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AUSTRALIAN FORESTERS in PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1922-1975

PNGAF MAGAZINE ISSUE # 9B -5B4M2 of 27th July 2021 FOREST MANAGEMENT. Eminent TPNG Forester Don McIntosh

Don McIntosh1 Third Director TPNG Forests.

Editor R B McCarthy2 2021.

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Don McIntosh TPNG Forests 1946 -1973. Dick McCarthy District Forester TPNG Forests 1963-1975.

OVERVIEW Don McIntosh was an inaugural member of the 1948 TPNG Forest cadetship class together with Ted Gray and Alex Hart. The three TPNG forestry cadets graduated in 1952. Althought they were the same AFS year as Kevin White, Kevin was a Queensland forestry cadet who did not join the TPNG Forest Service till 1957. Don’s following description of his career and work activites in TPNG forests outlines the development of the forest service in his rise to Managing Director. AUSTRALIAN TPNG FORESTRY CADETSHIP SCHEME3 1946 to 1963 After the Second World War, a cadetship scheme was undertaken by the Australian Department of Territories to train Australian Forest Scientists to ensure sufficient professional staff for the purposes of creating a functional Forest Department for TPNG. The TPNG Forestry cadetship was five years university study including a field year in TPNG.

Surname

Positions

TPNG Cadetship 1948 1946 1946 Qld

Edward Charles Gordon Gray (NG) Alexander John Hart (NG) Donald Henry McIntosh (NG5) Kevin Joseph White (Q) Robin Levingston (NSW) Jaroslav Joseph Havel (WA)6 Robin Bilbrough Morwood (NG) Frank Harry Coppock (NG) Elliot Carby Tuckwell (NG) Et al

AFS 1950/51 1950/51 1950/51 1950/51

Year graduation 1952 1952 1952 1952

1953 1952

1952/53 1953/54 1955/56

1954 1955 1957

1953 1953

1956/57 1956/57

1958 1958

The appointments of Australian TPNG Forestry Cadets were summarized in LT Carron’s book in 2000 titled “A brief history of the Australian Forestry School (AFS).” 4 Cadet Forest Officer pamphlet courtesy Des Harries TPNG Forests 1955-1976 5 Don McIntosh Third Director of Forests PNG. TPNG Forests 1946-1973 6 Joe Havel First Principal Bulolo Forestry College. TPNG Forests 1953-1965

Reprint from TPNG Forestry Newsletter # 6 Early Life7 Donald Henry McIntosh was born on the 5th of May 1927 in Sydney NSW. His father was Fredrick McIntosh and his mother Frederica Angela McIntosh of 18 Bennelong Road Cremorne. Don’s military service was in the Royal Australian Navy Service Number S10526, home port Sydney NSW with the rank of Able Seaman. He enlisted on 31 May 1945 and was discharged on 6 January 1947. (Most fitting defence service for sailing the political seas of forestry later in his career). Barbara and Don McIntosh came to PNG in 1952, after completing his studies at the Australian Forestry School Canberra 1950-51, under the TPNG Forestry cadetship scheme which included his field year in 1949. His classmates included Ted Gray8, Alex Har9t and Kevin White10. His first posting was Kerevat. Don’s main task was to establish plantations of teak and kamarere in the wake of the government sawmill logging. The sawmill manager was Ted Roach, who supplied most of the timber needs of Rabaul until the early 1960’s when the task was taken over by private concerns such as Gazelle Timber Co. and Nonga sawmills. The government mill became a research and training unit. Previous trial plantings had already established that teak and kamarere would grow successfully in the high rainfall and well drained pumice soils of the high Kerevat valley. Here even survey pickets would grow. A block of kamarere planted between the sawmill and the High school in 1947 had averaged over 10 ft (3 metres) per year. Kamarere plantation Kerevat NB. Photo credit Ian Whyte11 1969.

