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www.softsecrets.com } 2026-04

Nigeria Plans Cannabis Legislation attract investment, and boost research and pharmaceutical innovation. In terms of regulation, Nigeria is better prepared than many might assume. The national drug regulatory agency, NAFDAC, has been drafting guidelines for medical cannabis since 2022; these are now intended to serve as the basis for legislation. Plans include pharmaceutical quality standards, controlled dispensing to patients, and a clear distinction between medical use and illicit consumption. Nigeria aims to position itself as a credible player in the global cannabis market, emphasizing that medical safety and research are to remain the top priorities. Tensions are high. The drug enforcement agency, NDLEA, continues to carry out large-scale eradication campaigns against illegal cannabis farms; hundreds of hectares were destroyed in 2026 alone. Activists such as Omoyele Sowore sharply criticize this

Africa continues to experience a political shift in its approach to cannabis. While South Africa has legalized recreational use, other countries are focusing on medical and

QUALITY PROVES ITSELF.

industrial applications. Nigeria, the continent's most populous nation, is now poised for a decisive step: in early June 2026, the Senate passed the bill for the legalization of

medical cannabis in its second reading. This brings Nigeria closer than ever to a regulated medical cannabis market. This initiative is not new. As early as 2025, former Senator Athan Nneji Achonu confirmed that the National Assembly was working on legislation intended to enable both medical and economic use. Since then, the situation has become much more concrete. The draft is now in the committee stage, where the finer details of the regulations are being worked out. These include licensing, quality standards, control mechanisms, and the question of how strictly the distinction between medical and illegal use should be defined. Nigeria continues to grapple with high inflation, declining per capita income, and a heavy reliance on oil prices. Cannabis could help diversify the economy and unlock new revenue streams. Forecasts project annual revenues in the billions of US dollars if medical cannabis and industrial hemp are regulated in tandem. Proponents emphasize that a legal market could create jobs,

approach and demand an immediate halt to the operations, arguing that they conflict with the ongoing reform process. The conflict illustrates the deep divide between proponents of reform and conservative security agencies. The proposed legislation holds significance far beyond Nigeria. It symbolizes Africa’s growing role in the global cannabis market and could pave the way for other countries seeking to regulate medical use. With the second reading now concluded, the political will is clearly evident. Everything now hinges on the committee stage and the final vote, which will determine whether Nigeria actually establishes a regulated medical cannabis market. By Valentina Lentz

THE END OF PROHIBITION IS HERE. ARE YOU READY TO GROW LIKE A PRO?

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What Is a Terp Pen and How Does It Work?

A Complete Beginner's Guide

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Background

What Is a Terp Pen and How Does It Work?

A Complete Beginner's Guide

As cannabis consumption technology continues to evolve, users are looking for devices that offer convenience, efficiency, and a cleaner experience. Traditional methods such as smoking flower or using bulky dab rigs still have their place, but many consumers now prefer portable solutions that fit modern lifestyles. Among these innovations, terp pens have gained significant attention for their simplicity and effectiveness. Whether you are new to concentrates or searching for a more discreet way to enjoy them, understanding how a terp pen works can help you make informed decisions. These compact devices are designed to deliver flavorful vapor without the complexity associated with traditional concentrate consumption methods, making them increasingly popular among both beginners and experienced users.

Understanding What a Terp Pen Is

glass rigs, or extensive setup procedures.

A terp pen is a portable vaporizing device specifically designed for consuming cannabis concentrates. Unlike larger vaporizers or traditional dab rigs that require multiple components, a terp pen combines convenience and functionality into a compact handheld device. Its design allows users to enjoy concentrates without the need for torches,

The name comes from terpenes, the aromatic compounds found in cannabis and many other plants. Terpenes contribute significantly to flavor and aroma profiles, and terp pens are often favored because they help preserve these characteristics during vaporization. By heating concentrates efficiently, they allow

users to experience the nuances of different concentrate products. Most terp pens feature a battery, heating element, and mouthpiece integrated into a streamlined design. Their portability makes them suitable for people who value discretion and ease of use while still wanting access to high-quality concentrate consumption.

How Does a Terp Pen Work? The operating principle behind a terp pen is relatively simple. The device contains a rechargeable battery that powers a heating coil or ceramic heating element. When activated, the heating component reaches a temperature sufficient to vaporize cannabis concentrates without causing combustion. Unlike many vaporizers that require loading concentrates into a chamber beforehand, a Terp Pen often uses a direct-contact approach. Users simply touch the heated tip to a concen-

trate source while inhaling through the mouthpiece. The concentrate instantly vaporizes and travels through the device as inhalable vapor. This straightforward mechanism eliminates many of the preparation steps associated with traditional concentrate consumption. The process is quick, efficient, and easy to learn, which is one reason terp pens have become appealing to individuals seeking a more accessible experience.

Key Components of a Terp Pen The battery serves as the power source for the entire device. Most terp pens use rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that provide consistent performance across multiple sessions. Depending on the model, batteries may offer different voltage settings that influence vapor production and flavor intensity. The heating element is one of the most important components. Many devices utilize quartz

products that combine convenience with performance. Industry trends show increasing interest in portable vaporization devices as users seek alternatives to more traditional consumption methods. Terp pens fit well within this broader movement toward simplicity and mobility.

or ceramic materials because they heat quickly and evenly. These materials are often chosen for their ability to preserve flavor while minimizing the risk of burning concentrates.

ques involved. Terp pens simplify the process considerably, reducing barriers to entry while still delivering the effects and flavors associated with concentrates.

for open flames and extensive equipment. This convenience appeals to individuals who want a simpler method without sacrificing access to concentrate products.

The mouthpiece and airflow system complete the design. Together, these components help deliver smooth vapor while maintaining comfort during inhalation. A well-designed airflow system can significantly improve the overall experience by ensuring consistent vapor production and flavor delivery.

Many users also appreciate the cleaner experience. Since the device vaporizes concentrates instead of burning them, there is often less odor compared to traditional smoking methods. This feature contributes to discretion and may create a more pleasant environment for both users and those around them.

Another important distinction involves accessibility. Traditional rigs often require some experience to achieve optimal heating temperatures and vapor quality. Terp pens reduce much of this learning curve, making them approachable for users who may not be familiar with concentrate consumption techniques.

Key Benefits and Advantages of Using a Terp Pen

Terp Pen vs. Traditional Dab Rig: What’s the Difference?

Tips for Getting the Best Experience

One of the biggest advantages is portability. Traditional dab rigs require several pieces of equipment and are generally limited to home

Traditional dab rigs have long been regarded as the standard for concentrate consumption. They typically involve a glass rig, nail or banger,

Using quality concentrates is one of the most effective ways to improve results. The flavor, consistency, and purity of the concentrate directly influence vapor quality and overall satisfaction. Choosing reputable products can help maximize the benefits of the device.

As education around cannabis products expands, users are becoming more selective about how they consume concentrates. Many prioritize flavor preservation, ease of use, and portability, all of which align closely with the strengths of terp pen technology.

Regular maintenance is equally important. Over time, residue can accumulate on the heating element and other components. Cleaning the device according to manufacturer recommendations helps maintain performance, flavor quality, and longevity.

Conclusion

“A terp pen is a compact vaporizing device designed to simplify the consumption of cannabis concentrates while preserving flavor and convenience” use. A terp pen, by contrast, can fit into a pocket or small bag, making it far more convenient for users who are frequently on the move. Ease of use is another major benefit. New users often find concentrate consumption intimidating because of the tools and techni-

torch, and various accessories. While many enthusiasts appreciate the ritual and customization they provide, the setup can be cumbersome for everyday use. Terp pens offer a more streamlined alternative. Their compact design removes the need

Battery care should not be overlooked. Keeping the device properly charged and avoiding excessive battery depletion can contribute to reliable operation. Responsible charging practices also help extend the lifespan of rechargeable components and ensure consistent performance over time.

The Growing Popularity of Portable Concentrate Devices Consumer preferences continue to shift toward

Advancements in heating technology have also contributed to their popularity. Manufacturers continue refining battery efficiency, heating consistency, and device durability, resulting in products that deliver increasingly reliable experiences. These improvements make terp pens attractive to a wide range of consumers.

A terp pen is a compact vaporizing device designed to simplify the consumption of cannabis concentrates while preserving flavor and convenience. By using a battery-powered heating element to vaporize concentrates directly, it eliminates much of the complexity associated with traditional dab rigs and other concentrate consumption methods. For individuals seeking a portable, user-friendly, and efficient option, terp pens offer a practical solution. Their combination of accessibility, discretion, and performance has helped establish them as a popular choice among modern cannabis consumers, and their continued evolution suggests they will remain an important part of the concentrate landscape for years to come.

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WE GROW CANNABIS Award-Winning cannabis cultivation author Jorge Cervantes teams up with Seedsman for a FREE, comprehensive digital book on home growing. 100-page digital book

Beginner and advanced growers

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Easy-to-follow cultivation examples

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8 chapters of cultivation wisdom

Comprehensive guide to cannabis cultivation

Dedicated to increasing cannabis yields Discover the magic of cannabis!

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Co-Authors Chief Scientiﬁc Ofﬁcer, Dr. Gary Yates Stefan Meyer Table of Contents • • • • • • • •

Cannabis Botany Life Cycle of Cannabis Cannabis Seeds & Seedlings Plan Your Garden Grow Room Setup Twelve-week Garden Harvest, Manicuring, Drying, Curing & Storage Diseases, Pests & Problems

JORGE CERVANTES Author Marijuana Horticulture. Legendary Jorge Cervantes, published in eight languages sold over a million copies worldwide.

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Indoor Growing

By José T. Gállego

Hydroponics or Soil? Comparing costs and yields Hydroponic system or soil in pots? If you’re asking yourself this question, we’ll help you find the solution best suited to your situation. Let’s compare the costs and yields of both systems, as well as their pros and cons.

A potentially significant cost factor is maintaining the nutrient solution at an optimal temperature (18–22°C) to ensure maximum oxygenation and efficient nutrient uptake by the plants. In summer, cooling may require a hydroponic water chiller, while aquarium heaters might be needed in winter. The electricity consumption of these devices can noticeably affect utility bills during periods of extreme heat or cold; however, it is possible to grow hydroponically without them, provided the grow room stays within the appropriate temperature range. Hydroponics requires high-quality water with low salt content (EC < 0.3 mS/cm). If tap water does not meet these standards, a reverse osmosis filtration system is necessary to obtain suitable water. While such a system is also recommended for soil-based growing when water quality is poor, it is essential for hydroponics.

these components, the total cost becomes roughly equivalent to that of a hydroponic system. In other words, for the same level

How much does a soil-based system cost? The initial cost of soil-based growing is lower than that of a hydroponic system, as it essentially requires only pots and a watering can. You can get everything needed for a one-square-meter setup for less than 50 euros. The growing medium will then cost around 30 to 50 euros per harvest. These prices assume manual watering, of course. If you want a soil-based system that doesn't require constant attention to

Beginners generally achieve better results when growing in soil.

of convenience, soil-based growing is not significantly cheaper than hydroponics.

Which system offers the best yield? Hydroponic systems have a higher yield potential, provided they are managed correctly and the plants are given optimal conditions. In hydroponics, plants have constant, controlled access to oxygen, water, and nutrients.

for the hydroponic substrate (expanded clay, rockwool, or coconut fiber).

The main downside is that this system is trickier to manage: the slightest mistake can have serious consequences, as the roots have less protection. That said, if you’re keen to try hydroponics, go for it—it’s not that complicated, though you do need to pay closer attention to the plants, especially at the start while you’re getting the hang of it. It’s a fascinating approach that helps growers improve, even if there might be a few slip-ups early on.

If expanded clay—which is reusable—is used, the substrate cost is a one-time expense. Conversely, if the system uses coconut fiber or rockwool slabs, these must be replaced after every harvest.

Growing in soil is much more forgiving of mistakes, even if the production potential is slightly lower. That said, in capable hands, yields can be comparable between the two systems.

