International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp: (159-173), Month: April 2021 - September 2021, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
SMOKING BEHAVIOUR AND STRESS LEVEL AMONG STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA, BALI, INDONESIA Suraaj Nair Prabakaran1 1
Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
Abstract: Smoking prevalence amongst people with a mental health condition which includes stress is substantially higher than in the general population. There is a strong relationship between smoking and reduction of stress level, witnessed since a very long time back yet caught less attention compared to in general population. This study was aimed to describe smoking behaviour and stress level among students of Universitas Udayana. Methods: This research was a descriptive study of smoking behaviour and stress level among medical faculty students of Udayana University from December 2015 to December 2016. The sampling was simple random and consecutive sampling. The stress levels were measured by Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale. Results: There were 100 students were taken in this study, of which 50 were males and another 50 were females. The majority of the males (84%) had a lowmoderate risk of stress illness. Females were found ten to had a higher risk to get stress illness than males. There were 56% of smoker respondents, with the ratio male/female were 35 to 21. There were 18 males and 10 female smokers who had a stress level score of 150-299, which means they were at a moderate risk to get a stress-related illness. Conclusion: Smokers with a higher level of stress score on the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale tend to have a higher nicotine dependency. Keywords: Smoking behaviour, stress level, student.
I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The term stress which is widely used today was invented by Hans Selye. (Zelman, 1996) Selye had noticed that in almost all his experiments that laboratory animals subjected to acute but different noxious physical and emotional stimuli (blaring light, deafening noise, extremes of heat or cold, perpetual frustration) all exhibited the same pathologic changes of stomach ulcerations, shrinkage of lymphoid tissue and enlargement of the adrenals. This theory later gained noticeable attention and soon became a popular buzzword [Zelman, 1996] Stress in medical terms is defined as a physical, mental, or emotional factor that contributes to bodily or mental tension. Stress can be from external or even internal sources that even initiate a fight or flight response. (Zelman, 1996) Stress is primarily a physical response such as the body thinks it is under attack and switches to ‗fight or flight‘ mode, releasing a complex mix of hormones and chemicals such as adrenaline, cortisol and norepinephrine to prepare the body for physical action. (Zelman, 1996) This causes a number of reactions, from blood being diverted to muscles to shutting down unnecessary bodily functions such as digestion.(Society, 2015) Through the release of hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol and norepinephrine, the caveman gained a rush of energy, which prepared him to either fight the tiger or run away. (Zelman, 1996) That heart pounding, fast breathing sensation is the adrenaline; as well as a boost of energy, it enables us to focus our attention so we can quickly respond to the situation. (Zelman, 1996) In the modern world, the
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