Personal Communication Cora Num Victor Harbor Times 2016 https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=4528124 8 Ted Gray TPNG Forests 1948-1969 9 Alex Hart TPNG Forests 1946-1957 10 Kevin White TPNG Forests 1957-1977 11 Ian Whyte TPNG Forests 1969-1979

Above: Kamarere plantation in Fryar Logging Area Compartment 14 Keravat, age 15 years: mean tree diameter at breast height 43.2 cm, mean tree height 47.3 m, wood production 70 m3/ha/yr. Photo credit John Davidson. Left: Veteran tree near Keravat on the bank of the Keravat River in 1967. Height 68.6 m, diameter at breast height over bark (and buttresses) 8.54 m, diameter over bark above the buttresses 7.02 m. The adult person next to the base of the tree at the bottom of the photograph is holding a staff graduated in feet (1 foot = about 0.3 m). The crown shows at least two episodes of recovery after severe damage, probably caused by eruptions of the volcanoes near Rabaul. 12

Photo credit John Davidson.

John Davidson TPNG Forests 1962-1980

However, there were a few challenges, for instance: Kamarere and teak nursery techniques were still being sorted out. Giant snails left because of the Japanese occupation in Rabaul, had moved along the roads across the Kerevat River. They were particularly attracted to teak. It was necessary to place creosote-soaked bamboo rings around each plant and to ensure the weed growth was kept clear. Photo left: Japanese snail and friend Kerevat 1969. Photo right. Planting teak with antisnail collar 1969. Photo credit Ian Whyte. Around 1952, a ruling came through from the Government that all government labour were to be engaged on a ration and pay basis. Thus, the Kerevat labourers who had previously been on six shillings a day and able to grow their own food in the forest area were required to accept rations and thirty shillings a month. Naturally, they were quite upset. Many of them left. This meant the recruitment and training of a whole new gang of labourers. Transport was non-existent until Forests managed to obtain the use of an old blitz-buggy, when not broken down. It performed occasional trips to Rabaul. Fortunately, the buggy was soon replaced by a Ferguson tractor and trailer. Gradually, with help of the new labour and some new equipment and particularly a hard core of experienced Bougainville workers (among whom was included Namaki, who became a forestry technician in the Highlands), the re-afforestation organisation was built up to function reasonably successfully. During this two-year period, over two hundred hectares were planted. In addition to the plantation work, Don was also involved in several surveys. This included the trans-Kerevat survey and assessment which, through the work of Alan Ross13, Mike Kazakoff14, and a team of Warias led to the opening of that area for the timber operators of Rabaul. A part of this job was the re-establishment of the back boundaries of the old German land purchases along the Baining coast. This took several months. On one occasion, while is some very rough limestone country, Don, Barbara, and a team of Bougainvillians found they were too far from camp and had to sleep “bush”, a wet miserable experience.

Old German survey line. Photo credit Ian Whyte.

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Alan Ross TPNG Forests 1950’s to 2002. Mike Kazakoff TPNG Forests 1950’s and 1960’s.

Another activity was the reconnaissance assessment of the coastal forest of Open Bay which had been logged for walnut some 20 years previously. The survey, to assess the log export potential of the forest, was done under the watchful eye of Lane-Poole. Lane Poole first came to Papua New Guinea in 1922 and produced, after a lot of field work, the first document on the forest resources of Papua New Guinea. He was a small tough old chap with a hook arm who had also been head of the forest services in several Australian States, head of the Forestry School in Canberra and finally Director General of Forestry in Australia. He must have been in his late 60’s when he went on the Open Bay survey. Charles Lane Poole at Madang, 1924, showing the remains of a radio damaged in the raid at Kohu. Note his gaunt appearance after the rigours of his expedition to Mt Otto. Source: C. E. Lane Poole, Forest Resources (1925), facing p. 198, courtesy of the National Archives of Australia.

For recreation at Kerevat, cricket was often played against the High School. It was there that he met for the first time, several later top government officials, including Asai Tavai who was to become a Director of Lands. On other occasions they would play against Kokopo or visit people on the various plantations and government stations between Kerevat and Rabaul. In 1954, the McIntosh’s were posted to Bulolo where Don’s main task was to expand the reafforestation operation from around the two hundred acres per year to over a thousand acres per year.

Jim & Pat Cavanaugh with Don & Barbara McIntosh in their front yard at Bulolo. Photo credit Linda Cavanaugh Manning.

