International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Vol. 8, Issue 1, pp: (91-97), Month: April 2020 - September 2020, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
Comparison of knee instability in normal and diabetic patients Sivaprasad Durai1, Sherine Susanna.J2, Yugendhar.R3, S.Krishnakumar4 Anna University Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract: This article is to depict the difference between the force applied by normal and diabetic patients having knee instability and to plot a graph to show the deviation between them. Diabetic patients suffer from many potential complications. One of the major complications is muscle degeneration due to protein imbalance caused by decreased amount of insulin production. This leads to knee weakness and inability to walk normally. This is a main setback in old patients since they are more prone to fall and there is no permanent treatment as of now. Our aim is to determine the deviation of the force applied by the patients with knee instability from the normal population. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, knee instability, muscle degeneration, force, deviation.
I. INTRODUCTION The disease diabetes mellitus in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood. It causes various complications like retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, foot damage, muscle degeneration and knee instability. Knee buckling is when one or both the knees give out. It is also referred to as knee instability or weak knees. While it is often accompanied by pain, this isn’t always the case. Frequent knee buckling also raises the risk of falling and seriously injury. In one study, 11.8 percent of adults aged 39-94 reported at least one episode of knee buckling in the past 3 months. It can affect people of all ages and levels of fitness especially when they have diabetes. This knee instability is due to the weakness of muscles known as quadriceps muscles that hold the knee cap in position. There is no proper method to diagnose the level of knee instability in diabetic patients in order to give them the necessary support for it.
II. CAUSES FOR KNEE BUCKLING IN DIABETES MELLITUS Knee buckling in diabetes is due to the degeneration of muscles in other terms known as muscle atrophy. Muscle atrophy refers to the condition in which there is a decrease in mass of the muscle, it can be a partial or complete wasting away of muscle. When muscle atrophies, this leads to muscle weakness, since the ability to exert force is related to mass. Due to diabetic condition, there is imbalance in the protein synthesis and protein degradation where the latter occurs more which leads to atrophy of muscle. Muscle atrophy occurs in the quadriceps muscle which leads to knee buckling in diabetic patients since quadriceps muscle is present in the front thigh and is responsible for the stability for the knee cap. Due to muscle atrophy there is a decrease in muscle tonicity which is the continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles or the muscle’s resistance to passive stretch during resting state. The tonicity of muscles decreases when there is a decrease in the protein level which is linked to muscle atrophy. This muscle atrophy in the quadriceps muscle which surrounds the knee joint makes it difficult for the muscle to hold the patella in place contributing to knee instability.
III. DEVICE DEVELOPMENT A. Software Arduino IDE is used to create the algorithm of the system. All the parameters, flow process and the calculations are preset before the system could be operated. The programming code needs to be uploaded through the Arduino to Zigbee module to transmit the data. The program codes are written in C languages and it needs to be programmed first in order to obtain
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