Security solutions #110 by Security Solutions

AUSTRALASIA’S LEADING SECURIT Y RESOURCE FOR BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT SECURITY SOLUTIONS • I S S U E 1 1 0 • N O V/ D E C 2 0 1 7

ISSUE 110 NOV/DEC 2017

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ISSUE 110

FEATURES

CONTENTS

102

COVER STORY

Historical industry observations suggest that the security industry goes through a major change every 15 years, although one could easily argue that this timeline is shrinking. These same industry observations suggest that the next inflection point for security, which is referred to as Security 4.0, has been reached. What is Security 4.0 and what impact will it have on security as we know it today?

34 THE BENEFITS OF SAFE CITIES

For the first time in history, more people around the world live in cities than in rural areas. By 2030, over 60 percent of the world’s population will be living in cities. While this global migration to urban areas improves the living standards, health and financial prosperity of these citizens, it brings challenges to a city’s infrastructure, resources, security procedures and emergency response systems. How we meet these challenges will be critical to the success of cities in the decades that follow.

38 HOW I BECAME AN ISIS BRIDE

A teenage girl from rural Syria dreamed of becoming a doctor, but the war and the socalled Islamic State made her something very different, and very frightening.

62 THE NEXT GENERATION OF SECURITY

REGULARS 10 LETTER FROM THE EDITOR 14 LEADERSHIP

Jason Brown looks at the Standards which impact leadership.

16 CYBER SECURITY

How will artificial intelligence affect cybersecurity?

PROFESSIONALS

18 RESILIENCE

70 THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES –

20 HUMAN RESOURCES

How do we attract the next generation of security professionals and what skills might they need in a changing world?

ASSURING SECURITY AND SAFETY

In addition to his role as chief executive of Intelligent Risks (IR), an international management services company headquartered in Sydney, Neil Fergus has been the security adviser to the Commonwealth Games Federation in a part-time capacity continuously for over 13 years. Drawing on his experience planning and delivering the security for seven Olympic Games, four FIFA World Cups and six Commonwealth Games, Neil looks at the security challenges around the upcoming 2018 Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast.

86 APPLYING A MULTIPLEX VIEW TO RISK MANAGEMENT

Dr Gav Schneider proposes that the need for security risk managers to become more rounded risk practitioners is crucial and that a more holistic view to risk management, referred to as the multiplex view, is more critical today than ever before.

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Dr Rita Parker looks at the trusted insider threat and its impact on resilience.

Greg Byrne examines the impact of bullying within businesses.

22 RISK MANAGEMENT

Dr Kevin Foster asks, how do we deal with hostile vehicles in urban environments?

24 COMMUNICATIONS 26 LEGAL 28 THINKING ABOUT SECURITY

42 OPERATIONS

Richard Kay examines fear and its impact on survival.

46 CCTV

When designing a CCTV system, which camera specifications are actually important?

50 BUSINESS

Why do accountants and other professionals need better risk management competencies?

90 SECURITY STUFF 92 SPOTLIGHTS 98 PROFILES 102 PRODUCT SHOWCASES 110 SHOPTALK

Company announcements from within the industry.

60 LEGAL Q&A

Who pays for damages created during searches?

66 LOSS PREVENTION

How do you create an effective loss prevention culture?

74 AVIATION

With the holiday season fast approaching, we look at handy travel security tips.

78 ACCESS CONTROL

We examine the psychology of security and the perception of safety.

What do you know about the risks next door?

30 EVENTS

A look at upcoming industry events.

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FROM THE EDITOR www.securitysolutionsmagazine.com

EDITORIAL

EDITOR John Bigelow EMAIL john@interactivemediasolutions.com.au SUBEDITORS Helen Sist, Ged McMahon

CONTRIBUTORS

Garry Barnes, Karissa Breen, Jason Brown, Greg Byrne, Rod Cowan, Rachael Deluca, Neil Fergus, Kevin Foster, Nial Jenkins, Richard Kay, Steve Lawson, Justin Lawrence, John McGiffin, Bob Mesnick, Rita Parker, Don Williams, Dr Gav Schneider, Anne Speckard, Alex Sidernko, Ami Toben

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s a security professional, are you

similar to how we might teach a young child to

familiar with the area of computer

distinguish a cat from a dog.

science commonly referred to as

Why is this important to the future of security

deep machine learning? Have you

and security professionals? Quite simply, in a

heard of it? Do you know what it is? These are

world where technology becomes intelligent

important questions because, by all reports, this

enough to discern what is aberrant behaviour,

new area of technological development is going to

be that vehicles and/or individuals or groups

have a profound impact, not just with regard to

of people acting in a suspicious manner, as

how security is conducted, but also what the

well as activity that falls outside of specific

security professional of the future will look like.

patterns within the cybersecurity space, then

According to Wikipedia, deep learning (also

we can change the way security is currently

known as deep structured learning, hierarchical

funded. This is achieved by outsourcing security

learning, deep machine learning or deep

infrastructure to perform all sorts of interesting

unsupervised learning) is a branch of machine

tasks for other departments, such as marketing

learning based on a set of algorithms that attempt

and operations, who want data around traffic flow

to model high-level abstractions in data.

within buildings, heat mapping, people counting,

To try and break this concept down to its most

demographic segmentation and so on. All of a

basic aspects, deep learning is based around the

sudden, security is only part of the equation.

idea of teaching a machine to solve problems that

Now imagine being able to integrate

would otherwise be extremely difficult to write

behavioural economics to drive desired security

a computer program for, based on the number

and marketing outcomes, and then test and

of variables in the problem. For example, in the

measure in real time whether those behaviour

case of a video analytics program, the challenge

drivers are achieving the desired results using

might be learning to distinguish the difference

simple A-B testing models. When you combine

between a cat and a dog. You cannot write a

intelligent security analytic systems with choice

computer program because not all cats and

architecture with a view to driving specific

dogs are identical in size, shape, movement and

behavioural outcomes, then the future of

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so on. However, they have similarities that can

security and possibilities around what a security

be learned.

professional can do within an organisation

DISCLAIMER

programmers try to develop an algorithm that

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The publisher takes due care in the preparation of this magazine and takes all reasonable precautions and makes all reasonable effort to ensure the accuracy of material contained in this publication, but is not liable for any mistake, misprint or omission. The publisher does not assume any responsibility or liability for any loss or damage which may result from any inaccuracy or omission in this publication, or from the use of information contained herein. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied with respect to any of the material contained herein. The contents of this magazine may not be reproduced in ANY form in whole OR in part without WRITTEN permission from the publisher. Reproduction includes copying, photocopying, translation or reduced to any electronic medium or machine-readable form.

So, instead of trying to write a program,

becomes extremely interesting. In this issue’s cover story, we take a look at

a computer can use to look at hundreds or

Security 4.0, the next technical evolution in security

thousands of examples of what is a cat as opposed

system design, to get a better understanding of the

to a dog (and the correct answers), and then the

capabilities of emerging technologies and where

computer uses that experience to solve the same

security is headed over the next few years. Quite

problem in new situations. Essentially, the goal is

frankly, it is hard to imagine what the industry

to teach the computer to solve by example, very

might look like 10 years from now. n

CMY

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UST FA

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Official Partners O C I AT I

Y P R OVI D

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10 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

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John Bigelow Editor

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LEADERSHIP

LEADERS SETTING THE STANDARDS I

BY JASON BROWN

n the last column, I

standards. Over 20 million

ballot and is due for publication in

white paper on sociotechnical

wrote about some of

businesses worldwide are ISO

early 2018.

resilience, crowd management and

the activities that a

certified or recognised.

leader can do to

Australia has mirror committees

In Australia, the mirror committee AS/NZS JTC OB/7

digital surveillance. In March 2018, Australia will

provide the basis for a better

for a large number of ISO

– Risk management is the

host the international plenary

security future through investment

committees but, for the Security

committee responsible for

for the global committee in

in development, mentoring and

Solutions Magazine audience, it

developing standards in the

Sydney. Between now and then,

teaching. In this column, I will

is the Risk Management Technical

area of risk management. It has

there will be opportunities to

consider the capacity of leaders to

Committee (TC262) and the

most recently met to redevelop

participate in this and other

make a long-term substantive

Technical Committee Security and

the current implementation

work. More information about

contribution to building national

Resilience (TC292) that should be

handbook and will be leading the

risk management and security

and international standards.

the main focus.

international development of a

standards work is available on the

subsequent global guide. There

following websites: • https://www.iso.org/

Most readers are familiar with

Security decisions derive their

ISO 31000 Risk Management,

legitimacy from effective risk

are opportunities to participate in

others will know the range of ITC

management and the identification

this work and there will be future

security standards in the 27000

of controls that mitigate risk. ISO

calls for expert participation in

• https://isotc262.org/

series or business continuity

31000:2009 Risk management

the international working group.

• https://www.iso.org/

in the 22301 group. Where did

– Principles and guidelines sets

The committee is also contributing

these standards and others like

out principles, a framework and

to the development of managing

them come from? They came from

a process for managing risk. It

legal risks and managing travel

the work of people, just like the

can be used by any organisation

security risks.

readers of this magazine, who

regardless of its size, activity

were prepared to step up and

or sector. Using ISO 31000 can

should look to engagement with

professionals’ seminar in Canberra

contribute to working groups on

help organisations increase the

the ISO committee for Security and

on 9 November, there will be

specific standards or to technical

likelihood of achieving objectives,

Resilience, TC292. The mission for

specific workshops for part of this

committees who manage the

improve the identification of

ISO/TC292 Security and Resilience

development. For readers who want

standards process.

opportunities and threats and

is to produce high-quality

to engage immediately, contact

effectively allocate and use

standards to support nations,

Jason at jason.brown@thalesgroup.

an institution or even an individual

resources for risk treatment. ISO

societies, industry, organisations

com.au

with a passion recognising the

31000 is the national standard in

and people in general. The purpose

need for standardised technology

the majority of the G8, G20 and

of these standards is to enhance

Security Director for Thales in

and systems. If people have

the Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia,

and sustain the state of being free

Australia and New Zealand. He

the will and expertise, they can

China and South Africa (BRIICS)

from danger or threat and to feel

has served on a number of senior

make a significant difference to

economies, and is highly valued

safe, stable and free from fear

boards and committees, including

every aspect of risk management,

as a guidance document by a wide

or anxiety.

Chair of the Security Professionals

security and resilience.

range of ISO technical committees

The system works by a country,

More specifically, readers

In Australia, Mirror Committee

committee/629121.html

committee/5259148.html • http://www.isotc292online. org/ n As part of the annual security

Jason Brown is the National

Australasia, member of ASIS

and their national mirror

MB25 is the committee

International Standards and

developing global standards is

committees, as well as a number of

responsible for the development

Guidelines Commission and Chair

the International Organization for

United Nations agencies.

of standards in this area of security

of Australian Standards Committee

and resilience. Current projects

for Security and Resilience. As of

The lead organisation for

Standardization (ISO). ISO is an

Australia is a lead contributor

international body representative

to this work and has participated

include of the international

February 2017, Jason has been

of over 160 countries. It is

in the recent redevelopment of

standards proposal for a

appointed Chair of the International

the world’s largest developer

the 31000 standard. The rewrite

standard on protective security

Standards Committee for

and publisher of international

has now passed final committee

architecture and guidelines, a

Risk Management.

14 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

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M S

CYBER SECURITY

TO INFINITY AND BEYOND – WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BY KARISSA BREEN

e are always hearing

By combining AI, machine

about technologies

learning and data stored with

that are trending. But

technology, both AI and humans can

what happens next for

analyse and collect more data and can

a potential decrease in response time for cybersecurity teams.