Bulolo was ill-equipped with trained manpower, transport, and general facilities. In fact, the only transport initially available for the re-afforestation operation, was a Farmall tractor and trailer that had been resurrected from a war time equipment dump in Wau by Frank Vickery15 a few years earlier and a jeep borrowed without cost from Mrs McClelland who was then the main stay of the Bulolo office. The annual burn-offs were spectacular. The technique was to clear fall a large area of four or five hundred acres of forest that had been logged over. Then, prepare fire faces all around the outside boundary and along creeks and internal tracks. Then, wait for the hottest and most fire dangerous day. The muster everybody that they could and in accordance with some carefully prepared plan, set them all to lighting the fire faces with as much flame as they could in the hope that the various faces would link up and a scorched earth would result. On one occasion in Rifle Range Creek, they were so successful in getting such a fire going that it produced a magnificent mushroom shaped cloud high up in the atmosphere. Queries of the source of this mushroom cloud were raised from far and wide.

Forest plantations burn at Bulolo seen from Wau forest station, c.1961. Photo Credit Des Harries16. Klinkii was a problem. It was only after Joe Havel17 and others had done considerable research work that they developed a successful nursery technique, and eventually worked out that it should be planted under shade rather than in open plantations as was the custom with hoop pine, thus making the great burn-offs unnecessary.

Frank Vickery TPNG Forests 1946-1969. Des Harries TPNG Forests 1955-1976. 17 Joe Havel TPNG Forests 1953-1965. 15 16

The Department of Forests PNG Division of Silviculture 1971 Notes on Wau Bulolo Activities Bulletin no 3 with accompanying photographs.

Forest Station Office Bulolo 28 February 1970. Photo Credit Barry Gray19. The volume of araucaria forest available to support the industry was marginal giving regard to the size of the Plymill and the time required to grow material suitable for plywood. This meant that frequent checks were made on the remaining volume so that, if necessary, management plans could be changed.

Dept of Forests Notes on Wau Bulolo Forest Activities Silvicultural Bulletin No 3. Fourth Printing February 1971. Figure 1 – hoop pine plantation aged 17 years. Figure 4 natural forest, hoop pine left, Klinkii right background. 19 Barry Gray TPNG Forests 1966-1974.

In January 1954, the establishment of a plywood mill at Bulolo by CNGT (Australian Government and Bulolo Gold Dredging Company) costing some $A3 million dollars commenced production. Output rose from 2.14 million square metres on a 5 mm basis in the first year to 3.34 million square metres valued at some A$2.9 million in 1969/70.

Unloading Logs Bulolo Ply Mill. Photo credit PNGAA.

Overview of Bulolo Ply mill.1954 Photo credit PNGAA.

One of these assessments was done by aerial photography using the NSW Forest Service Exports. Their method of assessment was to locate photo plots and count the number of tree visible in each plot. They then required TPNG Forests to locate a selected number of the plots in the field and count the actual number of trees in the plots selected and provide a correction factor. It was during this time that Forests learnt the value of air photography as an instrument of field management. The experience gained quickly led to their use in the location and design of roads and as a basic tool for future assessments. The Bulolo Forestry School had its beginning in the single men’s quarters in Bulolo in about 1957. The first trainees to learn about the intricacies of forest surveys, assessment, botany, and silviculture were a batch of young Australians, including a Shadow Minister for Transport, Tim Ward. The first lecturer was Joe Havel. In early 1961, the Australian Government made a nationwide recruiting drive (in Australia) to interview and enlist six (6) potential Assistant Forest Rangers, as part of ten (10) students, to be the first intake for the Bulolo Forestry College. The new recruits included Bruce Anderson, Tony Crompton, Rod Hall, Tony Brown, Heiner Streimann20, Tim Ward and Peter Eddowes21.

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Heiner Streimann TPNG Forests 1961-1972. Peter Eddowes TPNG Forests 1961-1981.

