Yýldýz Habercisi (Siderius Nuntius) adlý kitabýnda vermiþtir. Onun astronomide yaptýðý gözlemler, güneþ merkezli sistemi desteklediði, aristoteles fiziðinin geçerli olmadýðýný kanýtladýðý için oldukça önemlidir. En önemli gözlemleri Ay ve Güneþ gözlemleridir. Ayda kraterlerin, daðlarýn ve vadilerin olduðunu görmüþ ve bunun Ay ile Yer’in ayný maddelerden yapýldýðýnýn kanýtý olduðunu söylemiþtir. Güneþi gözlemlemiþ ve Güneþ üzerinde bulunan gölgelerin Güneþ’in üzerinde yer alan lekeler olduðunu kanýtlamýþtýr. O zamanlarda, Güneþ üzerinde görünen lekelere iliþkin iki açýklama bulunmaktaydý. Bunlardan birincisine göre, bu leke, Merkür’ün Güneþ’in önünden geçerken oluþan gölgesiydi. Ancak Galilei bunun olanaksýz olduðunu söyler. Çünkü Merkür’ün Güneþ’in önünden geçiþi yaklaþýk yedi saat sürmektedir, ancak bu lekeler yedi saatten çok daha fazla Güneþ’in üzerinde yer almaktaydýlar. Ýkinci açýklamaya göre, bu lekeler, Güneþ ve Yer arasýnda bulunan küçük gökcisimlerine aittir. Oysa bu lekeler küçük cisimlerin gölgeleri olsalardý, gözlem yerine baðlý olarak, Güneþ üzerinde farklý konumlarda olmalýydýlar. Galilei, Orion kümesini gözlemlemiþ ve daha önce bulut olduðu varsayýlan bu kümenin gerçekte

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yýldýzlardan oluþtuðunu bulmuþtur. Yine Samanyolu’nun yýldýzlardan oluþtuðunu tespit etmiþtir. Jüpiter’i gözlemlemiþ ve Jüpiter’in çevresinde dolanan dört yýldýz belirlemiþtir. Bunlarýn Jüpiter’in etrafýnda dönen uydular olduklarýný bulmuþ ve Jüpiter’le birlikte uydularýný, “adeta minyatür bir Güneþ sistemi” olarak tasvir etmiþtir. Satürn’ün halkasýný gözlemlemiþ ancak teleskopu güçlü olmadýðý için gezegenin halkasýný iki yapýþýk parça olarak görmüþ ve bunlarý uydu zannetmiþtir. Gezegenin periyodik özelliðinden dolayý halka bir müddet sonra kaybolmuþ ve bu parçalarý göremeyen Galilei bu olaya çok þaþýrmýþtýr. Onun bu þaþkýnlýðý sonrasýnda yazdýðý cümleler ilginçtir: “Galiba Satürn onlarý yedi” Galilei ayrýca Venüs’ü gözlemlemiþ ve Venüs’ün safhalarý olduðunu tespit etmiþtir. Bu gözlem, Copernicus’un ne kadar haklý olduðunun bir göstergesiydi. Batlamyus sisteminde Venüs, sürekli belli bir uzaklýkta olmalýydý ve sadece hilal þeklinde görülmeliydi. Oysa gözlemler, Venüs’ün bazen çok yakýn bazen de çok uzakta olduðunu göstermekteydi. Ayrýca Venüs, sadece hilal olarak deðil, deðiþik hallerde de görünmekteydi. Bu ise ancak Copernicus sistemi ile açýklanabilirdi. Bu da Güneþ merkezli sistemi doðruluyordu.

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egel kendinden önceki tüm bir felsefeyi süzgeçten geçirerek felsefeyi en yüksek noktaya çýkarýr. Ama bu nokta, onun ölüm tahtýdýr. Çünkü artýk sanayi devrimi geliþmiþ, teknik geliþme ve tekniðin ihtiyaçlarýnýn kamçýladýðý doða bilimleri þaha kalkmýþ, dev adýmlarýyla ilerlemektedir. Artýk tüm bu alanlardan kovulur felsefe. Söze bizzat doða bilimlerinin, pratiðin kendisi kalmýþtýr. Týpký göksel krallýðýn ve onun yeryüzündeki temsilcilerinin taçlý kafalarýnýn sokaklara fýrlatýlmasý gibi, Hegel ile en üst aþamasýna ulaþan göksel koltuðundaki felsefe de ölümcül darbeyi alýr. Artýk felsefe olarak felsefe, kesinlikle sona erer. Felsefeye bilgi teorisi/bilgi felsefesi alaný kalýr. Marx’ýn daha “Feuerbach Üzerine Tezler”inde vurguladýðý devrimci pratik, her türlü felsefi spekülasyonu bir kenara atar. Maddi toplumsal yaþam, onun üzerinde hareket ettiði zemin, toplumbilimin, tarihsel materyalizmin uðraþý alaný olur. Tarih bir bilim olarak geliþir. Maddenin her tür hareketi, fizik ve kimya gibi doða bilimlerinin egemenlik alanýnda geliþir. Artýk sistem ve sistem felsefelerine yer yoktur. Geriye ölümsüz olarak yöntem kalýr.

