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AUSTRALIAN FORESTERS in PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1922-1975

PNGAF MAGAZINE ISSUE # 9B -5B4S1 of 25th August 2021 FOREST MANAGEMENT. Eminent TPNG Forester Evan Shield 1958-1971 1

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Editor R B McCarthy6 2021.

Evan Shield Gogol Survey 1963. Eminent TPNG Forester 1958-1971. Evan Shield Oxford Thesis 1965 3 Evan Shield Senior Lecturer Bulolo Forestry College 1966 4 Evan Shield Uruguay Forest Consultancy 2011 5 Evan Shield OIC Vanimo Survey 1970. 6 Dick McCarthy District Forester TPNG Forests 1963-1975. 2

OVERVIEW AUSTRALIAN TPNG FORESTRY CADETSHIP SCHEME7 1948 to 1963 After the Second World War, a cadetship scheme was undertaken by the Australian Department of Territories to train Australian Forest Scientists to ensure sufficient professional staff for the purposes of creating a functional Forest Department for TPNG

Surname

Positions

Edward Charles Gordon Gray (NG) Alexander John Hart (NG) Donald Henry McIntosh (NG9) Kevin Joseph White (Q) Robin Levingston (NSW) Jaroslav Joseph Havel (WA)10 Robin Bilbrough Morwood (NG) Frank Harry Coppock (NG) Elliot Carby Tuckwell (NG) John Godlee (NG)11 Ian Grundy (NG) Eric Hammermaster (Q/NG) Des Harries (NG) Gerry Vickers (NG) Alan Cameron (Q)12 John Smith (NG) Brian O’Hagen (NG) Neil Brightwell (C/NSW/NG) Alan White (NG) Leon Clifford (NSW)13

TPNG Cadetship 1948 1946 1946 Qld 1953 1952 1953 1953 1954 1955 1955 1955 1955 1956 1956 1956 1960 1960 1958

AFS 1950/51 1950/51 1950/51 1950/51 1952/53 1953/54 1955/56 1956/57 1956/57 1957/58 1958/59 1958/59 1958/59 1958/59 1959/60 1959/60 1959/60 1960/61 1960/61 1961/62

Year grad 1952 1952 1952 1952 1954 1955 1957 1958 1958 1959 1960 1960 1960 1960 1961 1961 1961 1962 1962 1963

The appointments of Australian TPNG Forestry Cadets were summarized in LT Carron’s book in 2000 titled “A brief history of the Australian Forestry School (AFS)”. 8 Cadet Forest Officer pamphlet courtesy Des Harries TPNG Forests 1955-1976. 9 Don McIntosh Third Director of Forests PNG. TPNG Forests 1946-1973. 10 Joe Havel First Principal Bulolo Forestry College. TPNG Forests 1953-1965. 11 John Godlee fourth Principal Bulolo Forestry College. TPNG Forests 1955-1980. 12 Alan Cameron Schlich Medal 1960. TPNG Forests 1956-1970. 13 Leon Clifford Second Principal Bulolo Forestry College. TPNG Forests 1958-1975.

Evan Shield (NG) 1958 1961/62 John Lake (NG) 1962/63 Ian Currie (NG) 1963/64 John Harrison (NG) Medi vac out Last Field 1961 1964/65 Chris Borough (NG) Field year Year for 1960 1964/65 Bob Bruce (NG) no field year Cadetships. 1961 1964/65 Rex Grattidge (NG) no field year 1961 1964/65 John Davidson (NG)14 1962 1965/66 Paul Ryan (NG) 1962 1965/66 Rod Holesgrove (NG) 1963 1965/66 Jim Belford (C) 1966 1966/67 Dick McCarthy (NG) 1963 1966/67 Dave Num (C) 1965 1966/67 R G Lyons (NG) 1965 1966/67 Gary Archer (NG) 1966 1967/68 Chris Done (NG) 1966 1967/68 Ken Hart (NG) 1963 1967/68 Ian Whyte (C) 1966 1967/68 Footnotes TPNG - Territory of Papua New Guinea, NG - New Guinea, Q – Queensland, WA – Western Australia, NSW - New South Wales, C – Commonwealth, AFS - Australian Forestry School, BFC - Bulolo Forestry College. 15