The first Principal of the school was Joe Havel, a very dedicated forester to the task ahead. The students were all housed together, into one (old) wooden building opposite the old forestry office. A classroom was established inside the forestry office building in the storage room for the Pine seeds. Joe Havel as the first official Principal of the College had the task of shaping the new (raw) recruits into ‘knowledgeable’ Forest Officers, over the next 18 months. Although lacking in resources, he was devoted to the task ahead, and did a wonderful job over the ensuing period of lecturing, organising field trips to and including the ‘mossy’ beech (Nothofagus) forests of Edie Creek in Wau with Kevin White as their guide, and with visits to the Bulolo Plymill, Golden Pines Sawmill, and the local sawmills in Lae. He also arranged for other members of the Forestry Department to present lectures in the various fields of Forestry, including forest surveys, aerial photography and interpretation, mensuration and silviculture, botany, timber utilisation and timber identification etc. The part-time lecturers included Kevin White22, Alan Cameron23, Eric Hammermaster24, Greg McDonald, Phil Ainsworth25, Alan Ross, and John Womersley26. The students were also involved in a major ‘burn-off’ in the Wau valley. Frank Coppock (OIC) oversaw the operation, and together with other forestry personnel and local labourers, a whole day was spent in a successful ‘burn’. After that, they all retreated to the old Wau Pub for a few ales where caution had to be observed due to the presence of ‘termites’ in the floorboards! From this small beginning the school gradually developed to its present size and status. Tony Crompton (standing) & Peter Eddowes (seated) & local field assistants. Training in forest survey work. Lower Montane Forest Bulolo 1963. Photo credit Peter Eddowes.

Crossing the Markham River. First intake of students heading back to Bulolo after field trip to Lae. Photo credit Peter Eddowes 1963.

Kevin White TPNG Forests 1957-1977. Alan Cameron TPNG Forests 1956-1970. 24 Eric Hammermaster TPNG Forests 1955-1979. 25 Phil Ainsworth TPNG Forests 1960-1981. 26 John Womersley TPNG Forests 1946-1975. 23

First Principal Joe Havel with students studying botanical specimens at the PNG Forestry College Bulolo. Photograph 1964 Dept. of Forests Port Moresby.

After five years in Bulolo and the birth of two sons, the McIntosh’s were posted to Lae to open a regional office. The region was to assess and meet the forestry needs of the northern part of the mainland of Papua New Guinea. The first office in Lae was an arc-mesh building that had previously been an army store. Other offices at Wewak and Goroka were opened, and survey activities were developed through the Highlands and the coastal forests of the mainland, the biggest surveys being in the Gogol Valley and in Lae along the Morobe Coast timber area. The government sawmill became beset with problems and was placed under regional control. The main problem was the lack of logs, but with the aid of a few young field officers and a great deal of enthusiasm by mill workers, additional resources were found, designed roads to tap them and make the mill profitable. This, however proved the mill’s undoing as it became competitive with private industry and in accord with policy of the day it was closed and eventually converted to the Transport Department garage and later to the Lae Produce Market. Its staff and equipment were dispersed through the department and to other government organisations. Many of the staff stayed with the Department in Lae, Bulolo and Port Moresby. In 1961, Don was posted to Port Moresby to replace Dave Dun27 who had taken a job with FAO. David had been with the Department for some years by then, initially as the first Regional Officer for the New Guinea mainland stationed constantly in Bulolo and then as Chief of Division of Management after Bill Suttie28 became Director on the death of Jim McAdam29. Don’s posting to Port Moresby was initially as Regional Forest Officer, headquarters, then as Chief Division of Management and finally as Director in 1970. Headquarters of Department of Forests Konedobu till 1971. Photo Credit Cliff Southwell30.

Dave Dun TPNG Forests 1955-1961 Bill Suttie TPNG Forests 1956-1970 29 Jim McAdam TPNG Forests 1938-1959 30 Cliff Southwell TPNG Forests 1957-1976. 28

The main task as Chief Division of Management was to identify potential forests of Papua New Guinea that would be likely to support major industries, assess these and endeavour to attract development. The task of assessing these took about five years and during that time with aid of the helicopter, the very experienced survey crew that was developed and some new techniques, Forests assessed some 10 million acres (4.04 million hectares) at a level where we could determine the sort of industry each of these forests could support. Up until 1963 forest surveys were ground based but to complete the comprehensive coverage of PNG’s forest resources to meet the Commonwealth Government’s timeframe, helicopter transport was introduced. This was documented31 by Don McIntosh and Eric Hammermaster in 1968. Major surveys then undertaken included timber areas as Vanimo, Empress Augusta Bay, Open Bay, Wanigela, West New Britain, Middle Ramu, Bulolo Wau, Ioma-Kumusi, Sagarai Gadaisu; Cape Rodney; Tonolei Harbour etc.

32Gogol

Survey Boss Boys 1963 L to R Norm Endacott33, Johnny Lowien, David “dokka” Reid, Eric Hammermaster, Jim Cavanaugh34, Evan Shield35, Peter Eddowes, Pilot Hurrell, Don McIntosh, Bill Jenkin36, unknown, unknown, Kevin White, unknown.