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Hegel’in geliþtirdiði o muazzam devrimci yöntem: diyalektik. Maddenin, toplumun ve bilincin hareket yasasý olarak diyalektik... Bu yöntemin bilgi teorisi açýsýndan taþýdýðý önem ve böyle bir bilgi teorisinin tüm bilim dallarý için ne denli önemli olduðu, Engels tarafýndan, “Doðanýn Diyalektiði” adlý çalýþmasýndaki makalelerinde görülebilir. Sonuç olarak, Hegel’in elinde belirli bir düzene giren “düþünsel miras” Hegel’in bu mirasa olaðanüstü katkýlarý... tüm bunlar, sanki Marksizmi yaratmak içindir! Marx ve Marksizm, kesin olarak bu miras üzerinde yükselir. Onun üç kaynaðýndan biri olan Alman felsefesi, özünde salt bir felsefe deðil, “düþünce tarihi”nin en yetkin halidir. Marx, her þeyden önce Hegel’in omuzlarýnda yükselir.

Sevinç İşçileri Buluştu

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Kış ‘08

81

D

ersim… Oy Dersim! Kim bilir neler yaþanmýþ buralarda… Munzur nehrinin etrafý yüksek tepelerle çevrili. Sanki daðlar, tepeler Munzur’u korumak istemiþ gibi. Evler nasýl da yükseklere yapýlmýþ taa tepelerin baþýna. Ama tam köy usulü çatýlar yan yana kütüklerden oluþuyor, sonra onu çamurla sývamýþlar ve üstünden silindirle geçmiþler. Evlerin etrafýnda üç beþ inek, birkaç tavuk ve tezek kokusu var. Evlere giden yollarsa ancak idmanlýlarýn çýkabileceði türden, dimdik.

A

kþamlarý mavi köprünün kenarýnda Munzur’un deli akan suyunu serinlikte seyredenlere Önsöz’ümüzü götürüyorduk. Nasýlda çabuk tükeniveriyordu ellerimizde. Önsözle ilgili bir yorum duyulmaya deðer Fransa’da yaþayan Dersimli bir kadýn þiirle ve edebiyatla uðraþýyor. Bir geliþinde Tunceliler Derneði’nde Önsöz’ün 3. (Kürt dili ve edebiyatý) sayýsýyla karþýlaþmýþ. Önce biraz göz atmýþ etkilenmiþ, dernektekilere eve götürüp okuyabilir miyim geri getiririm demiþ. Sonra evde okuyunca derneðe gitmiþ ve demiþ ki kusura bakmayýn ama ben bunu alýyorum ve size vermiyorum demiþ. Ben Türkiye’de böyle bir kültür sanat dergisi olduðunu bilmiyordum. Çok güzel, çok içten, dolu dolu. Abone olmak istiyorum. Çýkaran arkadaþlara binlerce teþekkür. Açýkcasý birçok kültür sanat dergisi okudum ama bu kadar gerçeðine, doyurucusuna rastlamadým. Tabi benim aðzým kulaklarýmda dinliyorum.

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82

Kış ‘08

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Fotoğraf Aydın Orak

Kış ‘08

83

D

evrim için döndük analar, yarýnlar için, baþka bir dünya için, umutlarýmýz için, nice nice Dersimlere geri dönmek için, güneþ için, toprak için, su için, özgürce yaþamak, özgürce gülmek, özgürce düþünmek için, sürgün hasretlerimizin son bulmasý için, sevdiklerimize kavuþmak için, deðerlerimiz için, insan için, insanlýk için, Munzur’un o coþkun akýþýný dört bir yana yaymak için…

Şu sokaktan az önce kahramanlar geçti gördün mü? Yüzlerinde tarihi taşıyorlardı Gözlerinde alev alev bir ateş yanıyordu Geleceğe bakıyorlardı Umutla bekledikleri Beklemekle yetinmedikleri Uğruna ömürlerini verdikleri geleceğe Hece hece söktükleri tarih derslerini bırakıyorlardı önleri sıra akıp giden günlerin dereciğine Yaralarından sızan kanlarla yıkıyorlardı Nazım Akarsu sokakların kaldırımlarını Anılarını süsleyen sokak fenerlerini başlarının ışıltısıyla aydınlatıyorlardı Şu sokaktan az önce kahramanlar geçti gördün mü? İnsanlığın sevdasını taşıyorlardı yürek yüreğe özlemle güzel mi güzel gülümsüyorlardı Şu sokaktan az önce ölümsüzleşenler geçti gördün mü? 31 Temmuz 2008

84

Elif Can

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Saðcý mýsýn Solcu musun?