With anything that is developed, an organisation needs to look at the performance enhancement, but

technology disruptors? For me, it is

do it more efficiently and succinctly.

about understanding these

Technologists understand that AI is

Implications for a Chief Information Security Officer

developments and actually looking

already an ubiquitous part of human

AI is growing to a point where it can

needs to ensure it is measuring the

intrinsically about why these

daily lives and it will only improve

potentially become difficult to control

potential downfalls and risks and

particular trends are going to

with the increasing demand and

and govern from a cybersecurity

maintaining its integrity by protecting

accelerate the cloud computing

enhancement of cloud technology.

point of view. Many people, including

the organisation’s assets and data.

space. The way I see it, machine

The combination of cloud with AI will

security practitioners, can be fearful

learning algorithms and advanced

transform the way in which products

of the unknown and what AI might

world and it can be implemented

computational infrastructure have

and services are viewed.

bring. Adding AI into the mix can

to improve peak performance to

mean that these machines are

detect and remediate security

operating at another level – how can

threats, alongside the human eye.

many upsides, on-trend technologies

The Benefits of AI with Cybersecurity

humans potentially combat super

However, because AI is not always

also carry potential risks and

The human element is always

intelligent computers? Security

accurate, regular touch points are

down sides.

important in conjunction with AI, as

professionals always need to think

needed to ensure false positives

even AI can miss certain elements

outside the box to ensure they are

are not becoming common. Security

to increase key performance on any

and make mistakes that humans

bettering their knowledge against

departments need to be aware of

piece of technology that they can by

can identify. AI opens up machine

cyber espionage. They will need to

the development of AI and not let

adding layers to create depth and

learning algorithms to increase

be organised, always further their

it be totally autonomous. Security

longevity. When cloud computing was

top performance. It also extends

knowledge and stay two steps ahead

teams should constantly research and

first introduced, the capability was

additional capability for computer

of their attackers.

understand the cybersecurity threat

limited. Now, however, enhancements

functions and is a tool to assist in

like artificial intelligence (AI) are increasing exponentially to improve

enabled us to build many new platforms and applications. With

Technologists are always trying

the growth of products and services.

not get too carried away with the capability of new technologies. With a security hat on, an organisation

AI is apparent in the technology

Organisations should ensure

landscape to ensure they are always

identifying patterns and trends within

their cybersecurity business units are

two steps ahead of any attacker and

an organisation.

familiar with AI and the protection

are not just reliant on AI. Security

around this, backed up by in-depth,

should always look at the down sides

Many attackers are leveraging

AI has developed from not only

automation technology to strike.

ongoing research. Consistent

of technology to ensure that they

enhancing current cloud platform

Some organisations are still

exploration and knowledge will

can identify worst case scenarios for

incumbents, but also powering an

utilising manual aggregation of

arm leaders with a comprehensive

organisations. n

entirely new generation of cloud

data to provide solutions to security

understanding of how AI is amplifying

computing technologies. This

findings. The downfall of using

their products and increasing user

innovation drives business growth.

manual methods means it can take

experience. This will also mean

technologist who specialises in

What does this mean for cloud

Karissa Breen is an independent

a lot longer to detect intrusions, by

that they understand and weight

cybersecurity and innovation. Karissa

combined with AI? The cloud industry

which time it can be too late and

the risks that are attached to these

has a particular focus on cybersecurity

itself has invested heavily in AI.

vulnerabilities within organisations

types of enhancements. Hiring an AI

writing, speaking and research. She

The AI and cloud affiliation powers

are compromised through the

researcher will provide direction and

is a cybersecurity influencer and

two areas – AI cloud services and

network and data exfiltration. Whilst

additional solutions to ensure the

advocate, publishes her own IT blog

cloud machine learning platforms.

AI can assist in reducing time for

development of AI with any cloud

and video blog and is also an IT brand

Some key players who are investing

remediation, it cannot sufficiently

computing business. Reassurance

and event ambassador. Karissa also

heavily into the combination include

cure cyberthreats, but it can enhance

and governance would be a strategic

works for CryptoAUSTRALIA, a not-

IBM with Watson, Microsoft with

detection. In some cases, autonomous

solution rather than a tactical one, to

for-profit organisation that advises

Cognitive Services and Google with

machine learning can lead to false

capture the current state and predict

the Australian public on cybersecurity

Cloud Vision.

positives and alerts, which can lead to

the future state of the AI component.

and privacy.

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RESILIENCE

TRUSTED INSIDER THREAT TO ORGANISATIONAL RESILIENCE BY DR RITA PARKER

eople are critical to

component. Organisations are

adequate mechanisms built into an

catastrophic activities… that went

an organisation’s

social systems that rely on people

organisation’s systems to identify

undetected as a consequence of a

success, or its failure,

to ensure their ongoing operations

various kinds of risk-indicating

failure of management and other

and significant time

and functions. People are part

behaviours. At the most basic

internal controls of the most basic

and resources are invested in

of, and essential to, the overall

level, these can be incorporated

kind.” If appropriate risk indicating

screening potential job applicants

system and they have the potential

into management processes,

policies and procedures had been

to ensure they have the necessary

to contribute to the resilience of

including performance reviews,

in place at Barings, it is unlikely that

skills, experience, qualifications,

the organisation.

reconciliations of corporate credit

Nick Leeson would have been able

cards and travel records. It does not

to wreak such havoc, and Barings

capabilities, attitude and values.

But how well do you know

Many hours are spent reading

your colleagues, your boss, or

mean surveillance of employees

Bank would have been sufficiently

carefully crafted written

the staff you recruited? How well

or breaching their privacy, but it

resilient to survive and thrive. That

applications, interviewing potential

do you really know them? Active

does mean including strategies

lesson is just as relevant today as it

candidates and checking references

recruitment is only one part of

and mechanisms to detect and to

was then.

to ensure the selected candidate

the overall picture of ensuring an

prevent trusted insider threats.

will fit in with the organisational

organisation can trust and rely on

Such strategies were lacking in

as infrastructure, contribute to

culture and contribute to its goals,

its people. Most employees are

the well-documented case of

the resilience of an organisation,

productivity and overall success. In

decent, reliable and trustworthy

Barings Bank.

but while physical assets require

the past, it was often enough to

people, but that does not mean

conduct rudimentary background

organisations can be complacent,

Bank’s derivative futures traders

or replacement, human

checks, but in today’s highly

or abrogate their responsibility to

in Singapore, Nick Leeson, was

assets will enhance resilience

competitive corporate environment,

their shareholders or, indeed, to

engaged in risky trading that relied

through ongoing engagement,

as an added level of scrutiny,

other staff. Rudimentary or more

on stability in the Japanese stock

communication and trust. n

organisations increasingly seek

thorough background checks are

market to avoid major losses.

police checks and some agencies,

useful, but they are only as good as

However, the Kobe earthquake

particularly in the government

the day they were undertaken.

caused the Nikkei Index to drop by

of the International Council of

In 1995, one of Barings

People, like other assets such

only regular routine maintenance

Dr Rita Parker is a member

sector, require a formal security

In today’s competitive and

seven percent in one week. Barings’

Security & Resilience Professionals

vetting procedure of candidates

global environment, there are

losses escalated rapidly, in the end

and is Centre Manager of the

before declaring them successful.

frequent, almost daily, reports

reaching £1.3 billion. This resulted

Australian Centre for Armed Conflict

All these checks are relevant and

of insider trading, intellectual

in bankruptcy for the oldest

and Society. Rita is also a former

appropriate to ensure new

property theft, data breaches,

merchant bank in Britain, which had

Distinguished Fellow at the Center

members of staff are, or at least

unauthorised risks, or other

financed the Napoleonic wars, the

for Infrastructure Protection at

appear to be, trustworthy and they

adverse events that damage

Louisiana Purchase and the Suez

George Mason University, USA. She

will not act in any way that might

an organisation’s reputation –

Canal. Leeson was charged with

provides advice to organisations

damage the organisation’s carefully

sometimes irrevocably. Too often,

forgery and cheating and sentenced

seeking to increase their corporate

built reputation.

organisations adopt the view that

to six and a half years in jail and

and organisational resilience and

once the initial scrutiny of an

many of his former colleagues lost

crisis management ability. Her

the strength and backbone of

employee has been undertaken,

their jobs.

co-edited book, Global Insecurity,

an organisation, whether it is a

no further action is necessary.

multinational or a small entity. Yet,

But that approach is insufficient

the collapse of the bank noted,

available in 2017, includes aspects

in many ways, people are also an

to build and maintain resilience.

“Barings’ collapse was due to

of her recent research about urgent

organisation’s most vulnerable

What is necessary is to have

the unauthorised and ultimately

global security policy issues.

For the most part, people are

18 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

014-033_SSM110 Regulars.indd 18

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HUMAN RESOURCES

BULLYING – THE SCOURGE THAT BESETS SMALL, MEDIUM AND LARGE ORGANISATIONS N

BY GREG BYRNE

ot a day goes by

in a bullying incident that resulted in

work, the person reading the post is

without a headline

the award of over two million dollars

considered to be at work. It should

somewhere in

in damages.

be noted that the FWC has found at

or undertaking (PCBU) has the

work to mean performing work or an

primary duty of care under the Work

activity authorised by the employer.

Health and Safety Act 2011 (WHS

Australia on bullying in

The Fair Work Ombudsman

the workplace. In the vast majority of

defines workplace bullying as

bullying cases, the witnesses and

unreasonable and repeated acts

victims are left emotionally bruised,

discrimination agencies. A person conducting a business

The effects of bullying in

Act) to ensure, so far as is reasonably

towards a worker or a group of

the workplace can be profound,

practicable, the health and safety of

workplaces are left with fractured

workers who are ‘at work’ and that

long-lasting and in some cases

workers and that other persons at the

relationships and the organisation

creates a risk to health and safety,

catastrophic. It can lead to serious

workplace are not put at risk from

suffers at times significant

and includes behaviour that is

psychosocial injury, which is one

the work that is carried out. Health

reputational damage. This column

victimising, humiliating, intimidating

of the main causes of workplace

is defined in the WHS Act as both

will address just what bullying in the

and/or threatening. Safe Work

stress leading to a deterioration of a

physical and psychological health.

workplace is, how it affects all

Australia defines workplace bullying

worker’s mental health. Bullying in

concerned and what should be done

as repeated and unreasonable

the workplace may result in:

made to an employer, including a line

about it at the workgroup, team and

behaviour directed towards a worker

• stress, anxiety or sleep

supervisor, a person should expect

organisational levels.

or a group of workers that creates a

The written or online news

risk to health and safety. It should

disturbance • mental health issues such as

When reports of bullying are

immediate action that is consistent with organisational policy and

websites are littered with headlines

be noted that workplace bullying is

such as, ‘Large payout in bullying

not simply confined to behaviour

case for employee returning from

that occurs within the physical

maternity leave’, ‘Ex-banker accused

workplace, but encompasses both a

of cutting off woman’s ponytail

worker’s performance at work and

amid bullying allegations’, ‘Vic firies

participation in activities that have

• reduced work performance

the outcome of any investigation and

bullying report fight in court’ and

been authorised by an employer,

Everyone at the workplace has a

the right to confidentiality. After the

‘Bullying, harassment cause hundreds

regardless of their location. In a

duty in relation to stopping and/or

report has been investigated and,

of police mental health claims’.

recent decision, a full bench of

intervening when they see workplace

provided an adverse finding has been

The effects of these allegations

the Fair Work Commission (FWC)

bullying occurring. All workers can

made against a person, the range of

can be profound and long-term

considered the meaning of at work as

help ensure that bullying behaviours

possible remedial action available

both for the victim, perpetrator

defined in section 789FD of the Fair

do not occur. The FWC offers the

to the employer include reassigning

and the organisation. In the case

Work Act 2009 (Cth). The FWC found

following advice:

duties, resolution/mediation,

where a large payout was made for

that at work incorporates both:

• Refer to workplace policies

raising awareness in the workplace,

bullying an employee returning from

• the performance of work

maternity leave, the employee was

whenever and wherever that work

found to have been bullied and was

is performed, and

awarded $240,000 in damages. The

• situations when a worker is

depression • reduced quality of family and home life • increased absenteeism and staff turnover

and procedures. • Speak to the person doing the bullying and ask them to stop.

engaged in an activity that is

resources, a line manager,

health issues as a result of bullying

authorised or permitted by the

management or the union.

employer (such as meal breaks).

should be taken seriously and should be investigated. After making a report, a person has the right to be kept informed of the progress and

providing training, requesting an apology, issuing a verbal or written warning, or demotion/dismissal. n

• Seek advice from human

claim where police suffered mental not only led to serious reputational

procedure. In all cases, the report

• The FWC advises that workplace

Greg Byrne is CEO and director of Multiset Consultancy Pty Ltd, a multifaceted consultancy advising CEOs

damage to the force, but increased

By this definition, a worker on

bullying should always be

and boards of security organisations

incidence of suicide and attempted

an authorised meal break at the

reported. The report may be

in Australia on best approaches to

suicide, and the devotion of extensive

workplace is considered to be at work,

verbal or in writing.

manage business risk, particularly

resources both from the police force

and a worker who reads a private

Advice can also be sought from

operations, disaster recovery, business

and the police union. In a matter

Facebook page whilst at work, even

the FWC, Comcare, the relevant

continuity and human resources. Greg

played out in the NSW Supreme

though the post was not work related

state’s Safe Work department, or

can be contacted via email greg@

Court, a security guard was involved

and was made by someone not at

the various human rights and anti-

multisec.com.au or on 0402 295 124.

