ตามช่วงเวลา ( time - of - use rates ) หรือการคิดค่าบริการตาม
ความต้องการไฟฟ้าสูงสุด ( peak - load pricing )
ผู้บริโภคย้ายการใช้ไฟฟ้าไปยังช่วงเวลาที
Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft. (2012). Smart grids: The energy system of the future. https://www.bdew.de/ media/documents/Pub 20120601 Brochure Smart - Grids - Ger many.pdf
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The International Energy Agency. (2021, May 31). Thailand power system flexibility study. https://www.iea.org/reports/thailandpower-system-flexibility-study
2 “Solar, Wind and Batteries Could Enable Thailand to Reduce Reliance on LNG Imports,” BloombergNEF, May 19, 2025, https://about. bnef . com / insights / clean - energy / solar - wind - and - batteries - couldenable-thailand-to-reduce-reliance-on-lng-imports/
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Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). (2014). Consultant report on resource adequacy metrics. https://www.ferc.gov/ sites/default/files/2020-05/02-07-14-consultant-report.pdf
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1 “ Electricity in Cambodia in 2024,” Low - Carbon Power , https :// lowcarbonpower.org/region/Cambodia
2 “Indonesia,” Ember, July 1, 2025, https://ember-energy.org/coun tries-and-regions/indonesia/
3 “Energy System of Laos ,” International Energy Agency , https:// www.iea.org/countries/laos
4 “Malaysia,” Ember, April 10, 2025, https://ember-energy.org/coun tries-and-regions/malaysia/
5 “ Electricity in Myanmar ( Burma ) in 2024,” Low - Carbon Power , https://lowcarbonpower.org/region/Myanmar_(Burma)
6 “The Philippines,” Ember, April 10, 2025, https://ember-energy.org/ countries-and-regions/philippines-the/
7 Eric Koons , “ Renewable Energy in Singapore: Sources , Plan and Strategy,” Energy Tracker Asia, June 9, 2024, https://energytracker. asia/renewable-energy-singapore/
8 “Electricity in Thailand in 2024/2025,” Low-Carbon Power, https:// lowcarbonpower.org/region/Thailand
9 “ Viet Nam ,” Ember , April 10, 2025, https :// ember - energy . org / countries-and-regions/viet-nam/
สานักงานนโยบายและแผนพลังงาน. (2568, 1 มิถุนายน). ปิโตรเลียม. https :// www . eppo . go . th / index . php / th / energy - information / static- energy/static- electricity? orders[publishUp]= publishUp &issearch=1
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1 Hannah Ritchie , “ What Are the Safest and Cleanest Sources of Energy?,” Our World in Data, February 10, 2020, https://ourworldin data.org/safest-sources-of-energy
Accenture . ( 2021 ). APAC system value analysis : Thailand 2022 . https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF Thailand System Value Analysis.pdf
Duke University Nicholas School of the Environment. (2019, October 21). Replacing coal with gas or renewables saves billions of gallons of water . https://nicholas. duke .edu/news/replacingcoal-gas-or-renewables-saves-billions-gallons-water
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World Nuclear Association . ( 2021 , 16 November ). “ Clean coal ” technologies, carbon capture & sequestration. https://worldnuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-environment/ clean-coal-technologies
1 U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Natural gas explained,”
2 “ Statistical Review of World Energy ,” Energy Institute , 2025, https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review
3 U.S. Energy Information Administration. “Asia Became the Main Export Destination for Growing U . S . LNG Exports in 2020,” EIA , March 15, 2021, https :// www . eia . gov / todayinenergy / detail . php ? id=47136
Tableau Public , https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/epposite / viz/3__16516649585350/sheet0
คายไม่ออกด้านพลังงาน”
ลดผลกระทบต่อสิงแวดล้อม
ยาว (lock-in infrastructure
6 P. Zeniewski, C. McGlade, T.-Y. Kim, & T. Gould, The Role of Gas in Today’s Energy Transitions (IEA Publications, 2019), https://iea.blob. core.windows.net/assets/cc35f20f-7a94-44dc-a750-41c117517e93/ TheRoleofGas.pdf?utm source
