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AUSTRALIAN FORESTERS in PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1922-1975

PNGAF MAGAZINE ISSUE # 9B-5B4H3 of 24th June 2022 FOREST MANAGEMENT. Eminent TPNG Forester Des Harries TPNG Forests 1955-1976

Editor R B McCarthy1 2022.

L to R Paul Ryan, Des Harries, June Harries Maleny Qld. Photo credit Des Harries2.

1 2

Dick McCarthy District Forester TPNG 1963-1975. Personal communication Des harries 25/7/2022.

NAME YEAR OF BIRTH JOINED FORESTRY PNG OCCUPATION WHAT LOCALITIES DID YOU WORK IN

DEPARTURE PNG LIFE AFTER PNG

PNG CADETSHIP IF SO WHEN DATE OF GRADUATION

Earle Desney (Des) Harries 1936 March 1955 Forest Officer Wau plantations Kerevat plantations Rabaul Regional Office Port Moresby Wood Products Research Centre 1976 Settled in Canberra. Worked with Forestry and Timber Bureau and finally with the Bureau of Rural Resources during which time studied at ANU to achieve MSc. Forest Management and BSc. Geology. Retired to Maleny in 1992 trialling various coffee types and established small Cymbidium Orchid Nursery. Involved with community bodies: Mary Cairncross Park; Barung Landcare; Lake Baroon Catchment Care Group. Yes 1955 1960

TABLE OF CONTENTS “FORWOOD”

page 4

Australian TPNG Forestry Cadetship Scheme 1948 to 1963.

Page 5

Forestry in Wau by Des Harries The Influence of Lane Poole Pre-war Forestry Post-war Forestry The Forestry Labour Force The Environment Harvesting and Marketing Post-1960 Forestry Expatriate Staff at Wau The Kauli Lake Amenity The McAdam Memorial RAAF Dakota Crash Wau Notes for Forestry at Wau References

page 8 page 9 page 11 page 12 page 13 page 14 page 15 page 16 page 19 page 20 page 21 page 22 page 24 page 25

Forest Products Research Centre Hohola Port Moresby

page 26

A Taste of Teak

page 33

Appendix 1. Wau History

page 39

Appendix 2. Vanimo Pulp and Paper Project (Authors McCarthy, Shield, Jones) page 50 Acronyms

page 56

“FORWOOD” Des Harries has achieved what every forest scientist wishes – from growing to harvesting to utilising in situ plantation forests. During his TPNG career, Des managed plantation forest activities in Wau and Kerevat followed by a career change into the TPNG division of Utilisation whose role was the oversight of local TPNG wood processing. After PNG, Des moved into Australian forest policy activities working with the Forestry and Timber Bureau and finally with the Bureau of Rural Resources during which time he studied at ANU to achieve MSc. Forest Management and BSc. Geology. (Geology needed to deal with hard rockheads in Queensland for when he retired.) In his article Forestry in Wau, TPNG forester Des Harries described Wau as the birthplace of TPNG Department of Forests (leading to the PNG Department of Forests and today the PNG National Forest Service) over eighty years ago. Wau was the first posting of TPNG’s first Director “JB” James Bannister McAdam3 MM 1910-1959. Des Harries describes his working life in the article on the Forest Products Research Centre Hohola Port Moresby. It details the work undertaken by John Colwell as the ﬁrst Chief, Division of Utilization, initially based at Konedobu, Port Moresby. The role of this Division was the oversight of local TPNG wood processing, and in this capacity, Colwell established a good rapport with the timber industry leadership. His contacts with CSIRO Forest Products were of great value, particularly regarding his achievement of getting the Forest Products Research Centre established on a site in the Port Moresby industrial area of Hohola. Footnote The PNGAF Magazine project would not have been feasible and possible without the support and ongoing eforts of June and Des Harries in not only the sourcing of valuable background information but their proof reading expertise. That proof reading expertise has put the project into a legible format for all readers. Thank you Editor.

PNGAF Mag # 3 of 3 Nov 2020.

AUSTRALIAN TPNG FORESTRY CADETSHIP SCHEME4 1948 to 1963 After the Second World War, a cadetship scheme was undertaken by the Australian Department of Territories to train Australian Forest Scientists to ensure sufficient professional staff for the purposes of creating a functional Forest Department for TPNG.

The cadetship scheme comprised two years at an Australian university undertaking an approved forestry science course, followed by a field year in TPNG to gain practical experience in all facets of forestry, followed by two years at the Australian Forestry School in Canberra. In later years, the field work requirements were changed to include all university vacations must be spent in PNG, thus reducing the training program by one year before graduation but still meeting the condition of 12 months field work. Surname

Positions

Edward Charles Gordon Gray (NG) Alexander John Hart (NG) Donald Henry McIntosh (NG6) Kevin Joseph White (Q) Robin Levingston (NSW) Jaroslav Joseph Havel (WA)7 Robin Bilbrough Morwood (NG) Frank Harry Coppock (NG) Elliot Carby Tuckwell (NG) John Godlee (NG)8 Ian Grundy (NG) Eric Hammermaster (Q/NG) Des Harries (NG) Gerry Vickers (NG) Alan Cameron (Q)9

TPNG Cadetship 1948 1946 1946 Qld 1953 1952 1953 1953 1954 1955 1955 1955 1955 1956

AFS 1950/51 1950/51 1950/51 1950/51 1952/53 1953/54 1955/56 1956/57 1956/57 1957/58 1958/59 1958/59 1958/59 1958/59 1959/60

Year graduation 1952 1952 1952 1952 1954 1955 1957 1958 1958 1959 1960 1960 1960 1960 1961

The appointments of Australian TPNG Forestry Cadets were summarized in LT Carron’s book in 2000 titled “A brief history of the Australian Forestry School (AFS) 5 Cadet Forest Officer pamphlet courtesy Des Harries 2019 6 Don McIntosh Third Director of Forests PNG 7 Joe Havel First Principal Bulolo Forestry College 8 Fourth Principal Bulolo Forestry College 9 Alan Cameron Schlich 1960

John Smith (NG) 1956 1959/60 1961 Brian O’Hagen (NG) 1956 1959/60 1961 Neil Brightwell (NSW) 1960 1960/61 1962 Alan White (NG) 1960 1960/61 1962 Leon Clifford (NSW)10 1958 1961/62 1963 Evan Shield (NG) 1958 1961/62 1963 John Lake (NG) 1962/63 1964 Ian Currie (NG) 1963/64 1965 John Harrison (NG) Medi vac out Last field 1961 1964/65 1966 Chris Borough (NG) Field year year for 1960 1964/65 1966 Bob Bruce (NG) no field year cadets 1961 1964/65 1966 Rex Grattidge (NG) no field year 1961 1964/65 1966 11 John Davidson (NG) no field year 1962 1965/66 1967 Paul Ryan (NG) no field year 1962 1965/66 1967 Rod Holesgrove (NG) no field year 1963 1965/66 1967 Jim Belford (C) 1966 1966/67 1968 Dick McCarthy (NG) no field year 1963 1966/67 1968 Dave Num (C) 1965 1966/67 1968 R G Lyons (NG) no field year 1965 1966/67 1968 Gary Archer (NG) no field year 1966 1967/68 1969 Chris Done (NG) no field year 1966 1967/68 1969 Ken Hart (NG) no field year 1963 1967/68 1969 Ian Whyte (C) 1966 1967/68 1969 Abbreviations. TPNG - Territory of Papua New Guinea, NG- New Guinea, Q – Queensland, WA – Western Australia, NSW- New South Wales, C- Commonwealth, AFS - Australian Forestry School, BFC - Bulolo Forestry College. Notes John Harrison12 completed his forestry degree in 1965 but during his field year in 1963 he was bitten by a Papuan black snake near Brown River. He joined the Division of Wood Technology NSW Forestry Commission. Brian O’Hagen13 had to leave TPNG due to a health issue related to malaria. He became a soil science lecturer at the Gatton Agricultural College. Note in Les Carron’s AFS list his surname spelt incorrectly i.e., 2THagen instead of O’Hagen. Alec Hart14 returned after five years in TPNG, (the last few years being at Kerevat), to his home state of Western Australia in 1957. Robin Livingston was the long serving Regional Forest Officer for Papua until approximately. 1968/69. He then took up a position with FAO based in Rome.

Leon Clifford Second Principal Bulolo Forestry College John Davidson Schlich Medal 1966; First Forestry Professor UNITECH. 12 Per Com Chris Borough 21/10/18. 13 Per Com Des Harries per com19/9/18. 14 Per com Joe Havel/Roger Underwood. 11

John Lake15 returned to Tasmania for family reasons. He worked with Kauri Timber Company and then went to Private Forestry Tasmania. Ian Currie16 after serving one term in PNG returned to Australia joining ACT Forests. Chris Borough17 was the last to do a field year. Rob Bruce and Rex Grattidge were a year behind Chris at Sydney Uni. but caught up at Forestry School because they didn't do a field year.

Per com Evan Shield per comm 11/9/18. Per com Gary archer 21/6/19. 17 Per com Chris Borough 2/8/21. 16

FORESTRY IN WAU by Des Harries18 Wau must be accorded some significance in the record of forestry in Papua New Guinea because it was the base for the first forester appointed to the Australian Mandated Territory, as it was titled at this time. He was James Bannister McAdam and his appointment as Forest Officer was made in January 1938. (Ref. 1) Des Harries 1971. Photo Credit Des Harries. 1971. Wau

At the time of McAdam’s appointment, it is significant to note that the Administration of the Mandated Territory of New Guinea was conducted as a separate organization to that of the Australian Territory of Papua. The Headquarters of the former was in Rabaul. McAdam, born at Lancaster, U.K. in 1910, had migrated to Queensland with his parents and attended school in Toowoomba. He gained a Queensland Forest Service Cadetship in 1929 and completed his forestry training at the University of Queensland and the Australian Forestry School, Canberra, where 1933 was his final year. He then undertook field work with Queensland Forestry until his New Guinea appointment. It is not known if McAdam first lived in Rabaul, however, if so, he soon moved to Wau where the Territory’s major gold resource was being exploited (Note1) and large-scale utilization of the forests and reforestation were being considered. As we know all progress came to a sudden end in 1942 with the Japanese invasion during World War II.