1963 1964 1965 1966 1966 1966 1966 1967 1967 1967 1968 1968 1968 1968 1969 1969 1969 1969

One other thing: I assume you have a story from Evan Shield? “Big Ev” as he was known in the early 1960s to his contemporaries at the Australian Forestry School, of whom I was one, often spoke of his experiences in PNG. It all sounded too amazing to believe to naive West Australians like me, but later we knew he spoke of a real world there, astonishingly different from the world we knew down in the jarrah forest of WA. Later when I got to know people like Joe and Chris (and Alex) I knew that Big Ev was trying to get across a message, and I am now ashamed to think that it must have been frustrating for him to come up against greenhorns like me, who only knew the “pansy” world of forestry in the south-west. I have kept in touch with Evan over the years. He now lives in Argentina, still working as a forester. He is a fine man and a champion forester. I hope you include his memoirs in your book. Kind regards Roger Underwood.

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John Davidson Schlich Medal 1966; First Forestry Professor UNITECH. TPNG Forests 1962-1980. Personal communication Roger Underwood 8/4/19.

The Evan Shield Story “Big Ev”.. Life Before PNG Evan was born to school-teacher parents in Toowoomba, Queensland in 1940. His primary and secondary education was in smaller rural public schools in Queensland, from 1946 to 1957. Evan was awarded a Papua New Guinea Cadetship to study forestry at University of Queensland and the Australian Forestry School (Canberra) in February 1958. Forestry House 2012. Photo credit John Pratt. Australian Forestry School 2013. Photo credit Dick Passauer.

1962 AFS final year, in 1962. Evan Shield Photo credit Roger Underwood.

1962 final year, at October 2012 reunion. Photo provided by Roger Underwood. Front row (L-R): Frank Batini, Phil Cheney, Roger Underwood, John Keating Centre row: Jack Bradshaw, Wally Carter, Ian Gordon, Colin Hankins, Don Gilmour, Evan Shield Rear: John Wardle, Ken Moxon, Peter Stanton, Jerry Leech, John Pratt, Bill Nielsen, John McColl, Geoff Stocker. 4

Work in PNG As a field component of the Cadetship, Evan arrived in Port Moresby in December 1959 to begin field work for the coming year that was spent in Bulolo “on the other side” (from Port Moresby, as he was informed). It was a useful year, in which – perhaps – learning to manage a wide diversity of tasks in a timely and cost-effective manner was the more important thing. (Robin Morwood was the station OIC at the time and Don McIntosh the Regional Forester in Lae). After graduation in Canberra at the end of 1962, Evan was posted to Head Office to undertake duties within the Division of Management (Don McIntosh was now the Chief of Division). The principal activity was in forest inventory work throughout the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. Up until 1963 forest surveys were ground based but to complete the comprehensive coverage of PNG’s forest resources to meet the Commonwealth Government’s timeframe, helicopter transport was introduced. This was documented16 by Don McIntosh and Eric Hammermaster in 1968. Major surveys then undertaken included timber areas as Vanimo, Empress Augusta Bay, Open Bay, Wanigela, West New Britain, Middle Ramu, Bulolo-Wau, Ioma-Kumusi, Sagarai Gadaisu, Cape Rodney, Tonolei Harbour etc. From 1963-69, approximately 3,600,000 ha were assessed when helicopter techniques of inventory were introduced.

Gogol Survey Boss Boys 1963 L to R Norm Endacott, Johnny Lowien, David “dokka” Reid, Eric Hammermaster, Jim Cavanaugh, Evan Shield, Peter Eddowes, Pilot, Don McIntosh, Bill Jenkin, Greg McDonald, unknown, unknown, Kevin White, unknown. Photo Credit Mary Jenkin. 16

McIntosh DH and Hammermaster ET 1968 Forest Resource Assessment using Helicopter Transport 9th Commonwealth Forestry Conference 1968.

