International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp: (68-76), Month: October 2020 - March 2021, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
A REVIEW ON REPORTED NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITORS FOR TREATMENT OF MIGRAINE Yaksh Mahajan1, Pankaj Wadhwa1*, Anuradha1, Vanktesh Kumar1 1
Lovely School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab)-144401, India * Corresponding author. Dr Pankaj Wadhwa,
Assistant Professor, Lovely School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab)144401, India. Tel.: +91 9461754780 E-mail address: panka.23400@ lpu.co.in
Abstract: Migraine is one kind of chronic neurological disorder in which one experience reversible type of headache with neurological and systemic symptoms. The main symptoms includes fear of noise (phonophobia), sensitivity to light (photophobia), cutaneous allodynia, and some symptoms related to gastrointestinal tract (GIT) which includes emesis and nausea. The pain of migraine is not immediately experienced rather precursory symptoms can be experienced hours and days before the inception of pain. As per aspects of its pathophysiology the migraine attack can be split up into phases: the premonitory phases, the aura phase, headache phase and postdrome phase, respectively. The present studies involves study of pathology behind migraine attack along with role of nitric oxide synthase enzyme and also covers the detailed description of few reported molecules for inhibiting the action of nitric oxide synthase. We believe that this will help the in successfully design of new analogues. Keywords: Amino acids; Headache; Nitric oxide synthase; Migraine; Peptides.
1. INTRODUCTION Migraine is identified as a chronic neurological disorder in which one experience either tolerable or severe headache with neurological and systemic symptoms which are generally reversible [1]. Some of the most common symptoms associated with migraine include fear of noise (phonophobia), sensitivity to light (photophobia), cutaneous allodynia, and some symptoms related to gastrointestinal tract (GIT) which includes emesis and nausea [2]. The pain of migraine is not immediately experienced rather precursory symptoms can be experienced hours and days before the inception of pain [3]. The most usual indications of migraine are difficultly in concentrating, stiffening of neck, always feeling tired (fatigue). The symptoms that can be experienced before the beginning of the pain can be categorized as psychological (depression, anxiety), cranial parasympathetic (lacrimation), neurological (photophobia), arousal (drowsiness), common symptoms (nausea, diarrhea, food craving and yawning etc) [4]. Patients suffering from migraine often distinguish it as unilateral that is pain is experienced only on one side in 60% cases, throbbing that is pulsating pain in 50% cases and pain that is increased by performing certain physical activities in 90% or movement of head [5]. Sometimes while experiencing the attacks headaches can vary from side to side. It is commonly observed that the potency of pain is either moderate or severe in most of the cases. The time within which the pain is experienced at its peak is 1 h and thereafter it is experienced for 24 hours [6]. The time duration for migraine varies in different age groups i.e 4 to 72 h in adults and 2to 48h in children. The most common regions of brain that experiences pain are the posterior cervical and trapezium regions [7]. It has been seen that about 75% of patients suffering from migraine have neck pain in common (Calhoun et al., 2010). Some symptoms like sinus or pressure experienced by around 40% patients [8] [9] and cranial autonomic features experienced by around 50% patients comes under commonly observed symptoms [10]. It is known to the one of the leading source for disability all around the world, as recognized by
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