International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp: (222-229), Month: October 2020 - March 2021, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
THE RISK FACTORS OF BREAST CANCER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS Nanthini Siva Kumar1, Putu Anda Tusta Adiputra2, I Wayan Sudarsa2, I Gede Budhi Setiawan2 1 2
Medicine and Doctor Profession, Medical Faculty of Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali
Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali Email: nanthini_sivakumar@yahoo.com
Abstract: The risk factor is described as something that develops the risk of breast cancer. A woman can develop breast cancer due to the various causes. It can be affected by behavior, substance or environmental condition. The purpose of this systematic review is to determine the risk factors of breast cancer. The method of writing this article is systematic review, where the articles were published from 2015 to 2020 that focused on assessing the risk factors of breast cancer. Assessment of the methodological quality of each article was carried out using PRISMA checklist. The results of the analysis of breast cancer risk factors in women are age (p value = 0.0001), family history (p value = 0.0001), age at menarche (p value = 0.036), age at menopause (p value = 0.05), age at first full term pregnancy (p value = 0.033), menopausal status (p value = 0.001), parity (p value = 0.001), breastfeeding (p value = 0.028), oral contraceptive (p value = 0.03), BMI (p value = 0.0001), active smoker (p value = 0.051), and alcohol intake (p value = 0.001). Based on the review conducted, there is a strong correlation between age, family history, age at menarche, age at menopause, age at first full term pregnancy, parity, usage of oral contraceptive, body mass index and alcohol that are very much associated as risk factors of breast cancer. However, smoking has no significant correlation to breast cancer. Keywords: Women, Breast Cancer, Risk Factors.
1. INTRODUCTION National Cancer Institute concluded that, cancer is the name given to a group related disease.1 In all types of cancer some of the body’s cells start to isolate without delaying and transmitting into surrounding tissues. 1 One of the most common cancer is breast cancer where it is very high in number among women and very rare in men. Based on the World Health Organization (WHO), breast cancer is the most widely recognized cancer among women around the world and it’s taking away a huge number of women’s lives every year. In the year of 2017, WHO had showed that the deaths of breast cancer in Indonesia was 21,287 of total deaths per year. 2 Risk factor is defined as something that increases the risk of developing breast cancer. Many various causes may affect a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer. It can be affected by behavior, substance or environmental condition. Most breast cancer happens in women.3 Age is the main risk factors of breast cancer. Another main reason in risk factor of breast cancer is the family history. Use of oral contraceptives also plays a part in breast cancer growth. Other risk factors including, the first occurrence of menstruation, age at menopause, age at first pregnancy, menopausal status, parity, short term breast feeding, body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption and smoking. 4 In any case, there have been a few common developments in the capacity to foresee and change breast cancer risk. 5 According to the statistic of United States, an expected 276,480 new cases of obtrusive breast cancer are required to be analyzed in women in 2020 alongside 48,530 new cases of non-intrusive breast cancer. Around 2,550 new cases of obtrusive breast cancer are required to be analyzed in men in 2018. A man's lifetime danger of breast cancer is around 1 of every 1,000.6
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