Gogol Survey 1963 Evan Shield, John Lowien, Eric Hammermaster, Bill Jenkin, Norm Endacott, Kevin White. Photo credit Mary Jenkin. Post Graduate Studies17 Evan took unpaid leave in 1965 to complete a post-graduate Diploma of Forestry at the Commonwealth Forestry Institute, University of Oxford. His topic was tropical forest inventory in relation to the development of tree volume tables for mixed rainforest species in Papua New Guinea. Evan’s work formed part of the ensuing commercial wood tree volume tables for mixed species in Papua/New Guinea18. Based on V=80.31549 +2.18592G² - 1.15235H + 0.64224G²H Where V = log volume under bark in super feet true measure Where G = girth over bark above buttress in feet Where H = log length in feet (log height above buttress height) and a Bark allowance 3inch off girth. 17

PNGAF MAGAZINE ISSUE # 9B-5B of 30th June 2021 PART A. FOREST MENSURATION PNG till 1975 p 25-32. Based on 1965 Thesis, Evan Shield18 completed his dissertation into PNG forests volume tables titled The Application of New Sampling Methods to Previously Inaccessible Tropical Forest Areas, with Reference to Papua New Guinea. Commonwealth Forestry Review vol 55 No 1 March 1976. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:56c8977d-af05-40d4-9d3a-54959ffcfe00 18

The link to the Thesis on the Oxford University Research Archive is: https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:56c8977d-af05-40d4-9d3a-54959ffcfe00 The impact of this work and its implication towards PNG’s Forest mensuration is described in detail in PNGAF Magazine Issue # 9 B-5 B of the 30th of June 2021 Part A FOREST MENSURATION PNG till 1975 p 25-32. Professor Phil West described the Thesis as a classic mensuration piece of its era19. But, at the same time as reflecting on the development of forest mensuration methodology in PNG, it attempts to move forward from the 1960’s, addressing the advent of forest statistical methodology and sampling methods combined with the arrival of computers and their combined impact into the field of tropical natural forest mensuration. In his Thesis, Evan addresses the need to evaluate the forest resource as a preliminary to forest industry development. The purposes of forest resource inventory were defined as supplying information for: • long term policy planning • the evaluation of forest areas for exploitation investment • direction of more detailed management investigation. The requirements of a single inventory were to provide data on the physical, biological, and economic aspects of a forest area. In reviewing the application of forest resource inventory in PNG as of 1965, considering existing and potential forestry development, at no time had entirely objective methods been employed in assessing the forest resource. Subjective methods have no place in long term extensive forest inventory. Evan discussed the use of sampling techniques in inventory and the nature of the statistical populations which must be recognised. These populations are based on utilisation requirements although silvicultural requirements cannot be overlooked. He delineates that populations based on species, size and form are essential to both requirements. The necessity to delimit, within an inventory area, those areas of similarity of occurrence of particular populations was demonstrated in the light of utilisation and silvicultural requirements. Such demarcation was termed stratification. A review was made of the methods of stratification of an inventory area by aerial photo interpretation. Species identification, photo-mensuration and canopy-aspect mapping were the methods reviewed. He concluded that canopy-aspect mapping provides the greatest potential for reaching the ideal stratification based on species and size composition. He then discussed improvements as improved photography (which today would imply satellite coverage) and multi-staged sampling techniques. Evan’s thinking back then in 1965, was of the difficult task of inventory of a large area of virtually inaccessible tropical forest as the PNG forests. He paid much attention to the use of aerial photographs to determine both the forest area and to stratify it broadly by type.

Personal Communication Prof Phil West Southern Cross University June 2021.