McIntosh DH and Hammermaster ET 1968 Forest Resource Assessment using Helicopter Transport 9th Commonwealth Forestry Conference 1968. 32 Personal Communication Eric Hammermaster 11/3/21. Gogol trial survey Nov to Dec 1963. Based at Utu Catholic Mission Station. Unknowns would include helicopter mechanic of Helicopter Utilities, soils staff of DASF as Paul Aland and DIES. One of the PNG forestry assistants was Gallope Mato who trained under Jim Cavanaugh post-war. 33 Norm Endacott TPNG Forests 1963-1975. 34 Jim Cavanaugh TPNG Forests 1938-1972. 35 Evan Shield TPNG Forests 1958-1971. 36 Bill Jenkin TPNG Forests 1949-1975.

Photo credit Mary Jenkin. From 1963 -69 approximately 3,600,000 ha were assessed when helicopter techniques of inventory were introduced. The forest areas assessed included the Gogol, Vanimo, most of New Britain, Sagarai Gadaisu, Kumusi and others. These forest assessments proved excellent projects and built up a very good spirit of teamwork within the Department as each required the help and participation of all the specialised sections of the Department. The labour was supplied by then young fit graduate foresters like Eric Hammermaster, Neil Brightwell37, Evan Shield, John Lake38, Ken Granger39, Chris Borough40, John Davidson, Rex Grattidge41, Paul Ryan42, Dick McCarthy, Dave Num43, Jim Beford44, Gary Archer45, Chris Done46 and others and the equally young and fit technical officers from the Bulolo Forestry College like Misi Henao, William Ao, Johnson Timoth, Robin Taureka, and various others. By 1970, when Don McIntosh became Director, Forests had completed the assessment of most of the forest areas that looked as if they would attract timber development and had started to swing the Department’s efforts towards building up a stronger district organisation, one that would be capable of working with a rapidly changing political scene, and one capable of supervising with confidence the new timber industry that was slowly coming into being. Regional Offices were increased from three – Rabaul, Lae and Port Moresby to five – Rabaul, Lae, Port Moresby, Highlands, Bulolo and Madang. Head Office was reorganised to give far greater emphasis to the District activities of the Department by the development of an Operational Division and the bringing of all the Technical Services under one head. This led to the appointment of Kevin White and John Gardner as the first Assistant Directors. The Gogol, Open Bay and Sagarai Gadaisu forest development agreements which had now been signed proved extremely difficult to develop. On one side there was an investor who was very nervous of how the world markets would respond and the costs of developing a major timber area. On the other side a Government that was equally unsure of the value of its resource, was nervous of the foreign investor and was probably anxious to see the interests of the Papua New Guinea people were adequately protected. This meant that each agreement was a compromise of conflicting interests and as such would always be subject to criticism. For Papua New Guinea to benefit from these new industries it was important for the field staff of the Forestry Department to be in constant contact with each party, helping them and bringing them into line where necessary and always acting fairly and in accordance with intent of the policies and laws of the day.

Neil Brightwell TPNG Forests 1961-1984. John Lake TPNG Forests 1962-1968 39 Ken Granger TPNG Forests 1963-1971. 40 Chris Borough TPNG Forests 1960-1971. 41 Rex Grattidge TPNG Forests 42 Paul Ryan TPNG Forests 1962-1972. 43 Dave Num TPNG Forests 1966-1979. 44 Jim Belford TPNG Forests 1970-1981. 45 Gary Archer TPNG Forests 1963-1973. 46 Chris Done TPNG Forests 1966-1975. 37 38

Localisation has been a constant activity of the Department and it can be justly proud of its efforts. The Bulolo Forestry College has turned out a fine body of men who will eventually fill most of the positions in the Department, particularly on the technical and management sides. Bulolo Forestry College Bulolo. Photo Credit Murray Day47 Dept of Forests PNG 1972.