Eminent TPNG Forester Des Harries TPNG Forests 1955-1976. OIC Wau Plantations 1960’s.

The Influence of Lane Poole19 The work in the 1920’s by C.E. Lane Poole (Ref. 2) initially carried out for the Administration of the Territory of Papua, then for Administration of the Mandated Territory of New Guinea, was a significant landmark for forestry in this country. Its primary objective was to locate and evaluate forest resources which could form the basis of profitable export-oriented businesses. In this he was unsuccessful, although he recognized potential for paper making and minor forest products. In 1923 and 1924, Charles Lane Poole completed a survey of Papua and New Guinea and recommended the establishment of a forest service. By the time a forerunner to a forest service was established in 1938, with the appointment of J B McAdam and J Cavanaugh, several Europeans had commenced sawmilling operations. These operations serviced the domestic market in addition to copra plantation owners in the Islands Region exporting logs and processed timber to the American veneer market. Charles Lane Poole at Madang, 1924, showing the remains of a radio damaged in the raid at Kohu. Note his gaunt appearance after the rigours of his expedition to Mt Otto. Source: C. E. Lane Poole, Forest Resources (1925), facing p. 198, courtesy of the National Archives of Australia. At the time of his project, the discoveries of the Wau/Bulolo goldfields were just being made. Although he must have heard of the presence of the stands of Araucaria associated with the goldfields, he did not on this occasion get to see them. Their presence there tied into his discovery of the conifer belt at this altitude, and he had seen examples of these forests in other areas. (Note 2). River of mud. The Bulolo River below Koranga Creek gold sluicing, 1960. Photo Credit Des Harries. In fact, the mining operations at Wau which commenced in about 1922 had created a demand for sawn timber. With its isolation, the goldmines at Wau needed local timber supplies. These were readily available on site, and free, as their harvesting would have been effectively a non-issue for the Administration of the Mandated Territory. The Administration was certainly mindful of the value of royalty payments on extracted mineral resources. Yet the matter of land tenure seems to have remained a non-issue. If

Cover page C E Lane Poole 1925 Report on Forest Resources of the Territories of Papua and New Guinea Government Printer Melbourne 209 pp. 19

considered at all it is likely to have been placed in the ‘too hard basket.’ Only in recent years has this legality been addressed, and compensation paid to the landowners. The gold miners, including Mrs. Doris Booth OBE, were aware of the valuable timber resources. In her 1929 biography, Mrs. Doris Booth described the stands in the Bulolo valley with some enthusiasm. She suggested that after the gold mining ceased, they could utilize the valuable timber in the area. (Ref. 4) As it happened however, most of the best stands of Red Cedar were destroyed to make way for the gold dredging. Gold dredge at Bulolo, 1960. Photo Credit Des Harries. The scale of gold extraction had accelerated during the 1930s, and access improved with the development of air transport between Lae, Wau and Bulolo in particular. Lane-Poole, then Inspector-General for Forests for the Commonwealth, was asked in 1935 to further investigate timber industry potential in the area for the Mandated Territory Administration, based in Rabaul. (Ref. 3). Lane Poole20 in his report on the forests of the goldfields of Bulolo Wau in 1935 stated: that the only asset that he could see to replace the wasting product gold, was timber. The region is purely a forest one, and its climate is decidedly a forest climate – in short it is proven forest country. In contrast to the emphasis placed on industry use – values by miners and government officials in the mining office, government forestry officials emphasized the potential for an industry and the wastefulness of the mining community. In his 1935 survey of timber in the Morobe goldfields, Lane Poole was concerned with value of timber and overly critical that the timber was not being used appropriately by mining companies. For example, cedar was used as an all-purpose resource when durability was necessary. He quoted the use of cedar for a water race when the cedar would have been put better to use in the production of fine cabinetry. Evan Shield demonstrated this point with a photograph below of a bridge made from cedar21 over the Bulolo River above the confluence with the Watut River before World War 2.

Lane Poole, C.E., 1935. ‘Report on the Forests of the Goldfields of New Guinea: Together with Recommendations Regarding a Forest Policy for the Whole Territory.’ Unpublished TS, 1935. NAA. 21 Evan Shield Personal Comm 21/4/2020 “the misuse of timber species referred to by Lane Poole in 1935”.

Cedar1 Bridge over Bulolo River above confluence with the Watut River before World War 2. Photo Credit Evan Shield. Lane Poole, as the then Commonwealth Inspector General of Forests for the colony charged with making recommendations on the use of the forest resources found in the colony, enforced a set of values that sought to match grain and strength with products. He argued that the mining community needed to put to better use the resources available to them. They were too wasteful, knowing nothing of timber’s value. Jensens Bridge Bulolo Valley. Photo credit Evan Shield.

From the discovery of gold at Koranga Creek near Wau by William “Shark eye” Park in 1922, the development of the Wau Bulolo valleys for gold mining with roads, townships and airstrips enabled a flourishing timber industry to be developed including large scale plantation development which continues to this day. Pre-war forestry The first saw-milling business to have been established in Wau may have been in 1935. According to the source under reference, Mr. Roy Hyde arrived in Wau that year with his wife, two sons and a daughter and started mills (sic.). This reference says that timber was floated down the Bulolo River in rafts to the coastal town of Lae where it was used for house building. (Ref. 5) (Note 3). The expected Administration revenue from exploitation of the Wau/Bulolo forest resources would have been a significant stimulus to it accepting the 1935 recommendations made by Lane-Poole. This evidently led to recruitment action being initiated and the appointment of the Territory’s first forest officer, J.B. McAdam, in January 1938 as already noted. Anderson’s Plot (planted c.1940) surrounded by 1950’s plantations. Photo Credit Des Harries. In the few years that remained before the onset of World War II work was commenced on Hoop Pine planting. This was conducted in the Kauli Creek area near

to Kaisenik Village and five miles out of Wau. This plantation of not more than an acre became known as Anderson’s Plot. When forestry operations at Wau resumed in 1956 the locality was known as Anderson’s Logging Area. Mr. Anderson appears to have been an assistant engaged by McAdam. A forestry base and nursery had been established adjacent to the southern bank of the Bulolo River approximately one mile upstream from the No 6 gold dredge. This happened to be opposite the site of the new 1960 Forest Station. McAdam’s nursery site was approximately two miles in a direct line from the first plantation (Anderson’s Plot) and approximately five miles from the centre of the Wau mining locality. (Note 4) Post-war Forestry The war wiped out Wau. As a mining town its renewal depended upon startup of operations which took little time. However, the policy of ‘burnt earth’ which had been adopted by Australia’s military forces meant a complete rebuilding of the town and its infrastructure was required. Obviously, the saw-milling facility was essential in this process. No road yet existed linking the area with the coast, which retarded recovery. However, the wartime Administration under the Military with operational District Management by ANGAU, saw the inevitable combination of the administrative efforts in the two Territories. Mt. Missim from Wau, 1960. Photo Credit Des Harries. With McAdam leading the Australian Forestry companies during the latter years of the war, the groundwork for a combined post-war Department of Forests was laid. This was particularly important in two key aspects of a national forestry effort resource survey and saw-milling. In the former, McAdam had secured Territory-wide aerial photography at a scale amenable to forest resource survey and mapping. In the latter, the Forestry Companies’ sawmills at Lae and Kerevat provided immediate timber supplies for reconstruction in two major centres and developed a core of staff with a good degree of forestry aptitude and loyalty. The Bulolo Gorge between Wau and Bulolo 1960. Photo Credit Des Harries. Probably the largest project undertaken by the post-war Department of Forests was the marking of the survey reference points, trigonometrical stations, on the land allocated in the Wau/Bulolo valleys for 12

forestry. The completed survey was shown on the map produced by the Department of Forests entitled Bulolo-Wau Valley, Area of Forestry Interest, C390, 10-1-64. The establishment of the trig stations allowed the detailed surveying required for roading and plantation establishment to tie in with the overall survey network. These surveys continued as required into the future. In Wau the available land suitable for plantation establishment in the Kauli Creek area, and initially named Anderson’s Logging Area, was planted up over a period of four years commencing in 1956-57 and completed in 1959-60. On the map C390, this area was called Kauli Creek Territory Forest. Forest Ranger Mike Kazakoff supervised this area of plantations establishment. The senior foreman was Bai from Kaiapit Village in the Markham River Valley. In 1960 supervision of Wau forestry was passed to Des Harries. On Edie Creek Road. June Harries and friends botanising, 1960. Photo Credit Des Harries.

In 1960 the Kauli base was abandoned, and a permanent Forest Station established on the Northern side of the Bulolo River. This was to be accessed via the Pine Creek Road, and a new concrete bridge was constructed crossing the Bulolo River. However, before the bridge could be used, floods washed out the temporary road approaches. For several months access was limited to vehicles capable of fording the river or by walking. Flood damage at new Bulolo River Bridge site, 1960. Photo Credit Des Harries.

The Forestry Labour Force In the post-war period the workforce at Wau was provided almost solely through the system of indentured labour organized by the Administration. The source of this labour force was the Eastern Highlands, commonly from Kainantu. The so-called ‘lines’ of thirty young men were recruited for two-year periods. Usually they selected their own ‘boss boi,’ who thereby gave his name to the ‘line.’ 13

Working at Wau was probably the best locality for highlanders in terms of healthiness. The risk of serious lowland tropical disease was less than at coastal locations although malaria was still a major problem. In terms of working conditions, with regular diet, housing, and clothing issues as well as health care, very few recruits did not return to their village in a healthier state than when they had left. Many wanted to return, although this rarely happened. Scrub clearing Wau plantations 1960. Photo Credit Des Harries.

Planting at Wau. Photo Credit Des Harries.