“Life- Cycle Greenhouse Gas Assessment of Coal and Natural
Gas in the Power Sector ” 7
( cradle -
7 Richard K. Lattanzio, “Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Assessment of Coal and Natural Gas in the Power Sector,” Congressional Research Service, June 26, 2015, https://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/ uploads/assets/crs/R44090.pdf
8 U . S . Geological Survey , “ How Much Water Does the Typical Hydraulically Fractured Well Require?,” USGS, https://www.usgs.gov/ faqs/how-much-water-does-typical-hydraulically-fractured-well-require
(midstream & downstream)
9 Committee on Energy and Commerce Minority Staff , Chemicals
Used in Hydraulic Fracturing (United States House of Representatives, 2011), https://url.in.th/EuxOE
อากาศ ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change—IPCC)
CO2) แต่ความสามารถในการดูดซับพลังงาน
ทาให้การรัวไหลเพียงเล็กน้อยก็สามารถส่งผลกระทบ ต่อสภาพภูมิอากาศอย่างรุนแรงในระยะสันได้ 11 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Understanding Global Warming Potentials,” retrieved June 25, 2025, https://www.epa.gov/ ghgemissions/understanding-global-warming-potentials
Emissions from Nearly One Million Aerial Site Measurements”
12 Evan D. Sherwin, et al., “US Oil and Gas System Emissions from Nearly One Million Aerial Site Measurements,” Nature 627: 328–334 (2024), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07117-5
13 Deborah Gordon, et al, “Evaluating Net Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensities from Gas and Coal at Varying Methane Leakage Rates ,” Environmental Research Letters vol . 18 no . 8 (2023): 1–9,
ถงเป้าหมายการจากัดอุณหภูมิโลกตามความตกลงปารีส ( Paris Agreement)
DOI:10.1088/1748-9326/ace3db
15 Robert W. Howarth, “The Greenhouse Gas Footprint of Liquefied
Natural Gas (LNG) Exported from the United States,” Energy Science & Engineering vol . 12 no . 11 (2024): 4843–4859, https :// doi . org / 10.1002/ese3.1934
16 Earth Insight, Say No to LNG, et al., Anything But Natural: Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Infrastructure Expansion Threats to Coastal & Marine Ecosystems (2024), https://url.in.th/NLcjs
18 Tanja Srebotnjak and Miriam Rotkin-Ellman, Fracking Fumes: Air
Pollution from Hydraulic Fracturing Threatens Public Health and Communities, NRDC Issue Brief (December, 2014): 1–12, https://www. nrdc.org/sites/default/files/fracking-air-pollution-IB.pdf
ปฏิญญาสหประชาชาติว่าด้วยสิทธิในการพัฒนา
บริบทโลกของชนเผ่าพืนเมืองชาติพันธุ์ปี 2567 (The Indiginous World 2024)
ของกลุ่มปฏิบัติการระหว่างประเทศด้านกิจการ ชนเผ่าพืนเมืองชาติพันธุ์ (International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs) ระบุว่า รัฐบาลเปรูยังคงปล่อยให้มีการรุกรานทีดิน
19 Dwayne Mamo, editor, The Indigenous World 2024 (International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, 2024), https://url.in.th/NwhPR
20 Jill E. Johnston, et al., “Wastewater Disposal Wells, Fracking, and Environmental Injustice in Southern Texas ,” American Journal of Public Health vol . 106 no . 3 ( March , 2016): 550–556 DOI :10.2105/
3 “ European Union Regulations for NO x and CO ,” EnergyLink International , https :// energylinkinternational . com / wp - content / uploads/2020/10/European-Union-%E2%80%93-Regulations-for-NOxand-CO.pdf
1 Kevin Morrison , “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Reality about CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage),” Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, Online Presentation to the Melbourne Petroleum Club, March 12, 2024, https://ieefa.org/resources/good-badand-ugly-reality-about-ccs-carbon-capture-and-storage; David Schlissel and Mark Kalegha , “ Carbon Capture at Boundary Dam 3 Still an Underperforming Failure,” Institute for Energy Economics and
Financial Analysis, April 30, 2024, https://ieefa.org/resources/carboncapture-boundary-dam-3-still-underperforming-failure; Toby Lockwood, “Carbon Capture and Storage: What Can We Learn from the Project Track Record,” Clean Air Task Force, July 31, 2024, https:// www.catf.us/resource/carbon-capture-storage-what-can-learn-fromproject-track-record