20 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

014-033_SSM110 Regulars.indd 20

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

13/10/2017 5:42 pm

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RISK MANAGEMENT

THE WICKED PROBLEM OF HOSTILE VEHICLES IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS ne of the ‘wicked

There are also traffic

Co Fo

BY DR KEVIN J. FOSTER

of the security measures, or

in their designs. Historically,

problems’ that

engineering standards that

alternatively provides detailed

barriers separating vehicles and

security professionals

should be considered for

specifications of the security

pedestrians have been used to

need to understand

separating vehicles from

treatments required. If a state

provide pedestrian protection

and consider is the risk posed by

pedestrians including:

agency chooses to provide

against vehicle accidents. Perhaps

extremists intent on using motor

• AS/NZS 3845.2:2017 Road

neither, then arguably there is a

these traffic safety standards need

vehicles as ramming weapons

Safety Barrier Systems: Road

high likelihood that the security

to be updated to include protection

deliberately to injure or kill

Safety Devices

implemented to counter this type

of pedestrians against deliberate

of attack will be either under-

use of a vehicle to ram pedestrians,

pedestrians in crowded public places. While the use of bollards and vehicle

The Australian Government’s

engineered or over-engineered.

especially in areas where large

barriers to protect infrastructure and

Hostile Vehicle Guidelines

If over-engineered, the solution

numbers of people might gather.

buildings is quite well understood, it

suggest that crowded places

may be uneconomic; if under-

In Western Australia, an example

is not so widely known what

include sports stadia, transport

engineered, the security may

of a guideline that needs updating

standards or guidelines should be

hubs, shopping centres, hotels,

be ineffective.

is published by Department of

used to protect pedestrians from

clubs, places of worship, tourist

hostile vehicle attacks. Some include:

attractions, movie theatres, civic

authorities responsible for

and designing for pedestrians:

• Hostile Vehicle Guidelines

places and pedestrian malls. The

protecting the public in open

guidelines. Each public road

for Crowded Places: A Guide

guide explains that it is important

spaces should consider having a

authority in Australia probably has

for Owners, Operators and

not to design security measures

store of temporary vehicle barriers

a similar guideline.

Designers, published by the

in isolation from other risks, such

that can be used when the threat

Australian Government in 2017

as crowd rush. In other words,

warrants them. For example,

safety engineers and security

and endorsed by the Australia-

if protective barriers are over-

relocatable concrete cubic bollards

specialists are usually attempting

New Zealand Counter-Terrorism

engineered to the point that

have been placed between the

to address different hazards,

Committee. See https://www.

they prevent or delay people

road and pedestrian entry points to

threats and vulnerabilities with

nationalsecurity.gov.au/Media-

from escaping an emergency

Southern Cross Railway Station in

different standards. Perhaps

and-publications/Publications/

situation such as a fire, then the

Melbourne. Similar vulnerabilities

there is a need to develop

Documents/hostile-vehicle-

safety-in-design will have been

elsewhere in Melbourne are also

uniform pedestrian safety and

guidelines-crowded-places.pdf

ineffective. Therefore, a holistic

treated in this way.

security standards in Australia

• Integrated Security: A Public

approach to the selection and

As a minimum, public

When deciding what to

Transport and entitled Planning

Unfortunately, road traffic

and everywhere where the risk

Realm Design Guide for Hostile

design of risk treatment measures

do about this type of threat

of hostile vehicle attacks against

Vehicle Mitigation, Second

is required, and should not be

at a particular location, one

pedestrians is significant. There is

Edition, published by the UK

limited to security issues. Also, it

complication is that whenever

a need for risk policies at federal

Centre for the Protection of

is important not to under-engineer

security is hardened at one place,

and state levels designed to ensure

National Infrastructure in 2014.

the measures to the point that the

extremists can choose a softer

the effective coordination of road

See https://www.cpni.gov.uk/

security issue is not addressed.

target somewhere else. It might

safety and security strategies for

system/files/documents/40/20/

This is particularly challenging if

be a pedestrian precinct, a school

addressing this risk. n

Integrated%20Security%20

the threat is not understood.

playground, a shopping centre,

Guide.pdf

Obtaining a threat assessment

or a football field – anywhere.

Dr Kevin J. Foster is the

from state or national authorities

Therefore, it is impossible to

managing director of Foster Risk

Traffic Advisory Leaflet 1/11:

is critically important for ensuring

fund, design and build security

Management Pty Ltd, an Australian

Vehicle Safety Barriers within

that mitigation measures are not

infrastructure to prevent such

company that provides independent

the Streetscape, published in

under-engineered. It is essential

attacks in every public place where

research aimed at finding better

2011. See https://www.gov.

for public sector projects that the

people gather or walk.

ways to manage risk for security and

uk/government/publications/

managing agency or state sponsor

vehicle-security-barriers-within-

provides the necessary threat

should always consider the

understanding of emerging threats

the-streetscape

assessments to the designers

selection and use of safety barriers

from ‘intelligent’ technologies.

• UK Department of Transport

22 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

014-033_SSM110 Regulars.indd 22

Designers of public spaces

public safety, and improving our

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

13/10/2017 5:42 pm

Delivering Proven Solutions for Security & Safety We Protect People & Assets www.magneticautomation.com.au 014-033_SSM110 Regulars.indd 23

13/10/2017 5:42 pm

COMMUNICATIONS

HOW TO FACE RACE, CONFLICT AND YOURSELF BY ROD COWAN

here is a YouTube clip

between people of different races

will be against you. You end up

behaving the way they are. Rather

of a young cancer

is complicated, with each party

dealing with the immediate, which

than judging them and quickly

survivor, Calysta

depending on personally developed

means starting with your mindset

jumping to conclusions, become

Bevier, performing

cultural stereotypes, generalisations

in response to different races. You

curious about their behaviour. Doing

Fight Song on America’s Got Talent

and styles of communicating.

can begin doing so by considering a

so provides a new lens to look at

2016 that I play to people. It is a

Ultimately, misunderstandings

range of factors:

the interaction. Ask yourself, how

poignant song about survival and

create problems, from operational

coping with adversity. The young,

considerations, such as slowing

an interaction with the feeling of

attractive, white songstress ends

operations, to reputational issues,

professionalism and flexibility, and

We all make mistakes: When

her rendition with the words, “I

such as customer complaints.

be open to handle the unknown and

people do something, do not assume

might only have one match, but I

Much of the training in this area

Shared interests: Enter into

does their behaviour make sense to them?

the ambiguous. Genuinely embrace

they are deliberately trying to be

can make an explosion.” As the

tends to be adapted from customer

that your role is to protect people

rude or insulting. Even if they are,

backing track trails off, the crowd

service or cross-cultural programs,

and to help them.

maybe it is because they are upset

goes wild. Beautiful. Moving.

but they are often a poor fit for

After a few moments of silence,

Why believe such things?

about something you have done.

security needs and do not help in

Our biology reacts, sometimes

If possible, ask them why they are

I ask viewers, “What if she was

developing an effective mindset

unconsciously and inadvertently,

doing something, but keep it about

wearing a hijab?” When I do

for inter-racial communication that

negatively to new stimuli. The

facts, not opinions.

so, the conflicting emotions on

helps you get the best out of people

right mindset in approaching each

people’s faces can be seen. Our

from a security perspective.

new interaction sets the tone of

race, acquired through genes and

Why inter-racial rather than

your actions.

Watch for inflexible thinking: When this occurs, in yourself and others, pause the conversation and

physical characteristics, overlayed

cross-cultural understanding? In

with our culture, gained through

its simplest terms, race is visual,

be defending and protecting

you are thinking. Often inflexibility

symbols made by humans that

based on physical appearance, while

themselves from a perceived fear,

is only a reaction to another feeling

give meaning to shared beliefs and

culture is often hidden, based on

such as being humiliated, hurt or

that you caused in them. For

values, such as the notion of good

beliefs, values and life symbols.

rejected. They are on the defensive

example, you may have been looking

versus bad and right versus wrong,

Cross-cultural understanding takes

because they feel threatened and

for someone to help, and they

means racism is deeply embedded

place when one or both parties has

cannot predict the needs of the

thought you were ignoring them.

in each of us.

the intellectual capacity and the

other party or their outcomes.

time to understand each other’s

Without the right mindset, you may

is on getting control of a situation.

not help when it comes to inter-

culture, then dig deeper to identify

both be in the same state of mind,

That does not mean being tougher

racial communication. Inter-racial

points of difference and go on to

because at the most fundamental

or more authoritative than the other

communication skills in security,

develop the means to mitigate or

level, we all have the same

person, or smarter, or better, but

law enforcement and intelligence

manage potential conflict.

human needs.

getting to an acceptable outcome

Pretending otherwise does

are vital for personnel who daily

Putting aside intellectual

In many cases, people may

Use your brain: In the middle

talk about the reason behind how

for the security for which you are

capacity, when dealing with people

of a transaction where inter-racial

they need to be thorough and

in a security or law enforcement

tensions are at play, you may start

professional in carrying out their

setting, there is rarely time to get

feeling like you are losing control

duties, while at the same time

to understand another person’s

of your feelings, worrying about the

of securityisyourbusiness.com, a

invariably balance some semblance

culture or what is going on in his

outcome and wondering how to get

research fellow with the Research

of customer service or public image.

head. Limited second language

away from the situation. Think first

Network for a Secure Australia and a

proficiency may make matters

before saying or doing anything.

strategic advisor to the Dubai-based

responsible. n Rod Cowan is a writer/director

Emirates Group Security/Edith Cowan

with staff from various races or

worse. In some settings, such as

staff dealing with customers from

airports, universities and places

are not like you. Maybe there is

University Centre of Aviation and

different cultures, communication

of mass gathering, sheer diversity

a reason that other people are

Security Studies (CASS).

24 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

014-033_SSM110 Regulars.indd 24

Be curious: Wonder why people

In any situation, the emphasis

find themselves in positions where

Whether it be managers dealing

`jv

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LEGAL

PROTECTING YOUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY FROM YOUR EMPLOYEES E

BY JUSTIN LAWRENCE

very business, no

confidential business system and

It will not, however, be definitive

that suit, the employer may seek

matter how big or

treats some of its information as

proof as to whether or not the

orders compelling the employee to

small, must protect

sensitive and confidential. The

restraint is valid.

deliver up copies of all confidential

its intellectual

business is entitled to advise

The fourth principle is that the

documents in their possession and

property because it is undeniably

its employees that it requires

validity and reasonableness of

to provide a written undertaking

what separates you from your

each of them to sign a document

the restraint will not be assessed

that they will not continue to

competitors. You might be

in which they agree to protect

in retrospect (that is, it will not be

approach or solicit customers or

surprised to know that the biggest

that information.

assessed after the employment

clientele, and will cease using the

relationship comes to an end), but

former employerâ€™s confidential

risk to your intellectual property is

The confidentiality agreement

not your direct competitors, but

that you prepare should contain

rather it will be assessed at the time

systems. If those orders are not

rather your staff â€“ the very people

two parts: a confidentiality part

that the contract of employment is

made, or if the ex-employee

who handle your intellectual

and a restraint of trade part.

entered into.

refuses to abide by them, the

property every day, and who, quite

Both parts will be designed to

The fifth and final principle is

literally, hold the future prosperity

prevent employees from using

that the court is not permitted to

further breaches by obtaining an

of your business in their hands (and

the confidential information as

re-write the restraint if it is found

injunction. n

in their minds).

an inducement for a prospective

to be too broad or excessive.