In 1960 Forestry at Wau obtained its own ‘lik lik doctor’. His name was Maupa, from Salamaua. As one of the very few local staff who was literate, Maupa also gained the additional duty of meteorological observer at the Wau Forest Station. The Environment The contrast of philosophies of the introduced industries practiced in Wau was extreme. On one end of the spectrum was that of gold mining. The allure of this mineral created a drive which seemed to justify, or indeed negate, all detrimental side effects of the extraction process. The Administration, through its Mining Laws, sought only to protect individual leases and ensure that leases paid their royalty on extracted mineral. No requirement was imposed on leases to restore their leases or to mitigate damage to off-site areas. In the Wau/Bulolo minefield the damage done was extreme on both counts. The prime valley flats, with impressive stands of Red Cedar and many other hardwoods, were converted to rock piles. The large-scale sluicing operations on Koranga and Edie Creeks in particular, washed tons of silt into the Bulolo River for decades. The extraction of gold involved pollution from mercury and cyanide. Tailings from underground mining were dumped on the most convenient location. And for all this disaster, most of the profits went offshore. Agricultural endeavor in the Wau Valley was directed to two forms of cropping. Firstly, coffee plantations became the dominant feature of the Wau Valley on its southern side. These plantations had been amongst the first coffee grown in Papua New Guinea, and in the Wau environment were extraordinarily successful. Vegetable growing for sale into the major centres of Port Moresby and Lae was the other significant agricultural operation. It relied on airfreight of fresh vegetables, e.g., lettuce and other leaf and root crops, to the European food retailers of these centres. One small dairy herd supplied fresh milk for local consumption. The environmental impact of these crops and grazing was relatively benign. 14

Forestry operations, through the plantation program, was largely restorative. It is true that the preliminary harvesting of sawlogs and the pre-plantation clear falling and burn off caused short term erosion and disruption of the pristine forest. But under forestry control these scars were healed in a few years. In particular, the network of retained forest cover between plantation compartments, along creek lines and on slopes deemed too steep for plantations, ensured wildlife refuge and the preservation of all native forest values. The plantations themselves were initially all native conifers. The area of Kauli Creek cleared at the time of establishing Anderson’s Plot (approximately 1940) was probably more extensive than the area actually planted. This may explain the severe grass infestation in the neighboring 1956-57 plantation known as Compartment 1, Anderson’s Logging Area. (Note 5). Grass infested Hoop Plantation near Anderson’s Plot, c.1961. Photo Credit Des Harries. Because of its age, and despite its small size, Anderson’s Plot remained of interest during the post-war years. Growth plots were installed for regular measurement. The most damaging feature of the forest plantation program was undoubtedly the construction and maintenance of access roads. In this climate and on the slopes of the valley, land slips were a continuing problem. During the Battle of Wau, which took place in 1943, this area was occupied by Japanese forces. Significant numbers of unused mortar bombs were found during planting and tending of the post-war plantations. Harvesting and Marketing In 1960 New Guinea Goldfields Pty. Ltd. held a Permit to take logs from the Wau forestry area. This amounted to two million super feet per month. These logs were for conversion at their local sawmill. The logging crew operated with one truck, one bulldozer and the small crew was supervised by Mr. ‘Taffy’ Evans, who knew the area well. Forestry required the logging operation to be coordinated with its reforestation program, and for this purpose regular liaison was essential. Pine stands were of scattered distribution in small to moderate stands which made harvesting to the Permit quota tricky. Apart from Pine (both Hoop and Klinkii) considerable volumes of prime hardwoods were also available, but less sought after by NGG. Monthly harvesting returns were submitted by NGG to the Regional Forest Office for the area and were not sighted by the local Forest Officer responsible for overall supervision. The harvesting system required that the logging crew marked logs taken from the forest. These should have been measured for royalty purposes at the log ramp. Obviously, this messy system had the potential for many failings including the theft of timber. With the staff 15

available, adequate supervision and checking of log harvesting was impossible, and remained a source of irritation. Despite this, relations between the Wau Forestry staff and NGG’s logging crew generally remained relaxed, and with the state of roads, mutual assistance was frequent. The final logging operation in the Kauli Creek area in 1960 was about as disastrous as it ever was, with the NGG tractor operator inadvertently (we trust) knocking out a few trees from Anderson’s Plot and leaving a main road in a non-accessible condition after its use as a log loading ramp. The ancient and huge Araucarias, towering over the understory and often growing in precarious ridge-top locations, were valuable trees. To fell them was dangerous work, even for a skilled tree-faller. The cutting tools available for this work in 1960 were axes and crosscut saws. In the case of New Guinea Goldfields’ crew, the fallers were New Guineans paid no more than a few dollars a month plus keep. Some trees were lost irretrievably by slipping into deep valleys, yet although these were unaccounted for, the number lost was relatively small. So was the number of accidents in the logging crews. For all its difficulties in this most uninviting environment, the saw-milling operation in Wau as operated in 1960 was probably a commercial success. It would only have been better to have been run by the Forestry Department, which at that time had the surplus staff capacity to do so as its Lae and Kerevat saw-mills closed. Post-1960 Forestry Forest plantations burn at Bulolo seen from Wau forest station, c.1961. Photo Credit D Harries. The first plantation burn on the northern site of the Bulolo River took place on 29 September 1960. It was a tricky compartment to burn as it was spread around three sides of the new Forest Station site, known as Cedar Creek. It was known as Compartment 1, Izzy Dizzi Creek Logging Area. Wandumi land adjoined this area on the eastern side, and south of the Forest Station site. The vehicle road to Wandumi ran along this southern boundary and crossed Cedar Creek at a fossiliferous site. Plantations burn in Beenleigh Creek, seen from Wau 1961. Photo Credit D Harries.

Bulolo forestry burn seen from Wau forest station, c.1962. Photo Credit Des Harries.

A five-chain wide belt of rainforest was retained around the nursery/forest station clearing, and additional land set aside on the western side to provide gardening sites for the labour lines (up to three, i.e., ninety men, were initially housed here).

Wau Forestry Office and Nursery 1960. Photo credit Des Harries

Wau Nursery and temporary store building. Photo credit Des Harries.

Commonwealth Department of Works undertook the construction of the permanent Forest Station structures. The first of these was the office building, followed by the tubing shed and the building used as the store and vehicle garage. A year later the residence for the Wau Forest Officer was built on this site as well as three married quarters for local officers. Des and June Harries with arrival of daughter Julia were the first occupants with no electricity. Electricity was connected to this site in 1962.Photo Credit Ian Whyte 1976. Road works continued to the west over the ensuing several years, providing eventually an alternative route from Wau to Bulolo to that of the old gorge road. Sandy Creek Road crossing construction, 1961. Photo Credit Des Harries. The progress of this roading program suffered a severe setback when it reached Sandy Creek. This problem was complicated by issues associated with so-called ‘native mining’

Work on the Sandy Creek Crossing, c.1961. Photo Credit Des Harries. A well-constructed pre-war water-race existed on the western side of Sandy Creek. It had been recently reactivated for the purpose of small-scale alluvial gold extraction at the junction of Sandy Creek and the Bulolo River.

Native mining operation near Sandy Creek, Wau, 1961. Photo Credit Des Harries. In addition, a miner had decided to live at the Sandy Creek end of the Forestry Road. The road location which would have been shortest and cheapest to construct would have meant the destruction of the water-race. This was ruled as unacceptable. The Sub-District Officer also ruled that the miner should not be asked to relocate. The resulting solution involved cutting the road bench for the full distance along the

eastern bank of Sandy Creek until a crossing could be made upstream of the water-race. The road location then ran down-stream above the water-race on the western bank. The problem of construction of the road bench was exasperated by the fact that the location ran into granitic rock. This required extensive pneumatic drilling and blasting. Expatriate Staff at Wau With its Sub-district status, Wau office and its operations depended extensively on the resources of the Bulolo office. This resulted in considerable interaction of staff, and this increased in the early 1960s. The roadwork program, with a large component of maintenance and repair work, relied for some years on one Wau based tractor operator until late 1960 when he returned to Australia. This was Alan (Red) Harrison. There was regular support from Bulolo based tractor operators Bob Cattanach and Bill Jenkins. Then with the relocation of the Lae Sawmill staff, Peter Woolcot was transferred to Wau. On the silviculture side, support came from short term stays by Cadet Forest Officers, firstly Evan Shield followed by Neil Brightwell. The Fraser brothers, Ken and Alan moved up from the Lae Sawmill and took over roles in supervising the labour lines involved in plantation establishment. To provide support in the office, Mrs. Best, a resident of Wau was engaged. The fact that the forest office was located five miles out of town placed an additional burden on motor vehicles held at Wau, with Mrs. Best, Alan Fraser and Peter Woolcot requiring transport to and from the office each day. Without the expatriate residence constructed at the Forest Station, which had been a contentious issue at the start, operations at Wau would have been calamitous, because so much had to be organized early each morning at the Forest Station.

TAA Domestic Service, Wau. Photo credit Des Harries.

The Kauli Lake Amenity Once the labour line compound and forestry store had been removed from the former nursery site at Kauli lake, the decision was made to turn this location into an amenity for the community of Wau. The existence of this small lake on the ridge near Kauli Creek had always been an intriguing natural feature. It also benefitted from having a magnificent view over the Wau Valley. As part of the site cleanup, it was decided to clear and burn some surrounding regrowth and to poison the extensive kau kau (sweet potato) gardens using herbicide. An unfortunate occurrence during the burn-off was that a spot fire in the neighboring Hoop plantation not being noticed in time and about an acre of plantation was destroyed. Extensive effort was put into the establishment of ornamentals, pathways, etc. around the lake. Some planting material was even flown in from Port Moresby. The resulting efforts were quickly appreciated by Wau townspeople, who used the site for family picnics. One family even had a small sailing boat brought up to use on the lake.

Wau 1963. Source PNGAA.