2 Amy Westervelt, “Oil Companies Sold the Public on a Fake Climate Solution — And Swindled Taxpayers out of Billions,” Vox , July 29, 2024, https://www.vox.com/climate/363076/climate-change-solutionshell - exxon - mobil - carbon - capture ; Bruce Robertson and Milad
Mousavian, “The Carbon Capture Crux: Lessons Learned,” Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis , September 1, 2022, https://ieefa.org/resources/carbon-capture-crux-lessons-learned
3 Greenpeace Canada and Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment, Greenwashing Big Oil & Gas: The Fossil Fuel Deception Playbook, https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-canada-state less/2023/12/14cf92b2-greenwashing-toolkit-doc-1-1.pdf
Asia-Pacific Network of the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero. (2023). Financing the managed phaseout of coal-fired power plants in Asia Pacific : Final report . https://assets.bbhub.io/ company/sites/ 63 / 2023 / 11 /GFANZ - Financing - the - ManagedPhaseout-of-Coal-Fired-Power-Plants-APAC-December-2023.pdf
Department of the Premier and Cabinet . ( 2020 , December 9 ). Collie's just transition plan. Government of Western Australian. https://www.wa.gov.au/government/publications/collies-justtransition-plan
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Scott, Jesse, et al. (2022, May 23). Coal phase-out in Germany: The role of coal exit auctions.” Agora Energiewende. https://www. agora-energiewende.org/publications/coal-phase-out-in-germany
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1 Kristi E. Swartz, “The Kemper project just collapsed. What it signifies for CCS,” E&E News, October 26, 2021, https://www.eenews.net/ articles/the-kemper-project-just-collapsed-what-it-signifies-for-ccs/
ทีมา: Ponglert Chanthorn and Shantanu Jaiswal et al., Thailand: Turning Point for a Net-Zero Power Grid. (BloombergNEF, May 2025) https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/44/19-05-2025_Thailand_Turning-Point-for-a-Net-Zero-Power-Grid.pdf.
Cameron, L., et al. (2023, September 7). Why the cost of carbon capture and storage remains persistently high. International Institute for Sustainable Development. https://www.iisd.org/ articles/deep-dive/why-carbon-capture-storage-cost-remainshigh
The International Energy Agency . ( 2020 ). How carbon capture technologies support the power transition . https://www.iea. org / reports / the - role - of - ccus - in - low - carbon - power - systems / how-carbon-capture-technologies-support-the-power-transition
Russell, C. (2023, November 23). Carbon capture and storage hopes are pipe dreams, For now. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/ markets/commodities/carbon-capture-storage-hopes-are-pipedreams-now-russell-2023-11-23/
3 “ Total Wind Energy Capacity in Vietnam from 2011 to 2023,” Statista, July 3, 2024, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1006105/ vietnam-total-wind-energy-capacity/
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Jacobson , M . Z ., Sambor , D . J ., Fan , Y . F ., M ü hlbauer , A ., and Delucchi, M. A. (2025). No blackouts or cost increases due to 100% clean, renewable electricity powering California for parts of 98 days. Renewable Energy, 240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. renene.2024.122262.
Molina, P. S. (2025, June 19). Iberdrola’s 500 MW Núñez de Balboa PV plant reportedly caused Spain blackout . PV Magazine https://www.pv-magazine.com/2025/06/19/iberdrolas-500-mwnunez-de-balboa-pv-plant-blamed-by-ree-for-spain-blackout/
The reliability of renewable energy systems: Why the conventional wisdom is wrong . ( 2015, December 8 ). IRENA. https://www. irena.org/news/articles/ 2015/Dec/The- Reliability- of- Renewa ble-Energy-Systems-Why-the-Conventional-Wisdom-Is-Wrong/
https://pdfmkm.erc.or.th/ file upload/module/manage digital file/digital file/21c229ca.pdf
(2568, 15 พฤษภาคม).