There is obviously no problem

employer may seek to prevent

Justin Lawrence is a partner

employer or starting up their own

Instead, the court may remove

with your staff members knowing

business as a direct competitor.

any parts of the agreement

with Henderson & Ball Solicitors,

your intimate business secrets

The restraints that you outline in

that are unreasonable if more

17 Cotham Road, Kew, Victoria, and

while they are working for you. In

this document must be reasonable,

reasonable restrictions are part of

practises in the areas of Commercial

fact, in most cases, you want them

otherwise the court will interpret

the agreement.

Litigation, Criminal, Family and

to use that intellectual property (IP)

them against the employer and in

for the benefit of your operation.

favour of the employee.

A well drafted confidentiality

Property Law. Henderson & Ball has

and restraint agreement may be

Law Institute of Victoria accredited

enforced to prohibit an employee

specialists in the areas of Business

However, the issue of protecting

In 2004, the leading case in

your intellectual property arises

this area of the law set out five

from removing confidential

Law, Property Law and Commercial

not when things are going well

principles that the court will

information from the business, or

Litigation. Justin Lawrence and

and your staff are loyal to you,

consider when deciding whether or

from seeking to poach existing

Henderson & Ball can be contacted

but when the relationship breaks

not a restraint is reasonable.

clients within a specified period

on 03 9261 8000.

down or your employee leaves

The first principle is that the

of time and within a specific

Whilst every effort has been taken to ensure its accuracy, the

acrimoniously or is poached by

employer must have interests

your competitor.

capable of being protected. These

The restraint will not be

things may include customer lists

upheld by the court if it seeks

article is intended to be used as a

prohibition on employees misusing

and trade secrets. They might also

only to protect the employer from

general guide only and should not

confidential information after they

include confidential processes

competition by the employee.

be interpreted or taken as being

have left your business, you really

or other unique elements of

However, an employer may seek to

specific advice, legal or otherwise.

need to consider whether you

the business.

enforce an agreement where the

The reader should seek professional

employee seeks to take advantage

advice of a suitably qualified

Although the law has a general

are prepared to leave something

The second principle is that

geographical location.

information contained in this

so important in the hands of the

it must be reasonable for the

of the employer by using against

practitioner before relying upon

common law, or whether you

confidential information to

the employerâ€™s confidential

any of the information contained

want to set out the prohibition

be protected by a restraint or

information that they obtained

herein. This article and the

in a properly drafted, legally

confidentiality agreement.

during their employment.

opinions contained in it represent

enforceable document. So how

The third principle is that if the

If an employer finds out that

the opinions of the author and

does a business go about protecting

employer and employee enter into

an ex-employee has breached

do not necessarily represent the

its IP?

a written agreement that states the

a confidentiality and restraint

views or opinions of Interactive

proposed restraint is reasonable,

agreement they may sue to protect

Media Solutions or any advertiser

it known to all employees that

the agreement will be afforded

their intellectual property from

or other contributor to Security

the business runs and operates a

significant weight by the court.

disclosure and misuse. As part of

Solutions Magazine.

The first thing to do is to make

26 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

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13/10/2017 5:43 pm

THINKING ABOUT SECURITY

THOSE NEXT DOOR BY DON WILLIAMS

ost of us are

during or in the aftermath of an

source of risk. They may choose the

(BCP)/resilience plan. In a small

reasonably good at

attack against someone nearby; the

provider of emergency procedures

business, this may be two or three

treating our own

Martin Place siege is an example.

and possibly the security services

people. If the business is too small

Some neighbours, particularly

and systems. Their selection may

to have a BCP plan, then it is too small to survive an incident.

risks, but what about

the risks that belong to others? We

government tenants, can have

not be the best for you; it may

may not be the target for certain

a much lower trigger point for

be the cheapest available. The

types of crimes or political actions,

evacuation, where closing their

risk is that the siteâ€™s security or

treatment is to speak to the security

but our neighbours may. It is always

business for half a day does not cost

emergency procedures are not

manager of the identified critical

informative to read the directory in

them anything. The fact that all their

appropriate for your business. A

points of failure to see how (or if)

a multi-tenanted site. There might

neighbours also have to evacuate at

possible response is for you to add

security risks are addressed and

be an embassy, consulate or

great cost to productivity is of little

additional measures to the security

what treatments are in place. As

government trading company from

concern to them. It may be purely

and emergency procedures. It may

well as your business, you may

a country that is currently, or

due to someone else that clients

be possible to ask for better or

want to consider how your critical

permanently, in the news and at

cannot access your site, but it is still

more appropriate capability to be

clients are exposed to supply

risk from attack or protests.

your problem.

provided, but the reality is that each

chain or other service disruptions

tenant should check what is being

and whether their collapse could

Neighbours may be involved in

How is it possible to deal

Again, a risk mitigation

activities that lead to protests or

with other peopleâ€™s risks? A good

provided and ensure their own

also be yours. Possibly on-

even violent attacks; there may be

start is a cup of coffee. Introduce

concerns and risk are addressed

selling your services to protect

state or federal departments and

yourself to your neighbours. Discuss

by adding to the existing systems,

their survivability?

agencies on the site (more about

common issues and concerns, talk

probably using their own resources.

them later).

about emergency procedures and

A second example of where

Of course, the other option is to rely on the fact that none of this

It is worth considering the

coordinate responses. Chatting

other peopleâ€™s risks can affect

is your problem and sticking your

threat profiles of your neighbours.

about areas of mutual concern

the business is through supply

nose in will do no good anyway. n

Have a look over the fence and see

and interest as tenants on the site

channels. Understanding up and

who is in the buildings next to and

can lead to significant benefits

down line risks due to deliberate,

opposite. What threats, risks and

and hopefully reduce disruption

malicious human action falls to the

is a recognised thought leader in the

hazards do they bring? Damage and

and concern.

security manager who is, hopefully,

field of security. He can be contacted

working with the team responsible

via email at donwilliams@

for the business continuity plan

dswconsulting.com.au

disruption can be collateral, with your organisation being caught up

28 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

014-033_SSM110 Regulars.indd 28

The landlord or facility manager for a multi-tenanted site can be a

Don Williams CPP RSecP ASecM

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

13/10/2017 5:43 pm

014-033_SSM110 Regulars.indd 29

HÉE D’ OP

13/10/2017 5:43 pm

EVENTS

ASIS International Australia Conference Contemporary Security Leadership

public and private sectors • security risk management professionals

are based on extensive research

security industry and network with

on key factors that contribute

over 28,000 security professionals.

to and characterise outstanding

In Australia

• security service providers

performance. (This research can be

offer attendees a host of

19 October 2017

• security consultants

found at https://perpetuityresearch.

attractions including:

Melbourne Convention and

• government and law

com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/

• new products and technologies,

Exhibition Centre The ASIS International Australia

enforcement professionals

Aspiring-to-Excellence.pdf)

encompassing everything

Contact events@asisvictoria.org.

The OSPAs are being set-up

from access control to

Conference 2017 is the premier

au or visit www.asisvictoria.org.au

in collaboration with security

unmanned vehicles.

gathering of security professionals.

for more information.

associations and groups across

The conference provides an

many countries.

introduced in 2017, is an event

the key trends and issues facing

19 October 2017

and criteria, the OSPAs scheme

(UAVs), unmanned ground

security professionals locally

The River Room

provides an opportunity for

robotics and vehicles (UGVs),

and globally.

Crown Casino, Melbourne

countries to run their own

and the various software and

The Outstanding Security

evidence-based OSPAs schemes

Key topics

Performance Awards (OSPAs) are

while maintaining an ability to

• terrorism

pleased to announce the dates

compete on an international level

moved to the ISC West show

• cybersecurity

for the 2017 Australian awards.

in the future – World OSPAs.

floor in 2017! As the digital

• behavioural techniques

They will be working for the third

Visit au.theospas.com for

and physical worlds collide,

• security management

year in a row with the prestigious

more information or to make

it is increasingly important

• emergency management

Australian Security Industry

a nomination.

for industry professionals to

The OSPAs recognise and

within ISC West focusing on

clients from both physical and cyber threats. CSE provides

across the security sector. They are

Sands Expo Convention Center,

holistic solutions for today’s

colleagues from the public and

designed to be both independent

Las Vegas

private sectors

and inclusive, providing an

ISC West is the largest security

Working with SIA, ISC West also

opportunity for outstanding

industry trade show in the US.

features world-class education

performers, whether buyers or

At ISC West you will have the

to learn about every facet of the

security profession

suppliers, to be recognised and for

chance to meet with technical

security industry.

their success to be celebrated.

representatives from 1,000+

014-033_SSM110 Regulars.indd 30

connected organisations.

accelerating the future of the

30 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

protect their organisations and

ISC West

• engage with peers and

The criteria for these awards

CMY

applications that support them.

11–13 April 2018

• security professionals across the

• Connected Security Expo (CSE)

reward companies and individuals

Who should attend the event:

CMY

opportunity to:

• join industry leaders

CMY

• Unmanned Security Expo,

unmanned aerial vehicles

The conference is a great

standardising the award categories

Association Limited (ASIAL).

The 2017 Australian OSPAs

By researching and

and business exchange, addressing

established platform for education

In 2018, ISC West will

exhibitors and brands in the

Visit www.iscwest.com for more information.

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

13/10/2017 5:43 pm

Thermal2017-5-18.pdf 1 2017/7/14 14:29:40 R

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014-033_SSM110 Regulars.indd 31

www.hikvision.com.au

13/10/2017 5:43 pm

EVENTS running more sustainable facilities and workplaces • foster a community of multidisciplinary professions

management • catastrophes and humanitarian response • innovation and technology

to have a voice and achieve recognition • redefine the future of the

Comprising an exposition of equipment, technology and

industry and challenge

services and a congress of

traditional perceptions of

specialist conferences, CivSec

facility management

2018 will confront the complex

Visit www.totalfacilities.com.au for

and increasingly interconnected

more information.

security and environmental challenges facing modern societies.

CivSec 2018 1–3 May 2018

Visit www.civsec.com.au/ for more information.

Melbourne Convention and Security, Safety and Sovereignty for

Security Exhibition & Conference 2018

the Indo-Asia-Pacific Region

25–27 July 2018

Building on the success of the

Melbourne Convention and

inaugural CivSec event, 2018

Exhibition Centre, Melbourne

will bring together leaders and

In 2018, the Security Exhibition

decision makers, policy makers

& Conference is heading back

and advisers, managers and

to Melbourne.

Exhibition Centre, Melbourne

officials, operational professionals,

The Security Exhibition &

technical specialists, strategists

Conference is the industry’s annual

and academics, researchers and

opportunity to reunite for three

consultants, technology developers

days of quality networking and

and industry suppliers.

unrivalled education alongside a

While focusing on the Indo-

showcase of the most innovative

Asia-Pacific region, CivSec 2018

solutions to the Australian market.

will address issues of global

For over three decades, it has been

significance. The sovereignty,

the largest and most established

safety, prosperity and cohesion

commercial event for the security

Total Facilities

its delivery and provides real

of societies and communities

industry in Australia, bringing

18–19 April 2018

solutions to everyday operational

everywhere are threatened by

together the entire supply chain of

Melbourne Convention and

challenges by connecting buyers

natural disasters and emergencies,

manufacturers, distributors, security

Exhibition Centre, Melbourne

and sellers to source innovation,

by human catastrophe and civil

professionals and end-users to

Returning to Melbourne with an

debate current issues, share

disorder, by criminal activity and

connect and create unparalleled

exciting new proposition, Total

insights and create opportunities

terrorism and by the movement

business opportunities.