Forestry College Bulolo group photo was taken of the staff and students. L to R Norma Colli48s, Olga Woolcott, Heinar Streimann49, Arthur Ramsay50, Leon Clifford51, Evan Shield, Gerry Cullen, Vivienne Shield, Pat Cattanach. Murray Day TPNG Forests 1970-1983. Norma Collis TPNG Forests 1946-1975. 49 Heinar Streimann TPNG Forests 1961-1972. 50 Arthur (Blue) Ramsay TPNG Forests 1950’s to 1970’s. 51 Leon Clifford TPNG Forests 1958-1975. 47 48

Photo Credit Janelle Clifford 1966. 52Opening

of the Bulolo Forestry College 3rd August 1965.

Janelle Clifford personal communication 17th April 2020 recalls being at the opening as one of the things that stuck in her memory was Barnes dozing off during the speeches.

Presentation of Certificates Bulolo Forestry College. November 1966. L to R. Don McIntosh Director Department of Forests, Sir Leslie Johnson CBE Assistant Administrator TPNG, Horrie Niall Morobe District Commissioner, Leon Clifford Acting Principal Bulolo Forestry College. Photo Credit Janelle Clifford 7/4/20.

On the research/professional side there has been less success due to heavy competition from the more popular professions of law, teaching, health, and agriculture. Nevertheless, the first Australian trained professional forester Andrew Yauieb graduated and was expected to move rapidly through the ranks. Andrew Yauieb (standing) Jan 1972 and Muka Gamea, technician. Photo Credit Barry Gray.

Forester John Davidson was appointed to be the PNG inaugural Forestry Professor at UNITECH Lae. This took some students who had been doing Forestry at UPNG. The end of 1976 saw the graduation ceremony for the first students. Two of the original students, Jack Noah and Joseph Ben are deceased53.

Professor John Davidson(left) with the first forestry graduates on the day of graduation. From the left Joseph Ben, Diki Kari, Alec Chang (Fiji), Jack Noah and Oscar Mamalai. (Not in the photograph is Samson Gaviro Solomons) UNITECH 1976. Photo Credit Gloria Davidson.

Oscar Mamalai personal communication 8 May 2019.

Source John Davidson Press Articles Post Courier April 1 of 1975 54.

In recent correspondence with Oscar Mamalai, sadly he reports that two of the four original PNG students Jack Noah and Joseph Ben are now deceased. Non-PNG students were Sampson Gaviro who was from the Solomons and missing from the photo was Alec Chang from Fiji.

4th June 1972 Don McIntosh Forests MD is standing behind Pat Cavanaugh and the Minister of Forests Moses Sasakila M.H.A. at Jim Cavanaugh’s retirement from Forests. Photo Credit Linda Cavanaugh Manning. Farwell presentation to Jim Cavanaugh 4th June 1972 by the Minister for Forests Moses Sasakila with Don McIntosh on the left. Photo credit Dept of Forests PNG 71/72 Annual Report.

The most important localisation achievement has been the appointment of Joe Auna to replace Don McIntosh. They say never develop and open a new work building.

Opening of new Dept of Forests Headquarters Building in August 1971.

Photo credit DOF Annual report 1971-72.

Don concluded his presentation by thanking all for being such a jolly fine crowd to work with. He asked that everyone give Joe Auna the same support and friendship that he had had. He wished everyone well for the future and for the farewell gift which he would use to purchase a sample of Papua New Guinea culture. Don McIntosh 1973.

Life after PNG Don undertook private consulting activities before moving to South Australia. Don died on the 26th of April 2015 and was cremated on 1/5/2015. His last Abode was Encounter Bay South Australia. Don’s wife – Barbara McIntosh died peacefully on March 15th, 2016, aged 88 years. Bibliography55 Donald Henry McIntosh was born on the 5th of May 1927 in Sydney NSW. His father was Fredrick McIntosh and his mother Frederica Angela McIntosh of 18 Bennelong Road Cremorne. Don’s military service was in the Royal Australian Navy Service Number S10526, home port Sydney NSW with the rank of Able Seaman. He enlisted on 31 May 1945 and was discharged on 6 January 1947. (Most fitting defence service for sailing the political seas of forestry later in his career). After completing his studies at the Australian Forestry School Canberra 1950-51, under the TPNG Forestry cadetship scheme where his classmates included Ted Gray and Kevin White, Don returned to PNG. He rose to Chief of Forest Management in the Department of Forests before becoming the third Director of Forests. 56

He was responsible for greatly increasing natural forest assessment with trials using helicopters as transport in the Gogol area in 1963. NAME

Don McIntosh 1927-2015 1946-1973 Regional Forest Officer Lae Chief Division Forest Management Third Managing Director Throughout PNG 1946 1952

DATE JOINED FORESTRY PNG WHAT WAS YOUR OCCUPATION

AREAS OF WORK A PNG FORESTRY CADETSHIP DATE OF GRADUATION

Personal Communication Cora Num Victor Harbor Times 2016.https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=4528124 56 Eric Hammermaster personal communication 11 April 2019.

