International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp: (319-328), Month: October 2020 - March 2021, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW: THE RISK FACTORS OF HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA Nadia Rachel Rajaratnam Peter1, Ida Bagus Tjakra Wibawa Manuaba2, INW Steven Christian2, Putu Anda Tusta Adiputra2 1 2
Medicine and Doctor Profession, Medical Faculty of Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali
Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali Email: nadiarachel06@gmail.com
Abstract: The risk factors of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) happen to be one of the more common cancers all over the world. Of all head and neck cancers, 90% of them start in squamous cells. It has been researched that there are several risk factors that play a part in developing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The purpose of this systematic review is to determine the risk factors of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The method of writing this article is systematic review, where the articles were published from 2012 to 2020 that focused on assessing the risk factors of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Assessment of the methodological quality of each article was carried out using PRISMA checklist. The results of the analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma risk factors are alcohol (p value = 0.001), HPV in the Oral cavity (p value = 0.0005), HPV in the Hypopharynx ( p value = 0.0005), HPV in the Oropharynx (p value = 0.0001), HPV in the Larynx (p value = 0.0001), < 5 missing teeth (p value = 0.001), Annual dentist visit (p value = 0.001), Daily tooth brushing (p value = 0.001), Gum disease (p value = 0.001), Betel nut chewing by people 16–30 years (p value = 0.000), betel nut chewing by people >30 years (p value = 0.000), people 16–30 years (p value = 0.000), Male population who smokes ( p value = 0.001), Former smokers (p value = 0.001) and Current smokers (p value = 0.001). To conclude, after reviewing the studies and obtaining the results and discussing and understanding them, in this systematic review it can be said that the risk factors that have a significant association with patients that have head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Keywords: Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Risk Factors, HNSCC, Risk Factors.
1. INTRODUCTION Background The title of this elective study project is Systematic Review: The Risk Factors of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) happens to be one of the more common cancers all over the world. Head and neck cancers represent the sixth most common cancer worldwide with approximately 630,000 new patients diagnosed annually and resulting in over 350,000 deaths every year. There are a variety of head and neck cancers but the most common is head and neck cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. Of all head and neck cancers, 90% of them start in squamous cells. These squamous cells line the mouth, nose and throat hence the cancer would affect the oral cavity, oropharynx and larynx.1 Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) can be curable if it is detected early stages of the disease but can be fatal if detected in the later stages. Survival outcomes for patients with HNSCC diverge by extent of varying factors. Research done by The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) during a 9-year period from 2000 to
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