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Kış ‘08

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Kış ‘08

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Kış ‘08

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Kış ‘08

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Kış ‘08

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89

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rmenilerin tarihinin, Ermeni halkýnýn yaþadýklarýnýn somutlandýðý isim, Sarkis Çerkezyan… Yaþamýyla bir tarihe ýþýk tutuyor. Tozlu raflarda olmayan ama her þeyiyle gün be gün, an be an yaþanan Ermeni tarihine... Sarkis amcayý ziyaret etmekten bahsediliyor ve hemen dahil oluyoruz bu ziyarete. Yanýmýza bir fotoðraf makinesi, bir de kayýt cihazý alýyoruz. Anlatacaklarýnýn hiçbirini kaçýrmak istemiyoruz çünkü. Ne de olsa canlý bir tarih Sarkis amcamýz...

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Kış ‘08

Kazım Demir

Bir İşçinin Kalemi Eriyor Nasırlı Ellerinde

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Kış ‘08

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Kış ‘08

Oyuncak Okurlardan / Aliþer

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Kış ‘08

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99

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100

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102

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Kış ‘08

103

Kahramanlýk Üstüne “Ne yazýk o ülkeye ki Kahramanlara ihtiyaç duyuyor” Bertholt Brecht

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iye yaþýyoruz? Çalýþmak için mi, yoksa yaþamak için mi çalýþýyoruz? On-oniki saat çalýþýyoruz. Peki, güzel de insanlýða bir katkýsý var mý bunun? Yok, kesinlikle tam tersi, biz daha uzun saatler çalýþtýkça insanlýk o kadar dibe vuruyor (merak eden ekonomi-politika okusun). Hepimizin fiziksel ve ruhsal saðlýðýyla oynandýðýný, bu durumun deðiþtirilmesinin bilinçli, duyarlý, yürekli insanlarla (kahramanlar) mümkün olabileceðini görmeliyiz.

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104

Kış ‘08

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“... sosyalizm: el kapýsýnýn yokluðu deðil de imkansýzlýðý devirmek daðlarý el birliðiyle ama elimizin öz biçimini öz sýcaklýðýný yitirmeden sevgilimizin bizden ne þan, ne para vefadan baþka bir þey beklemeyiþi sosyalizm: yani yurttaþ ödevi sayýlmasý bahtiyarlýðýn yahut mesela esefsiz, güvenle, emniyetle gölgeli bir bahçeye girer gibi girebilmek usulcacýk ihtiyarlýða ve hepsinden önemlisi, çocuklarýn ama bütün çocuklarýn kýrmýzý elmalar gibi gülüþü...” MrsWrsnqsemsdgn?s*ZsogsnrsjrYs^rsqfsiqshqskqZsiq`sip? Krskpses`rsirns]Us`_isps]pnsjemsmrsolsdlsYrsirs`rsirsnlas HrsrsmqsdqRs6ToqXWfSqs^Unskqosiq5sjrWsorsirnsemsirs`rsirsnlaaa

Kış ‘08

105

Kil Tabletlerde Dirilen Ninova Ayak izlerindeki saklı geçmiş izlerini kim izler durmadan ay ışığı altında kara perçem içinde sular nereye akar. Kavrulan toprak dam altında söylenceler yükselir bereketli hilal yüzünde Susmaz şarkısı binlerce yıl kara sabanın izinde yürür açlığa Ninova’nın çocukları, Atila Oğuz oyuncaksız oyunlarıyla bakışları kararmaz bir tek güleç yüzlü Kürt çocukların. Umutsuz bakışlar arasında buharlaşır umutları göz yaşların da kuru çölün ortasında Hevlerden kurtulan canların Kil tabletler konuşur virane sarayda birden fazla ses verir öyküleri, spatulalar, fırçalar toprağı temizler dillenir sözcükler Musul yakınlarında. Revşa’nın kara gözleri uzun saçları savrulur gün ortasında kül öyküler üzerine Zaman Baver olur ışıldar kil tabletlerde Revşa’nın dizeleri çoğalır

106

Kış ‘08

göğü kaplarcasına aşk seli kaplar yüreğini aşkı ayırabilir mi İsa’dan önce İsa’dan sonraki zaman Doğar mı güneş her iki yüreğe aynı anda, susar mı dört parçaya bölünen yürek Revşa! Elini uzatsa dokunacak günün öncesine gülümseyecek barakalar taş duvarlar Dokundu eli Baver’in kine uranos karardı ardına kadar çılgın bir yağmur peşinden çakan şimşek aldı Baver’in yüreğini güneşe dek Söndü Revşa’nın bakışlarında yaşamın ışığı çıkarıp yüreğini bağlayıp yaşmağının ucuna fırlatıp attı göğün karanlık kalbine Tek katlı sedir ağacından çatılı Ninova tarihin harabeleri arasında sımsıcak bakar orta doğuya Ne gözler ne yüzler gördü başka başka dillerden dinledi nice ağıtları Toprak kurudu çöl oldu kurumadı Ninova’nın göz yaşları asırlar boyu Bir umut daha var yakılan son ağıtta hadi gayret

Kış ‘08

107

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