International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp: (298-303), Month: October 2020 - March 2021, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW: CHARACTERISTICS OF METHICILLINRESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA) INFECTION IN DIABETES MELLITUS Priyangka Ramiah1, Made Agus Hendrayana2, Ni Nengah Dwi Fatmawati3 1
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Medical Student of Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
Abstract: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a serious and common problem in patients with diabetic predisposition. S. aureus was the most common pathogen among the gram-positive bacteria isolated from ulcers, and almost 50% of S. aureus isolates are MRSA. Research shows 24.4% patients carried MRSA in three academic hospitals in Indonesia. Objective is to assess the characteristic of MRSA infection in diabetes mellitus. Method used is systematic review with inclusion and exclusion criteria through search engines obtained 236 journals that were reviewed. 8 journals is used as main references in writing this review. The data obtained are in the form of qualitative and quantitative data which are then arranged systematically and according to each topic discussed so that a conclusion is obtained that represents the entire content of the review. Patient with MRSA infection in diabetes mellitus are predominantly male, with obesity as a predominantly risk factor, neprhopaty as the most common complication, and treated with diabetic ulcer predominantly in grade 3-5 based on Wagner’s classification. One of diabetic ulcer first therapies is to use antibiotics, which type of antibiotic that is commonly used is Clindamycin. In conclusion, the characteristics of MRSA infection in diabetes mellitus can vary between patients due to environmental demographic, social, cultural, internal factors and other external factors. Keywords: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Diabetes mellitus.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic hyperglycemia which is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of different organs. There are two types of diabetes type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes which is an autoimmune disease that leads to the destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells.13 Type 2 is the most common form of diabetes mellitus characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and relative insulin deficiency.15 Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of insulin producing cells in the pancreas. The autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells, leads to a deficiency of insulin secretion. The loss of insulin secretion causes the function of pancreatic α-cells is also abnormal and there is excessive secretion of glucagon. Type 2 diabetes has two main pathological defects in type 2 diabetes which are impaired insulin secretion through a dysfunction of the pancreatic β-cell, and impaired insulin action through insulin resistance.3 Staphylococcus aureus is divided into sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).21 Methicillin-resistant S.aureus strains have acquired resistance to methicillin and other beta lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalosporin. MRSA is usually spread by contact with infected people or things that are carrying the bacteria.2 The mode of transmission of MRSA is mainly from colonized or infected patients to others. The
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