The McAdam Memorial In late 1960 the Department of Forests sent draftsman Laurie Edwards to Wau to develop a plan for a permanent Memorial to its first Director. The site chosen was close to Kauli Lake but on its own grassland knoll. A massive concrete slab shaped as a stylized arrowhead was designed. This imposing memorial is visible from the air. It points true north across the Wau Valley and the site of Jim McAdam’s first Forest Station, and towards the imposing mass of Mt. Missim which lies between Wau and Salamaua on the North Coast. All these areas had played a significant part in Jim McAdam’s life. We hope he would have approved of what came after.

Plaque to Jim McAdam Memorial Park 1968. Left Bob Bruce and right John Smith. Photo credit John Davidson.

J B McAdam Memorial Park Wau 1968. Photo credit John Davidson.

RAAF Dakota crash Wau22, Saturday 22 October 1960

Information provided by RAAF historian and TPNG forester John Davidson.

RAAF aircraft which met with disaster whilst landing, Wau Airstrip. Fortunately, all crew escaped. These photos were taken from our town house in Wau in 1960. Photo credit June and Des Harries. 23

Notes for Forestry at Wau. Note No. 1. P.N.G. Forest Products Brochure (2004). (?) Extracts: P.N.G. Forest Products evolved from Bulolo Gold Dredging Limited that commenced operations in large scale alluvial mining in 1932. As the mining operation scaled down the plywood factory and sawmill were constructed by Commonwealth New Guinea Timbers Ltd. This was a collaboration between Bulolo Gold Dredging and the then government of Australia (New Guinea Timber Agreement Act, No. 40 of 1952). “In 1954 plywood production and the export of product to overseas destinations commenced and for the past 50 years the company has been involved in the conversion of both hardwood and plantation (conifer)resources to high value end products. The pine plantations were also established as part of a large-scale post-mining reforestation program by the Department of Forests. Note No. 2. Lane-Poole had determined through his systematic classification of floral zones that the coniferous forests occurred in what he called the Mid- Mountain belt, between one and two thousand metres in altitude. Note No. 3. The location of these mills (sic) in Wau is not known, but one may have been on the site subsequently used for a sawmill by New Guinea Goldfields Pty. Ltd. Machinery would have been flown in as were components of the No. 6 Gold dredge at this time. A suitable rafting site would have been at the site of the subsequent road crossing of the Bulolo River to Crawford’s farm on the northern side of the river. This was adjacent to the eastern extremity of the No. 6 dredging site. Note No. 4. The location of the first forestry operations in Wau at a distance of five miles, may have related to a clause in The Timber Ordinance (Consolidated) 1909, an adaptation of the old Queensland Act. This Ordinance, among other things, provided: - For the declaration of timber reserves on any Crown land, except within 5 miles of a mine shaft. The above Ordinance was replaced (possibly following the recommendation of Lane-Poole) with The Forestry (New Guinea) Ordinance 1936. It is not known, however, if the 5-mile clause was still invoked in 1938 when it was known that McAdam commenced forestry operations at Wau. Note No. 5. During April and May 1960, the risk of fire damage in the plantations adjacent to Anderson’s Plot became severe, with clearing and burning being conducted on the forestry side of Magnetic Creek near Kaisenik Village. This was in the vegetation left as a firebreak. The perpetrators here and in other locations at around this time were generally native miners. 24

It required considerable cooperation and assistance from officers of the Mining Wardens Office and the police to redress this risk to government forestry plantations. Native miners did not require an official license to operate but were granted leases and were assisted by an officer assigned to this task, in this case Mr. Ray Frazer. A similar fire risk also resulted from employees of leaseholders with forestry boundaries in the Kauli Creek area extending their gardening into forestry land left as “green breaks.” Fire lookouts equipped with knapsack sprays were maintained in the Kauli Creek area at this time. Note No. 6. The first buildings constructed at the Cedar Creek Forest Station were of native materials. These included a compound building, a store, and a shade house structure. The shade house was intended to hold orchids salvaged from the crowns of trees during the plantation site clearing. This was an arrangement with the Division of Botany in Lae. However, the shock of removal to ground level appeared too great and this project failed. References Reference No. 1 Carron, L.T., McAdam, James Bannister (Jim) (1910-1959) Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hard copy 2000. Reference No. 2 Lane-Poole, C.E. Report, The Forest Resources of the Territories of Papua, and New Guinea,’ 1925. The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia. Reference No. 3. Lane-Poole, C.E. ,1935 A report on the forests of the goldfields of New Guinea, together with recommendations regarding forest policy for the whole Territory. Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, Canberra. Reference No. 4. Booth, Doris R., 1929, Mountains, Gold and Cannibals, Cornstalk Press, Australia. Reference No. 5 Wikipedia: Wau, Papua New Guinea.

FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH CENTRE - A PERSONAL RECOLLECTION. By Des Harries.

Prior to Independence in 1975, the Forestry Department of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea was organized in the traditional manner of Australian Government Departments. In this case, under the Director, were the various Divisions with their Chiefs - thus Divisions of Silviculture; Management; Botany and Utilization. John Colwell, after experience with CSIRO Division of Forest Products in Melbourne, was appointed as the first Chief, Division of Utilization, initially based at Konedobu, Port Moresby. The role of this Division was the oversight of local TPNG wood processing, and in this capacity, Colwell established a good rapport with the timber industry leadership. His contacts with CSIRO Forest Products were of great value, particularly regarding his achievement of getting the Forest Products Research Centre established on a site in the Port Moresby industrial area of Hohola. While I was working out of the Forest Office in Rabaul, Colwell approached me in early 1965 with the proposal to join the new Centre - I declined, with the impression that my level of experience was insufficient. However, two years later, having been working in the Particle Board industry in Australia, I reconsidered my position and John obtained a position for me at Hohola. During my absence in Australia Gerry Vickers had taken on the role of supporting John Colwell in establishing the Centre. The building itself was a show case of fine timber craftsmanship - an exhibit of the best of local timbers. Guidance in the fit-out of the laboratories had come from CSIRO, and the technical excellence of this brought great credit to both Colwell and Vickers. Some excellent people were also recruited. Wood preservation research was led by Vickers with the technical support of Colin Levy, a chemist who had previously been with the Department of Agriculture at the Kerevat Research Station. Minor Forest Product research and development was the field of Mr. Jack Zieck, formerly a senior officer in Dutch controlled West New Guinea. Wood identification and the preparation of associated timber property publications was handled by Peter Eddowes. The supporting workshop was run by Les Austin, who for many years had run the Kerevat Sawmill workshop. Experimental sawmilling equipment was run by Arthur Mobbs, who likewise had spent many years in the Department’s sawmill at Kerevat. The extensive wood-working facility at Hohola was managed by a local officer and wood tradesman, Joel Nalong. Several apprentices became skilled tradesmen working under Joel during these years, 1960’s-70’s. When I joined in June 1968, I was given the new task of monitoring the possible development of a woodchip export industry. Subsequently Warwick Stokes was recruited and took on the task of developing kiln drying schedules. Canadian recruit, Col Stelmack, carried on this work when Stokes was transferred for a stint at the Bulolo Forestry College. The main building of the Forest Products Research Centre became the office of the Chief of Division of Utilization as well as that of Forest Products research officers. In effect the role of the Division of Utilization within the Department of Forests had changed considerably. The majority of interaction between the Department and Industry had now devolved to the Central Office of the Department. This latter office also took up new quarters in a building at Hohola adjacent to the Forest Products Research Centre.

The Department during these years also saw the development of Forestry Research facilities at Bulolo somewhat in parallel to the Hohola facilities. The construction of the main building mentioned above provided for the housing of a Forest Products themed library, a wood sample room featuring collections of timbers of all continents as well as New Guinea, a chemical laboratory and work spaces as well as office accommodation and reception/typing facilities, and a photographic darkroom. Another feature was the provision of two rooms with special air-conditioning which was a possible requirement for certain research projects. One of these subsequently became the special microscope room used extensively in the measurement of wood fibres, as part of the wood pulping studies done in cooperation with CSIRO in Melbourne, and the other for wood decay studies. The offices were lined with beautifully prepared plywood featuring selected New Guinea timbers and peeled at the then Commonwealth New Guinea Timbers plywood mill in Bulolo. These plywood panels were beaded with narrow strips of New Guinea ebony. Work benches were features in themselves, being constructed of Klinkii pine. It was not many years before extensions became necessary with the increasing workload. An extension to the chemistry laboratory was first. This was followed by two large storage areas, one of which was devoted to the extensive wood collection involved with the aforementioned wood pulping studies. Located on the Hohola site was a caretaker’s cottage, which subsequently was taken over for housing expatriate staff. This large landholding off Frangipani Street, Hohola also housed special research facilities including pressure treatment plant, wood kiln, woodchipper and wood chip storage/treatment facility, sawmill, including a twin edge circular saw bench and saw sharpening facility, mechanical workshop, cabinet making workshop, inflamables storage shed and an accommodation block for local officers. The construction of the inflamables storage shed is of special interest. It was the last building to be put up at the Hohola site and was concurrent with the planning for the new House of Assembly near the University at Waigani. We decided to demonstrate the use of pressure treated timber shingles for the roof of this building, using plantation-grown Eucalyptus deglupta (Kamarere) from the Brown River. 23

Amazingly, for it was quite a small building, and about 200 metres from the main road, this roof was spotted by architects passing by on their way to the House of Assembly site. They came inquiring about the nature of this roof. The result was that they chose this material (treated kamarere shingles) for the roof of the ‘Haus Tambaran’ style House of Assembly building. It created a great deal of work manufacturing these shingles in the relatively small treatment plant at Hohola.