. https://
www.erc.or.th/th/news-release/3233
International Renewable Energy Agency, and International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems. (2016). End of life management: Solar photovoltic panels. IRENA, IEA PVPS. https:// iea - pvps. org/ wp - content/ uploads/ 2020 / 01 / IRENA _ IEAPVPS _ End-of-Life Solar PV Panels 2016.pdf
Nain, P. & Anctil , A. ( 2024). End - of- life solar photovoltaic waste management: A comparison as per European Union and United States regulatory approaches . Resources , Conservation & Recycling Advances, 21. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S2667378924000117
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2012). Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from solar photovoltaics. U.S. Department of Energy. https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/56487.pdf
Solar photovoltaic (PV) modules waste regulations The European Union. (2023, April 1). ES Knowledge. https://es-knowledge. com/2023/04/01/e004/
1 Mekong River Commission, “Mekong Sediment from the Mekong River Commission Study ,” (2024), https :// www . mrcmekong . org / wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Mekong-Sediment-from-the-MekongRiver-Commission-Study.pdf
2 World Nuclear Association , “ COP 28 Agreement Recognizes Accelerating Nuclear Energy as Part of the Solution,” May 13, 2024, https :// world - nuclear . org / news - and - media / press - statements / cop28-agreement-recognizes-accelerating-nuclear-as
3 Small Modular Reactors : Advances in SMR Developments 2024 (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 2024), https://wwwpub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/p15790-PUB9062_web.pdf
Development Plan PDP
สรรหาผู้รับเหมาตามการจัดทาข้อกาหนดเงือนไขของงาน6
4 Sharon Seah , Christopher Len and Alvin Chew , Nuclear Energy Developments in Southeast Asia (Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2025), https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/TRS14_25.pdf
7 Neil Todreas, “Small Modular Reactors (Smrs) for Producing Nuclear Energy: An Introduction,” in Handbook of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors , second edition (pp . 3–27) (Woodhead Publishing, 2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823916-2.00001-1
small modular reactors
(MWe)
Bettis Naval Atomic Power Laboratory ที
Westinghouse จนถงปี
small modular reactors
small modular reactors ใหม่ไม่สามารถเปิดดาเนินการได้ก่อนปี
8 “IAEA Ups Support for SMRs,” Nuclear Engineering International, January 18, 2023, https://www.neimagazine.com/advanced-reactors fusion/iaea-ups-support-for-smrs-10528638
9 Energy Monitor, “Global Number Of Small Modular Reactor (SMR) Projects in 2022, by Power Generation Capacity and Development Status,” Statista, 2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1334632/ number-of-small-modular-reactor-projects-worldwide/
มาตรฐานกลางและกระบวนการออกแบบและการขอใบอนุญาต
โทค (David Toke)
Energy Revolutions: Profiteering versus Democracy
10 “Global Number of Small Modular Reactor Projects by Status of Development,” IEA , June 30, 2022, https://www.iea.org/data -andstatistics/charts/global-number-of-small-modular-reactor-projectsby-status-of-development-2022, IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0
(pressurized water reactor—PWR) และเครืองปฏิกรณ์นิวเคลียร์ แบบน าเดือด ( boiling water reactor BWR ) 13 ไปจนถ
11 David Toke, “Why Small Modular Reactors Do Not Exist - History Gives the Answer,” Energy Revolutions by David Toke, January 14, 2025, https :// davidtoke . substack .com /p /why - small - modular - reac tors-do-not
12 Steve Thomas, “Small Modular Reactors: the Last-Chance Saloon for the Nuclear Industry?,” Responsible Science no. 5 (2023): 14–17, https :// www . sgr . org . uk / resources / small - modular - reactors - lastchance-saloon-nuclear-industry
1 Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy , “ Hydrogen Safety,” U.S. Department of Energy, www 1.eere.energy.gov/hydro genandfuelcells/pdfs/h2_safety fsheet.pdf
2 “ Does the Use of Hydrogen Produce Air Pollutants such as Nitrogen Oxides?,” U.S. Department of Energy, https://www.energy. gov/eere/fuelcells/does-use-hydrogen-produce-air-pollutants-suchnitrogen-oxides
3 Lamonphet Apisitniran, “PTT Set to Rev Up Hydrogen Investments,” Bangkok Post, March 13, 2025, https://www.bangkokpost .com/sus tainability/2978928/ptt-set-to-rev-up-hydrogen-investments
4 Joshua D . Rhodes , Thomas Deetjen , F . Todd Davidson , Michael
Lewis, and Robert Hebner, “Hydrogen Blending in Texas Natural Gas Power Plants at Scale ,” H2@UT, https://sites.utexas.edu/h2/files/ 2022/01/TX-H2-Power-Plant-Blending.pdf
5 BloombergNEF, Thailand: Turning Point for a Net-Zero Power Grid (Bloomberg Finance L.P, 2025), https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/ sites/24/19-05-2025_Thailand Turning-Point-for-a-Net-Zero-PowerGrid.pdf
7 “Hydrogen ,” International Energy Agency , https://www.iea.org/
energy-system/low-emission-fuels/hydrogen
Srouji , J. & Cogan , D. ( 2023, September 8 ). What is the “ Global Stocktake” and how can it accelerate climate action? World Resources Institute. https://www.wri.org/insights/explainingglobal-stocktake-paris-agreement
แล้วการบอกให้ประหยัดพลังงานมีประโยชน์อะไร?