A skilled grower will produce top-quality flowers whether growing in soil or hydroponically. When comparing the costs of growing in soil versus hydroponics, we won’t factor in the elements common to both techniques— since, obviously, both require a grow tent or room, lights, exhaust fans, an odor filter, nutrients, and so on. Together, these items make up the bulk of the budget for setting up an indoor grow and must therefore be taken into account in both scenarios.

How much does a hydroponic system cost? The price of hydroponic growing systems starts at around 250 euros per square meter, plus approximately 50 to 100 euros

In addition to the initial purchase price, hydroponic systems generally include water pumps and air diffusers to circulate and oxygenate the water. These devices slightly increase electricity consumption, though the impact is minimal due to their low power requirements.

Hydroponic systems can be more productive, but they require more experience.

watering, you need to install an automatic watering system. This entails purchasing a reservoir, a water pump, tubing, drippers, and a drainage collection tray. With

If you want to grow without spending too much time on it, or if you tend to forget to water your plants, soil is probably the best choice. You’ll still make mistakes, but fewer than with hydroponics.

Grow with Stoney Tark

Text and pictures: Stoney Tark

Outdoor Harvesting 2026 What to Know!

The weather has been brutal this year, with numerous heatwaves causing growers many issues; however, we are very close to harvest time. All of your hard work over the last 6 months or so will soon pay off, and you can look forward to filling your curing jars with some tasty outdoor organic flowers. In this article, I'll explain the signs that your plants are ready to harvest, how to spot damaged buds, and the drying and curing process.

Signs Your Outdoor Plants Are Ready! Before you prepare to chop your plants down, confirm they're ready to harvest. Not all outdoor crops can finish exactly as the breeder predicts, so let's take a look at the different ways to determine the optimal harvest window.

Trichome maturity You will need a magnification tool to check the trichome heads of the buds. You will notice that the trichomes will be either clear, milky or amber. Whilst the buds may appear ready, it's best to harvest when your trichomes are mostly milky, with a low ratio of amber.

Pistil Colour Checking the amount of orange or brown mature pistils compared to the white ones can guide how far off you are. This does not mean that once 85-90% of the hairs are brown, you can chop the plants; when you find trichome maturity and bud development are where you want them to be, you can use pistil colour as a deciding factor.

Swollen Bracts Colas are made up of a cluster of buds, and the buds are made from a structure of bracts and calyxes. As cannabis plants enter the final weeks of flowering, they will swell up as much as possible. If you can gently squeeze the buds and they feel dense and compact, then now is a good time to prepare to harvest.

Resin Production Cannabis plants produce resin that covers the buds and small surrounding leaves. A ripe, mature, well-grown plant will shimmer with silver resin glands. Low light intensity can also cause plants to produce low amounts of resin, so in some cases there is not much you can do. Still, waiting an extra week may allow for

This grower has a balcony of autos ready to harvest maximum resin production.

What Problems Can Arise Before Harvesting? You will have to be more vigilant than ever before during the last 2 weeks before harvesting. Below is a breakdown of the potential dangers outdoor growers may face.

Mouldy Colas Mould can quickly damage flowers, particularly when plants are exposed to prolonged periods

of high humidity, rainfall, poor air circulation, or dense growth. Inspect plants regularly during the final weeks of the season, paying particular attention to areas where moisture can remain trapped. Handle mould-affected material carefully and keep it away from healthy plants to reduce the risk of spreading contamination. Wear appropriate gloves when removing affected material, use clean tools, and disinfect tools between plants. Dispose of severely affected material safely rather than adding it to compost intended for future cultivation.

Powdery Mildew on Leaves Powdery mildew is another common problem during the latter part of the growing season. It appears as a distinctive white, powder-like coating on leaf surfaces. It can spread rapidly when plants are crowded and air circulation is poor. Remove severely affected plant material using clean tools and dispose of it away from healthy plants. Improving spacing and airflow can also help create a less favourable environment for the disease. Never use affected leaves and buds for making hash or extracts!

Caterpillars can cause lots of harm to outdoor cannabis plants

The Drying and Curing Process How you dry and store away your outdoor

buds makes a massive difference to the taste, aroma and overall smoking experience. Cannabis buds need to be dried slowly over a 14-21 day period. I always find grow tents work best, letting me control the aroma with a carbon filter, and drying nets fit inside perfectly. • The temperature of the drying room should be close to 15 degrees Celsius • Relative humidity levels inside the drying room need to be between 55-60% • The room should be well ventilated, with a gentle breeze blowing • Do not blow fans directly at buds; instead, face them toward the floor or wall • The grow room should be away from sunlight Once the buds have dried and you can break a dry twig and hear a clear audible snapping noise, the next step is to store the buds away with the intention of daily curing. Curing involves removing the lid of the jar or tub for 10 minutes per day. Exchanging the air every 24 hours breaks down chlorophyll and enhances taste, flavour, and potency. • Fill curing jars up to 75% and leave space at the top of the jar • Keep curing jars away from sunlight • Curing typically lasts between 4-12 weeks

Cultivation

Why some harvests taste and smell better When growers talk about quality, the conversation often starts with cannabinoid percentages. Yet ask an experienced cultivator what separates a good harvest from an exceptional one, and the answer is often the same: aroma. That aroma is determined largely by terpenes, a diverse group of volatile compounds produced in the glandular trichomes of the plant. They are responsible for the characteristic scent of cannabis and contribute to the unique profile of every cultivar. While genetics ultimately determine which terpenes a plant can produce, cultivation practices have a significant influence on how fully that genetic potential is expressed. Optimising terpene production is therefore not about chasing a single trick or additive. It is the result of good genetics, a healthy crop, an optimised environment and careful post harvest handling. Every step matters.

It all starts with genetics No cultivation technique can create a terpene profile that is not genetically present. Each cultivar has its own genetic blueprint that determines both the dominant terpenes and their potential concentration. A cultivar rich in limonene will never become myrcene dominant simply by changing the feeding programme or light spectrum. Selecting stable, well developed genetics is therefore the first and arguably most important decision a grower makes. Environmental

conditions then determine how closely the final harvest approaches that genetic potential.

Terpenes are produced by healthy, actively growing plants Terpenes are secondary metabolites. Although they are not directly responsible for growth, producing them requires energy and resources. Plants under constant stress must prioritise survival over secondary metabolite production. Nutrient deficiencies, root problems,

11 drought stress, oxygen shortage around the roots, pest pressure or disease all divert energy away from terpene synthesis. Healthy roots are particularly important. A well functioning root system allows the plant to absorb water and nutrients efficiently, supporting photosynthesis and providing the building blocks required for producing sugars, cannabinoids and terpenes. For that reason, experienced growers often focus less on correcting problems later in flowering and more on maintaining consistent root zone conditions throughout the entire crop cycle.

Light drives the engine Photosynthesis provides the energy required for virtually every metabolic process within the plant, including terpene production. Higher light intensity generally allows plants to produce more carbohydrates that can later be invested in secondary metabolites. However, more light is only beneficial when the rest of the cultivation environment can support it. Once CO2, nutrition, irrigation or temperature become limiting factors, increasing light intensity further may actually increase plant stress rather than improve quality.

The light spectrum also plays a role. Research suggests that ultraviolet light, particularly UV B, may stimulate the production of protective secondary metabolites, including certain terpenes and cannabinoids. Many modern LED systems therefore allow growers to supplement UV during late flowering. While promising, these strategies should be applied carefully, as excessive UV exposure can damage plant tissue and reduce overall performance. Natural sunlight already contains ultraviolet wavelengths, whereas greenhouse glazing materials often filter out a significant portion of UV radiation to protect the structure itself.

Temperature matters more than many growers realise Unlike cannabinoids, terpenes are highly volatile. Many monoterpenes begin evaporating at relatively low temperatures, which means excessively warm growing conditions can gradually reduce aroma even before harvest. Maintaining moderate canopy temperatures during late flowering helps preserve the terpene profile while allowing continued flower development. The same principle applies after harvest. Drying flowers too quickly or at excessive temperatures can result in significant terpene losses. Slow drying under controlled environmental conditions generally preserves aroma far better than rapid drying.

Nutrition supports quality, not just yield Balanced nutrition influences far more than plant size. Producing terpenes requires a continuous supply of energy, carbon compounds and mineral nutrients. An imbalance in nutrition may reduce photosynthetic efficiency or limit the plant's ability to maintain active metabolism during flowering.

Photo: Esteban Lopez Rather than pursuing maximum nutrient concentrations, successful growers usually aim for consistency. Stable EC levels, balanced nutrient availability and healthy root conditions generally produce better quality flowers than aggressive feeding strategies. Supporting metabolism during flowering can also be beneficial. Many growers incorporate flowering additives that are designed to help maintain photosynthetic activity and support the plant's natural energy processes during periods of high demand. Products such as CANNABOOST Accelerator are developed with this principle in mind. Rather than replacing a balanced nutrition programme, they are intended to complement it by supporting the plant's natural metabolic activity throughout flowering. When used alongside a stable cultivation strategy, growers often report improvements in flower development, aroma and overall crop uniformity.

Avoid unnecessary stress Not all plant stress is beneficial. While controlled environmental adjustments may influence secondary metabolite production, chronic stress caused by poor irrigation management, root damage, nutrient imbalances or unstable climate conditions usually has the opposite effect. The highest quality flowers are typically produced under stable cultivation conditions where the plant can dedicate its energy to

Did you know?

flower development rather than survival. Consistency is therefore often more valuable than constantly changing environmental parameters in search of higher terpene levels.

Harvest at the right moment Even perfectly grown flowers can lose quality if harvested at the wrong time. Terpene composition changes continuously during maturation. Harvesting too early often results in less developed aromas, while delaying harvest too long increases the risk of terpene degradation and oxidation. Monitoring trichome development remains one of the most reliable methods for determining the optimal harvest window. The ideal moment ultimately depends on the desired balance between aroma, cannabinoid profile and cultivation objectives.

The final step is often overlooked A significant proportion of terpene loss occurs after harvest rather than during cultivation. Improper drying, excessive handling, repeated exposure to air, heat or light, and poor storage conditions can all reduce terpene content considerably. Slow drying under carefully controlled temperature and humidity, followed by proper curing and airtight storage, helps preserve the aromatic profile developed during cultivation.

Quality is built throughout the entire cultivation cycle

There is no single technique that dramatically increases terpene content overnight. Exceptional aroma is the result of dozens of well executed cultivation decisions. Selecting the right genetics, maintaining healthy roots, providing balanced high quality nutrition, managing the environment consistently and handling flowers carefully after harvest all contribute to preserving the plant's full aromatic potential. For professional growers, the objective is not simply to maximise terpene content or push production to its limits, but to consistently realise the full genetic potential of every crop. True crop quality is measured by the complete picture: vigorous plant health, reliable yields, uniform development and a rich, expressive terpene profile that remains evident from harvest through to the final consumer experience. Achieving that balance requires more than an aggressive feeding strategy. It demands a nutrition programme that supports efficient nutrient uptake, healthy plant metabolism and stable crop performance throughout the entire cultivation cycle. That philosophy lies at the heart of CANNA's research driven approach. By focusing on plant physiology rather than simply maximising inputs, CANNA helps growers produce crops that combine commercial performance with the quality characteristics that increasingly define premium cultivation.

• Terpene content can vary between flowers from the same plant • Aroma intensity does not always reflect total terpene content • The most abundant terpene is not always the strongest smelling one • Harvest timing can significantly change a flower’s terpene profile • Two flowers with similar THC levels can have very different aroma profiles • Targeted flowering stimulators such as CANNABOOST can help plants express their natural aroma potential.

Grow with Sudestfam

@sudestfam

PNSB Bacteria

Revolutionary, multifunctional microorganisms After more than a century of conventional agriculture—characterized by the heavy use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and intensive farming methods that have contributed to soil depletion and groundwater pollution—the reintroduction of traditional farming practices, combined with scientific research, is paving the way for a new vision of agriculture. This approach values natural biological processes and aims for a more eco-sustainable model. In this context, PNSB bacteria are emerging as a highly valuable resource, capable of boosting soil fertility and crop productivity—including for cannabis.