Improvements to inventory mensuration methods are addressed. An example was that the use of small circular plots would be superior. Evan discussed issues that need further addressing as: • the influence of errors on volume calculations • defect assessment. Evan Shield 20 confirmed that the first volume table for PNG rainforest mixed species was a component of his work at the University of Oxford in 1965. He had collected the raw data for this project over the couple of prior years and had played around with graphical and formula fitting without great success. After substantial assistance of Howard Wright at the CFI in Oxford, together, they managed to get the data onto punched paper tape and Howard generously allocated some part of his allotted time on a University of Oxford computer somewhere on the campus. (He cannot remember exactly). Several mathematical models were tested and - again without now being completely sure - a weighted, multi-variate model was deemed the superior one. (Refer Appendix four page 105 Shield Thesis). Even at this earliest stage (1965), Evan was aware that there remained much more work to be done, especially in considerably increasing the range of species and the tree count in the raw data. From the 1960’s to now, probably little has changed. Resumption of Duties in PNG On return to Port Moresby, Evan was re-engaged in forest inventory work, more notably as leader of the helicopter-assisted inventory of the Middle Ramu area from base camps at Aiome and Usino. In 1966, Evan was appointed Senior Lecturer at the Forestry College Bulolo, teaching there for the next three years that coincided with the first diploma-level course (as distinct from the earlier, two-year certificate courses). Bulolo Forestry College Bulolo. Photo Credit Murray Day21 Dept of Forests PNG 1972.

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Personal communication Evan Shield 28th April 2021 TPNG Forests 1958-1971. Murray Day TPNG Forests 1970-1983.

The successful completion of the Diploma course created the first cadre of indigenous Technical Officers.

Forestry College Bulolo group photo was taken of the staff and students. L to R Norma Collis, Olga Woolcott, Heiner Streimann, Arthur Ramsay, Leon Clifford, Evan Shield, Gerry Cullen, Vivienne Shield, Pat Cattanach. Photo Credit Janelle Clifford 1966.

After Leave in Australia at the end of 1969, Evan returned to work in the Division of Management in Head Office, again, almost exclusively, in forest inventory. In 1970, Evan led a large team (totaling 94 persons at one long stage) in inventories in the Gogol Timber Area (based at the Gogol River bridge site) and in the Vanimo Timber Area (based for a short time in Vanimo and, later at Ossima). These inventories were supported by two helicopters throughout.

1970 Gogol Survey. Photo credit Ian Whyte. In addition to conventional inventory practice, the Vanimo task included collection of a representative sample of wood to determine the pulping value of the resources. A total of 44 tonnes of samples was produced, air-lifted from forest to base camp (by helicopter) and later to Vanimo (by single-engine fixed-wing aircraft) before being bagged and shipped to Port Moresby. Simultaneously, in Vanimo, Ron Oswell had built a chip-pile that was being used to determine the rate of bio-deterioration of woodchips in this hot and humid environment.

An Example of a large-Scale Forest Assessment in 1970, undertaken for Pulp and Paper Forest Resources -Vanimo Timber Area Project. The PNG Administration initiated a project designed to evaluate the pulping and papermaking potential of mixed tropical hardwoods in the Vanimo Timber area in detail. The intended outcome of this work is that it would then identify other timber resource areas in PNG as a source of wood chips. To determine the quality and potential market quality of the PNG forests for pulping potential, the Department of Forests through its Forest Products Research Centre Hohola engaged CSIRO Forest Products Laboratory22 to undertake that work. The CSIRO investigation23 initially selected Block 6 Vanimo Timber area (some 54,000 ha). Block 224 Vanimo Timber area (some 60,000 ha) was included in the investigations. Evan Shield25 described the Vanimo Timber Area as one of the more important components of the forest resources of PNG. This was because of its size and its species composition. The high frequency of occurrence of Kwila was the dominant feature of this.