Facilities now unites both facilities

for an invaluable community

of distressed populations across

and workplace professionals in the

of professionals.

porous frontiers.

Our vision

and exposition will zero-in on key

professionals with over 150

We champion professionals

themes, which will include:

leading suppliers. The 2018 show

Sydney and Melbourne, TFX is

who support the built and work

• human security and safety

is set to see some interesting new

Australia’s largest learning and

environment with a sense of

• public security, policing and

innovations as well as a host of

networking event for facilities

belonging and advocacy – the

and workplace management

unsung heroes and behind-the-

professions seeking solutions for

scenes forces. We will evolve and

creating more efficient, sustainable

grow our offer year on year to:

• cybersecurity and social media

seeing you again in Melbourne in

and productive facilities

• bring new and leading solutions

• borders and sovereignty

2018 for the Security Exhibition &

in operational efficiency to the

• homeland security

ASIAL Conference!

market

• community resilience

ultimate industry destination for the built and work environment. Held annually between

and workplaces. Total Facilities is comprehensive and efficient in

32 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

014-033_SSM110 Regulars.indd 32

This international congress

• deliver forefront trends for

protection • infrastructure, resource and environmental security

• emergencies and disaster

The entire team is looking forward to once again reuniting more than 4,500 security

new attractions. Make sure you put the dates in your diary. We look forward to

Visit securityexpo.com.au for more information. n

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

13/10/2017 5:43 pm

Some cheap solutions can end up being the most expensive. STENTOFON offer fully monitored IP communications solutions made to the highest standards from premium components and materials to ensure unparalleled performance in the most demanding conditions. When you need secure, safe, reliable communications that can integrate into existing systems and grow with your future needs, look no further than STENTOFON.

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014-033_SSM110 Regulars.indd 33

www.stentofon.com.au

13/10/2017 5:43 pm

FEATURE

THE

BENEFITS SAFE CITI OF

34 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

034-037_SSM110 Article 1.indd 34

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

13/10/2017 4:14 pm

For the first time in history, more

connectivity now found in core

while others have relatively little

people around the world live in

security and safety technologies,

infrastructure deployed.

cities than in rural areas. By 2030,

safe city solutions are helping

over 60 percent of the world’s

city leaders to better protect their

impact of safe city investments,

population will be living in cities.

citizens from a range of threats

IHS Markit analysed a number of

While this global migration to

including crime, terrorism and

safe city projects by four different

urban areas improves the living

natural disasters.

indexes: government investment;

standards, health and financial

TIES securitysolutionsmagazine.com

034-037_SSM110 Article 1.indd 35

safety result; social benefit; and economic benefit. Each index was

it brings challenges to a city’s

What Are The Benefits Of Safe Cities?

infrastructure, resources, security

Cities around the world face

reflect the various measures of a

procedures and emergency

diverse issues. Risk levels are

successful project defined as:

response systems. Meeting these

impacted by factors including

• Government investment:

challenges is critical to the success

the geographic location, financial

measures the level of

of cities in the decades that follow.

prosperity, population density,

a government or city

increased terrorism, crime and

administration’s continued

developed to help government

the political situation of a city.

commitment to spending

stakeholders, city mayors, and

Furthermore, some cities have

on safe city ICT equipment

police departments mitigate

already installed extensive

as well as the level of ICT

these demands. Leveraging the

security technology solutions

competence, the police

prosperity of these citizens,

THOMAS LYNCH AND NIALL JENKINS

In order to measure the

The safe city concept has been

compiled from 26 indicators to

SECURITY SOLUTIONS // 35

13/10/2017 4:14 pm

FEATURE

resource allocated to public

employment rates, city

the benefit remains stagnant.

with significant improvements

safety and the coverage of

investment and the risk and

The final stage of investment

in property and individual risk

physical security and critical

prevention of serious economic

represents more advanced

levels, police conviction rates

communications equipment

challenges happening in the

integration, co-operation on

and emergency response times.

short-term.

data and analytics and the

• Safety result: measures the

crime centres.

kidnapping as well as the

The Three Investment Stages Of Safe City Projects

investment in a safe city project

Social Benefit And Citizen Happiness Are Most Important In The Third Stage

public’s perception of crime

Government investment in safe

is primarily about safety and

If the safety result benefits most

and the police department’s

cities can be segmented into three

security. At this stage, only the

from the initial government

ability to respond to events

distinct stages. The first stage

city’s critical locations are covered

investment, the social benefit

quickly and effectively

refers to the initial installation

by video surveillance cameras,

score improves most in the third

of video surveillance cameras

basic command and control

stage of government investment.

social benefits such

and critical communications.

equipment is deployed and the

A key component of the social

as the ability to enjoy

The command-and-control

government begins to build the

benefit score is citizen feedback

entertainment, leisure and

infrastructure is deployed

ICT infrastructure required. An

on the government and police, and

sporting events safely, the

enabling the city authorities to

example of this stage can be seen

the general happiness of citizens

public’s appreciation of the

communicate more effectively,

in Nairobi, Kenya where, after

living in the city. The security

government and police force

and video surveillance provides

successful completion of phase

and safety improvements made

based on their response

evidence and a deterrent in the

one of its safe city implementation,

during the initial investment

to security and whether

highest risk areas of the city.

crime dropped by 46 percent.

phase take time to have an

level of crime, the risk to individuals and property from riots, protests, terrorism and

• Social benefit: measures

talented employees are

implementation of predictive

The second stage is

The initial government

As much of the infrastructure

impact, but ultimately create the

characterised by new city

and technology is not already

platform for an improvement in

stakeholders joining the steering

deployed, the required

the social benefit score. Citizens

economic benefits such

group and influencing the

government investment is

appreciate the value of innovative

as personal wealth and

technology direction. This stage

high. However, the benefits are

solutions that make them safer,

prosperity, spending

often is challenging for the city as

quickly realised and can drive a

increasing their appreciation of

on tourism and retail,

project complexity increases while

large increase in the safety result

the government and police force.

moving to the city • Economic benefit: measures

36 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

034-037_SSM110 Article 1.indd 36

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

13/10/2017 4:14 pm

What Makes A Successful Safe City Project?

The continuous evolution of

these projects, but ultimately a

technologies, city structure, and

collaborative approach between

security requirements, means

the government stakeholders,

stages of investment, and

The safe city is ultimately a

a broad range of expertise

including public health, fire and

the associated benefits and

government-driven approach

is needed to make safe city

rescue, and social services, its

challenges, can help cities reach

to security. However, multiple

projects a success. Strong

citizens, and technology firms will

a positive outcome. Whether it is

stakeholders must be involved.

government support facilitates

provide the best opportunity for

first stage government investment

successful safe city projects. Understanding the different

driving an increase in the safety

Government investment versus safety result

result, or third stage investment improving the social and economic situation of citizens, safe city solutions have a positive impact on the general wellbeing of the people working and living

Safety Results

in the city. n By Thomas Lynch, director, Safe Cities for IHS Markit and Niall Jenkins, senior consultant, Security for IHS Markit. The IHS Markit Benefits of Safe Cities whitepaper covers the latest trends in Safe Cities strategies. For information about Safe Cities deployments and strategies,

Government Investment Source: IHS Markit

contact the sales department at IHS ÂŠ 2017 IHS

Markit Asia-Pacific (APAC) at +604 291 3600 or technology_APAC@ ihsmarkit.com.

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

034-037_SSM110 Article 1.indd 37

SECURITY SOLUTIONS // 37

13/10/2017 4:14 pm

FEATURE

MAKING A MONSTER:

Extremism (ICSVE) we have interviewed dozens of ISIS defectors, most of whom tell stories of disillusionment and desperation, escape and rejection of everything they saw in the Islamic State. And that was what we expected as this interview began. Two of our colleagues, Abu Said and Murat, were in the room with Umm Rashid in a Turkish town near the Syrian border, while we were in the US watching and asking questions over a video link.

HOW I BECAME A BRIDE OF ISIS

“My father fell down from a construction site and was crippled,” says the young woman, who is covered in a black abaya.

A teenage girl from rural Syria dreamed of becoming a doctor, but the war and the so-called Islamic State made her something very different, and very frightening.

“I never saw him walking. When I was little, I would stay with my father at home. My mother would be out working all the time. I never saw her a lot. But my mother loved us really a lot.” Then in late 2011 and early 2012, the Syrian civil war began, and soon spread to Raqqa in the

BY ANNE SPECKHARD AND AHMET S. YAYLA / FROM THE DAILY BEAST

east of the country. “My mother was scared and told me, ‘Oh my daughter, I need to get you “I’m from Raqqa,” says

married!’” When the Assad regime’s

Umm Rashid,

security forces pulled out of

as her months-

Raqqa, Ahrār ash-Shām took over

old baby cries

“and things went crazy,” Umm

in her arms.

Rashid remembers, referring to

She bumps him

one of the jihadi militias that rose

up and down trying to get him to settle. “I was born in 1995. I’m 21 years old, from a family of four. I have a younger sister,” she says. “My father was crippled, so my mother worked to feed the family. We

up to fight Syrian dictator Bashar al-Assad. “We heard that the rebel militias were taking girls and forcing them to get married to their soldiers.” But as a teenager, Umm Rashid had a dream. She wanted to be a doctor. Before the eruption of war, her parents had been behind

are farmers. Also, my mother

it, despite their conservative

cleaned the schools.”

Syrian background. But with the

At the International Center for the Study of Violent

uprising, she was not safe as a single girl anymore.

38 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS securitysolutionsmagazine.com

038-041_SSM110 Article 5.indd 38

13/10/2017 4:17 pm

She is composed, articulate

husband fled. I don’t know why he

me, ‘Because of you, my son died.

them, women were enrolled as

and thinking about what she says

fled. I know that his family was not

You brought bad luck to us.’ My

morality police as well.

as she explains her situation.

behaving well toward him. Even

mother-in-law loved money.”

“When the regime left because

his older brothers were beating

of the rebellion, the ninth-grade

him up as well. Soon we found

exams were cancelled. I had to go

out that Yusuf was in Tell Abyat

to Hama for the exams.” This is

and he was working in Tell Abyat.

much because there were so many

married to an emir from ISIS? I

a distance of hundreds of miles.

I continued with my husband’s

people inside the house,” Umm

can arrange that.’ Her name was

“I passed the ninth-grade exam,”

family. Soon I learned that Yusuf

Rashid answered. “I went back to

Umm al-Khattab.

Umm Rashid tells us proudly. “But

had joined Jabhat al Nusra.”

my mother’s house. I waited my

my mother looked at the situation

At the time, al Nusra

iddah,” she explains, referring

iddah for two months. Our entire

and it was so bad. She told me

was becoming the umbrella

to the mandatory three-month

house was demolished except

anyone who wants to get married

organisation for ragtag groups

waiting period for widows to

for one room. We were living in

to you, I have to consider that.”

of villagers who had taken up

determine if they are pregnant

that room. Umm al-Khattab got

arms against the regime. Jihadi

or not and, if not, available for a

me married to a Saudi emir. His

Umm Rashid’s mother was making

ideologues from Jordan and

new husband.

name was Abdullah al-Jazwari. He

about $100 a month as a cleaning

elsewhere had flooded into

woman in schools, and some of

Syria, preaching the concepts of

Yusuf, she explains, “We weren’t

a gentleman and he behaved so

that money was going toward

martyrdom and militant jihad as

happily married. There was

nicely to me. He also accepted my

medication for her father. As little

they organised and affiliated al

always conflict in the house. My

sister to live with us. So my sister

girls on their way to classes, their

Nusra to Al Qaeda.

mother-in-law didn’t allow me to

came also. We lived together like

sleep with my husband, so I didn’t

this. I was happy with him. He was

The family was very poor.

friends could buy snacks like

“First I was thinking,

“You didn’t have a child with him?” we asked Umm Rashid. “No, I was not with him that

Reflecting on her marriage to

“One day,” Umm Rashid continues, speaking of her neighbour in the hisbah, “she came and said, ‘Why don’t you get

“Of course, I was out of my

was a really nice man, he was like

doner kebabs, while Umm Rashid

alhamdulillah [thank God], Yusuf

experience a real marriage. There

behaving toward me really well.

and her sister had to make do

found a job and was working.

were three rooms in the house,

He was an emir.”

with bread and tomato paste from

I didn’t know what Jabhat al

but four other siblings, so we were

home. Now, as young women, they

Nusra was and I was happy that

not given a room.”

were facing hunger.

he had a job… When he came

“I got married to our

For Umm Rashid after the

“After two months, he asked me why don’t you join al Khansaa? He was 40 years old. I didn’t know

back he had money. He bought

death of her husband, the

much about him. We never talked

neighbour’s son,” Umm Rashid

gold for me. He had a car. He

tragedies were just beginning.

about ourselves much. I knew he

continues, her voice flat and

was distributing money to all his

devoid of emotion. “My husband’s

family. He stayed one week with

mortar came down on our home.

it. He used to come home for his

mother talked to my mother and

me and then he left.”