Powter A 1976 Papua New Guinea Shake and Shingle Manual Department of Forests

I was certainly fortunate to have been allotted the task of looking after the development of the woodchip export industry in New Guinea. Pulping studies of New Guinea (Papua) woods had in fact been initiated decades earlier in the days of Jim McAdam. It arose out of the realisation that the proposed development of the ‘cutch industry’ - stripping the bark of mangrove trees in the Gulf of Papua for tannin production - would lead to massive volumes of otherwise wasted wood. CSIRO was coopted to evaluate the suitability of this wood for pulp production. Frank Phillips was recruited by the Forest Products Laboratory in Melbourne to do this work, and after an extensive lull, this New Guinea project was to be revitalised, but in a much more complex, yet promising way. Japanese pulping interests had led the industry of exporting woodchips from southern Australian Eucalypt timbers, and they now looked to New Guinea as a further source of wood chips, all-be-it with different pulping properties, yet to be determined. The Gogol Timber purchase area outside Madang was the first to be targeted, and so Madang and the Gogol became my fieldwork area. A Company called Japan New Guinea Timbers (JNT) was formed and three Japanese officers arrived in New Guinea to get things going. They were Messrs. Sato, Ito, and Takahashi. I got to know them very well, as we collected the first large scale sample of logs for trial pulp and paper making in Japan. But the project did not stop there. We next worked on collecting a massive sample from the Vanimo area during the resource assessment survey of that area. Ref Appendix 2 Pulp and Paper (Authors- Dick McCarthy/Evan Shield/Mike Jones). A statistically based sampling plan was developed by Mr. Bill Balodis of CSIRO in Melbourne, who became a regular visitor. We also carried out a study, based in Vanimo, of the behaviour of woodchips stored in piles. Dr. Harry Greaves, wood decay expert, also from CSIRO in Melbourne, was involved in this study, as was Col Levy from the Forest Products Research Centre at Hohola. The scientific paper24 based on this work was presented by me at a Conference of the Australia New Zealand Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Association (APPITA) held in Hobart in March 1972. This was the first scientific paper sourced in the Forest Products Research Centre to be published.

Phillips F H and Harries E D 1975 The Pulping and Papermaking Potential of Tropical Hardwoods 1 CSIRO

The scale of the pulpwood sample work at Hohola led to the need for more assistance. Possibly the ﬁrst indigenous females to be recruited by the Department of Forests were engaged. Misses Olwyn Kila and Jean Holmes commenced work as Laboratory Assistants under the supervision of Miss Lorraine Richardson. In the wood sample preparation work the team included Macdonald Wagapani. With the woodchip export industry obviously developing, John Colwell considered that international pulp and paper industry experience could be useful. The result was the engagement of retired Canadian Industry executive, Mr. Larry Wickwire, who spent a year in New Guinea, lending his high-level support. Although the pulping studies kept me busy until 1976 when I returned to Australia to join the Forestry and Timber Bureau in Canberra, there were numerous projects which I was able to assist with. These included providing advice to the Department of Public Works with improvements to their sawmill at Mendi in the Southern Highlands; log grading studies, an old-fashioned sort of project which took up a lot of time, although to my mind of little practical purpose; improvements in logging equipment, in particular wheeled skidders, by organising demonstrations for the timber industry. Thinning and utilisation of stems from the Department of Forests’ Brown River Plantations was an interesting exercise. Some twenty-ﬁve truckloads of teak thinnings were brought into the Hohola site for processing into squared post material suitable for low-cost housing

25 26

Phillips F H and Harries E D 1975 The Pulping and Papermaking Potential of Tropical Hardwoods 1 CSIRO Phillips F H, Logan A F and Balodis V 1975 The Pulping and Papermaking Potential of Tropical Hardwoods 11 CSIRO

structures which were proliferating on the fringes of Port Moresby and creating in Col Levy’s words, “an unsolicited demand”. After the studies of mixed species pulping were completed by CSIRO, we embarked upon another significant study, this time of the pulping qualities of plantation grown species, primarily Eucalyptus deglupta - Kamarere. Fortuitously this study was facilitated by an interesting set of trial plots established in the vicinity of the Gogol Timber area near Madang. The trial involved plantation plots of Kamarere from several provenances. We were able to complement the samples taken from the provenance trial plots with samples from a wide range of ages taken from plantations established over the years at Kerevat. The Japanese paper industry provided a complementary study of this species by taking a whole compartment (1957 planting from memory) which was shipped to Japan and converted into paper. My decade working in the Forest Products Research Centre in Port Moresby was a highlight of my career. It allowed me to confirm, to myself at least, the amazing potential for forestry that resides in this land of Papua New Guinea. It also demonstrated to me the capacity of its people when trained, to deal with the complexities associated with a scientific approach to the use of forest products. Establishing this institution was probably the most significant achievement of John Colwell’s career also. In his later years at Hohola the focus of his direction deteriorated. His health had seriously declined, and the Administration suffered from the inevitable anxieties associated with the achievement of National Independence. Sadly, there had been insufficient time for local officers to develop the maturity to cope with the technical complexities faced in this field. But I feel that the results obtained prior to Independence have proved of enduring value.

Source John Davidson Photograph 1976 Forest Products Research Centre, Dept of Forests, Hohola, Workshop on Wood Preservation in PNG.

A TASTE OF TEAK27 Many young officers of Papua New Guinea’s Forestry Department, pre-Independence, experienced an introduction to the process of growing plantations of Teak trees. All knew of the fame of Teak as one of, if not the premium timbers of the world. But it was very much a “foreign” entity - not an Australian, or for that matter, PNG thing - truly exotic. However, this was the wet tropics, and Teak was a native of that environment in southern Asia. Also, the former German Administration had established trials prior to 1914. Those few Australian foresters who got to see these post-1945, must have been impressed enough by the species as an investment worth trying. During 1957 a fifty-year-old tree was cut from the Kokopo plantation and sawn into planks at the Kerevat mill. This must have been an attempt to evaluate the potential of the product, and there is no doubt that this was seen to be satisfactory.

Photo 1. A sample taken from one of the boards produced. Photo Credit. Des Harries.

Personal communication Des Harries 8/9/21/

The result was the commencement in the early 1950s of the plantations at Kerevat and Brown River (Mt. Laws). At Kerevat, Teak, Techtona grandis and Kamarere, Eucalyptus deglupta, were grown on neighbouring blocks on the river flats, mostly in pure stands but also in admixture, with the faster grown, Kamarere being tried as a sort of “cover crop”, soon to be abandoned. Still, there remained some doubt as to the wisdom of this investment and on the occasion of a pre-conference tour by some delegates to the Seventh British Commonwealth Forestry Conference, held in Australia, August to October 1957, Des recalls the then Director, Jim McAdam, intently probing experienced foresters for their opinions when the group visited Kerevat. Des thinks that not too much was gained from this, but certainly the program of planting Teak was not deterred. At the Brown River, by 1971, the planting program had steadied at about 200 ha per year. But at Kerevat, the onset of local land ownership claims curtailed further planting. Initially seed for the Kerevat plantation was collected from old German plantings near Kokopo and on New Ireland. In 1957 this was being organised by Regional Forest Officer, Alex Richardson and Regional staff officer, Ms. Lorraine Taylor. The seed, sown in small nurseries, was allowed to grow into small plants which, at the time of planting out were cut into “stumps”. The planted “stumps” were protected from attack by the plague of giant African snails with cardboard rings soaked in snail deterrent. Some years later a seed orchard was established at Kerevat in an area isolated from the main plantations. These selected trees were an important part of the Department of Forests’ Tree Improvement Program. In 1971, the Forest Products Research Centre at Hohola, Port Moresby, conducted a Teak plantation thinning trial at Brown River, with the cooperation of the then OIC, Bob Bruce. The thinnings were cut into squared poles for low-cost building, for which there was a high demand around Port Moresby. Studies of the wood in these thinnings showed that while the true heartwood had the natural durability associated with Teak, there was an ‘intermediate zone’ of lesser durability between the heartwood and the sapwood. The latter was distinguishable on the basis of its colour, but not so the ‘intermediate zone’. It seemed anomalous that an artificial preservative treatment was necessary to obtain a durable product from these teak plantations. Such a treatment certainly diminished the demand for these products for low-cost structures, as the builders of such structures would have preferred the lower cost of untreated wood. Nevertheless, the Forest Products Research Centre included the pressure treatment of thinnings products in its trial, preliminary leading to a marketing study.

Thinnings ready for skidding along a skid track constructed using a Caterpillar D6 Tractor operated by Bob Cattanach from Bulolo. Photo credit. Des Harries.

Des Harries with small Massey Ferguson Crawler Tractor loaned for the exercise, by Ela Motors, Port Moresby. It proved too small for the skid track construction task. Photo Credit. Des Harries.

Photo 4. A load of teak thinnings as taken to the Forest Products Research Centre at Hohola, Port Moresby. Photo Credit. Des Harries.

A large market stall using CCA treated teak. Source Col Levy 1975 paper Wood preservation in PNG.

A simple market stall using treated teak and bamboo in Port Moresby. Source Col Levy 1975 Paper Wood preservation in PNG.

A low cost house using CCA treated teak and bamboo. Source Col Levy 1975 paper Wood preservation in PNG.