Vanimo Township 1990’s. Photo credit Evan Shield. 22

CSIRO Division of Chemical Technology Technical Paper # 1 1975 “The Pulping and Papermaking Potential of Tropical Hardwoods 1 Phillips F H and Harries E D TPNG Forests 1955-1976. 23 CSIRO Division of Chemical Technology Technical Paper # 2 1975 “The Pulping and Papermaking Potential of Tropical Hardwoods 1 Phillips F. H., Logan A.F. and Balodis V. 24 CSIRO Division of Chemical Technology Technical Paper #34 1975 “The Pulping and Papermaking Potential of Tropical Hardwoods 1 Logan A.F., and Phillips F H. 25 Evan Shield personal communication 17 April 2020.TPNG Forests 1958-1971.

Details of the Vanimo Timber Area: Block Number Forested Area (Ha)

Forested area Production Forest Area (ha) as % of area 1 28,070 76.8 21,560 2 58,010 80.6 46,740 3 24,560 73.8 18,140 4 64,670 93.9 60,700 5 60,010 79.4 47,670 6 51,900 75.7 39,270 Totals 287,240 81.5 234,080 [Later, the net loggable area was defined as 207,080 hectares (or 72 % of the gross area) after making allowance for village reserves, stream reserves, inaccessible areas, and areas for preservation of significant natural features.] The Timber Rights to the Vanimo Timber Area were purchased in 1967. In 1970, a major forest inventory was conducted to augment the original inventory work. It was integrated with the collection of a representative sample of the commercial wood resource. In 1970, field sampling for wood samples was combined with an inventory survey led by Evan Shield. For the inventory survey, sampling circular plots were established along strip lines at 100 metre intervals. The strip lines, 1.5-2 km long, were chosen to give adequate representation of the forest. The wood sample collection parties followed the inventory survey and collected samples from several plots from each strip line. Samples were then carried to the end of each strip line for collection by helicopter. 12

Vanimo T/A location forest sampling strip line map. Mike Jones Dept of Forests 1970.

.. Vanimo – Ossima mission air strip. Photo credit Mike Jones. From a base camp located on the airstrip at Ossima, two Bell 47G-3B1 helicopters ferried staff to sites throughout the Timber Area. A total of 93 Forestry Department staff was involved, together with two pilots and two aircraft engineers. The Departmental staff were divided into four-man teams, each team allocated to one of three functions that were carried out sequentially on each site sampled: (1) inventory, (2) verification and (3) wood sample collection. 13

Vanimo Survey 1970. Photo credit Ian Whyte. A small number of staff at base camp organized these activities and, just as importantly, the supplies required to maintain the momentum of activity. Of importance was the arranging the air delivery from Vanimo (typically in a Cessna 206) of fuel for the helicopters and food for the staff. Given that this was the largest fixed-wing aircraft that could use the airstrip at Ossima, and it carried only two (200 litre) drums of Avgas per trip, this service had a high frequency. Besides the typical inventory results, this work produced a representative sample of 44 tonnes of wood, packed into copra sacks. Each sack was flown from Osama to Vanimo, then shipped by coastal vessel to the Hohola Research Centre in Port Moresby. There they were chipped prior to dispatch to CSIRO Melbourne for pulping trials. Evan Shield26 recalls a tale re PNG times all those years ago: “As you well know, in 1970, we ran a large survey of the Vanimo region. In the course of this work, we collected 44 tonnes of wood samples for CSIRO DFP in Melbourne for evaluation of pulping behaviour of these resources. These samples were reduced to chips under the supervision of Des Harries27 at the Utilization Division's office (laboratory facility at Hohola). The CSIRO team leader for this project was Bill Balodis. Many years later, I met Bill in Launceston, Tasmania ... and I remember his telling me of the admiration he had for what we (the Forestry Department staff) were able to accomplish in those days. He contrasted this with his more recent experiences in PNG when hurdles seemed so numerous as to be insurmountable.”

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Even Shield personal communication 27th May 2018 TPNG Forests 1958-1971. Des Harries TPNG Forests 1955-1976.

Pual River Area 1970. Photo credit Mike Jones.