My mother and father died, my

meals. I cleaned his clothes and

sister was wounded.” This was

I treated him really well because

they arranged it.” But, despite

But the militias in Raqqa “got

“During the fight in Raqqa, a

was my husband, but that was

liking Yusuf, the neighbour’s son,

mixed again, and the groups

2014. Umm Rashid was just 18, all

he was behaving toward me really

he was not the eldest and things

started to fight each other.”

her dreams destroyed by war.

nicely, but I didn’t know much

did not go well for young Umm

By late 2013, a schism among

“My sister was wounded in her

about him.”

Rashid. “My husband had four

the leaders of Al Qaeda in Syria

hand, so her arm was amputated.

siblings – three sisters and one

had led to ferocious fights

We were alone at home. Our

woman who had helped her

brother. I was so young. I didn’t

between al Nusra and the rising

neighbour, a woman, was trying to

encouraged her to join al Khansaa,

know anything. My husband was

power in the region, the so-called

help us. For example, when there

another thought weighed on her.

the middle child so he didn’t have

Islamic State, as it moved to

was aid from different groups

She believed that the mortar

a say about what was going on at

take control of Raqqa and the

they would drop a box in front

round that killed her parents

home. Their father was deceased.

surrounding region. “I heard

of our door. If that woman had

and cost her sister her arm was

My husband’s sisters started to

that the ‘brothers’ came. The

something to feed us she would

the work of the US-led coalition.

behave very badly toward me. My

‘brothers’ were the Islamic State.

give us meals. We were suffering

Although many civilians have

mother-in-law beat me.”

Meanwhile, the groups were

and had nothing. That woman was

been killed by its airstrikes and

“I was thinking about my

fighting each other and I had not

from al Khansaa, from ISIS.”

subsequent offensives, it seems

options,” Umm Rashid explains.

heard from my husband. One day

“‘You have to be patient’, my

I learned that he was wounded

2014 in Raqqa as the female

parent’s death in early 2014 that

mother told me. ‘If you come to

and soon after that he died. He

arm of the ISIS morality police,

the coalition was responsible.

us, you are going to suffer from

became a martyr.”

or hisbah, to placate the locals

It had not taken shape until

“After he died, my mother-

who were getting riled up about

that summer. But hatred for

have something to eat.’ So, I

in-law took everything from me,

men arresting or punishing their

the coalition became a deep

stayed there with my husband for

even my clothes, and told me to

women for dress code and other

conviction for Umm Rashid. She

six months. [Then] one day my

go to my mother’s home. She told

morality infringements. To calm

would serve with the enemy of

hunger. At least over there you

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

038-041_SSM110 Article 5.indd 39

Al Khansaa was formed in

As her husband and the

unlikely given the timing of her

SECURITY SOLUTIONS // 39

13/10/2017 4:17 pm

FEATURE Anne Speckhard Ph.D. is

those she believed had killed her

generous to other poor people.

take the woman to the female’s

family. “I accepted to become a

Abu Abdullah [her husband] was

hisbah and the man to the male’s

an adjunct associate professor

member of al Khansaa,” she says.

so generous with me. He would

hisbah. We would take off the

of psychiatry at Georgetown

give me a lot of money. I was not

clothes of the woman until she

University in the School of

emir, I was not sent to the training

used to having money. I would

is in her underwear. Then we

Medicine and Director of the

camp,” Umm Rashid explains.

save it and give some to my sister

would beat her with a lash. Then

International Center for the Study

and also gave money to the poor

there are special women in the

of Violent Extremism (ICSVE)

pictures of women holding

people. I was happy he was giving

hisbah for biting,” says Umm

where she heads the Breaking

weapons in supposed training

it so generously.

Rashid. We have heard about

the ISIS Brand – ISIS Defectors

this practice of biting women,

Counter Narrative Project. She is

“Because my husband was an

The group regularly publishes

exercises but not as combatants.

“Our job was to check the

Of the 63 ISIS cadres – prisoners,

market on our regulations.

but have never had a first-

the author of Talking to Terrorists

returnees and defectors – ICSVE

For example, we would check

hand account.

and Bride of ISIS and coauthor

have thus far interviewed, many

abayas if they are too tight or too

tell us that men go for Sharia

transparent.”

“We would torture that

of ISIS Defectors: Inside Stories

woman so badly, that when

of the Terrorist Caliphate,

training, but the women are

the husband came from the

Undercover Jihadi, and Warrior

instructed individually at home,

other side she wouldn’t be able

Princess. Anne has interviewed

to walk. Then from out of this

nearly 500 terrorists, their

prison, she would feel I would

family members and supporters

never do this again, because of

in various parts of the world,

the things she suffered from the

designed the psychological and

imprisonment. Her husband

Islamic challenge aspects of the

needed to pay a fine and he

Detainee Rehabilitation Program

needed to purchase the proper

in Iraq to be applied to 20,000+

abaya and sign the paperwork

detainees and 800 juveniles

that he would comply to the

and has consulted to NATO,

rules completely in the future. If

OSCE, foreign governments and

the woman repeats her offense,

to the U.S. Senate and House,

we would take the husband and

Departments of State, Defense,

put him in a football field where

Justice, Homeland Security,

coalition forces used to bomb

Health and Human Services, CIA,

a lot. We had a prison and we

FBI, CNN, BBC, NPR, Fox News,

would put him in that prison.

MSNBC, CTV and in Time, The New

Most of the time he would die of

York Times, The Washington Post,

fear because of the explosions in

London Times and many other

that field.”

publications. Follow Anne

by their husbands. Western soldiers mock the awkward way the ISIS women are photographed or filmed holding their rifles in ISIS propaganda. “There were a lot of 14- and 15-year-old girls in al Khansaa,” Umm Rashid tells us. “When I first registered, Umm alKhattab helped me a lot. They gave me a weapon. I joined her brigade. Umm al-Khattab was the emir of that brigade,” Umm Rashid explains. As we have heard in our many other interviews, the women who join the hisbah are armed with a Kalashnikov and have broad powers over the civilian population – able to fine, punish

BUT AS A TEENAGER, UMM RASHID HAD A DREAM. SHE WANTED TO BE A DOCTOR… BUT WITH THE UPRISING, SHE WAS NOT SAFE AS A SINGLE GIRL ANYMORE.

and arrest them for any type of morality offenses. They have an

We ask her if she felt badly doing such things, assuming

Fascinated to be hearing not

@AnneSpeckhard Ahmet S. Yayla Ph.D. is an

that she must. “No! It made me

adjunct professor of criminology,

exalted status over civilians and

just about, but from an actual

strong! I would do the same thing

law and society at George Mason

answer to practically no one.

member of the ISIS hisbah, we

again if given the opportunity. I

University. He is also senior

“Umm al-Khattab was not

ask Umm Rashid to explain to

escaped because I have a small

research fellow at the International

the emir of all of al Khansaa,

us how women are punished.

child. I want to go back after the

Center for the Study of Violent

but of this brigade. I knew her

We know the men have their

baby is grown.”

Extremism (ICSVE). He formerly

for a long time because she was

shirts removed and are flogged

Suddenly the interview is

our neighbour. From the start, I

in public, “But what about the

going in a direction we had not

chair of the sociology department

knew how to work in the brigade

women?” we ask, wondering

anticipated, and a potentially

at Harran University in Turkey.

because Umm al-Khattab was

how ISIS handles this delicate

dangerous one for our

He also served as the chief of

talking to me all the time.”

matter. “Are they undressed as

colleagues, Abu Said and Murat,

counterterrorism and operations

well, and if so, where?”

in the room with this woman,

department of the Turkish National

who now speaks proudly and

Police in Sanliurfa between 2010

“Umm al-Khattab would

served as a professor and the

come and pick me up in a van,

Umm Rashid is perfectly

our brigade worked in that van

matter of fact, “For example, if

defiantly of what she has done.

and 2013. He is the coauthor of the

with six or seven other women.

there is a woman with a coloured

But there is more to come.

newly released book ISIS Defectors:

We were in charge of the market

abaya, we would arrest the

place. Because I was so poor

husband and wife and take them

on 31/8/2017 on http://www.

Caliphate. Follow Ahmet

in the past, I was trying to be

to the hisbah jail. They would

thedailybeast.com n

@ahmetsyayla

40 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

038-041_SSM110 Article 5.indd 40

This article first appeared

Inside Stories of the Terrorist

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

13/10/2017 4:17 pm

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13/10/2017 4:17 pm

OPERATIONS

42 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

042-045_SSM110 Operations.indd 42

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

13/10/2017 4:20 pm

BY RICHARD KAY

ALTERNATE OPTIONS: FIREARMS BEYOND QUALIFICATION TRAINING

Officers who carry a lethal force

shooting (clinical skills for

shooting is conducted in a

option on the job must ensure

a score) rather than combat

very clinical context â€“ static

they possess the requisite skills

shooting (stress skills to survive

shooter and target, known drills

needed to survive a situation at

a life-threatening encounter).

and minimal stress. Combat

that level of risk. In the public

Regardless of the emphasis, the

shooting starts with these

safety sector, budgets and

fundamentals of shooting remain

simple paradigms to teach

liability considerations often

the same. It is the relevance of

shooting fundamentals, but then

override adequate training in

certain fundamentals that differs

progresses to tactical firearm

the various options available to

between the two contexts and the

skills, with shooters moving,

officers, with firearms being a

end-result outcome.

variable targets, unknown drills

prime example. Most qualification training places emphasis on precision

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

042-045_SSM110 Operations.indd 43

PART1

A key difference between

and high stress, and include

precision and combat shooting

options for carriage, movement,

methodology is that precision

cover, backup and so on.

SECURITY SOLUTIONS // 43

13/10/2017 4:20 pm

OPERATIONS simple, with no pistol disassembly required, and they come with picatinny rails for accessories such as optics, flashlights and lasers, plus spare magazine and sling attachment. The unit not only facilitates a more stable and accurate shooting platform, but provides an increased visual deterrent to potential subjects, and works well with officers wearing a tactical vest and thigh holster. A key aspect is that the handgun maintains its operating function of single shot capability. Whilst the unit may look like an assault platform, it is still a handgun. At present, there is ambiguity around its use, with regulators examining its operational plausibility. Any option that assists in better operational shooting should be something officers look at. Obviously any gear options should be thoroughly tested and mastered in training prior to using in operations, and any gear accessories should conform to regulations and agency policy.