Project Brief A LOGGING AND UTILISATION STUDY OF TEAK PLANTATION THINNINGS IN THE CENTRAL DISTRICT OF PAPUA. Forest Products Research Centre, Hohola, Port Moresby, PNG. Des Harries. Introduction The Department of Forests has been engaged in the establishment of Teak (Tectona grandis) plantations in the Central District of Papua since 1954. Until 1964 annual planting areas were small, commensurate with the pilot nature of such reforestation and limited availability of suitable seed at that time. The choice of Teak as a reforestation species was influenced by a number of factors, some of which have become redundant due to changing demands in the market and technology in the timber industry. The species is suitable for the monsoonal climate and soils of the lower foothills in this District. It's growth rate from early trials appeared satisfactory. The intrinsic value of Teak is based on the remarkable natural durability and stability of its heartwood. However, with the development of chemical timber preservation methods the durability factor has been largely superseded by its stability and appearance for high-class furniture. Even its remarkable stability has largely become a redundant property as a result of the wide-spread development of thin veneers on a stable plywood or particle board structure. We are thus left with the characteristic appearance of teak, combined with the world-wide fame of the name, as the major selling feature of Teak wood. The distinct appearance of the wood, for which it is now largely sought, is dependent on the ring porous structure and seasonal deposits giving textural and colour patterns to the finished wood surface. It has become apparent that to develop this characteristic, teak must be grown on sites where the combined effect of seasonal drought and poorer soils result in the essential periodic growth restraint, with ‘growth rings’ at fairly close intervals. Because the market for high quality cabinet woods is a limited one and has an ever-present risk of disappearing due to the whims of furniture fashions and development of substitutes, other end-uses are required to justify plantation establishment. These end-uses appear to be sawn timber, mainly for local use, plus round material from younger thinning’s for use as posts, poles, etc. With the rapid growth of population in the Port Moresby area the demand for such building materials is intensifying. There should be little difficulty in disposing of the products from the current plantation programs of 400 acres per annum, the yield of thinning’s from which will taper off to a constant level over the next ten years. The initial problems of utilising material from these plantations is intimately involved with developing the most satisfactory products from the early thinning’s to meet local demand. While these thinning operations constitute a necessary silvicultural treatment in the 37

course of producing high quality wood it must be done as cheaply as possible. Even a small economic return from the thinning’s material is advantageous, particularly if a demand for this type of raw material is satisfied at the same time. A combination of factors has precipitated this study. The first was the desirability of finding a commercial outlet for the early teak thinning’s, and at the same time meeting an increasing local demand for such products as could be developed from them. The second following from the first, was the need to develop a method of harvesting most suitable for local conditions and which would be adaptable to a commercial thinning operation. Outline of the project This project was initiated following discussions in July 1971 between staff of the Regional Forest Office, the Forest Products Research Centre and the Manager, Equipment Division, Ela Motors Pty. Limited, Port Moresby. The following steps were planned: (a) An initial appraisal of the local market potential for the type of product which we could expect to be produced from teak thinning’s - house stumps, fence posts, road marker posts, etc. The use of pressure treated round timbers in these categories appeared most promising. (b) A thinning’s extraction study covering the range of topographical conditions in the teak plantations. (c) A pilot study on the production of marketable products from the thinning’s material, covering seasoning, debarking, grading, pressure treatment and product handling methods. Finally using the stock of end products obtained, market promotion and education was to be commenced.

APPENDIX 1 - WAU HISTORY. Wau is situated at an altitude of around 1100 metres in Morobe Province PNG. The Wau Ecology Institute is a biological research station situated near Wau. Wau was the site of a gold rush during the 1920s and 30s. While much of the mineral reserves have been extracted, industrial gold mining continues at Edie Creek and at the newly established Hidden Valley Gold Mine operated by Harmony Gold - South Africa. A satellite image of Wau and the mines, looking towards Bulolo. Source Wikipedia.

Aerial View of Hidden Valley Gold Mine above Edie Ck Wau and 5.5 km pipe conveyor conveying crushed ore to the processing plant. Source PNG Chamber of Mines and Petroleum 2013. 39

, some 210km north-west of Port Moresby. Wau was the site of a gold rush during the 1920s and 30s when prospective gold diggers arrived at the coast at Salamaua and struggled inland along the Black Cat track. The first strike at Wau, the start of what would be known as the Morobe Goldfield, was made at Koranga Creek by William ‘Shark-Eye’ Park, probably towards the end of 1921. Park and his partner, Jack Nettleton, ran a clandestine mining operation for twelve months from April 1922 until a new Mining Ordinance enabled them to get their gold out legally. Nettleton, it is known, took out 6000 troy ounces, or about 190 kg, of gold in August 1923. Only a handful of miners worked the field, rich as it was, until 1924. From 1924 to 1926 perhaps 20 miners were on the field producing about 200 kg of gold a year. The real rush began in 1926 with much bigger discoveries at Edie Creek, above Wau. The new rush made air transport viable and Wau’s airstrip opened in 1927 by the Parer brothers originally of Spanish descent. In 1928 there were 200 miners and production was about three tonnes a year. The influx of miners was often in conflict with the area's indigenous populations, including the Biangai along the Bulolo River and the Watut along the Watut River. During the early gold rush (1924–1927) prospectors and carriers employed from the coast followed paths through some of the Biangai villages. The beginning of air transport reduced the need for lines of carriers. In 1972, in the 6000 hectares case, PNGLR 71 (19 July 1972) the Biangai won the restitution of the Morobe Goldfields in the Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea and compensation was awarded in respect of historical gold sales. Park quit Wau in 1926 as a wealthy man. After this properly capitalized companies were formed. New Guinea Goldfields, Ltd (NGG) was the biggest operator, but there were many others: for example, Koranga Gold Sluicing, Sandy Creek Gold Sluicing, Edie Creek Gold Mining Company, The Golden Deeps N.L., Upper Watut Gold Alluvials, Placer Development Limited, ETC. In subsequent years, NGG consolidated control over much of the mineral reserves using its large capitalization to purchase the smaller leases. Underground mining began with the Day Dawn mine in 1931; several similar operations were opened before and after the Second World War. These mines were exceedingly small by modern standards, the biggest being Upper Ridges with a total production of 2.9 tonnes over eighteen years. Open cut mining was conducted at Golden Ridges mine between 1932 and 1941, and other pits yielded gold in the Namie area both before and after the war. Most were small and short-lived; the richest was Golden Peaks, producing about six and half tonnes of gold between 1962 and 1977. The Golden Peaks mill also processed ore brought to it by an aerial ropeway from new workings at Upper Ridges. Bulolo Gold Dredging (BGD) began operations at the sister town of Bulolo in 1932 and was responsible for the bulk of pre-war gold production: about forty tonnes in total. Seven of the eventual eight dredges worked the Bulolo Valley gravels; one only, No. 6, worked in the Wau Valley. Large operations ceased to be attractive after WWII, partly due to pegging of the gold price at pre-war prices and the last dredge ceased operating in 1965. Source Wikipedia.

One of two hotels in Wau28. Note Mt Kaindi in the background. 1930’s. Source PNGAA.

One of the richest goldmining leases on the Edie Creek goldfields. Source PNGAA. General view of New Guinea Goldfield's Edie Creek (called Mt Kaindi) HQ.

A gold-mining lease on the Edie Creek. Source PNGAA. Cliffside - a goldmining lease Bulolo River, between Wau and Bulolo. (Home of Doris Booth OBE).

No 6 Gold dredge based in Wau Valley 1963. Source PNGAA. At the Battle of Wau in January 1943, the Australian Army stopped an advance by the Japanese.

Eminent TPNG Forester Peter Eddowes 1961-1981. We were involved in a major ‘burn-off’ in the Wau valley in 1963. Frank Coppock oversaw the operation, and a whole day was spent in a successful ‘burn’. After that, we all retreated to the old Wau Pub for a few ales where caution had to be observed due to the presence of ‘termites’ in the floorboards! 28

25/2/1944 The top portion of the Wau airstrip which is unique in that it runs up the slope of a hill requiring pilots to use judgment in landing. The aircraft are, from left to right, a CAC Wirraway of 4 Squadron RAAF (coded QE-L), a Douglas A-24 Banshee 41-15801 of the USAAF and a Stinson L-5 Sentinel 42-98060 of the 25th Liaison Squadron USAAF. Source Australian War Memorial. Wau Airstrip 1976. Photo credit Ian Whyte.

A road was established soon after World War II to Lae and this fostered the further development of local timber and agricultural industries that were originally established in support of the mining industry. While much of the mineral reserves have been extracted, industrial gold mining continues at Edie Creek and at the newly established Hidden Valley Gold Mine operated by Morobe Goldfields (a subsidiary of Harmony Gold - South Africa). Timber mills in Wau were started by Roy Hyde in 1935, who arrived with his wife, two sons and a daughter. Timber was floated down the Bulolo river to the coast, which was used for house building in Lae and other resorts along the coast. Natives would guide the rafts to their destinations. NGG Ltd sawmill at the mouth of the Binatang Creek Wau. September 1941. Photo Credit Jim Cavanaugh.

Notable people who were born in Wau included – e.g., John Laws Australian radio personality, born in Wau 8 August 1935 or lived in Wau – e.g., eminent TPNG forester Gary Archer29 .

Eminent TPNG Forester Gary Archer 1963-1973 - In 1948 we moved to Bulolo, where my father worked as a sawyer at the Golden Pines sawmill, just outside Bulolo. From 1949 I attended primary school at Bulolo and later at Wau, where my father worked for New Guinea Goldfields (NGG) as a gold miner and later as foreman at their sawmill. One of my schoolmates was Marybeth Owers, the daughter of NGG surveyor Noel ("Jerry") Owers, who located the road to the Kokoda Trail during the Second World War and after whom Owers' Corner is named (Aust. War Memorial, 2003). 29

Long term resident Gary Archer provided the following early photos30 of Wau courtesy of the publication taim bipo. Gary Archer doing the pays at Bulolo, 1963. (Photo credit Chris Borough).

Road to Edie Creek from Wau. Wau Airstrip. Photo post World War 2. Source taim bipo.

Photos showing the construction of the goldfield’s road Wau to Edie Creek late 1920’s early 30’s. Source taim bipo.

Source taim bipo-a selection of old photographs from Papua New Guinea 1880-1960’s by Michael Coutts 1990 Publisher South Pacific Magazine ISBN -998085880X. 30

Gold dredge 12th August 194831.

Gold dredges 12th August 1948.

Abandoned Gold Dredge after 1948.