ACRONYMS ACT ACIAR ACLMP AEC AFS AFPNG AIF AMF ANBG ANGAU ANU APMF APPM ASIO ASOPA AusAID BA BCOF “Beer Time” BFC BGD BUC C cm CALM CFA CNGT CRE CRE

CSIRO CHAH DASF DBH/ dbh DEPT DPI DOF e.g. Etc FAO F &TB FIM FPRC FRG FRI

Australian Capital Territory Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research AusAid funded World Bank Land Mobilisation program. Administrators Executive Committee Australian Forestry School Association of Foresters of PNG Australian Infantry Forces Australian Military Forces Australian National Botanical Gardens Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit Australian National University Australian Paper Manufacturers Forestry Pty Ltd Australia Paper and Pulp Manufacturers Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Australian School of Pacific Administration Australian Aid Agency basal area British Commonwealth Occupational Force 1945-52 Any time. Bulolo Forestry College Bulolo Gold Dredging Company Bulolo University College Commonwealth Centimetre Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management Commonwealth Forestry Association Commonwealth New Guinea Timbers Bulolo Commander Royal Engineers CRE is a term inherited by RAE from RE and is the term for the Commanding Officer of a RAE unit which is headed by a Lt Col. Although the officer is called the CRE the name is also used for the name of his unit. E.g., CRE Aust Forestry Group or 1(NG Forests). Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria Dept of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries Diameter at breast height Department Department of Primary Industry Department of Forests For example et cetera (more of the same) Food and Agriculture Organisation Forest and Timber Bureau Canberra Forest Information System Forest Products Research Centre Hohola Forest Red Gum Forest Research Institute Lae 22

Forkol GAB Gbhob Gubab GIS ha IBRD IFA IFY ITTO JICA L of N LRRS m3 MHA MM NAA NARI NB NFCAP no. NG NGF NGIB NGO NGVR NZ NSW NTSC OISCA P or p PIB PIR PNG PNGAA PNGAF PNGFA PNGFIA PNGRIS PNGUT POM Q QF RAE RPC RRA SFM SP UK

Bulolo Forestry College Girth above buttress Girth breast height over bark Girth under bark above buttress Geographic Information Systems Hectare International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Institute of Foresters of Australia International Year of the Forest International Tropical Timber Organization Japanese International Cooperation Agency League of Nations Land Resource Soils Survey (branch of CSIRO) cubic metre Member of House of Assembly PNG Military Medal National Archives Australia National Agriculture Research Institute New Britain PNG National Forestry and Conservation Action Plan Number New Guinea New Guinea Forces (relates to plant collection of Lae Herbarium) New Guinea Infantry Battalion Non-Government Organisation New Guinea Volunteer Rifles New Zealand New South Wales National Tree Seed Centre PNG Bulolo Organisation for Industrial, Spiritual and Cultural Advancement International Japan. page Papuan Infantry Battalion Pacific Islands Regiment Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Australia Association Papua New Guinea Australian Foresters Magazine Series Papua New Guinea Forest Authority PNG Forest Industries Association Papua New Guinea Resource Information System PNG University of Technology Port Moresby Queensland Queensland Forestry Royal Australian Engineers/Australian Army Royal Papuan Constabulary Rapid Resource Appraisal Sustainable Forest Management South Pacific United Kingdom 23

UN Unasylva UNE UNEP UNI UNITECH UNRE UPNG UQ US USA TPNG TUBL TA TA TRP Vol VSF WA WB

United Nations Journal of FAO of UN University of New England Armidale NSW United Nations Environment Program University University of Technology Lae PNG University of Natural Resources and Environment University of Papua New Guinea University of Queensland United States United States of America Territory of Papua and New Guinea Territory United Brewery Ltd Timber Area Timber Authority Timber Rights Purchase volume Victorian School of Forestry Western Australia World Bank