International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp: (26-32), Month: April 2021 - September 2021, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW: PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE IN SMOKING MALE PATIENTS Vanessa Rajendren1, Dewa I Gde Mahiswara Sudiatmika2, Pande Putu Yuli Anandasari2, Ni Nyoman Margiani2 1 2
Programme of Medicine and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali
Department of Radiology RSUP Sanglah/ Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali Email: vanessarajendren1597@gmail.com
Abstract: COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a group of respiratory lung disorders that cause breathing problems by blocking the flow of air from the lungs. This disease is often accompanied by chronic bronchitis (inflammation and narrowing of the airways or bronchial tubes) and emphysema (damage to the lining of the air sacs of the lungs). Systematic reviews with inclusion and exclusion criteria through search engines obtained 110 journals that were reviewed. A total of 8 journals were suitable as references for writing this review. The data obtained were qualitative and quantitative data which were then arranged systematically according to each topic discussed so that conclusions were obtained who presented the contents of the review. We observed that the number of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease increased gradually. COPD is most common in older men. However, the prevalence of COPD among men who smoke is statistically high. There are many risk factors that contribute to COPD such as smoking, exposure to occupational dust-air pollution and genetics. In most cases,smoking is the major cause of COPD among men. Keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, prevalence, gender.
1. INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or better known as COPD is a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related difficulties.This includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.There are 16 million Americans who suffer from COPD and find it impossible to breathe. Millions more have COPD either haven't been diagnosed or aren't getting medication. COPD should be treated, even if there is no remedy.Generally,there are two types of COPD which are emphysema and chronic bronchitis.Emphysema affects the air sacs in your lungs,as well as the walls between them.It becomes damaged and less elastic.Whereas,in chronic bronchitis the lining of the airways are always irritated and inflamed causing the lining to swell and produce mucus.1 There are many causes of COPD such as secondhand smoke,air pollution,and chemical fumes or dusts from the environment or workplace.COPD normally are long term effects of exposure to irritants that damage the lungs and airways. Pipe, cigar and other types of tobacco smoke can also cause COPD if inhaled.Age can also be a factor because most of them who are having COPD are at the age of above 40 years. In some rare cases,a genetic condition called alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency can play a role in causing COPD.In many countries out there,cigarette smoke is the number one cause of COPD.2 First and foremost,Symptoms of COPD include not having any symptoms or just have minor ones.As the disease get severe,the symptoms worsens. Classical symptoms are frequent coughing or cough that produces a lot of mucus,wheezing,whistling or a squeeking sound when breathing.Shortness of breath during activity and tightness in the chest are also common symptoms.Some people with COPD get frequent respiratory infections such as colds and flu.In severe cases,COPD can cause weight loss,weakness in the lower muscles and swelling at the ankles,feet and legs. 3
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