WHAT THEY ARE Purple non-sulfur bacteria—internationally known by the acronym PNSB—are a group of Gram-negative proteobacteria considered unique for their extraordinary metabolic versatility. As anoxygenic photosynthetic organisms, they are capable of performing photosynthesis even in the complete absence of oxygen. They possess photosynthetic pigments—specifically bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoids—that give them a coloration ranging from light pink to purple, depending on the species and lighting conditions; the term "purple" derives precisely from this characteristic. PNSB are found virtually everywhere in nature and can adapt to a wide range of ecosystems. They commonly inhabit lagoons, streams, and wastewater, but also extreme environments such as high-salinity areas and polar regions.

METABOLIC PATHWAYS The primary characteristic distinguishing PNS bacteria is their ability to sustain themselves through four different mechanisms. The main mode is photoheterotrophy; this occurs in the absence of oxygen, with bacteria using light to generate energy and combining it with carbon extracted from environmental organic compounds to build new cells. In the second mode, photoautotrophy, bacteria harness light to produce energy and fix atmospheric carbon dioxide to obtain carbon. Aerobic chemoheterotrophy represents the third metabolic pathway PNSB can utilize; this occurs in the absence of light but in the presence of oxygen—essentially, the bacteria respire and consume organic matter to obtain energy, much like other microorganisms and animals. Finally, there is chemoautotrophy—a metabolic mechanism rarely employed, used only in extreme survival situations; in the ab-

PNSB bacterial network, photo by Maulucioni, via Wikimedia Commons

sence of both light and oxygen, the bacteria fix atmospheric CO2 to obtain carbon and synthesize inorganic compounds to generate energy through specific anaerobic reactions.

contain large total quantities of phosphorus, the soluble fraction—and thus the portion assimilable by plants—represents only a very small percentage.

The ability to adopt different metabolic strategies is not the only characteristic that makes PNSB such unique and interesting microorganisms. In nature, these bacteria play a key role in numerous biological processes, contributing significantly to ecosystem health and stability.

The problem lies in phosphorus's tendency to bind with other elements, such as calcium, aluminum, and iron, forming compounds with low solubility. PNSB are capable of increasing phosphorus availability by transforming poorly soluble or non-assimilable forms into bioavailable ones through three main mechanisms: the production of organic acids, metal chelation, and the mineralization of organic phosphorus.

NITROGEN-FIXING FUNCTION Many bacteria in this group are nitrogen-fixers, meaning they are capable of converting atmospheric nitrogen into forms that plants can assimilate. When they detect a nitrogen deficiency in the environment, they trigger the production of nitrogenase—an enzyme essential for breaking the bonds of atmospheric nitrogen gas and converting it into an ammoniacal form. Some of the fixed nitrogen is released by the bacteria into the environment as metabolites, while the rest is stored in their biomass and subsequently made available through degradation by other microorganisms, thereby contributing to soil fertility.

PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILIZERS Another important characteristic of PNSB is their ability to increase phosphorus availability through solubilization processes. Phosphorus is an essential element for all living organisms. In plants, it plays a fundamental role in numerous biological processes, including ATP production—the molecule that stores and transfers energy within cells—DNA and RNA synthesis, root development, and vegetative and reproductive growth. Although soils

In the first instance, the bacteria release organic acids that lower the local pH of the rhizosphere, promoting the solubilization

organic phosphorus mineralization. Cannabis consumes large amounts of phosphorus, especially during the peak flowering stage, and the use of PNSB could be the solution for many growers.

ROLE IN THE RHIZOSPHERE PNSB promote plant growth not only by increasing nutrient availability but also by producing plant growth-promoting substances (PGPS). These substances stimulate root development, nutrient uptake, and tolerance to environmental stress, collectively enhancing plant vigor and productivity. Key substances produced include phytohormones—such as auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins—as well as B vitamins, amino acids, and siderophores. Siderophores are molecules capable of se-

PNSB bacteria can increase phosphorus availability of compounds like calcium phosphate and releasing it into the soil. These same organic acids can also chelate metals such as calcium, iron, and aluminum, binding them into stable complexes. In this way, the phosphate previously immobilized by these elements is released as orthophosphate, the primary form assimilable by roots. Some PNSB, including strains of *Rhodopseudomonas palustris*, secrete enzymes such as phosphatases and phytases, which are capable of degrading phosphorus-containing organic compounds and releasing the available fraction. This process is known as

questering iron, making it available to plants while simultaneously depriving pathogenic microorganisms of it. In effect, PNSB can also function as soil biocontrol agents. In cannabis cultivation, heavy metal accumulation can stem from various sources, including fertilizers and soil amendments—even those of organic origin, which are often mistakenly assumed to be free from this risk. PNSB can help mitigate this toxicity through processes such as bioaccumulation, chelation, and chemical transformation, thereby reducing the metals' bioavailability and limiting their uptake by the plants.

13 in aqueous solution. PNSB are highly versatile and suitable for all growing media and cultivation systems—ranging from standard soil and "super-soil" to inert materials like coco coir and rockwool (commonly used in hydroponics). The benefits of using PNSB bacteria are evident not only in organic cultivation but also in systems utilizing chemical fertilizers. In such systems, they can enhance nutrient use efficiency, thereby reducing the required input quantities and leading to both cost savings and improved results. They do not replace fertilizers but rather improve nutrient availability. PNSB benefits are also readily apparent in indoor grows using artificial lighting, including sealed systems with supplemental CO2 enrichment. More broadly, the use of PNSB bacteria in cannabis cultivation yields three distinct effects: increased production, reduced losses due to biotic and abiotic stress, and a lower environmental impact. Furthermore, some PNSB manufacturers have reported substantial increases in secondary metabolites produced by the cannabis plant—specifically, higher levels of terpenes and cannabinoids. PNSB-based product

PNSB AND CANNABIS Among the PNSB bacterial strains studied to date, *Rhodopseudomonas palustris* and *Rhodospirillum rubrum* have proven the most promising for cannabis cultivation; they are primarily marketed as liquid suspensions

APPLICATION METHODS There are various application methods; for seeds, the best approach is to inoculate them prior to planting by soaking them in a water-based PNSB solution. Inoculation can also be performed on cuttings and larger plants by applying the product directly to the roots during transplanting. Foliar application is also effective, promo-

ting the rapid absorption of certain metabolites while providing support against environmental stress. Studies have shown that foliar applications are effective in combating viral diseases

The benefits of PNSB are easily observed in indoor cultivation as well such as tobacco mosaic virus. Finally, the product can be administered via regular fertigation—by incorporating it into the nutrient solution—or during the preparation of compost tea.

HOMEMADE PNSB PNSB bacteria can easily be cultivated at home on a small scale. Many growers choose to propagate them independently to obtain large quantities and ensure a fresh, biologically active product is always available. The process requires a few easily obtainable ingredients: a nutrient-rich organic base, suitable containers, and a PNSB inoculum. Sterilizing tools and containers is crucial to minimize the risk of contamination, which could compromise the culture's success.

Containers are filled with a solution of non-chlorinated water and nutrients, to which the bacterial inoculum is added. It is vital to fill the bottles to the brim and cap them without tightening fully; this fosters the anaerobic conditions necessary for PNSB growth while allowing gases produced by the bacteria to escape. Once prepared, the bottles are incubated—exposed to sunlight or artificial light—for a period ranging from one week to a month. The ideal temperature during this phase is approximately 25°C. If the culture progresses correctly, the liquid gradually turns a shade ranging from pink to purple, and sediment of the same color forms at the bottom. Shake the bottles whenever sediment accumulates to help keep the bacteria suspended in the solution. When the liquid is completely homogeneous and no new sediment forms, the culture has reached peak maturity. The resulting mother solution must be diluted before use. Kits specifically designed for cultivating PNSB, complete with all necessary ingredients and instructions, are also available on the market.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE AND INACTIVE PNSB Although most commercial PNSB-based products contain live cells, various studies have demonstrated the potential of inactivated or dried biomass as a biostimulant and fertilizer, thanks to the nutrients and active compounds found within the dead bacterial cells.

Get me moving!

BECAUSE EVERY LEAF TELLS A STORY

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Grow with Jorge Cervantes By Jorge Cervantes, with Dr. Oussama Badad, Dr. Gary Yates and Stefan Meyer

F1 CANNABIS SEEDS What the Label Really Means Walk into any seed shop, and you'll see two letters everywhere: F1. The catalogues make it sound like a promise: bigger plants, an even garden, a heavy harvest with no surprises. Sometimes that promise is real. Sometimes it's just a word printed on a packet. After fifty years with this plant, let me show you how to tell the difference. I'll keep it simple enough that a kid could follow along.

What those two letters mean Start with the letters themselves. F1 means first filial generation — a fancy way of saying “the first children of two parents.” You take Parent A, cross it with Parent B, and the seeds you get are the F1. That's all the label really promises: these are somebody's firstcross seeds. It says nothing about whether

rent hand. That's why a pack of regular seeds grows into brothers and sisters — never identical twins. One shoots up tall, another stays short. One finishes in seven weeks, another wants eleven. For a wild plant, that variety is a superpower. For a grower who wants an even garden, it's a headache.

It starts with the parents

they're any good.

Why a pack of seeds acts like a shuffled deck Here's the thing about cannabis. In the wild, it loves to mix with strangers. Every time a plant makes seeds, it shuffles its genes like a deck of cards, and each seed is dealt a diffe-

So how does a breeder tame the shuffle? The work starts years before the seed reaches your hand. A breeder picks the best plants—compact, early, sturdy, heavy with flowers and breeds them carefully, season after season, tossing out anything weak or off. Little by little the line settles down until it passes on almost the same traits every time. Breeders call that a stable, or inbred, line. Picture a plant that comes out the same again and again, like a photocopy of its

parents. Scientists have a big word for it — homozygous — but “steady and predictable” means the same thing. This is slow, unglamorous work, and it has a price. Breed a plant with itself too hard and hidden weaknesses creep out: weak roots, brittle stems, poor seed, less vigour. That’s called inbreeding depression, and it's why building a good parent line is difficult. A real breeder pushes through it and keeps only the plants that stay strong and healthy. A pure line is worthless if it can't make good seed.

The cross that makes the magic Now for the good part. Take two different pure lines and cross them. Each F1 seed gets one steady half from the mother and one steady half from the father — so the whole pack grows up looking alike. Almost like clones, but grown

from seed. That is a true F1, and that’s the even canopy, the matching flowering time and the easy garden the catalogues brag about. Something else can happen too. When two good pure lines meet, their children are sometimes tougher than either parent, rooting faster, growing stronger, and handling stress better. It’s like two families’ best traits teaming up. Breeders call it hybrid vigour, or heterosis. But it is not guaranteed. Sometimes a cross wins on size and loses on resin. Every cross has to be grown out and proven. F1 is not a magic word. It’s a result you earn. And remember: uniform does not mean identical. Even the best seeds vary a little, and your garden still does half the work. Pot size, food, light, water, heat, your own two hands — all of it shapes how the genes show up. Genetics loads the dice; the grower rolls them.

Before you buy, ask Modern tools help. Breeders can now read simple genetic “markers” to check how steady a line is getting, and new tricks can shorten the years of breeding. My co-authors do exactly this kind of work for a living. But no shortcut turns a fashionable clone into a finished F1 parent overnight. So when you see F1 on a packet, don't just trust a photo of ten pretty plants. Ask a few honest questions: • Can the breeder name the parent lines, even if some details stay secret? • Were those parents built up over several generations? • Was the seed produced by a controlled cross rather than random pollination? • Was the hybrid grown out in more than one garden? • Is there real performance data, not just glossy pictures?

A seller who can answer those is probably telling you the truth. One who dodges them is selling you a word.

The bottom line

that same even garden. That’s not a flaw: it’s genetics doing exactly what genetics does. Cultiva libre, cultiva bien.

female plant produce pollen, is a handy way to make feminized and self-pollinated seed. Handy, yes. But it is no substitute for the years of selecting, crossing, and growing out. There are no shortcuts to a real F1.