Gear Options

Carriage and Presentation Lasers provide another

situation during the day, but

Officers should consider carriage

There are numerous options

plausible option, especially for

a quality flashlight with high

options based on operational

available that can assist

officers working at night. Options

lumens output is an excellent

requirements, especially where

officers in the operational use

include laser units that attach

distraction to aggressive subjects.

concealment is concerned.

of firearms. The selection and

to the accessory rail under the

With regards to firearms, there

Alternative carriage options

use of these options depends

barrel, or to the rear of the

are numerous options for

include tactical (vest, thigh

on regulations, agency policy

receiver group, or even laser units

flashlight units that attach to the

holster), concealed (shoulder

and officer ability, but where

that replace the recoil spring

accessory rail and can be activated

holster, tactical bumbag or

permissible, they can be a

assembly in pistols. This latter

without adjusting the shooting

thigh bag, personal defense

valuable aid.

option is convenient as the laser

grip. Some units also include a

accessory [PDA] holster) and

does not alter the external shape

flashlight/laser combination.

sling. When selecting and using

Firearm sights are easily modified, replaced or substituted.

of the firearm and therefore

There are various sighting

officers can use the laser with

conversion kit that provides

configurations designed for

existing duty gear without having

certain advantages, such as a

intuitive sight acquisition

to replace or modify.

shoulder stock, charging handle

gear and think of firearm security

and alignment. High visibility

Another option is a handgun

alternative options, safety is a paramount consideration. Officers should train with their

and extra weight to counter

at all times. A body-holstered

tritium sights offer easy sight

option for officers. Whilst

recoil, as well as accessory

firearm, such as a duty, thigh or

acquisition, especially in low-light

flashlights are mostly reserved

mounting options. These tactical

shoulder holster, is always with

situations. Another alternative

for use in the dark, officers

platforms provide better grip and

the officer. A remote-holstered

is the addition of an optic sight

working in daytime should carry

shooting stability that facilitate

firearm, such as a tactical bumbag

mounted on the frame for

a flashlight. Not only may officers

greater range, faster aiming and

or PDA holster can be put down

reflexive target acquisition.

find themselves in a low-light

better accuracy. The setup is

and taken, misplaced or forgotten.

44 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

042-045_SSM110 Operations.indd 44

Flashlights are an essential

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

13/10/2017 4:20 pm

(angle is dependent on the

hides from view, but may not

Single-Hand Shooting

action of drawing the firearm

proximity of another person).

stop a projectile. Concealment

Shooting single handed is an

from the holster. Specific

This is useful for a line-of-fire

is not as good as cover, but if

excellent way to master grip

circumstances may dictate which

situation, or when moving with

the subject cannot see officers

and trigger control, and is a skill

position to use, such as behind

firearm drawn.

then he may not be able to shoot

officers should train, as situations

them. Examples include shrubs,

may occur where two-handed

Presentation refers to the

cover, crowded area, building search and so on. The firearm is

Shooting Positions

plasterboard walls, tall grass

shooting is not appropriate,

presented into the ready position

Officers should be comfortable

and hollow core wooden doors.

including cover restrictions,

as a default, and consistency of

shooting from a variety of

Concealment will not protect, but

one hand being occupied with

this action should be drilled every

positions, as the situation may

it may prevent the subject from

another task, or officer injury.

time the firearm is taken out of

evolve rapidly and standing

firing accurately. Officers need

The ability to shoot, reload and

the holster.

may not always be the most

to make use of what is available,

return fire with one hand may

• Ready position: the firearm

suitable shooting platform.

and practise moving to and from

save a life in a violent encounter.

is held in at the body at chest

Shooting positions are dictated

cover so it becomes instinctive.

If officers are going to practise

level with the muzzle forward

by the situational environment,

Alternate shooting positions

one-handed shooting they should

on target. This position

available cover, the number of

include standing, kneeling,

practise one-handed reloading

equates to the ‘working space’

threats and officer capability

(high, low, two knees), seated

also, as the two aspects go

for officers to present their

and vulnerability.

(unsupported, supported,

hand-in-hand with operational

firearm into, assess a threat

chair), prone, supine and foetal.

reality. Options for one-handed

and manipulate the weapon.

Officers should also train to shoot

reloading include placing the

To engage, the arms are

whilst transitioning between

firearm between or behind the

these positions, as well as with

knees, under the armpit, in the

both or either hands. Officers

waistband and in the holster. Any

should reinforce their ability to

protruding part of the firearm

shoot in various positions and

may be used to action the slide,

be able to move and fire from

such as ejector port, front sight,

alternate positions smoothly

rear sight, safety and decocking

and with balance. Whilst these

lever, on a belt, between the

alternate shooting positions

knees, on furniture or the heel of

provide stability and assist in

a shoe.

extended forward into the combat position. • Combat position: the firearm is extended directly towards the threat at eye level, ready to engage. Officers should keep both eyes open, with the firearm held low enough to see the subject’s hands. In the absence of a visible threat, this position allows officers to scan the threat area. • Close combat position: the firearm is held close to the body with the dominant hand, muzzle on target, and the support hand is bent with the elbow facing forward. The

OFFICERS SHOULD BE COMFORTABLE SHOOTING FROM A VARIETY OF POSITIONS, AS THE SITUATION MAY EVOLVE RAPIDLY AND STANDING MAY NOT ALWAYS BE THE MOST SUITABLE SHOOTING PLATFORM.

firearm and support arm are kept parallel to each other.

reducing target profile, they may reduce mobility. The use of cover is a

form. If the need to reload with

fundamental aspect of any

one hand should arise, any way

tactical plan. The ability to

that works is correct. Let the

effectively use a firearm from

situation determine the action.

cover is a necessary skill that

Always maintain vigilance of the

should be practised consistently.

subject, then get to or remain

Statistics show that officers who

behind cover.

seek cover during a confrontation Cover will stop a projectile,

In a violent confrontation, success is more important than

Part 2 of this article in the

have a significantly higher rate

next issue of Security Solutions

This position is used in close

but may not hide an officer. It is

of survival. Be aware of the

Magazine will continue to look

confines or close proximity to a

anything officers can get behind

environment and the potential

at the factors that should be

subject. The bent elbow creates

that will not allow projectiles to

cover offered to take advantage

considered in developing an

a buffer against an advancing

penetrate. The value of cover is

if attacked. Officers should

officer’s tactical firearm skills. n

subject and can be used to

dependent on the firearm type

train to take cover immediately

strike at their centre mass if

and calibre. Examples include

if fired upon. It is important

they close in or sweep them

telephone poles, concrete walls

to remember that gunshot

internationally certified tactical

away or down by unfolding

and the engine block of a car.

wounds are often not fatal

instructor-trainer, Director

the arm.

If perfect cover is not available,

and officers can continue to

and Senior Trainer of Modern

poor cover may not stop bullets,

defend themselves even if they

Combatives, a provider of

firearm is held with the

but may deflect them. Most

are injured. By using alternate

operational safety training for the

arms relaxed and the muzzle

wooden walls, nearly all interior

positions, officers can still defend

public safety sector. Visit www.

pointed down at an angle

walls and wooden or metal doors

themselves even though they may

moderncombatives.com.au for

with the finger off the trigger

will not stop bullets. Concealment

be injured.

more information.

• Low ready position: the

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

042-045_SSM110 Operations.indd 45

Richard Kay is an

SECURITY SOLUTIONS // 45

13/10/2017 4:20 pm

CCTV

46 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

046-049_SSM110 CCTV.indd 46

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

13/10/2017 4:23 pm

IP CAMERAS

The Important Specifications For A Security System BY BOB MESNICK

IP camera manufacturers provide

the camera is to be used outdoors

vertical pixels. Marketing people

The aspect ratio (vertical to

product specification sheets

where it can get dark. If the IP

also use the terms ‘HD’, ‘720p’ or

horizontal ratio) is usually

that help in the selection of the

camera will only be used indoors,

‘1080p’ and, most recently, ‘4K’.

4:3 or 9:16 (wide). The latest

right camera for individual IP

the viewing angle width may

• Megapixel camera: This is

sensors (especially the ones

security and surveillance systems.

be more relevant. This article

a general term used for any

that claim 4K resolution)

But which specifications are

reviews the important camera

camera that has over one

have different aspect ratios

important? They include such

specifications and how to avoid

million pixels in the sensor.

that are similar to the very

things as resolution, minimum

being fooled by ‘specsmanship’

There are many cameras that

wide formats used in the

light sensitivity, lens, wide

(from the marketing department).

have over one megapixel

dynamic range, signal to noise

resolution. The pixels are

cinema market. • HD camera: This is more

and so on. The importance of

Resolution

organised in a matrix of

of a marketing term and is

each of the camera specifications

This is an important specification.

horizontal and vertical pixels.

defined as either a 720p or

depends on the objective and

Resolution is usually defined

The relationship between the

1080p type HD camera. This

application. For example, the low-

by the total number of pixels in

horizontal and vertical pixels

specification comes from the

light specification is important if

the sensor or the horizontal and

is called the aspect ratio.

video broadcast market rather

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

046-049_SSM110 CCTV.indd 47

SECURITY SOLUTIONS // 47

13/10/2017 4:23 pm

CCTV

than the security market. The

is defined differently. For

This can be very subjective and

720p refers to 720 horizontal

example, Sony announced

depends on what the viewer

also affected by the shutter speed,

lines. The ‘p’ indicates that the

that their new (coming soon)

thinks is an acceptable image.

which relates to the frame rate.

lines are progressive rather

camera has a chip with 4096H

Low-light images are not only

The longer the shutter is opened,

than interlaced. There is

× 2160V pixels, which runs at

dark, but can also be very noisy.

the more light can reach the

only one scan per frame that

up to 60fps. Axis announced

At the low-light level, the

includes 720 lines. The 1080p

a camera with 3840 x 2160,

amplifiers are working very

stays open, the lower the frame

HD camera has at least 1080

which runs at up to 30fps

hard and there can be circuit

rate. There are some camera

horizontal lines.

(which is called Ultra HD). The

noise that affects the video

specifications that indicate very

marketing people call all these

image. This is called the signal

low minimum illumination

cameras 4K.

to noise (S/N) ratio. The better

(0.0001 lux), but this is measured

720p cameras usually have a sensor with at least 1.0

The minimum light level is

sensor. The longer the shutter

megapixels. Pixel resolution is

The resolution of a camera is

manufacturers also include

at a shutter speed of 0.5 sec. This

1280 x 1024, or it can be 1280

defined not only by the sensor, but

the relative level of the signal

translates to a maximum frame

x 800. 1080p cameras have

also the lens and the electronic

(IRE), which is a measure of how

rate of 2fps.

at least a 2 megapixel sensor

circuits. Megapixel IP cameras are

hard the amplifier has to work.

and are considered to be the

sometimes advertised for under

For example, a camera that is

level is also determined by the

higher resolution HD cameras.

$200. Be careful; the sensor may

operating at 30 IRE is receiving

lens. The lower the f-number of

To add to the confusion, some

have the megapixels, but the lens

30 percent of the signal from

the lens, the more light it will

manufacturers call their 3

may be plastic and the result is a

the sensor circuits, while one

let through.

megapixel or 5 megapixel

very low quality image.

operating at 50 IRE is receiving

The minimum illumination

50 percent of the signal. The

Lens

lower the number, the harder the

Many IP cameras come with a

amplifier has to work to boost the

lens. A wide angle lens could

8 megapixels of resolution.

Minimum Illumination (or LowLight Sensitivity)

signal so it can be seen. The noise

be used to view a small room,

It has approximately 4,000

The minimum illumination is the

level can be as high as 20 percent

while a narrow angle lens (with

horizontal pixels. The number

lowest light level (measured in

of the signal, so the resulting video

more magnification) can be used

of vertical and horizontal

lux) that provides a reasonable

can look very noisy when the

to see an area that is far away.

pixels and the aspect ratio

image from the IP camera.

signal level is very low.

The lens can also affect some of

cameras 1080p as well. • 4K camera: This usually refers to a camera with over

48 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

046-049_SSM110 CCTV.indd 48

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

13/10/2017 4:24 pm

the other specifications, such as

adjusted and depends on

minimum illumination, frame rate

how much light is expected

Lenses bend the light to

By increasing the time that

and resolution. If the IP camera

in the scene. A manual iris

achieve the right focus and

the shutter stays opened,

does not include a lens, it usually

lens is usually used with

magnification. IR light can

users can improve the low-

includes a standard type CS (or C)

indoor cameras where there

bend at a different angle than

light performance of most

mounting capability, so various

is a small light variation.

visible light when the wrong

cameras. But be careful;

type of glass is used in the lens.

increasing the shutter speed

usually used with outdoor

IR corrected lenses compensate

to 0.5 seconds changes the

measured in millimetres. The

cameras. The camera

for the focal difference and

maximum frame rate to

lower the number, the wider

electronics adjust the iris

provide a much clearer image.

the viewing angle. A 2mm lens

opening depending on

This is most apparent at

may have an angle of about

how much light it detects.

higher resolution.

