ISSN 2348-313X (Print) International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Vol. 9, Issue 4, pp: (56-62), Month: October - December 2021, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
COLISTIN RESISTANCE IN ENTEROBACTERIACEAE THROUGH SEWAGE SAMPLES/WATERBODIES 1
AVISKAR PARHI, 2Dr. NAMITA BEDI 1
B.Tech+M.Tech BIOTECHNOLOGY (DUAL),
2
Asst. Director & NTCC, (Internal Faculty Coordinator).
Abstract: Colistin is an antibiotic for treating various multidrug-resistant Gram negative bacteria. It is at present the last-line drug for infections caused by Gram negative bacteria. Colistin resistance is a concerning issue because of lack of development of new antibiotics. Bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae members such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. have an acquired resistance towards colistin. Due to the high occurrence of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in waste water and process waters from sources like slaughterhouses, hospitals were considered as the hotspot for the colistin resistances (mcr) genes. Clinicians should be aware about the possibility of the development of colistin resistance among many multidrug resistant bacteria via adaptations and mutation mechanisms. Rapid growth of bacterial resistance has made it quite tough for us to depend on the development of new antibiotics for which, logical approaches need to be used for utilizing old antibiotics like colistin, to deal with rising issues of colistin resistance. Keywords: Colistin resistance, Enterobacteriaceae, Gram negative bacteria.
1. INTRODUCTION Colistin is an antibiotic which is the ultimate drug for treating gram negative multidrug-resistant infections. Originally it is obtained from the spore forming soil bacteria, Paenibacillus polymyxa. Molecules which are present in this are the polymyxins, categorized into groups as A, B, C, D and E, from which only the polymyxin E (colistin) and the category polymyxin B are generally used exculsively in humans (Biswas,2012). Colistin is a combination of both E1 and E2 polymyxins. These are the two pentacationic lipopeptides which have bactericidal effects (Biswas, 2012). Colistin is very effective on a broad range of Gram-negative bacteria and is not effective on the Gram-positive bacteria. Colistin is generally used as medication in both humans and animals. In case of humans, colistin is usually used in order to treat infections that have developed the multidrug-resistant activity. It is manufactured so that it could be vein or muscle injected or could be inhaled too, i.e, is colistimethate sodium (Gurjar, 2015). In animals, colistin has broad applications in diverse animal food products like beef, dairy, milk- and meat-producing animals for effectively preventing and treating infections. It is caused by the Enterobacteriaceae and various other bacteria which are gram negative. The applications or usage of colistin in animals (used as food) is thought to have created this colistin resistance. With spreading of extremely resistant bacteria like Enterobacteriaceae producing carbapenemase, colistin at this phase is a last resort medication we have (Aghapour, et al., 2019). Lack of new gram negative antibiotics, have lead us to a reassessment of the present old antibiotics, so it becomes crucial to do research on this matter. The appearances of colistin resistance in bacteria have been a noteworthy medical and public health issue (El-Sayed, et al., 2020). Frequent side effects of these antibiotics comprise several problems of kidney and neurological issues too (Zafer, et al., 2019). Other grave side effects comprise muscle weakness, anaphylaxis, and diarrhea, bronchioles constriction etc. It is also not clear, whether it is safe or not during the pregnancy period (Loho, et al., 2015). The cytoplamsic membrane breaking normally results in the death of bacterial cells. Colistin was first derived and discovered in the year 1947 and the FDA approval of colistimethate sodium
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