PS: Silver thiosulfate, the spray that makes a A properly bred F1 gives you fewer surprises, a more even canopy, and a calmer garden. For commercial growers, it can mean leaning less on big mother rooms and planning a crop with confidence. But the value was never in the letters “F1.” It lives in the two carefully built parent lines behind them, and in a breeder willing to show that the cross performs. One last thing. Save seeds from an F1 plant, and you get the F2, where the deck gets shuffled all over again. Expect more variety. You might even turn up a gem. Just don’t expect

About the authors Jorge Cervantes — cultivation author and educator with fifty years in the garden, and the writer behind the Cannabis Encyclopedia. Dr. Oussama Badad — chief science officer at Trilogene Seeds, specialising in cannabis genomics and hybrid breeding. Dr. Gary Yates — geneticist and plant scientist who leads cultivation at Hilltop Leaf in the UK. Stefan Meyer — co-founder of Phytoplant Research and CEO of PhytoFlow GmbH, who helped secure Spain's first medical cannabis research licence.

Travel

Text and photo's: Charles Stone

THE PHILIPPINES Smoking weed in the island paradise The Philippines, with its seven thousand islands, is one of the most beautiful countries in the world. Yet tourism is barely developed there – the reasons for this are a fragile economy, enormous social inequality and endemic poverty. Nevertheless, the traveler who ventures there discovers a true paradise: deserted white sand beaches, deserted islands, countless underwater wonders, and a generous and very friendly english-speaking population. After former president Rodrigo Duterte was arrested and extradited to the International Criminal Court in The Hague for crimes against humanity in his insane 'War on Drugs', calmer and more stable times have arrived in the archipelago. Yet legalisation of weed like in Thailand, is strictly off the table. Soft Secrets visited the paradise on the other side of the world and met up with some local growers.

Johnny (right) & Marty

rice paddies, but they are also often used for illegal cannabis cultivation. The best part of the harvest is shipped abroad while the rest the lower end - supplies the local market.

Soft Secrets: "Do the farmers around Baguio earn most of their income from the weed trade?" The world famous terraces of Banaue. This area is one of the best area's in the world to grow marihuana, thanks to it's rich, fertile, black soil An open debate about drugs isn't on the agenda in this mostly Catholic country. Nevertheless, we want to know more about cannabis use in the Philippines, despite our shock and horror after reading in a local newspaper that simple possession of even one gram of weed, can land you in prison for up to 2,5 years. "You see, the media and the authorities convey a strong anti-drug message, but within the population itself, most tolerate smoking weed," explains Johnny, a Hawaiian who has lived in the Philippines for years. "The main thing for most people is not to touch shabu

northernmost of the Philippine Islands, called Luzon. Johnny's father is American and his mother is Filipina. He lived in the US for a long time. For nearly eight years, he has been back in the Philippines, where he makes ends meet through small-scale cannabis trafficking. With Marty, a trike driver—a type of motorized tricycle—he occasionally supplies cannabis to locals and tourists. They are both familiar with the island's drug scene. From time to time, they both spend time in the fields around Baguio in the province of Pangasinan, where most of the Philippines' weed comes from. Farmers hide their

“In 99% of cases, you can buy your way out of trouble right away. Every cop here is corrupt. That's why they keep such a vigilant eye on you.” (shabu is the local name for methamphetamines, for which there is a large underground market – ed.)." Johnny, 32, and his Filipino partner Marty, 26, live in Baguio, a city located on the largest and

cannabis plantations amidst vast cornfields or rice paddies. The Banaue Rice Terraces are world-famous and often considered the eighth wonder of the world: they were carved out of a mountainside 2,000 years ago by a local tribe. Since then, they have been used as

Johnny: "No, it's just a supplement, a little extra to help make ends meet. The local police and the army are aware of it. They even protect the fields, for a fee, of course." Marty: "Often, farmers who don't grow cannabis have their land confiscated by local authorities or are pressured to start growing it so they can then tax them. You have to keep in mind that the Philippines is one of the most corrupt countries in the world..."

Cultivation Johnny: "Even while they're still growing, the grass fields are divided so that it's already known which part will be for the local market and which part will be shipped abroad. Plants intended for export are treated with great care, meaning that farmers visit them more often to remove diseased or double branches. Here, both indica and sativa are grown. Indicas are reserved for export, while sativas are for local consumption. The seeds are carefully harvested for later sowing. No one grows clones or uses that kind of process. Indicas are grown year-round, that is, for ten months, and at the end of flowering, all the leaves are removed from the branches. All that remains are the large, bare buds. This technique allows farmers to obtain bigger buds and therefore a better yield. When it's time to harvest, watering is stopped but the plants are left standing to grow for another month, after which the flowers take on a purple hue. During this stage, the buds are loaded with THC while all the water is drawn from the branches; so much so that when harvest time finally arrives,

simply bending the branches breaks them. The buds, however, remain moist. Drying takes place in small huts equipped with fans, or the flowers are simply arranged in large oblong cardboard boxes. It is also common for the buds to be dried inside bamboo poles. Baguio and its surroundings constitute a natural greenhouse; the climatic conditions are almost perfect for growing cannabis. But that's not all, because almost everything is grown here: fruits, vegetables, rice, and ornamental plants."

Johnny and Marty are clearly very knowledgeable. But what about hashish? Is there also local production and consumption? "Hashish isn't very popular here," Marty explains. "In fact, only foreigners produce and smoke it. They're also the only ones in the Philippines who grow plants indoors. It's true that there is a local tribe on this island, the Igurot, who sometimes make hashish. It looks like red Lebanese. The Igurot don't smoke it but eat it, making a kind of space cake."

And what about prices? Marty: "Here, weed is sold in bags, sachets, or boxes. You can also buy joints. But for the most part, it's sold by the kilo. You can buy it here for about €100 per kilo. A 50-gram bar of hashish sells for between €500 and €1,000." Johnny: "Well, a simple joint costs around 50 Philippine pesos (about €0,70). A one-gram bag costs nearly 100 pesos (about €1,50). Half a kilo costs 1,000 pesos (€15) and a kilo between 2,500 and 4,000 pesos (between €35 and €60 ). When the Americans were still here, prices were much lower and the quality ten times better (until 1992, the US Navy and Air Force had a very strong presence in the Philippines

17 you can be sure it'll cost you at least $1,000. If you have a watch or a valuable necklace, you can kiss that goodbye too. If you don't pay, you end up in a cage. And when you've been there, crammed with twenty other people in a few square meters, let me tell you, you quickly choose the lesser of two evils. Regulars know how it works; often, it's the newcomers who get picked up, the ones with no connections." Marty: "If you're a foreigner and you don't have any cash on you, the cop will casually escort you to your hotel so you can get your cash. He may also escort you to an ATM or a bank."

Making a 'Prison Bong' from a pack of cigarettes. King Size rolling paper is illegal in the Philippines.

- ed). In areas inhabited by Americans, the local police were much more discreet and it was therefore much easier to do business."

What kind of weed is available? Marty: "By far the best one you'll find around is called Buntot Pusa, which means Cat's Tail. Aside from that, the most popular mid-grade strain is called Baguio Gold. There's also Lagkitan, which means "sticky," and Violet, a variety of that color. Those are the most common strains here."

Are there a lot of smokers in this Catholic country? Johnny: "I estimate that a good 50% of the population, young and old, lights up regularly. Here, smoking is a social activity that's often done with friends, at dinner, at parties, or when going out; which doesn't change the fact that it's done very discreetly and secretly. We don't smoke in public or around strangers. That would be asking for trouble."

How do people smoke in the Philippines? Marty: "There are no King Size rolling papers

Marty: "Here, the police have their informants. They get extra if they turn someone in. They usually take a portion of the bribe. Often, these informants sell the confiscated cannabis in exchange for a commission." Johnny: "Another American friend of mine had his house raided by cops while he was making a deal with three other Americans. The cops found eight kilos of weed, some coke, and a shotgun. In the end, the four of them got off without a conviction thanks to a bribe of one million pesos between them. The bigger the crime, the more money you need in your pocket (laughs)!"

What precautions should tourists take? Johnny: "Never go and do the deal in person because the risk of being sold by a snitch is

here; they're not for sale. Weed is smoked pure, rolled in homemade paper. It's also smoked in pipes, most often pipes that smokers make from bamboo." Johnny: "Younger people tend to make a Prison Bong, a makeshift pipe from the aluminum foil wrapper of cigarette packs, rolling

Here, both indica and sativa are grown. Indicas are reserved for export, while sativas are for local consumption. it into a sort of tube with a curve at one end. Then they place a few finely crumbled blades of weed in the improvised bowl. The weed is smoked pure, without tobacco." Marty: "Accessories like bongs or water pipes aren't available here. Occasionally, a foreigner brings one back, but you almost never see one."

What happens if the worst-case scenario occurs and you get caught? Johnny: "In 99% of cases, you can buy your way out right away by bribing the cop who busted you. Every cop here is corrupt. That's why they keep such a vigilant eye on you. It's not so much that they're against drugs as they are just looking to make a few extra bucks." Marty: "If you don't have cash on you, you have to get some as quickly as possible, or you're in big trouble." Local man got 2 years in jail for smoking a joint. Just another news clipping.

Johnny: "This kind of transaction doesn't last more than a day, otherwise it could get the police officer into trouble. If the day ends before you've managed to retrieve the money, you'll end up in the station. An American friend of mine was once escorted to his hotel, where he only had traveler's checks, at a time when the banks were already closed. He had to pay

time, the sentence will be much harsher. If you're caught with more than two kilos, you're automatically sentenced to life imprisonment."

Johnny: "Obviously, foreigners pay more than Filipinos. If you're caught with a joint,

The Philippines consist of more than 7000 islands, most of them uninhabited.

for a room so the cop could spend the night in the same hotel. The next morning, the two men went straight to the bank." Marty: "In the meantime, the officer had made sure someone covered for him at the police station so his absence wouldn't be

too high. The most common way to do it is to ask a trike driver, although many of them are also informants. Besides, they're not very reliable people. You have to haggle over the price you're asked for, but if you haggle too much and the trike driver loses too much on his commission for his liking, he may rat you

Farmers hide their cannabis plantations amidst vast cornfields or rice paddies. noticed. Police officers who are higher up than just officers use their subordinates to complete the transaction for them to ensure they aren't seen doing it themselves." Johnny: "Lower-ranking police officers also don't want to be seen by their colleagues because they risk losing part of the money they've extracted."

And what about the sentences? Johnny: "If you don't have cash to buy your freedom, you'll be in jail for a long time. For a joint, the sentence is generally two years and four months. That's the basic sentence. But if you have more weed on you, the sentence is higher. Also, you should know that this basic sentence of two years and four months is only valid if it's the first time you've been caught. If it's the second

out. Only when you pay the price he considers fair—which is to say, way too much—can you expect to stay out of trouble. If you're too insolent for his liking, or he doesn't like your appearance, you can be sure he'll rat you out without a second thought. No, your best bet is to find a girlfriend quickly and entrust her with the commission. She knows the ropes. I strongly advise tourists not to go out and get drugs on their own. It's a recipe for disaster." We thank Marty and Johnny for their good advice and promise to bring them some King Size rolling papers next time we visit. As we part, Johnny says, "Perhaps you'll be interested to know that doctors have recently been allowed to prescribe medical cannabis to their patients suffering from asthma or arthritis. See, we're not too far behind here after all! (laughs)."

Lifestyle

@sudestfam

Filters; the mainmast of every joint Between tradition and innovation

"Make a thick filter, and you'll always manage to roll the paper and seal the joint." A friend told me this years ago, and I took it as just another piece of advice for novice smokers—one of those pearls of wisdom shared when you're running low on papers, or when the person next to you is tying themselves in knots trying to close a joint (as was the case with me). Only years later did I realize it wasn't just a trivial tip, but a genuine lesson in architecture. After all, the filter is what gives the joint its structure; it keeps it straight and allows you to roll the paper while shaping the contents.