Vanimo Survey 1970 Dick McCarthy with (Big Ev) Evan Shield at the scales at Ossima/ airstrip optimising pulpwood samples for loads for the Cessna trips. Photo credit Ian Whyte.

1970

Survey Ossima 1970. Photo credit Ian Whyte. Dick McCarthy participating in ceremonial burning of the haus pec-pec at the Base Camp (comment by Ian “your effort at putting the fire out did not work”). 15

Forests Survey Camp Osima. Photo credit Mike Jones 1970.

Mission Church Osima Vanimo. Photo credit Mike Jones 1970.

Mission Cattle Yards Osima Vanimo. Photo credit Mike Jones 1970. 16

CSIRO Division of Chemical Technology Technical Paper # 1 1975 “The Pulping and Papermaking Potential of Tropical Hardwoods 1 Phillips F H and Harries E D. 28 CSIRO Division of Chemical Technology Technical Paper # 2 1975 “The Pulping and Papermaking Potential of Tropical Hardwoods 1 Phillips F. H., Logan A.F. and Balodis V. 28 CSIRO Division of Chemical Technology Technical Paper #3 & 4 1975 “The Pulping and Papermaking Potential of Tropical Hardwoods 1 Logan A.F., and Phillips F H.

Life after PNG Evan departed PNG in January 1971 for private sector employment in Tasmania. There Evan was engaged in management of industrial forestry activities including: • • • •

Native forest and plantations supplying wood for company processing (to a peak annual level of 2.732 million tonnes). Woodchip production and export. Eucalypt (Tas Oak) and pine sawmilling. Panels (particleboard and veneer-based).

The period 1971 to 1982 provided an invaluable learning experience. Perhaps the key lesson was that sustainability demands adaptation and, without it, past accomplishments are meaningless. Since February 1982 to the present, Evan has conducted a consultancy business, almost always closely associated with the Eucalypts. Beginning in 1992, this has had strong focus on the Southern Cone of South America where the opportunities for management of Eucalypt plantations for multiple purposes are – simply put – enormous. That said, realization of a high proportion of their potential will demand sound strategies, many of them radically innovative. The key lessons here seem to be that inertia and pretense are powerful brakes on progress but that, as Churchill observed, they “will always do the right thing, only after they have tried everything else”. Intend to live long enough to see “the right thing” widely practiced. Evan Shield’s Uruguay Plantation Grown Sawlog Project29 Evan has had a close association with the development of a large and successful project involving plantation grown Eucalypt sawlogs and their conversion/processing into high quality lumber for global markets. Now covering a period of 18 years, this experience has led to some firm opinions about this business. In this brief note, Evan elaborated on the more important. For silvicultural success, Evan believes it is necessary to think beyond the perimeters of experience and even education. Essentially, he has found the process of going back to basics to be of great value, as far as what Evan believes to be the basis of good silviculture, keen observation, and informed deduction. Further, Evan found it impossible to dispute this challenge: “How can you manage the growth of a stand optimally if you do not know the potential growth of the individuals within that stand.?” This led him to research and to promote “the lonely tree” concept which he now believes to be beyond challenge as the correct silvicultural management approach for optimal production of plantation-grown Eucalypt sawlogs. 29

REF www.forestry.org.au The Forester Vol 54 No 1 March 2011.

Essentially the approach demands thinning interventions such that, from their earliest age, plantation trees are never in aerial competition one with another. The results of applying this approach is that: • Crown diameter increment is maximised. • Consequently, stem diameter increment is maximised. • As a further and more fundamental result, when this thinning is combined with judicious pruning interventions, sawlog value increment is maximised. In addition, Evan believes that the “lonely tree” concept: • Is primarily responsible for producing sawlogs with growth stresses at such subdued levels that they can be judged as being never more than a nuisance. • Can make some claim in providing a positive contribution to maintenance of a sound health status. • Is the clearly superior vehicle for delivery of success to a “Trees on Farms” strategy.