ความแติกติ่างระหว่างคําศัพท์เหลั่านีค่ออะไร?
เช่น การใช้
การจัดการด้านความต้องการ ( demand side management — DSM ) รวมทั
2 Marco Giacomazzi, “4 Reasons Why Recycling is Better Than Incineration ,” Zero Waste Europe , September , 14 2017, https :// zero wasteeurope.eu/2017/09/4-reasons-why-recycling-is-better-than-in cineration/
3 Fundació ENT, Air Pollution from Waste Disposal: Not for Public Breath ( Zero Waste Europe , 2015), https :// zerowasteeurope . eu / downloads/air-pollution-from-waste-disposal-not-for-public-breath/
มีหลายกรณีของเทศบาลทีเป็นหนีเพราะโรงเผาขยะ
4 “Plastic Surgery for Copenhagen’s Recycling Policy,” Plastic Infomart , April 15, 2011, http://www.plasticsinfomart.com/plastic - sur gery-for-copenhagens-recycling-policy/
5 United States Environmental Protection Agency , Solid Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases : A Life - Cycle Assessment of Emissions and Sinks ( National Service Center for Environmental Publications, 2006), https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/60000AVO. PDF?Dockey=60000AVO.PDF
6 Christopher Nicastro , “ Copenhagen Goes All In On Incineration , And It ’ s a Costly Mistake,” Zero Waste Europe , October 13, 2017, https://zerowasteeurope.eu /2017/10/ copenhagen - goes - all - in - onincineration-and-its-a-costly-mistake/
การเงินทีสูงเกินไปในการปรับปรุงโรงเผาขยะของเมือง
ช่วยให้คนงานนอกระบบเปลียนไปสู่งานสีเขียวเหล่านี
7 Sara Muznik, “‘Deliver or Pay’, or How Waste Incineration Causes Recycling to Slow Down ,” Zero Waste Europe , October 31, 2017, https://zerowasteeurope.eu/2017/10/deliver-pay-waste-incinerationcauses-recycling-slow/
8 European Commission, “Communication from The Commission to The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of The Regions: Closing the Loop - An EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy ,” European Union, December 2, 2015, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52015DC0614
4 S. Prasertsan and B. Sajjakulnukit, “Biomass and Biogas Energy in Thailand: Potential, Opportunity and Barriers,” Renewable Energy vol. 31 no. 5 (2006): 599–610.
5 S. Papong, C. Rewlay-ngoen, N. Itsubo, & P. Malakul, “Environmental Life Cycle Assessment and Social Impacts of Bioethanol Production in Thailand ,” Journal of Cleaner Production 157(2017): 254–266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.122
6 W. Intongkaew & L. Junchang, “Development of Economic Forest Plantation Management in Thailand ,” International Journal of Sciences vol. 6 no. 10 (2017): 52–62.
10 S . Wattana & B . Wattana , “ An Assessment of the Impacts of Renewable Energy Policies on the Thai Electricity Generation Sector,” International Energy Journal 20(2020): 101–114, https://www.thai science.info/Journals/Article/IENJ/10992334.pdf