This type of filter consists of an outer casing—a rigid cardboard cylinder containing activated charcoal—sealed at both ends by ceramic caps featuring holes for airflow. Activated charcoal is a highly porous, plant-based material with exceptional filtering capabilities, able to trap significant amounts of toxic substances. Its natural origin also makes it eco-friendly and fully compostable. As smoke travels through the winding path created by the activated charcoal, some heat dissipates, resulting in a cooler draw reaching the throat. A downside of some models is the effort required to inhale, as they can feel slightly restricted. Conversely, models that replace one of the ceramic caps with a cellulose sponge tend to offer a smoother smoking experience. Although manufacturers claim that the

Activated charcoal filter, photo by El Mono Español, via Wikimedia Commons

Through that tiny tube flows all the energy carried by the smoke—a messenger delivering aromas, sensations, and the signature of the person who rolled it. The filter is the joint's mainmast. Many underestimate its importance, but without a good filter, even the best intentions result in a poorly made joint. Not all filters are created equal; the type of draw you get depends on the filter and its characteristics—such as thickness, length, and material. Over the last decade, many companies have developed new solutions, introducing different shapes and materials to improve the draw, smoke filtration, and the overall experience. We’ve moved from simple foldable cardboard strips—long the only option on the market—to innovative materials like cellulose and activated charcoal, and even sophisticated glass tips that combine functionality with aesthetics.

To understand this evolution, we have to start at the beginning: cardboard filters.

PERFORATED TIPS Perforated tips are the classic cardboard strips bound in a small booklet; their surface features factory-made micro-perforations

unbleached plant fibers. The latter have less impact on the final flavor and are safer for your health. The dimensions of the card—and consequently the resulting tip—significantly affect the joint's draw. A long tip ensures a cooler, smoother draw, whereas a short tip makes the heat of combustion more noticeable.

Activated charcoal is a highly porous, plant-based material with exceptional filtering capabilities. that allow you to adjust the size or fold them accordion-style—creating an "S" or "W" shape inside when rolled—thereby acting as a barrier against loose tobacco while letting the smoke pass through. The card can be made of bleached paper (achieving a characteristic pearly-white color through chemical treatment) or

In Brazil, many smokers prefer using long tips—at least 5 centimeters in length—a trend that has also reached Europe.

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL FILTERS Activated charcoal filters are arguably among the most successful innovations in the field.

Jilter

terpene profile of the raw material remains unaffected, some models do influence the final flavor. Activated charcoal filters are available on the market in various sizes, with diameters ranging from 5 to 14 millimeters.

ACETATE OR CELLULOSE Acetate filters are the classic white filters used

19 or potency. An eco-friendly version made from unbleached natural cellulose is available, as well as a "Fat" version with a 7mm diameter, designed for rolling thicker joints.

GLASS TIPS Glass filters are one of the most popular choices among smokers. They are generally made from borosilicate glass—the same material used for bongs and dab rigs. Glass tips represent a world of their own rather than just a standard filter category. Unlike other types of filters on the market, they aren't designed solely for function; many are handcrafted by glass artists and become genuine collector's items. Their key advantage lies in the material's neutrality: glass does not alter the flavor or absorb aromas, and it can be reused indefinitely after a simple cleaning, becoming a faithful companion in every smoking ritual. Beyond lending the joint a sturdier structure, glass filters cool the smoke as it passes through, resulting in a smoother draw. They come in various shapes and sizes to suit personal taste and intended use. Some models feature internal constrictions, spirals, or multi-hole systems that not only block small plant particles but also improve airflow. Diameters generally range from a minimum of 5 millimeters for "slim" versions to over 12 millimeters for larger ones. The choice of glass tip also depends on what is being smoked; for instance, rolling the famous "donuts"—pure joints made with cannabis flower and rosin—typically calls for multi-hole filters with a 10–12 mm diameter. Other models are designed to hold a joint that has already been rolled with a standard paper tip, functioning much like a traditional mouthpiece.

CERAMIC FILTERS These are made from high-strength technical ceramics, produced by firing clays and minerals at extremely high temperatures. This type of material cools the smoke while having minimal impact on its organoleptic qualities. Another advantage is that they are reusable. However, a major drawback is their size and weight; they can be bulky and awkward to use when rolling, which is one reason why they are not widely available on the market.

Mammoth fossil filter

WOOD AND METAL primarily in mass-produced cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco. They are made from a synthetic material produced through the che-

have a more airy, less compressed structure, having less influence on the final smoking experience. Both materials are available in various

Glass filters cool the smoke as it passes through, resulting in a smoother draw. mical treatment of cellulose. The acetate filter acts as a mechanical barrier, trapping mainly tar and some nicotine, along with resins, oils, and other particles present in the smoke. Their ability to trap particles and condensates can result in a reduction of the cannabinoids and terpenes that pass through. The main difference between acetate filters and those made from pure cellulose lies in their environmental impact. Acetate takes over five years to decompose, whereas cellulose is 100% biodegradable. Additionally, cellulose filters

sizes, ranging from "Extra Slim" models to "Big Size" versions with a 9-millimeter diameter.

JILTER The Jilter is a filter designed specifically for smoking cannabis and cannabis extracts. Made from natural cellulose, it features a slot for inserting a standard cardboard filter tip. Jilters are engineered to block impurities— such as tobacco fragments—and filter out some harmful substances like nicotine and tar, all without significantly compromising flavor

Although these are completely different materials, they share two key characteristics: durability and reusability. Wooden filters—typically made of bamboo—introduce an organic element that feels pleasant against the lips, though they also impart an earthy note to the smoke. Furthermore, they tend to absorb unpleasant flavors over time. In contrast, metal filters (such as those made of stainless steel) do not affect the joint's organoleptic qualities in any way, as the material is completely neutral.

RARE, NOBLE, AND EXCEPTIONAL Some artisans have taken filter craftsmanship beyond conventional materials, utilizing ivory and natural horn. A prime example is the Torino Horn Company, a brand that produces joint filters entirely by hand using rare, premium raw materials. Among their most prestigious offerings are filters made from fossilized mammoth ivory—a material dating back tens of thousands of years, sourced from the tusks of specimens preserved in permafrost and other natural en-

Mammoth fossil filter vironments. This material is particularly prized by connoisseurs for its lack of impact on the final flavor. In addition to being lightweight yet incredibly durable, it is distinguished by its iridescent appearance; combined with its ancient origins, this makes it all the more captivating.

GLOBAL TRENDS Europe boasts one of the most diverse ranges of available solutions, largely due to the widespread practice of mixing the raw product with tobacco. In the United States—and across the Americas more generally—most consumers smoke pure marijuana, driving market demand toward different priorities that focus less on filtering out harmful substances and contaminants.

THE RIGHT FILTER Choosing the most suitable filter depends primarily on the desired experience; there is no single "best" filter in absolute terms. Size certainly plays a decisive role—even more so than the materials used. A long filter ensures greater smoke cooling, regardless of the material, resulting in a smoother draw, whereas a short, thick filter produces a stronger, freer airflow. Materials determine other aspects of the experience, such as the lack of flavor interference with glass or the superior filtration provided by activated charcoal. Each type caters to different needs. Once a secondary element, the filter has become a key feature—an integral part of the overall experience.

Interview By Olivier F

DUST, THE FRENCH STRAIN HUNTER Dust is a French grower and breeder based in Spain. He is a member of the famous Strain Hunters, a group of enthusiasts who travel the globe in search of the best landrace cannabis strains. The Strain Hunters concept was created by renowned cannabis entrepreneur and Green House Seeds owner Arjan Roskam and the late breeder Franco Loja. Around a dozen fascinating documentaries covering their expeditions to various countries across Asia, Africa, South America, and the Caribbean are available on YouTube. Their latest documentary was filmed in Kyrgyzstan. Dust has already taken part in three expeditions with the Strain Hunters. Soft Secrets then interviewed him.

Sof Secrets: Dust, how old were you when you smoked your first joint? Dust: I must have been 12 or 13 when I smoked my first joint. That was the first time I tried it, but I didn't keep doing it right away. It wasn't even a real joint. I’d grabbed a leaf from a plant and dried it out. I rolled the leaf up and smoked it. Around age 14, I started smoking—not regularly, but on weekends with friends, every now and then.

Where did you get the nickname Dust? From Counter-Strike. It was my online gaming handle. When I played online, there was a Counter-Strike map called "The Dust." It happened to be one of my favorite maps.

How did you start growing? I was working in construction in the Paris region. I discovered some dormant seeds at a house construction site in the Yvelines; a hole had been dug for the foundation. Excavators had come to dig the hole, and the very next day, plants were already growing on the pile of dirt. Someone must have grown there a previous year, and the dormant seeds had been turned over, brought to the surface, and germinated. They were right there on the mounds of dirt— places where there was no reason for plants to be. I dug some up to try replanting them at home, but they didn't last very long. That was my introduction to growing. After that, I started really looking into it online—how it worked, the nutrients, the light cycle... I didn't really have a clue back then.

You met the Strain Hunters for the first time at Expogrow in Irun in 2013, but you already knew them virtually... That’s right. I had worked a lot with them on the forum. I handled a lot of the live reports. When they went on expeditions, they’d send us photos so we could make live posts on the forum. I was in charge of moderating the forum and handling some of the customer service inquiries. So, yeah, I did a bit of everything—anything that could be done online from home. I was working at the time, but I think there was a period where I was unemployed for six months, and I threw myself even more into the forum.

So you kept working with the Strain Hunters... Dust is a member of the Strain Hunters.

In 2014, we opened the Strain Hunters Social Club in Barcelona with Mister X. Franco lived in Barcelona too. Like me, he was a huge fan

21 of hardcore and techno music. And in Holland, they have those massive festivals. We had things in common—motorcycles, good music... So, we worked on a lot of projects with Franco. I traveled to many countries with him as well. It was a great experience being so close to them early on and soaking up knowledge like a sponge from people with so much experience; when you listen to them talk, you learn things they picked up over the course of forty years. Through meeting them and hanging out with them, you gather a lot of important information that isn't accessible to most people.

What was your first expedition? My first expedition was to South Africa. Before that, we had done a lot of work in the Congo and many other countries—across Africa, South America, and even Canada—over the course of a few years. Prior to the expedition, I was mainly focused on cultivation; plus, since Franco had recently passed away, it took some time before we could resume expeditions. During that interim, we worked on projects all over the world... We worked in the medical cannabis sector. When we went to Canada, it was for the recreational cannabis market. We were actually there on the day legalization took effect. That’s the kind of experience that’s really cool for an enthusiast.

What were you doing in Canada? We had a partnership with Canopy that lasted two years. There were too many cultural differences. The way big companies are run doesn't always suit enthusiasts who are truly committed to product quality. So, we decided to end the partnership, though we hope to return there someday. But for now, we are 100% focused on Thailand so we can bring our flower to the European market—legally, wherever permitted, such as in Germany or the UK. That is our main focus right now.

What is your best memory from your expeditions? There are incredible moments in every expedition. Even during trips that weren't strictly expeditions—like the times Arjan and I went to the Congo every month after Franco died. We experienced so many unique situations there—things you just couldn't experience anywhere else in the world. So, you’re left with a wealth of memories that are

The Strain Hunters on an expedition. etched in your mind; you cherish them. You try to soak it all in—to truly live the experience. In South Africa, for instance, we were on a river that no one had ever rafted before. For five days— with no cell service, no nothing—we’d set up camp every night and gaze at the stars... The whole setting was majestic; the sheer scale of nature really strikes you. It was the same in Kyrgyzstan. The descent on horseback was incredibly steep; the horses were constantly sliding sideways. You’re under so much stress and pressure the whole way

down. But once it’s over, there’s that release... It’s a huge sense of relief when you reach the bottom and everything has gone well. Then, of course, comes the next climb and the next descent...

And your worst memory? The worst thing I’ve experienced on expeditions was when I injured my ribs in South Africa—on the second day, I think. My rib still hurts. Fortunately, we’ve never had an accident or a bad run-in with the government or police during an expedition. Nothing really dangerous so far.

Who are the current members of the Strain Hunters? The core team is Arjan, Mr. X, and me. I hope Simon can come back for the next expedition. And now there’s the new generation, too—Dax, Arjan’s son. It would be great to have him there as well, to have him continue with us.

What’s your favorite strain? It’s a bit tricky to pick just one. But I can name a few. Exodus Cheese is always up there at the top. I really like Chocolope. I’m a huge fan of Shoreline. Obviously, Skittles is in that top tier too. I lean more towards the Skunk side of things; I really like Skunk. That’s why I’d mention Fullgas as well. It’s one of the first crosses I ever made. It’s like a version of Exodus on steroids. There’s also the Riri Cut, which was selected by a French guy.