Bob Gordon (Forestry Tasmania) and Evan Shield with a twenty-yearold E. grandis in Uruguay. DBH 63 cm. Photo credit Evan Shield.

Those claiming that plantation grown Eucalypt wood lacks the (higher level) properties of the wood of the same species from native forests are correct. This is basically true for basic density and (Janka) hardness. However, such admission – while acknowledging that plantation-grown Eucalypt wood has different properties - does not infer that plantation grown Eucalypt wood is inferior. Evan’s experience is that plantation -grown Eucalypt sawlogs can be more than good. They can be excellent. No native forest sawlogs can match the recoveries and grade yields obtained from Eucalypt sawlogs from plantations subject to the highest standards of silvicultural management. Moreover, no other Eucalypt sawlogs can be converted with productivity achievable for plantation – grown sawlogs in a competently designed and managed sawmill. Around the world: • There are many thousands of sawmills converting plantation-grown Eucalypt sawlogs into low-value green-off-saw industrial lumber (for pallet and packaging stock, for concrete form work etc). • There are also several hundred sawmills converting plantation-grown Eucalypt sawlogs into structural lumber, a strategy Evan believes is flawed because of fundamental competitiveness issues. • There are a handful of sawmills converting plantation – grown Eucalypt sawlogs into appearance-grade lumber for such applications as flooring, furnishings, fit-outs, and finishing. Evan believes that, in most cases, each mill is doing the best it can with the sawlog resources available to it. He also believes that the standards of silvicultural management applied to the Eucalypt plantations on which these sawmills are dependent, are the pre-eminent factors determining their status in the hierarchy described. Only excellence in silvicultural management will allow plantation-grown sawlogs to fulfil their highly significant potential. Does everyone need to know more about growing and converting/processing plantationgrown Eucalypt sawlogs? Of course, they do. Everyone needs to know much more about drying plantation-grown Eucalypt lumber from such potentially important species as E nitens.

Photo Credit Evan D Shield 2011 Argentina.

Evan provided this image of a plantation tree of Eucalyptus cloeziana in Eswatini (= Swaziland) taken in 2007, just before it was destroyed by an arsonist's fire ... It is. in his opinion - the finest example of this world's best Eucalypt species ... and that tree was never pruned ... saludos cordiales, Evan Conclusion: There are two periods in Evan’s life wherein he met and mingled with others in associations he values to this day. Although, with the passage of time, contact with these people has been minimal – even non-existent – their shared experiences provide – for him – a rich recollection of camaraderie. One of these periods was the two years spent at the Australian Forestry School and the other was the substantially longer period while working in PNG’s Department of Forestry. ____________________

Personal communication Evan Shield 24th August 2021

NAME YEAR OF BIRTH DATE JOINED DEPT OF FORESTRY PNG WHAT WAS YOUR OCCUPATION WHAT LOCALITIES DID YOU WORK IN

WHAT DATE DID YOU LEAVE PNG LIFE AFTER PNG IF YOU WISH TO COMMENT BRIEFLY

FOR FORESTERS DID YOU RECEIVE A PNG FORESTRY CADETSHIP IF SO WHEN DATE OF GRADUATION IF YOU KNOW OF ANY OTHER FORESTRY STAFF AROUND YOUR TIME, PLEASE LET ME KNOW

Evan Shield 1940 As a Cadet Forester in February 1958 Forester Based in Port Moresby and Bulolo. Worked in many parts of the country though his experience in the Islands’ region was limited. January 1971 Firstly, in the private sector/forest industry in Tasmania and secondly as a self-employed consultant (in same role, escaped to live in Argentina in 05) Yes February 1958 Australian Forestry School 1962 Some years ago, Evan was in brief contact with Leon Clifford who was, at that time, living in Melbourne

ACRONYMS AAD ACT ACIAR ACLMP AEC AFS AFPNG AIF AMF ANBG ANGAU ANU APMF APPM ASIO ASOPA AusAID BA BCOF “Beer Time” BFC BGD BUC C cm CALM CFA CNGT CRE CRE