Source taim bipo-a selection of old photographs from Papua New Guinea 1880-1960’s by Michael Coutts 1990 Publisher South Pacific Magazine ISBN -998085880X. 31

Booth, Doris Regina (1895–1970) by Susan Gardner Doris Booth 1939 Wikipedia Doris Regina Booth OBE (1 October 1895 – 4 November 1970) was an Australian nurse and goldminer. She was the first female member of the Legislative Council of Papua and New Guinea. This article was published: ▪ in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 7 ,

1979 ▪ online in 2006 Doris Regina Booth (1895-1970), nursing volunteer and goldminer, was born at South Brisbane on 1 October 1895, daughter of Henry Wilde, clerk, and his wife Minna Christina, née Gerler. After a state school education, she enrolled as a trainee nurse at Brisbane General Hospital but met Captain Charles Booth, a shell-shocked soldier who had prospected in Papua before the war; she discontinued her training when they married on 14 May 1919. After twelve penurious months at Mitchell in western Queensland, Booth became a plantation manager for the New Guinea Expropriation Board at Raniolo near Kokopo. When he was discharged late in 1923, his wife took a share in four trade-stores and broke local convention by becoming a licensed recruiter of labour. Financed by Burns Philp & Co. Ltd, they went surreptitiously to Salamaua in 1924 following rumour of gold. Booth went ahead to the Bulolo valley while his wife secured her own miner's right, refused earlier in Rabaul; single-handed, she then spent five weeks taking a line of carriers from Salamaua to Bulolo. There, while her husband prospected, she was employed by William ('Sharkeye') Park to 'man' his lease. Booth pegged a lease in his wife's name, then left her as the only resident white woman at Bulolo to work it while he prospected at Edie Creek. From September 1926 to January 1927, she also organized and managed a racially segregated bush hospital to control a dysentery epidemic, treating over 32 patients at one time and more than 130 all told. For this work she received the O.B.E. in 1928 and became known locally as 'the Angel of Bulolo'. One of their leases was sold in April 1927 to Morobe Guinea Gold Ltd and Mrs Booth became a director of the firm. While Mrs Booth went to Australia for her health and for business between 1927 and 1930, the marriage began to collapse. Nevertheless, the couple travelled to the United States of America and England and while in London in 1928, with M. O'Dwyer as ghost-writer, she published Mountain Gold and Cannibals, a popularized version of her experiences. After her return to New Guinea in March 1929 she slowly wrested control over the family business affairs from her husband, whom she left early in 1932. Booth sued in the Central Court of the Territory of New Guinea in August 1933 for restitution of property. Since no Mandated Territory law explicitly safeguarded married women's property rights, it was a test case. Judge F. B. Phillips held that British and Australian Acts passed before 1921 superseded the common law notion of male control of joint property and gave Mrs Booth the verdict. When Booth appealed this particularly acrimonious case to the High Court of Australia, the judgment was upheld, and territorial law was amended by the Status of Married Women Ordinance 1935-36. There is no evidence that the couple were ever formally divorced; Booth returned to prospecting while his wife became a successful mine-manager and company director. Settling in Brisbane in July 1938, she worked for the Mothercraft Association until after 1945 when she was involved in rebuilding her business from war-damage insurance. Appointed as the sole woman member of the first and second Legislative Councils of Papua-New Guinea in 1951-57, she supported mining interests, public health, secondary education for black and white, land and housing loans for Europeans and the sexual protection of native women. Doris Booth was a strong opponent of the

liquor (natives) bill of 1955, and of a section in the public service bill (1953) restricting married women to temporary or exempt positions. She represented the women of Papua-New Guinea at the Pan-Pacific Women's Conference of 1955 in Manila. She retired to Brisbane in 1960, did volunteer work with the Methodist Blue Nursing Service, and died of coronary vascular disease at St Andrew's War Memorial Hospital on 4 November 1970.

Select Bibliography ▪ L. Rhys, High Lights and Flights in New Guinea (Lond, 1942) ▪ Commonwealth Law Reports, 53 (1935), 1-32 ▪ Pacific Islands Monthly, June 1954, Dec 1970 ▪ Rabaul Times, 8 Dec 1933 ▪ High Court of Australia, Transcript of proceedings, 1934, annotated by C. Booth,

manuscript 5669 (National Library of Australia)

▪ A518: AJ/824/1, AC836/3, A846/l/66, 81 (National Archives of Australia) ▪ private information.

Citation details Susan Gardner, 'Booth, Doris Regina (1895–1970)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/booth-doris-regina-5289/text8921, published first in hardcopy 1979, accessed online 12 February 2022. This article was published in hardcopy in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 7, (Melbourne University Press), 1979

Mrs. Doris Booth's gold mine "Cliffside", on the 46

Wau, New Guinea, 1933 [picture] / Sarah Chinnery Creator Chinnery, Sarah Johnston, 1887-1970 Call Number PIC/11131/219 LOC Album 1116/6a Created/Published 1933 Extent1 photograph : b&w ; 16.1 x 21.4 cm.Physical ContextPIC/11131/1-329, 1759-1762 LOC Album 1116/1-4, 6-8-Sarah Chinnery photographic collection of New Guinea, England and Australia [picture]/Mrs. Doris Booth's gold mine "Cliffside", on the Wau, New Guinea, 1933 [picture] View Catalogue Image: 249 Up a level Down a level

Cliffside - a goldmining lease Bulolo River, between Wau and Bulolo. (Home of Doris Booth OBE). Source PNGAA

1960 Doris Booth’s property Cliffside. Photo credit Des and June Harries.

APPENDIX 2. VANIMO PULP AND PAPER PROJECT. (AUTHORS- Dick McCarthy, Evan Shield, Mike Jones) The impetus to a more intensive evaluation of the pulping potential of mixed tropical hardwood species from PNG was given by the demand from the pulp and paper industry of Japan for raw material from throughput the Asia Pacific region. The technique of bulk transport of wood chips developed in conjunction with growth of this demand. The potential size of the industry was of national significance. Pulp and Paper - Vanimo Timber Area Project. The PNG Administration initiated a project designed to evaluate the pulping and papermaking potential of mixed tropical hardwoods in the Vanimo Timber area in detail. The intended outcome of this work is that it would then identify other timber resource areas in PNG as a source of wood chips. To determine the quality and potential market quality of the PNG forests for pulping potential, The Department of Forests through its Forest Products Research Centre Hohola engaged CSIRO Forest Products Laboratory32 to undertake that work. The CSIRO investigation33 initially selected Block 6 Vanimo Timber area (some 54,000 ha). Block 234 Vanimo Timber area (some 60,000 ha) was included in the investigations. Evan Shield35 described the Vanimo Timber Area as one of the more important components of the forest resources of PNG. This was because of its size and its species composition. The high frequency of occurrence of Kwila was the dominant feature of this.

Vanimo township 1990’s. Photo credit Evan Shield.

CSIRO Division of Chemical Technology Technical Paper # 1 1975 “The Pulping and Papermaking Potential of Tropical Hardwoods 1 Phillips F H and Harries E D. 33 CSIRO Division of Chemical Technology Technical Paper # 2 1975 “The Pulping and Papermaking Potential of Tropical Hardwoods 1 Phillips F. H., Logan A.F. and Balodis V. 34 CSIRO Division of Chemical Technology Technical Paper #34 1975 “The Pulping and Papermaking Potential of Tropical Hardwoods 1 Logan A.F., and Phillips F H. 35 Evan Shield personal communication 17 April 2020.

Details of the Vanimo Timber Area: Block Number

Forested Area (Ha)

Forested area Production Forest Area (ha) as % of area 1 28,070 76.8 21,560 2 58,010 80.6 46,740 3 24,560 73.8 18,140 4 64,670 93.9 60,700 5 60,010 79.4 47,670 6 51,900 75.7 39,270 Totals 287,240 81.5 234,080 [Later, the net loggable area was defined as 207,080 hectares (or 72 % of the gross area) after making allowance for village reserves, stream reserves, inaccessible areas, and areas for preservation of significant natural features.] The Timber Rights to the Vanimo Timber Area were purchased in 1967. In 1970, a major forest inventory was conducted to augment the original inventory work. It was integrated with the collection of a representative sample of the commercial wood resource. In 1970, field sampling for wood samples was combined with an inventory survey led by Evan Shield. For the inventory survey, sampling circular plots were established along strip lines at 100 metre intervals. The strip lines, 1.5-2 km long, were chosen to give adequate representation of the forest. The wood sample collection parties followed the inventory 51

survey and collected samples from several plots from each strip line. Samples were then carried to the end of each strip line for collection by helicopter.

Vanimo T/A location forest sampling strip line map. Mike Jones Dept of Forests 1970.

.. Vanimo – Osima mission air strip. Photo credit Mike Jones.

From a base camp located on the airstrip at Ossima, two Bell 47G-3B1 helicopters ferried staff to sites throughout the Timber Area. A total of 93 Forestry Department staff was involved, together with two pilots and two aircraft engineers. The Departmental staff were divided into four-man teams, each team allocated to one of three functions that were carried out sequentially on each site sampled: (1) inventory, (2) verification and (3) wood sample collection. A small number of staff at base camp organized these activities and, just as importantly, the supplies required to maintain the momentum of activity.

Vanimo Survey 1970. Photo Credit Ian Whyte. Of importance was arranging the air delivery from Vanimo (typically in a Cessna 206) of fuel for the helicopters and food for the staff. Given that this was the largest fixed-wing aircraft that could use the airstrip at Ossima, and it carried only two (200 litre) drums of Avgas per trip, this service had a high frequency. Besides the typical inventory results, this work produced a representative sample of 44 tonnes of wood, packed into copra sacks. Each sack was flown from Ossima to Vanimo, then shipped by coastal vessel to the Hohola Research Centre in Port Moresby. There they were chipped prior to dispatch to CSIRO Melbourne for pulping trials. Even Shield36 recalls a tale re PNG times all those years ago: As you well know, in 1970, we ran a large survey of the Vanimo region ... In the course of this work, we collected 44 tonnes of wood samples for evaluation of pulping behaviour of these resources by CSIRO DFP in 36

Even Shield personal communication 27th May 2018

Melbourne (after the samples were reduced to chips under the supervision of Des Harries at the Utilization Division's office / laboratory facility at Hohola ... The CSIRO team leader for this project was Bill Balodis ... Many years later, I met Bill in Launceston, Tasmania ... and I remember his telling me of the admiration he had for what we (the Forestry Department staff) were able to accomplish in those days... He contrasted this with his more recent experiences in PNG when hurdles seemed so numerous as to be insurmountable ...