Do you prefer flower, hash, or extracts? I tend to smoke hash on a daily basis, but whenever really good flower is available, I always enjoy smoking that too.

A cannabis grow in Thailand.

What is the current situation regarding cannabis social clubs in Barcelona?

It’s the same old story. In Barcelona, m ore or less every two years, they carry out operations—raids on the clubs. It goes on until Madrid gives the green light. Basically, nobody knows what to do. The police aren't sure what to do. The politicians aren't sure what to do.

You’re also involved in Thailand. How many cannabis shops do you have there? We have six cannabis shops, I believe. We have four or five in Bangkok and one on Koh Samui, an island in the south. We’ll definitely try to open a few more in high-traffic areas—Phuket, Pattaya... But that’s for the future. We have a complex that includes greenhouses, as well as indoor and outdoor cultivation areas. We have a GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) zone, and we have the seed facility.

The seed market is currently struggling. Is there still a future for seeds I think the dream for all these seed banks is to be able to offer the customer the seed, the clone, or the flower. That’s why Thailand is truly ideal for us: someone wanting to buy a pack of seeds can try the flower grown by the company—the actual product—before buying the pack. You also have the option of buying a clone, since we sell clones in Thailand too. You can even buy a selection we’ve made or try creating your own. It’s pretty much the ideal scenario for selling your genetics. The seed market is evolving rapidly; there are a lot of clones available on the market now. It depends on where you live. In countries like France, I think there will always be seed sales until cannabis is legalized. There will always be enthusiasts who want to grow from seed and make their own selections.

Growing

Mr. José - info@mrjose.eu

Botrytis, or Gray Mold on Cannabis How to Identify It and What to Do When It Appears Have you noticed dried or browning leaves sticking out of your buds? Or have you found a brown spot inside a flower that otherwise looks healthy? If so, you may be dealing with Botrytis, also known as gray mold. It is one of the most feared diseases among cannabis growers because it often develops unnoticed inside the buds and can destroy a significant part of the harvest within just a few days. Botrytis can occur in outdoor grows, greenhouses, and indoor cultivation under artificial lighting. The greatest risk comes during the later stages of flowering, when buds are large and dense and moisture can easily become trapped inside them. However, Botrytis can also appear on smaller flowers. All the pathogen needs are favorable environmental conditions. And the danger does not end at harvest—the mold can also appear and continue developing during drying.

How to Identify Botrytis on Cannabis One of the first signs of Botrytis is often an inconspicuous dried or drying leaf sticking out of an otherwise healthy-looking bud. These leaves may turn rusty or brown and can often be pulled out very easily with a gentle tug. Sometimes they may even crumble between your fingers. A dried leaf like this can be one of the most reliable warning signs that something is happening inside the bud. If you suspect mold, carefully open the bud and inspect the inside, ideally all the way down to the stem. While the outside of the bud may still look almost completely healthy, inside you may find brownish or gray-brown mold along with dead plant tissue. The infection often develops from the inner part of the flower and may sometimes begin right at the stem. Botrytis also has a fairly distinctive smell. Moldy parts of the flower smell noticeably different from healthy cannabis, and experienced growers can often detect the problem by smell alone. It has a very intense, sweetish odor. When regularly inspecting your plants, therefore, do not rely on your eyes alone— use your sense of smell as well.

When Is the Risk of Gray Mold Highest? Botrytis is most commonly encountered during the second half of the flowering stage. At this point, the flowers are at their largest and densest, and elevated moisture levels can persist for a long time inside compact buds. In outdoor cultivation, the risk increases significantly during prolonged periods of wet weather, repeated rainfall, morning dew, or fog. Conditions are particularly problematic

Dried leaves on flowers are always a sign that something is wrong. when plants are unable to dry out quickly enough during the day. In indoor cultivation, growers create and control the environmental conditions themselves. The biggest problem is usually high relative humidity combined with insufficient air circulation through the canopy. An overly dense canopy and buds packed too closely together further increase the risk. During the final weeks of flowering, one of the best tools for preventing mold is a high-quality dehumidifier with sufficient capacity. If relative humidity remains consistently high in the grow room, reducing it without a dehumidifier can be extremely difficult and, in some cases, virtually impossible.

What to Do If You Find Botrytis As soon as you discover mold, you need to act quickly. Carefully remove the affected part of the bud and take it away from the plants. Handle the affected material gently to avoid unnecessarily spreading spores to other parts of the plants. A common mistake is to remove only the part of the flower where mold is clearly visible. However, the infection may already have spread into surrounding tissue that does not yet show obvious symptoms. It is therefore better to remove a slightly larger section of the bud than

to risk the infection continuing to spread. After finding one infected area, thoroughly inspect the rest of the plant as well as nearby plants. Pay particular attention to the largest and most compact buds. If the infection is more extensive and the plant is approaching the end of its cycle, it may be reasonable to consider harvesting early, even if the plant is still a week or two away from optimal maturity. Under unfavorable conditions, waiting for the ideal harvest date could result in losing a much larger portion of the crop. Unfortunately, the risk of mold spreading does not end at harvest. Botrytis can also appear during the drying process. Before drying, it is therefore essential to remove any parts where mold is visible or where you suspect an infection. Suspect material can be separated from the flowers you consider healthy and dried separately. This helps prevent a potential problem from putting the rest of the harvest at risk.

Prevention Is the Most Effective Protection Prevention is particularly important with Botrytis because once the mold develops inside the flowers, treatment options become very limited. A fungicide capable of reliably eliminating the mold cannot realistically be used during the final stages of flowering

without the risk of contaminating the harvest with its active ingredient. Another problem is that the mold is hidden inside the flowers, where sprays based on safer contact fungicides have difficulty reaching it effectively. When growing under artificial lighting, it is important to maintain appropriate relative humidity and ensure sufficient airflow using fans. The canopy should not be unnecessarily dense, and individual buds should not be packed too closely together. In a greenhouse, regular ventilation is particularly important. The goal is to prevent high humidity from persisting between the plants and to allow the flowers to dry more quickly. Indoors, in addition to reducing relative humidity, regular disinfection or air purification can also help. When growing outdoors, prevention should begin with choosing the right location. Plants benefit from plenty of sunlight and good airflow. If you grow in containers, you also have the advantage of being able to move the plants under cover or to a drier location during prolonged periods of rain or morning fog. PrevGard, a natural contact product based on orange essential oil, can be used as a preventive treatment. Altela is another product suitable for both prevention and treatment. It contains natural enzymes, polyketides, non-living bacteria, plant extracts, and certain trace elements such as manganese

Mold can appear both at the top and in the lower parts of a flower. Here, too, dried leaves can help you detect the problem.

and zinc, which support the plants’ natural defenses against disease. When growing photoperiod-sensitive varieties outdoors that reach a large size and do not mature until September or October, try to train individual branches so that air can circulate freely through the plants. Supports or a trellis system are ideal for this, as they allow you to guide and space the branches appropriately. Removing some leaves from the lower parts of the plants can also help improve airflow through the canopy.

Don’t Underestimate the Importance of Strain Selection Genetics also plays an important role, especially when growing outdoors. Large, dense, and very compact buds may look beautiful, but they also tend to retain moisture more easily, creating ideal conditions for Botrytis to develop. More open, airy flowers have a certain advantage when it comes to preventing Botrytis. They dry more quickly after rain or morning dew, creating much less favorable conditions for mold to develop inside the buds. If you grow outdoors in an area where late summer and early autumn tend to be cool and rainy, a strain’s resistance to mold can therefore be just as important a consideration as yield, flavor, or flower structure.

You may also want to consider growing autoflowering or fast-flowering varieties. If the plants mature during the drier summer months, the risk of mold is generally somewhat lower. If autoflowers are not your thing, consider trying a fast-flowering variety that starts flowering earlier and also reaches maturity more quickly.

Pay Particular Attention to the Largest Buds Botrytis is particularly dangerous because it can remain hidden inside a flower for a long time. By the time mold becomes clearly visible on the surface, the infection inside the bud may already be much more extensive. You should therefore inspect your plants regularly, especially during periods of wet weather or when relative humidity in your growing environment is elevated. Pay particular attention to the largest and most compact buds. Look for browning or drying leaves. If you suspect a problem, smell the flower and carefully open the bud so you can inspect its interior and the stem. There is no need to constantly pull every bud apart, however. The key is to learn to recognize the first warning signs and, whenever you notice something suspicious, inspect the affected area before the problem has a chance to spread significantly.

When you open the bud, you will typically find gray mold developing inside the flower.

Mold can affect plants grown both outdoors and under artificial lighting.

The Earlier You Detect Botrytis, the Better

tilated location and inspect your plants more frequently during high-risk periods.

When it comes to gray mold, timing is critical. Remove suspicious flowers as soon as you notice the first signs of infection. At the same time, try to reduce relative humidity and improve airflow around the plants. When growing outdoors or in a greenhouse, this is naturally more difficult. At best, you can influence the shape and structure of the plant. In a greenhouse, ventilate regularly, while outdoors you should choose a sunny, well-ven-

When growing indoors, keep relative humidity under control, ideally with a dehumidifier, and use a sufficiently powerful fan to maintain good air circulation. I have found that placing a fan near the ceiling of the grow room and directing the warm air from the ceiling back down toward the plants works particularly well. I hope your buds stay healthy all the way to harvest. Happy growing!

Extractions Special

@sudestfam

ROSIN EVOLUTION From fresh press to budder Contrary to what one might think, the rosin extraction process does not always end with collection and subsequent packaging. Many hash makers also devote great attention to post-collection stages, during which the rosin develops some very interesting characteristics. "Curing" rosin is a resin maturation process that involves various handling techniques. There is no universal method to follow, as every type of resin reacts differently. Essentially, it involves a series of practices and adjustments that allow for the modification of the concentrate's texture, aroma, and—above all—stability.

INSIDE ROSIN CURING During the curing phase, rosin is left to rest at a controlled temperature for hours, days, or weeks, allowing the extract to evolve naturally. Under specific conditions, phenomena such as cannabinoid nucleation and the separation of the terpene fraction—which sometimes tends to concentrate on the surface of the resinous mass—can occur. One of the primary goals of curing rosin is to enhance its long-term stability compared to "fresh press" rosin. Depending on the techniques used and the resin's characteristics, the texture transforms and can take on a creamy, uniform consistency known in the industry as "budder." Curing can also influence the rosin's terpene profile; in some strains, it may significantly boost aromatic expression, while in others, it might lead to the loss of certain key notes. Another advantage of curing is that it makes the rosin easier to handle and portion, particularly when preparing a joint. It is worth noting, however, that some consumers—especially those who use dab rigs—prefer fresh press (uncured) rosin. This type retains the characte-

ristics of the extract exactly as it comes off the press, preserving a terpene profile that is more faithful to the starting material.

UNDERSTANDING THE RESIN Many variables influence the curing of rosin and the final result. Undoubtedly, the most important factor is the type of resin being worked with. The content of cannabinoids, terpenes, plant waxes, and lipids helps determine the consistency the extract will take on during the maturation phase. Each cannabis strain produces a resin with unique characteristics; these can be influenced not only by genetics but also by cultivation techniques, environmental conditions, and the plant's stage of maturity at harvest. Even two plants of the same phenotype can develop differences in resin composition and, consequently, react differently during curing. Some resins tend to develop a drier consistency, while others retain a higher concentration of terpenes on the surface, taking on a moister, glossier appearance—often referred to in industry jargon as "wet."

Initial stages of the process material used for extraction. Rosin can be produced from flower or hashish—such as dry sift or water hash—resulting in different compositions that influence how the extract behaves during the curing process.

it nearly impossible to fully standardize the curing process. Each batch is unique, requiring observation and a degree of experimentation to determine the optimal conditions for achieving the desired result.