CSIRO CHAH DASF DBH/ dbh DEPT DPI DOF e.g. Etc FAO F &TB FIM FMA FPRC

Australian Antarctic Division Australian Capital Territory Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research AusAid funded World Bank Land Mobilisation program. Administrators Executive Committee Australian Forestry School Association of Foresters of PNG Australian Infantry Forces Australian Military Forces Australian National Botanical Gardens Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit Australian National University Australian Paper Manufacturers Forestry Pty Ltd Australia Paper and Pulp Manufacturers Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Australian School of Pacific Administration Australian Aid Agency basal area British Commonwealth Occupational Force 1945-52 Any time. Bulolo Forestry College Bulolo Gold Dredging Company Bulolo University College Commonwealth Centimetre Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management Commonwealth Forestry Association Commonwealth New Guinea Timbers Bulolo Commander Royal Engineers CRE is a term inherited by RAE from RE and is the term for the Commanding Officer of a RAE unit which is headed by a Lt Col. Although the officer is called the CRE the name is also used for the name of his unit. E.g., CRE Aust Forestry Group or 1(NG Forests). Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria Dept of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries Diameter at breast height Department Department of Primary Industry Department of Forests For example et cetera (more of the same) Food and Agriculture Organisation Forest and Timber Bureau Canberra Forest Information System Forest Management Agreement Forest Products Research Centre Hohola 23

FRG FRI Forkol GAB Gbhob Gubab GIS ha IBRD IFA IFY ITTC ITTO JICA L of N LRRS m3 MCCAF MHA MM NAA NARI NB NDS NFCAP NGM no. NG NGF NGIB NGI NGO NGVR NZ NSW NTSC OIC OISCA P or p PIB PIR PNG PNGAA PNGAF PNGFA PNGFIA PNGRIS PNGUT POM

Forest Red Gum Forest Research Institute Lae Bulolo Forestry College Girth above buttress Girth breast height over bark Girth under bark above buttress Geographic Information Systems Hectare International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Institute of Foresters of Australia International Year of the Forest International Tropical Timber Council International Tropical Timber Organization Japanese International Cooperation Agency League of Nations Land Resource Soils Survey (branch of CSIRO) cubic metre McCarthy & Associates (Forestry) Pty. Ltd. Member of House of Assembly PNG Military Medal National Archives Australia National Agriculture Research Institute New Britain Northern District Sawmills PNG National Forestry and Conservation Action Plan New Guinea Mainland Number New Guinea New Guinea Forces (relates to plant collection of Lae Herbarium) New Guinea Infantry Battalion New Guinea Islands Non-Government Organisation New Guinea Volunteer Rifles New Zealand New South Wales National Tree Seed Centre PNG Bulolo Officer in Charge Organisation for Industrial, Spiritual and Cultural Advancement International Japan. page Papuan Infantry Battalion Pacific Islands Regiment Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Australia Association Papua New Guinea Australian Foresters Magazine Series Papua New Guinea Forest Authority PNG Forest Industries Association Papua New Guinea Resource Information System PNG University of Technology Port Moresby 24

Q QF RAE RPC RRA SFM SP TAG UK UN Unasylva UNE UNEP UNI UNITECH UNRE UPNG UQ US USA TPNG TUBL TA TA TRP Vol VSF WA WB

Queensland Queensland Forestry Royal Australian Engineers/Australian Army Royal Papuan Constabulary Rapid Resource Appraisal Sustainable Forest Management South Pacific Trade Advisory Group of ITTO United Kingdom United Nations Journal of FAO of UN University of New England Armidale NSW United Nations Environment Program University University of Technology Lae PNG University of Natural Resources and Environment University of Papua New Guinea University of Queensland United States United States of America Territory of Papua and New Guinea Territory United Brewery Ltd Timber Area Timber Authority Timber Rights Purchase volume Victorian School of Forestry Western Australia World Bank