Illustrations Figure 1: Muhammad ibn Khutlukh al-Mawsili, Geomantic Instrument or Divination Machine, 1241-1242, [accessed 8 July 2020] Figure 2: Clemente Papi, ‘Plaster cast of Michelangelo's David’, 1856. [accessed 8 July 2020] < https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/the-story-of-michelangelos-david> Figure 3: Edouard Manet, 'The Absinthe Drinker', 1859, [accessed 8 July 2020] Figure 4: Marcel Duchamp, ‘Fountain’, 1917 (authorised replica 1964), [accessed 8 July 2020] Figure 5: Joan Miro, 'Harlequin's Carnival', 1925 , [accessed 8 July 2020] Figure 6: Man Ray, 'The Primacy of Matter over Thought', 1929 , [accessed 8 July 2020] Figure 7: Jackson Pollock, 'Full Fathom Five', 1947, [accessed 8 July 2020] Figure 8: Marina Abramović, 'The Artist Is Present', 2010, [accessed 8 July 2020] Figure 9: Bridget Riley, 'Blaze', 1964, [accessed 8 July 2020] Figure 10: Amy Karle, 'Regenerative Reliquary', 2016, [accessed 8 July 2020] Figure 11: Memo Akten, 'Learning To See', 2019, [accessed 8 July 2020] Figure 12: Sougwen 愫君 Chung, 'Drawing Operations Unit: Generation 2 — MEMORY', 2017, [accessed 8 July 2020] Figure 13: Anna Ridler, 'Mosaic Virus', 2019, [accessed 8 July 2020] 2