Another important distinction lies between "live rosin" and rosin made from dried and cured material. Live rosin, produced from fresh-frozen material, tends to retain a richer terpene and cannabinoid profile than rosin made from previously dried material; this diffe-

COLD CURE VS. WARM CURE

A fundamental aspect concerns the starting

Rosin curing techniques generally fall into two categories: cold curing, performed at low temperatures, and warm curing, which relies on the application of heat to accelerate the

The content of cannabinoids, terpenes, plant waxes, and lipids helps determine the consistency the extract will take on. rence also significantly impacts the extract's evolution during curing.

process and promote phenomena such as nucleation and phase separation.

Other decisive factors relate to the rosin extraction phase itself. Parameters such as the press temperature, applied pressure, and pressing duration greatly influence the characteristics of the final extract.

Cold curing is typically carried out in a refrigerator or at room temperature—provided it remains below 21°C. It is a process that requires several weeks, demanding considerable patience and constant monitoring to identify the moment the extract reaches its optimal stage of evolution. Cold curing techniques are considered superior to heat-based methods because they better preserve terpenes—volatile compounds that begin to evaporate at 21°C. Furthermore, refrigerating the rosin helps standardize the process by minimizing temperature fluctuations.

Finally, the environmental conditions during curing must be considered; temperature and humidity play a crucial role at this stage, contributing to significant differences observed between batches. Freshly pressed rosin

The combination of all these factors makes

25 Warm curing is generally performed inside an airtight jar using controlled heat application. The temperature range varies from 32°C to 57°C, depending on the type of resin and the desired speed of the extract's evolution. Higher temperatures are used for specific techniques like "rosin jam," a method previously described in the Issue 6 2025 of Soft Secrets. Exposure to heat accelerates the extract's evolution, fostering processes such as the separation of the terpene fraction and cannabinoid crystallization. However, the use of heat can affect particularly volatile terpenes, altering the balance of the various terpenes present in the extract.

COLD CURE METHOD Cold curing rosin is carried out at temperatures between 4°C and 21°C. The best approach is to let the extract rest inside a refrigerator or a wine cooler. To perform the process, you need two airtight glass jars—preferably Mason jars. The container should be about 40% larger than the volume of the rosin to ensure there is adequate headspace inside the jar. Straight-sided jars are ideal, as they make it easier to collect every last bit of rosin. You will also need a dabber to whip the extract at the appropriate time. Here are the steps to follow: • Place the rosin inside the glass jar • Seal the container • Let the jar rest in the refrigerator • Check the extract's evolution every 24 hours • Whip the extract when a liquid layer forms on the surface • Transfer the rosin to a second, clean jar and seal it airtight • Once the desired texture is achieved, store the rosin in the freezer for long-term preservation Certain aspects warrant further clarification. The duration of the process can vary significantly depending on the type of resin and

storage conditions, often requiring more than two weeks to achieve the desired result. The second jar is used to transfer the rosin once whipping is complete, gathering the entire mass into a clean container free of residue on the sides, which is suitable for subsequent storage. Whipping is the process of mixing the separated terpene fraction with the crystallized cannabinoid component. This step—which will be discussed in greater detail later—yields a creamier, more homogeneous texture, similar to "wet budder."

glass jars: they must always be sealed airtight to prevent the terpenes from evaporating. It is also crucial to let the jar cool completely before opening it for any reason. The rosin inside the

WARM CURE TECH Warm curing of rosin is performed by applying heat to the extract contained in an airtight glass jar. Various tools can be used as a heat source, such as mini hot/cold fridges (like the iCure), rosin press heating plates, or seedling heat mats. The appropriate temperature ranges from 32°C to 57°C, depending on the resin and the desired speed of the process. The steps to follow are outlined below: • Place the rosin in the glass jar. • Seal the jar airtight. • Set the iCure or heating plates to a temperature of 57°C. • Place the jar inside the iCure or between the press plates. • Observe the evolution of the extract every 15 minutes. • Perform whipping once a surface layer forms. • Transfer the rosin to a clean jar and seal it airtight. • Continue the curing process by setting the temperature to 32°C. • Keep monitoring the state of the rosin. A completely uniform color indicates that the process is complete. Store in the freezer or refrigerator. There are a few important details regarding the

Different resins and textures

jar should fill approximately 60% of the total volume. When heated, rosin releases carbon dioxide, creating pressure within the jar; therefore, it is essential to leave an air gap—known

can be used. Many hash makers whip rosin to improve its aesthetic appeal—achieving a creamy texture—and to intensify the extract's aroma profile. Although it offers certain

The ideal time to perform the whipping process is when a liquid layer is observed forming on the surface of the rosin. as "headspace"—and use a secure, airtight lid. The 57°C temperature mentioned earlier is a guideline; it is advisable to proceed gradually, starting at slightly lower temperatures to gauge the resin's response and avoid compromising the final result. The heat-curing process typically lasts around 3 hours, though this can vary depending on the type of resin and the desired level of transformation.

WHIPPING

Whipping

uneven, streaky appearance to a completely uniform one. For larger quantities, an electric screwdriver fitted with a specialized stainless-steel attachment or a laboratory mixer

Whipping involves working the resin with firm, rapid movements using a dabber, with the aim of altering its texture and making it more homogeneous and stable over time, even at room temperature. Generally, the ideal moment to perform whipping is when a liquid layer forms on the surface of the rosin. During this stage, the extract's two main components—the terpene fraction and the crystalline cannabinoid fraction—are reincorporated through mechanical action. Whipping can also be performed during the early stages of the process, as the rosin transitions from an

advantages, whipping increases the resin's exposure to air and contact with oxygen, thereby accelerating oxidative processes.

STORING ROSIN Cured rosin can safely be stored at room temperature; however, to extend its shelf life while fully preserving its qualities, it should be kept in the refrigerator—or the freezer for an even more effective solution. Before opening jars that have been stored in the cold, it is crucial to let them sit at room temperature for a few minutes; this prevents condensation forming on the outside of the jar from seeping inside and contaminating the rosin. A good practice is to thoroughly wipe the jars dry with a clean cloth before opening them. Caring for rosin requires observation, patience, and experimentation—qualities essential for understanding the behavior of each individual batch and maximizing its characteristics.

Grow with Stoney Tark

26 What Can I Do With the Trim from My Outdoor Cannabis Plants? By Stoney Tark

Before making hash, it’s important to understand what makes good starting material. While some growers discard leaves and smaller buds after harvest, resin-rich plant material can still be valuable. If you are wondering about what you can do with your outdoor trim this year, then this article explains two ways to make hash. I love making hash, and using the sugar trim at the end of each harvest is always a bonus!

the quality of the starting material remains one of the most important factors. Clean, resin-rich plant material provides a much better foundation than leaves or buds with little trichome coverage.

Dry Sift Using Screens Dry sifting is a straightforward alternative to water-based separation. It uses dry, resin-rich plant material and fine mesh screens to separate trichomes from the remaining plant matter. Screens with different micron sizes can refine the material and separate resin heads from unwanted plant matter. Traditional Moroccan-style hash is one well-known example of a product associated with dry-sifting techniques. This approach generally uses dry material, and it requires relatively little equipment compared with water-based techniques. Cooler conditions can make trichome separation easier, while the absence of a washing stage means fewer aromatic compounds are exposed to water. However, because the material is handled in an open environment, dust and airborne contaminants can potentially affect the final product.

Freezing Plant Material Keeping your outdoor trim and plant material in the freezer is well advised. You can save it until the day you are ready to make dry sift or bubble hash. Storing your trim in the freezer will reduce the aroma and will preserve the terpenes and trichomes. I recommend adding any indoor trim to the mix, as it always enhances the returns you get when making hash.

Dry sifting plant material produces a sandy pollen that is ready to smoke.

What Is Cannabis Trim and Can It Get You High?

So, What Types of Hash Can You Make?

Cannabis trim refers to the leaves removed from the plant during wet or dry trimming at harvest. With resin-rich genetics, trichomes can cover the smaller sugar leaves and, in some cases, parts of the larger fan leaves. Heavily coated leaves may even curl inward as resin builds up along their edges.

At its core, hash making involves separating resin-rich trichomes from the surrounding plant material. Different cannabis varieties can provide suitable starting material, as long as the flowers and leaves have sufficient trichome coverage.

Should I Save The Smallest Buds? Small buds found lower in the canopy can also become part of the trim. Because these flowers receive less light, they are often less desirable for smoking. However, they can still contain significant amounts of trichomes. In general, cannabis trim includes suitable plant material carrying trichomes, from sugar leaves to smaller popcorn buds. The best material is typically clean and resin-rich, particularly the smaller leaves surrounding the buds. Small flowers that are difficult or time-consuming to trim can also be separated for later processing. Fan leaves may be useful when they have substantial trichome coverage. However, discard any plant material showing mould, powdery mildew, or other signs of contamination.

Two common approaches are dry sifting, which uses mesh screens, and water-based separation, which uses filtration bags. Each technique has its own characteristics and produces different types and grades of hash. These are both explained below.

particular micron ranges. However, quality ultimately depends on the starting material and processing conditions. Using ice and cold water helps encourage trichomes to separate from the plant material. Because the process involves washing the material, some aromatic compounds may be lost to the water. Depending on the technique, the starting material can be fresh-frozen or dried. Whether using dry sift or water-based separation,

• Throw away any buds that were infected with mould • Leaves with white powdery mildew must be thrown away • Carefully inspect any small buds for mould

My Conclusion If you are making dry sift or water hash, the key ingredient is fresh, clean, uncontaminated plant material. It can be fan leaves, small undeveloped nugs, and basically anything with clusters of resin on it. Good luck making some tasty organic outdoor hash, and enjoy your outdoor harvest!

Water Hash Using Bubble Bags Bubble hash is produced by separating trichomes from plant material in cold water and collecting them through filtration bags, commonly known as bubble bags. These bags contain screens with different micron ratings, allowing the separated material to be collected according to particle size. Water-based separation can accommodate larger quantities of plant material, while multiple filtration stages can produce different grades of hash. Some of the most sought-after solventless products are associated with

An example of bubble hash and dry sift together, ready for the Winter season.

Botany

By Bon Vivant

The lunar calendar Agricultural belief or biological reality?

Since the earliest agricultural civilizations, the Moon has profoundly influenced the beliefs and practices of growers. As early as 2400 BC, the first Mesopotamian lunar calendars were already shaping religious, administrative, and agricultural practices. Each complete lunar cycle lasts approximately 29.5 days. It is known as a synodic month—from the Greek *sýnodos*, meaning "meeting"—because it corresponds to the return of the same lunar phase. At first glance, the hypothesis seems quite intuitive: if the Moon influences the oceans, it might also affect the flow of fluids within plants. This belief persists today through lunar calendars still used by some growers to time their sowing, repotting, and harvesting. A waxing (rising) Moon is said to favor growth above ground, while a waning (descending) Moon stimulates root activity. Yet, a question remains: is this tradition based on a genuine biological phenomenon, or is it one of the plant world's most enduring myths?

Tomato leaf stoma viewed under an electron microscope and color-enhanced (photo by Charles Tschirhart, 2007)

The oldest fossil of an early vascular plant belongs to the genus *Cooksonia*, characterized by small, Y-shaped branching stems topped with sporangia, and lacking leaves and roots. (Fossilized *Cooksonia*; photo by Dave Ruskin; Herkimer County, New York State, USA – Royal Ontario Museum)

The hypothesis that the Moon affects plant growth runs up against a major physical constraint: the order of magnitude. The lunar tidal force—often cited to explain an effect on plant fluids—reaches only 0.0000011 m/s², an intensity roughly 9 million times weaker than Earth's gravity (Mayoral et al., 2020, *Agronomy*). A common misconception fuels this belief: tides are not caused simply by the Moon’s attraction to water, but by a difference in gravitational pull between different regions of the Earth. Since these regions are separated by thousands of kilometers, this disparity is sufficient to shift vast masses of water. At the scale of a plant, however, this difference becomes infinitesimal. The tidal force exerted between the top and bottom of a stem is far too weak to actually influence the flow of water or sap. The question, then, is no longer whether the Moon moves sap, but rather what mechanisms actually drive its circulation.