110 degrees, while a 50mm

At night it opens the iris

lens has an angle of about 5.5

and when there is bright

degrees. The angle of the lens

sunlight it closes the iris.

third party lenses can be used. • Lens angle: The lens is

depends on the size of the

o DC auto iris lenses are

o P-iris lenses are similar

• Infrared (IR) corrected lenses:

very low-light situations.

only 2fps. • Audio: Audio capability can be very important in some applications, such as when

Special Applications that Require Specific Capability

connecting an intercom to the

• Wide dynamic range: To view

required. Some cameras have

camera. In this case, a camera with audio input capability is

sensor and the distance from

to the DC auto iris lens,

the sensor to the lens.

except they add additional

an area with challenging

a built-in microphone, but be

intelligence to the lens

lighting conditions, it is best to

aware that it is always best to

The f-number of the lens

opening. When the iris is

select a camera that provides

have the microphone close to

indicates how well the light is

closed all the way, it can

good, wide dynamic range

transferred through the lens.

reduce the clarity of the

(WDR). For example, a camera

A camera with a f-number

image (when used with

that either provides back light

Depending on the application,

of f1.2 can pass more light

megapixel cameras). A p-iris

control or, better yet, WDR, will

input and output connections

than one that has a f2.0 lens.

camera system works with

be needed to view a lobby with

may be required. For example,

The lens angle can affect the

the camera electronics to

a large window. Wide dynamic

to release a door lock, an

f-number – the wider the angle

prevent the iris from closing

range has been dramatically

output signal to control a relay

the more light can get in, so the

all the way. Conversely,

improved in the latest cameras.

that can open an electric lock

illumination specification is

when the view is very dark,

Older cameras provide about

is needed. To detect that a door

usually measured at the widest

the camera tries to open

50dB of WDR; newer models

has been opened and start

lens angle (when a variable

the iris to let in as much

provide over 120dB.

recording video, then an I/O

lens is included).

light as possible. As the

• Lens light capability:

• Frame rate: Frame rates are

the person talking. • Input and output (I/O):

input connection to the camera

iris increases, the depth of

not particularly critical in

fixed, variable and zoom

field is reduced. A p-iris

most applications, but most

lenses. A fixed lens, as the

lens prevents the lens from

megapixel cameras support

Summary

name implies, has only one

opening all the way and

reasonably good frame rates.

Understanding the specifications

mm or angle setting. A variable

compensates by increasing

What is reasonable? It depends

allows users to select the right

lens can be manually adjusted

the camera amplification of

on the application.

camera for their IP camera

through a range of angles.

the video signal.

• Types of lenses: There are

A zoom lens is similar to the

• Focus: The focus of the IP

Video is very smooth even

is required.

system; however, before reviewing

at 10fps. There are a few

the specifications, users should

variable lens, but it can be

camera can be changed

applications where higher

fully understand their required

controlled remotely.

either by adjusting the lens

frame rates may be needed,

application and objectives. n

or by remotely adjusting

such as in casinos, or in special

much light falls on the sensor

the distance between the

testing situations, where

and affects the depth of field.

lens and the sensor (back

there is very fast motion; but

and owner of Kintronics, an

The smaller the iris opening,

focus). Lenses can have a

in most cases, users can save

organisation specialising in

the longer the depth of field.

fixed focus (it cannot be

bandwidth and storage by

providing network attached IP

When the scene is very dark,

changed) or manual focus.

reducing the frame rate.

camera surveillance and security

the lens iris opens and the field

Back focus is not part of the

of view is reduced. This means

lens, but is usually listed

rate has to be reduced. For

experience in the technology

some areas that are close or far

with the lens specification.

example, frame rates tend

industry, Bob also provides

away are not in focus. There

It makes installation much

to be lower in very high-

specialist advice on optical storage

are manual iris controls, DC

easier, enabling the focus to

resolution cameras (over

systems and network attached

auto iris and p-iris lenses.

be adjusted at the computer

3 megapixel). The frame

storage systems. He can be

o Manual iris is manually

instead of at the camera.

rate can also be affected by

contacted at www.kintronics.com

• Iris: Iris control adjusts how

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

046-049_SSM110 CCTV.indd 49

In certain cases, the frame

Bob Mesnick is President

systems. With over 30 years of

SECURITY SOLUTIONS // 49

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BUSINESS

WHY DO ACCOUNTANTS AND OTHER PROFESSIONALS Need Better Risk Management Competencies? BY ALEX SIDORENKO

50 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

050-053_SSM110 Business.indd 50

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Risk management competencies

numerous factors responsible for

can significantly improve decision

influencing individual perceptions

making in any profession. The bad

of risk, which included dread,

news is that these competencies

newness, stigma and other factors

do not come naturally, they

(Tversky & Kahneman, 1974).

have to be developed. Even if an

Research also detected that risk

organisation does not operate in a

perceptions are influenced by the

high risk, uncertain environment,

emotional state of the perceiver

it should consider the extensive

(Bodenhausen, 1993). According to

research into what is referred

valence theory, positive emotions

to by scientists as heuristics and

lead to optimistic risk perceptions,

biases, cognitive psychology

whereas negative emotions incite

and psychometric paradigm,

a more pessimistic view of risk

collectively called risk perception.

(Lerner, 2000).

The History of Risk Perception

research was performed by

The study of risk perception

(who later won a Nobel Prize in

originated from the fact that

economics with Vernon Smith

experts and lay people often

â€œfor having integrated insights

disagreed about the riskiness of

from psychological research into

various technologies and natural

economic science, especially

hazards. A lot of this information

concerning human judgment

is available at https://en.wikipedia.

and decision-making under

org/wiki/Risk_perception

uncertaintyâ€? [Kahneman, 2003])

The earliest psychometric

The mid-1960s experienced the

psychologists Daniel Kahneman

and Amos Tversky. They performed

rapid rise of nuclear technologies

a series of gambling experiments to

and the promise of clean and safe

understand how people evaluated

energy. However, public perception

probabilities. Their major finding

shifted against this new technology.

was that people use a number of

Fears of both longitudinal dangers

heuristics to evaluate information.

to the environment and immediate

These heuristics are usually

disasters creating radioactive

useful shortcuts for thinking, but

wastelands turned the public

may lead to inaccurate judgments

against this new technology.

in complex business situations of

The scientific and governmental

high uncertainty â€“ in which case

communities asked why public

they become cognitive biases.

perception was against the use of that all the scientific experts were

Cognitive Biases are just the Beginning

declaring how safe it really was.

Beside the cognitive biases

The problem, as perceived by the

inherent in how people think

experts, was a difference between

and behave under uncertainty,

scientific facts and an exaggerated

there are more pragmatic factors

public perception of the dangers

that influence the way people

(Douglas, 1985).

make decisions, including poor

nuclear energy, in spite of the fact

Researchers tried to

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

050-053_SSM110 Business.indd 51

motivation and remuneration

understand how people process

structures, conflict of interest,

information and make decisions

ethics, corruption, poor

under uncertainty. Early findings

compliance regimes, lack of

indicated that people use

internal controls and so on. All of

cognitive heuristics in sorting and

this makes any type of significant

simplifying information, which

decision making based on purely

leads to biases in comprehension.

expert opinions and perceptions

Later findings identified

highly subjective and unreliable.

SECURITY SOLUTIONS // 51

13/10/2017 4:28 pm

BUSINESS Risk Management

training, to jointly carry out

Risk management can provide

training on the basics of risk-

clarity and assurance to decision

based decision making for all

makers anywhere within

new employees.

the organisation, not just the

• Risk awareness sessions for

risk management team. Risk

senior management and

management provides a set

the board

of tools to help management

Executives and board

see risks, understand their

members play a vital

significance to each decision and

role in driving the risk

Make risk management

consistent application of risk

determine the best course of

management agenda.

information available to

management requires good

action with these risks in mind.

Nowadays, many executives

employees, contractors

knowledge of risk management

Risk management may seem

and board members have a

and visitors. Place the Risk

standards, risk psychology and

simple enough in theory, yet

basic understanding of risk

Management Policy on the

quantitative analysis.

many employees not part of the

management. Auditors, risk

intranet and the corporate

risk team still do not have the

management professional

website. Record and publish

references, email admin@

necessary skills and competencies

associations and regulators

risk management training

interactivemediasolutions.com.

to apply it successfully in practice.

have been quite influential in

or awareness session

au n

shaping the board’s perception

videos on the dedicated

practical ideas to bring risk

of risk management. It

risk management intranet

management competencies to life,

is important that risk

page. Invite guest speakers

with over 13 years of strategic,

regardless of a person’s position

management training focuses

(risk managers from other

innovation, risk and performance

in the organisation (based on the

less about risk assessments

companies) to speak to the

management experience across

free risk management book Guide

and more about risk-based

Audit Committee or Risk

Australia, Russia, Poland and

to effective risk management):

decision making, planning,

Management Committee

Kazakhstan. In 2014 Alex was

• Risk management

budgeting and investment

and give all employees the

named the Risk Manager of

competencies should become

management. The paradox is

opportunity to participate.

the Year by the Russian Risk

an important attribute when

that risk management training

hiring new personnel

should not teach management

of everyone’s responsibilities

Human Resources (HR)

how to manage risks, instead

It helps to include risk

for strategic risk analysis in

teams should include risk

it should show them how to

management roles and

decision making, Alex is responsible

management requirements

carry out their responsibilities

responsibilities into existing

for G31000 risk management

in all relevant position

with risks in mind.

job descriptions, policies,

training and certification across

procedures and committee

Russia and CIS, running numerous

The following are some

descriptions when hiring new

• Advanced training for ‘risk-

• Make risk management part

For a full list of

Alex Sidorenko is an expert

Management Association. As a Board member of Institute

personnel for the organisation.

champions’

charters. The common

risk management classroom and

The level of detail will of

Additional risk management

approach of capturing risk

e-learning training programs.

course depend on the risks

training may be needed for

management information

Alex represents the Russian risk

associated with each role.

the risk management team

in a single risk management

management community at the

Any finance, accounting or

and business units responsible

framework document does not

ISO Technical Committee 262

investment individual should

for internal control, audit,

work well.

responsible for the update of

possess a basic understanding

finance, strategy and others.

of risk.

In-depth risk management

into day-to-day work

• Risk-based decision making

training should include:

Experience shows that

in induction training for

risk psychology and risk

updating existing policies and

global PwC risk management

new employees

perception basics, integrating

procedures to include aspects

methodology, the author of the

New hires come from a

risk management into

of risk management works

risk management guidelines for

variety of educational and

culture, basic knowledge of

much better than creating

SME (Russian standardization

experience backgrounds

ISO 31000, risk management

separate risk procedures or

organization), risk management

and, most importantly, each

and decision-making

methodology documents.

textbook (Russian Ministry of

new employee has his own

foundations and integration

Risk management is a valuable tool

Finance), risk management guide

perception of what is an

of risk management into

to help employees make business

(Australian Stock Exchange)

acceptable risk. It is important

core business processes

decisions under uncertainty. It

and the award-winning training

for risk managers to cooperate

and decisions.

works equally well with strategic,

course on risk management (best

investment, financial, project or

risk education program 2013,

operational decisions. However,

2014 and 2015).

with the HR team or any other business unit responsible for

52 // SECURITY SOLUTIONS

050-053_SSM110 Business.indd 52

• Use passive learning techniques

• Integrate risk management

ISO31000:20XX and Guide 73 since 2015. Alex is the co-author of the

securitysolutionsmagazine.com

13/10/2017 4:28 pm

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050-053_SSM110 Business.indd 53

VIC NSW -

P (03) 9801 1044 P (02) 9749 1922

F (03) 9801 1176 F (02) 9749 1987

E sales@mfb.com.au E sydney@mfb.com.au

13/10/2017 4:28 pm