Vanimo Survey 1970 Dick McCarthy with (Big Ev), Evan Shield at the scales at Ossima/ airstrip optimising pulpwood samples for loads for the Cessna trips. Photo Credit Ian Whyte.

Survey Ossima. Dick McCarthy participating in ceremonial burning of the haus pec-pec at the Base Camp (comment by Ian “your effort at putting the fire out did not work”). Photo credit Ian Whyte 1970.

Forests Survey Camp Ossima. Photo credit Mike Jones 1970.

Mission Church Ossima Vanimo. Photo credit Mike Jones 1970. 55

ACRONYMS AAD ACT ACIAR ACLMP ACP ADB AEC AFAP ADB AFLEGT AFPNG AFS AFTA AIF AMF ANBG ANGAU ANU APEC APMF APPM ARD ASEAN ASIO ASOPA ATIBT ATL ATO AusAID BA BCOF BDV “Beer Time” BFC BGD BNGD BUC C cm CALM CBD CDM CEFACT CEPT CERFLOR CFA CFE

Australian Antarctic Division Australian Capital Territory Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research AusAid funded World Bank Land Mobilisation program. African, Caribbean and Pacific States Asian Development Bank Administrators Executive Committee Australian Foundation for the Peoples of Asia & the Pacific Ltd. African Development Bank African Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Association of Foresters of PNG Australian Forestry School Asean Free Trade Area Australian Infantry Forces Australian Military Forces Australian National Botanical Gardens Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit Australian National University Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Australian Paper Manufacturers Forestry Pty Ltd Australia Paper and Pulp Manufacturers Afforestation, Reforestation and avoided Deforestation Association of South East Asian Nations Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Australian School of Pacific Administration Association Technique Internationale des Bois Tropicaux Accelerated Tariff Liberalization African Timber Organization Australian Aid Agency basal area British Commonwealth Occupational Force 1945-52 Brussels Definition of Value Any time. Bulolo Forestry College Bulolo Gold Dredging Company British New Guinea Development (Company Limited) Bulolo University College Commonwealth centimetre Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management Convention on Biological Diversity Clean Development Mechanism United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Common Effective Preferential Tariff Certificate of Origin of Forest Raw Material, Brazil Commonwealth Forestry Association Community forestry enterprise 56

CGTM CIF CIFOR CITES C&I CNGT CO2 COC COP CPF CRE CRE

CSIRO CHAH C&I C&L CSD CTE DASF DBH/ dbh DEPT DESA DIES DIY DPI DOF DSB EC ECE ECOSOC EEA EFI EIA EMAS EMS ENB e.g. ENGO Etc EU EVSL FAO F &TB FIM FMA

Cintra for Global Trade Model cost, insurance, freight Centre for International Forestry Research Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Criteria and indicators Commonwealth New Guinea Timbers Bulolo carbon dioxide chain of custody Conference of Parties Collaborative Partnership on Forests Commander Royal Engineers CRE is a term inherited by RAE from RE and is the term for the Commanding Officer of a RAE unit which is headed by a Lt Col. Although the officer is called the CRE the name is also used for the name of his unit. E.g., CRE Aust Forestry Group or 1(NG Forests). Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria Criteria and Indicators Certification and Labelling Commission on Sustainable Development (United Nations) Committee on Trade and Environment Dept of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries Diameter at breast height Department United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Department of Information and Extension Services Do-it-yourself Department of Primary Industry Department of Forests Dispute Settlement Body European Commission ECA Export credit agency Economic Commission for Europe Economic and Social Council of the United Nations European Economic Area European Forest Institute Environmental Investigation Agency Eco-Management and Audit Scheme of European Union Environmental Management System East New Britain Province. For example Environmental Non-governmental Organisation et cetera (more of the same) European Union Early Voluntary Liberalisation Food and Agriculture Organisation Forest and Timber Bureau Canberra Forest Information System Forest Management Agreement 57

FPRC FRA FRG FRI Forkol FSP/PNG FCCC FD FDI FIELD FLEGT FLEG FLONAS FOB FSC FTAA GAB Gbhob Gubab GIS G8 GATT GDP GEF GFTN GFPM GHG GIS GMO GNP GPA GSP GTZ ha IBRD IEA IFA IFY IADB IBAMA ICA ICCI IDB IEA IEC IFC IFF IHPA IIED

Forest Products Research Centre Hohola Forest Resource Assessment Forest Red Gum Forest Research Institute Lae Bulolo Forestry College Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific See UNFCCC Forest department Foreign direct investment The Foundation for International Environmental Law and Development Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Forest Law Enforcement and Governance National Forest logging concessions, Brazil free on board Forest Stewardship Council Free Trade Area of the Americas Girth above buttress Girth breast height over bark Girth under bark above buttress Geographic Information Systems Group of Eight (leading economies) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gross Domestic Product Global Environment Facility Global Forest and Trade Network Global Forest Products Model greenhouse gas Geographical information system genetically modified organism Gross National Product Plurilateral Government Procurement Agreement Generalized System of Preferences Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit hectare International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Energy Agency Institute of Foresters of Australia International Year of the Forest Inter-American Development Bank Amazon Environmental Institute, Brazil International Commodity Agreement International Conference on C&I for Sustainable Forest Management Inter-American Development Bank International Environmental Agreement International Electrical Commission International Finance Corporation Intergovernmental Forum on Forests International Hardwood Products Association International Institute for Environment and Development 58

IMF INGO IPC IPCC IPF ISO ITC ITTA ITTC ITTO IUCN IWPA JICA L of N LRRS LCA LEEC LEI LULUCF m3 MCCAF MHA MM MUS MEA MFN MIGA MOU MTTC n.a. NAA NARI NB NAFTA NGO NHLA NRRP NT NTB NTCC NTFP NTM NWFP NDS NFCAP NGM no. NG NGF NGIB

International Monetary Fund International Non-Governmental Organisations Integrated Programme for Commodities Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Intergovernmental Panel on Forests International Organization for Standardisation International Trade Centre International Tropical Timber Agreement International Tropical Timber Council International Tropical Timber Organization The World Conservation Union International Wood Products Association Japanese International Cooperation Agency League of Nations Land Resource Soils Survey (branch of CSIRO) Life Cycle Analysis London Economic and Environmental Centre Indonesian Ecolabelling Institute Land Use, Land Use Change and Forests cubic metre McCarthy & Associates (Forestry) Pty. Ltd. Member of House of Assembly PNG Military Medal Malayan Uniform System Multilateral Environmental Agreement Most Favoured Nation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Memorandum of Understanding Malaysian Timber Certification Council not available National Archives Australia National Agriculture Research Institute New Britain North American Free Trade Agreement Non-Governmental Organisation National Hardwood Lumber Association Natural Resources and Rights Program National Treatment non-tariff barrier National Timber Certification Council non-timber forest product non-tariff measures non-wood forest product Northern District Sawmills PNG National Forestry and Conservation Action Plan New Guinea Mainland number New Guinea New Guinea Forces (relates to plant collection of Lae Herbarium) New Guinea Infantry Battalion 59

NGI NGO NGVR NZ NSW NTSC OECD OTO OIC OISCA OTML P or p PEFC PIB PIR PNG PNGAA PNGAF PNGFA PNGFIA PNGRIS PNGUT POM P&C PEFC PGA PPM PPP QLD QF RAE RPC RRA RIIA RIL RFE RTA RWE SAP SPS SFM SGS SMS SP SPWP sq m TAG TSS TBT

New Guinea Islands Non-Government Organisation New Guinea Volunteer Rifles New Zealand New South Wales National Tree Seed Centre PNG Bulolo Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Office of Trade and Investment Ombudsman Officer in Charge Organisation for Industrial, Spiritual and Cultural Advancement International Japan. Ok Tedi Mining Ltd page Pan European Forest Certification Scheme Papuan Infantry Battalion Pacific Islands Regiment Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Australia Association Papua New Guinea Australian Foresters Magazine Series Papua New Guinea Forest Authority PNG Forest Industries Association Papua New Guinea Resource Information System PNG University of Technology Port Moresby Principles and Criteria Pan-European Forest Certification Framework Plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement production and processing method Polluter Pays Principle (other meaning Purchasing Power Parity) Queensland Queensland Forestry Royal Australian Engineers/Australian Army Royal Papuan Constabulary Rapid Resource Appraisal Royal Institute of International Affairs reduced impact logging Russia Far East Regional Trade Agreement roundwood equivalent structural adjustment programme Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Sustainable Forest Management Société General de Surveillance Selective Management System Malaysia South Pacific Secondary Processed Wood Products square metres Trade Advisory Group of ITTO Tropical Shelterwood System Technical Barriers to Trade 60

TFF TFRK TNC TRAINS TREM TRIM TRIP UK UN Unasylva UNCCD UNCED UNCSD UNCTAD UNESCO UNDP UNECE UNEP UNFCCC UNFF USTR UNE UNEP UNI UNITECH UNRE UPNG UQ US USA USD TPNG TUBL TA TA TRP Vol VSF WA WB WCMC WCO WSSD WTO WWF

Tropical Forest Foundation traditional forest-related knowledge Transnational corporation Trade-Basic Indicators of UNCTAD trade-related environmental measures Trade Related Investment Measures Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights United Kingdom United Nations Journal of FAO of UN United Nations Programme to Combat Desertification United Nations Conference on Environment and Development United Nations Committee on Sustainable Development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Economic and Social Council United Nations Development Programme United Nations Economic Commission for Europe United Nations Environment Programme Framework Convention on Climate Change of United Nations United Nations Forum on Forests US, Office of the US Trade Representative University of New England Armidale NSW United Nations Environment Program University University of Technology Lae PNG University of Natural Resources and Environment University of Papua New Guinea University of Queensland United States United States of America United States dollar Territory of Papua and New Guinea Territory United Brewery Ltd Timber Area Timber Authority Timber Rights Purchase volume Victorian School of Forestry Western Australia World Bank World Conservation Monitoring Centre World Customs Organisation World Summit for Sustainable Development World Trade Organization World Wide Fund for Nature