To understand this, one must go back to the emergence of Tracheophyta—the first vascular plants—approximately 425 million years ago. Among them is *Cooksonia* (Photo 1), one of the oldest known genera. This period saw the appearance of xylem, a specialized conducting tissue that transports water and minerals, and phloem, which redistributes sugars produced via photosynthesis (Taiz & Zeiger; *Raven Biology of Plants*). The primary driver of water circulation in plants is located in the leaves, specifically at the stomata—tiny pores that facilitate gas exchange (Photo 2). When these pores open to capture the carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis, some water evaporates; this process is known as foliar transpiration. This evaporation generates a pulling force that draws a continuous column of water upward from the roots to the leaves. The entire mechanism relies on the cohesion

between water molecules, maintained by hydrogen bonds. This phenomenon is based on the cohesion-tension model proposed by Henry Dixon and John Joly in 1894. Consequently, given these finely regulated hydraulic mechanisms, the hypothesis of a direct gravitational contribution from the Moon appears difficult to justify. But let’s set gravity aside: what if the Moon exerted its influence through its light instead? In fact, plants use light not only for nourishment but also as a biological cue. Using sensors known as phytochromes, plants analyze ambient light levels to adjust their growth to the rhythm of day and night. This hypothesis was explored in a study comparing Indian mustard (*Brassica juncea*) seedlings grown in darkness with those exposed to moonlight (Singiri et al., 2023, *Plants*). The results revealed stress-related changes and enhanced post-germination growth. The authors noted an increase in molecules involved in defense mechanisms. This suggests a process of "stress priming"—a physiological preparation that enables the plant to anticipate and better cope with certain future stressors. These results remain preliminary and were obtained under specific experimental conditions. They neither establish the existence of a universal mechanism nor demonstrate

an agronomic effect reproducible on a large scale. Furthermore, a review published in *Agronomy*, based on over a hundred studies, concludes that there is no robust experimental evidence supporting a measurable influence of the Moon on plant growth (Mayoral et al., 2020). However, a nuance must be added. Just because the Moon has no direct effect on a plant's internal functioning does not mean it plays no role in the surrounding natural world. Light from different lunar phases significantly alters the behavior, activity, and movement of certain insects, such as moths (Gaston et al., 2013; Kyba et al., 2017). In short, while the Moon may not act on sap, it likely influences the myriad forms of life coexisting with plants—effects we do not yet fully understand. This indirect influence reminds us of a fundamental truth: plants never evolve in isolation but rather within a complex network of biological interactions linking microorganisms, insects, pollinators, and the environment. Thus, the most decisive mechanisms in the plant world appear to depend less on direct celestial influence than on the invisible interactions that structure the living world. For centuries, growers have looked to the sky for answers. Yet, some of the most complex biological mechanisms play out right beneath our feet, within just a few millimeters of living soil.

Social Media

By Charles Stoner, Images by YouTube

AI HISTORY VIDEOS ON YOUTUBE AI slop or historical gems?

On YouTube, TikTok and Instagram, a striking new genre has emerged in recent years that is rapidly attracting millions of viewers: AI-generated videos in which a modern influencer travels back in time and walks through historical periods like a vlogger. The most high-profile and successful example is Chloe vs History. The young, enthusiastic woman in a puffer jacket who tastes eel pie at a market in Tudor London, tries to warn the captain of the Titanic about the iceberg, takes a bath in ancient Rome or runs through the streets of Pompeii as Mount Vesuvius erupts, does not exist however. She is entirely created with artificial intelligence by the British creator Jonathan Laramy from Gloucestershire.

At the same time, there is a large and growing risk. Historians, fact-checkers and specialised YouTubers repeatedly point out errors and anachronisms. In the videos about the Middle Ages or the early modern period, people often wear dull brown rags, while historical sources show that people loved colour and colourful fabrics. A beaked plague mask appears in the fourteenth century, even though that type of mask only became known in the seventeenth century. Cleopatra is sometimes given a too Egyptian appearance, while she was of Macedonian-Greek descent. Streets are too muddy or too empty, clothing does not match, or everyday objects from later periods accidentally slip into the frame. Because the images are so photorealistic and immersive, these inaccuracies land more quickly as “true” than a written text or a traditional documentary in which sources are discussed. There is also a broader impact on the media landscape. Real historians, documentary makers and YouTubers who spend months doing research, visiting archives and carefully writing scripts find themselves confronted with competition from content that can be produced in a fraction of the time. YouTube’s algorithm often rewards what generates many views and watch time, not necessarily what is most accurate. As a result, superficial or slightly distorted AI content can steal attention from more thorough work. In extreme cases, this can contribute to a subtle rewriting of the collective image of the past, in which stereotypes are reinforced or nuances disappear.

The concept is as simple as it is effective. Chloe talks straight into the camera, reacts with surprise, amusement or mild panic to what she sees, and combines modern slang and influencer energy with historical facts and observations. She behaves exactly like a contemporary travel vlogger, but then in 79 AD, 1536 or 1912. Videos about the Titanic, Tudor London, ancient Rome, ancient Egypt or even 10,000 BC have gathered millions of views. The channel grew in a short time to hundreds of thousands of subscribers and tens of millions of views. Many viewers initially thought Chloe was a real woman who had somehow ended up in an AI created past. Only when media outlets such as Sky News tracked down the creator and published interviews with him did it become clear that everything is synthetic: her face, voice, facial expressions, movements and the historical backgrounds. Laramy, a British millennial without a formal filmmaking background, built the channel using advanced AI tools. He uses language models such as Claude for scripts and dialogues, and video generation models such as Seedance 2.0 (and later variants) to create the scenes. The result is so convincing that many people find it difficult to immediately see that these are not real recordings. That is precisely the strength – and at the same time the problem – of this type of content.

This success does not stand alone. Advanced AI video models have drastically lowered the barrier to creating realistic historical scenes. Where traditional history channels spend weeks or months on research, voice-over recordings, stock footage or reconstructions and editing, AI creators can produce faster and more cheaply. Alongside relatively high-quality formats such as Chloe vs History, numerous other variants are appearing. There are channels with long, monotonous “boring history” videos of one or two hours, intended to fall asleep to, with an AI voice and generic or semi-realistic images. There are short, viral clips that recreate famous moments, from the storming of the Capitol in antiquity to battles or the daily life of ordinary people. Other creators copy the time-travel vlog format with their own AI characters: Nova vs History, Janella Through Time and similar channels try to repeat the same recipe. The phenomenon has clear appeal. History suddenly becomes accessible, visual and entertaining. Younger viewers who find a schoolbook or a traditional documentary boring will still watch an influencer walking through the streets of ancient Rome, striking up a conversation with a Roman citizen or running in panic from falling ash in Pompeii. Creators such as Laramy claim that their goal is to make younger generations

The bigger picture is that AI further blurs the boundary between education, entertainment and misinformation. Viewers need to become more critical than ever: who made this? What sources underlie it? Where does the historical reconstruction end and the fantasy or the algorithm begin? Platforms and creators have a responsibility to be more transparent about the use of AI, for example through clear labels. Consumers have the task of not taking everything at face value, no matter how convincingly the virtual influencer smiles at the camera.

Chloe at the battle of Hastings in 1066 more interested in different periods of the past. Some teachers even consider using the videos as illustrative material in the classroom, because they stimulate the imagination in a way that text alone cannot.

Chloe vs History and the wave of similar channels show how powerful the medium has become. AI can bring the past to life in an unprecedentedly vivid way and spark interest among people who would otherwise never open a history book. At the same time, it underlines how vulnerable our knowledge of the past is in an era in which images are becoming ever easier to fabricate. The virtual time travel is impressive, but ultimately remains a construction. Anyone who watches the videos would do well to see them as inspiration – and then turn back to reliable sources, books and real historians. Only in this way does history remain more than a beautiful, but sometimes misleading, AI fairy tale.

Media

By Rob Peace

BOOKS KING OF ASHES - S.A. Cosby

NIGHTSHADE – Michael Connelly

S.A. Cosby’s fifth book is again an epic crime novel. Roman Carruthers returns from Atlanta to the rural town where his family lives. His father ended up in the hospital after a traffic accident and Roman has to help his sister Neveah to run the family business, a crematorium. But there is more trouble at home. His youngest brother Dante is in debt with local gangsters, and Roman has to do everything he can to solve that. But n doing so he himself must cross a moral and legal boundary. The crematorium can help him with that. Cosby is a master at his work and knows how to match the high level of his work again. They are stand-alone books, each novel has new protagonists and settings, so you can read them separately. Fully recommended.

Besides Harry Bosch, Mickey Haller and Renee Ballard, Connelly is now introducing a fourth series around detective Stillwel, who has been promoted to Catalina Island, about 35 kilometers off the Californian coast, after failing at the homicide division of the LAPD. Tourism is the main source of income on the island, so when a body is found in the water, Stillwell must act tactfully. If there are points of contact with an extremely selective membership society, he has to operate very cautiously. And why was the head of a buffalo cut off, an animal that has a protected status? Connelly skillfully guides us through Stillwell's detective work and the accompanying police procedures, and once again proves his skill.

MOVIES CRIME 101 – Bart Layton With: Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Halle Berry

PEAKY BLINDERS: THE IMMORTAL MAN – Tom Harper With: Cillian Murphy, Rebecca Ferguson, Stephen Graham

The clever jewel thief Davis (Hemsworth) only operates along the 101 freeway in Los Angeles, and that puts detective Lou Lubesnick (Raffalo) on his trail. Davis operates non-violently and only robs jewelers who are properly insured. As a result, insurance agent Sharon Combs (Berry) becomes involved in the cat and mouse game between Davis and Lubesnick. When the proverbial last job is set in motion, the mysterious motorcyclist Ormon (Barry Keoghan) appears on the scene, who has been hired by Davis' client Money (Nick Nolte). Director Laayton brings this stylish thriller to a beautiful apotheosis in almost 2.5 hours. All in all, an excellent adaptation of a story from the crime collection Broken by writer Don Winslow.

The Sopranos, Deadwood, Breaking Bad. And now we can also add Peaky Blinders to the illustrious list of fantastic series that were followed by a disappointing movie. Fans of the five-season family saga around the Shelby’s are in this movie left with a one-man show by Cillian Murphy as Tommy Shelby, who lives in self-imposed isolation in 1940, fighting against his inner demons. A devastating German bombing of Birmingham and actions of his son Duke and his sister Ada force him to put things in order and return to a wartorn Brimingham, with far-reaching consequences. Meanwhile, a new series of Peaky Blinders has been announced, in which a next generation Shelby will be central.

MUSIC PENELOPE TRAPPES - Opvs Novum: A Requiem Reworked V2 Records For an adaptation of the original Requiem album, Penelope Trappes asked ten kindred spirits to contribute. And Stephen Mallinder (Cabaret Voltaire), Saint Etienne, Smote and PRIZMA9 have made something beautiful out of it. The ritual character and the mutual themes of death and mourning are still present, but the variation is great and the interpretations are idiosyncratic. From oppressive to magisterially grand, from heavenly to deep in hell, from claustrophobic to vast - did anyone say listening trip? They are not the lightest subjects, but the music is sure to be completely carried away and disappear into.

TREMOR - Takuy ZZK Records Tremor has been around for twenty years and the trio has managed to take their mix of Argentinian folk music and electronica to great heights with the new album Takuy. The hypnotizing, psychedelic arrangements, bold rhythms and the simple but oh so effective instrumentation really work wonders. Even something like a recorder sounds heavenly here. That doesn't mean that it's all a good thing, the band regularly goes almost howling out of the corner, or smashes effortlessly through various sound barriers. What also helps with all the splendor is the wonderful sound design. An album where the past and the future blend beautifully.

Colofon

Soft Secrets is published by Discover Publisher BV Bruistensingel 400, 5232 AG ‘s Hertogenbosch Netherlands Telephone: +31(0)6 13 00 65 33 E-mail: info@softsecrets.nl Web: www.softsecrets.com Editor: Cliff Cremer Stoney Tark Jorge Cervantes, Mr. José, Fabrizio Dentini, Olivier F., Hortizan, Sudestfam, Dryas, Rob Peace and others.

Photography: iStock, Unsplash

Editorial adress: E-Mail: info@softsecrets.nl Advertisements: E-Mail: info@softsecrets.nl

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