PNGAF MAGAZINE ISSUE #9D4H of 22 February 2022 "Forestry in Wau" by Des Harries.

AUSTRALIAN FORESTERS in PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1922-1975

PNGAF MAGAZINE ISSUE # 9D4H of 22 Feb 2022 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PNG’s FOREST MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS A history of plantation development globally, especially in tropical rainforest areas as pertinent to PNG’s forest tree plantation development. PNGAF 9D4H 1 FORESTRY IN WAU by Des Harries Editor R BMAG McCarthy 2022. Wau: Anderson’s Plot (Hoop Pine planted c.1940) surrounded by 1950’s plantations. Photo Credit Des Harries2.

Wau

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 2

Dick McCarthy District Forester TPNG 1963-1975. Eminent TPNG Forester Des Harries TPNG Forests 1955-1976. OIC Wau Plantations 1960’s.

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“FORWOOD” Wau History Doris Booth OBE Forestry in Wau by Des Harries The Influence of Lane Poole Pre-war Forestry Post-war Forestry The Forestry Labour Force The Environment Harvesting and Marketing Post-1960 Forestry Expatriate Staff at Wau The Kauli Lake Amenity The McAdam Memorial RAAF Dakota crash Wau Notes for Forestry at Wau References

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REFERENCES FOR PLANTATION PNGAF MAG SERIES 9D4

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ACRONYMS

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Wau 1963. Source PNGAA.

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“FORWOOD” Wau, the birthplace of modern-day PNG forestry. The history of PNG Forestry is intrinsically linked to the development of the Bulolo Wau valleys gold fields and their natural stands of Araucarias. James Sinclair3 detailed the history of the Bulolo Wau goldfields. In his article Forestry in Wau, TPNG forester Des Harries described Wau as the birthplace of TPNG Department of Forests (leading to the PNG Department of Forests and today the PNG National Forest Service) over eighty years ago. Wau was the first posting of TPNG’s first director “JB” James Bannister McAdam4 MM 1910-1959. His role was to undertake rehabilitation of the disturbed forest due to mining activities and establish plantations suffice to establish and maintain a viable forest industry. Jim McAdam was a graduate of University of Queensland and Australian Forestry School. In 1932/33 he was dux winning the Schlick Medal. In 1934, he joined Queensland Forestry before joining TPNG Department of Forests. In 1938 he joined the TPNG administration and made Chief Forester in 1939 in Wau. In 1939, he commenced the Bulolo Wau land and forest timber rights puchases.5 By 1940, McAdam had established an experimental planting of hoop pine (Anderson’s plot) at Wau6, and a small planting7 of Pinus elliottii, Pinus taeda, Pinus kesiya, Agathis palmerstonii and other hardwoods. Mycorrhiza was furnished from innoculum brought from Beerwah Nursery of Qld State Forestry. With the threat of war in the Pacific, McAdam enlisted in the Australian Military Forces on 19 September 1940 at Wau. He began full-time duty with the New Guinea Volunteer Rifles on 22 January 1942 and was promoted sergeant within a fortnight. After the Japanese invaded Salamaua in March, he led a party of scouts which established an observation post within a mile (1.6 km) of enemy positions. L to R Geoff Archer (gold miner Wau), Jim Cavanaugh (forester) Jim McAdam (forester). Photo taken by war photographer Damien Parer in July 1942 just after the famous Salamaua raid. Photo Credit Australian War Memorial. The intelligence which the team gathered was crucial to the success of the Australian raid on the town in June. McAdam acted as a guide in the foray. He was awarded the Military Medal for his outstanding service at Salamaua. From 1944/45 he was Lt Col 1 Aust CRE (New Guinea Forests). In 1946 he became Director of Forests TPNG.

James Sinclair 2019 ISBN 978-1-876561-15-4 “UP THE CREEK - Edie Creek and the Morobe Goldfields” Pictorial Press Corinda Qld. 4 PNGAF Mag # 3 of 3 Nov 2020. 5 Turia, R.C.H. 2005. Cannot See the Land for the Trees: the forest management dilemma in Papua New Guinea. Department of Human Geography, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Canberra, ANU. Doctoral Thesis. 6 Womersley J. S. & McAdam J B 1957. The Forests and Forest Conditions in the Territories of Papua and New Guinea. TPNG Forest Service. Prepared for British Commonwealth Forestry Conference Australia 1957. 7 Smith JEN 1968 Exotic Softwoods Paper presented Dept of Forests PNG 1968. First Papua New Guinea Silvicultural Research Conference Bulolo. Reprint 1976. 3

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Wau History. Wau is situated at an altitude of around 1100 metres in Morobe Province PNG. The Wau Ecology Institute is a biological research station situated near Wau. Wau was the site of a gold rush during the 1920s and 30s. While much of the mineral reserves have been extracted, industrial gold mining continues at Edie Creek and at the newly established Hidden Valley Gold Mine operated by Harmony Gold - South Africa. A satellite image of Wau and the mines, looking towards Bulolo. Source Wikipedia.

Aerial View of Hidden Valley Gold Mine above Edie Ck Wau and 5.5 km pipe conveyor conveying crushed ore to the processing plant. Source PNG Chamber of Mines and Petroleum 2013. 4

, some 210km north-west of Port Moresby. Wau was the site of a gold rush during the 1920s and 30s when prospective gold diggers arrived at the coast at Salamaua and struggled inland along the Black Cat track. The first strike at Wau, the start of what would be known as the Morobe Goldfield, was made at Koranga Creek by William ‘Shark-Eye’ Park, probably towards the end of 1921. Park and his partner, Jack Nettleton, ran a clandestine mining operation for twelve months from April 1922 until a new Mining Ordinance enabled them to get their gold out legally. Nettleton, it is known, took out 6000 troy ounces, or about 190 kg, of gold in August 1923. Only a handful of miners worked the field, rich as it was, until 1924. From 1924 to 1926 perhaps 20 miners were on the field producing about 200 kg of gold a year. The real rush began in 1926 with much bigger discoveries at Edie Creek, above Wau. The new rush made air transport viable and Wau’s airstrip opened in 1927 by the Parer brothers originally of Spanish descent. In 1928 there were 200 miners and production was about three tonnes a year. The influx of miners was often in conflict with the area's indigenous populations, including the Biangai along the Bulolo River and the Watut along the Watut River. During the early gold rush (1924–1927) prospectors and carriers employed from the coast followed paths through some of the Biangai villages. The beginning of air transport reduced the need for lines of carriers. In 1972, in the 6000 hectares case, PNGLR 71 (19 July 1972) the Biangai won the restitution of the Morobe Goldfields in the Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea and compensation was awarded in respect of historical gold sales. Park quit Wau in 1926 as a wealthy man. After this properly capitalized companies were formed. New Guinea Goldfields, Ltd (NGG) was the biggest operator, but there were many others: for example, Koranga Gold Sluicing, Sandy Creek Gold Sluicing, Edie Creek Gold Mining Company, The Golden Deeps N.L., Upper Watut Gold Alluvials, Placer Development Limited, ETC. In subsequent years, NGG consolidated control over much of the mineral reserves using its large capitalization to purchase the smaller leases. Underground mining began with the Day Dawn mine in 1931; several similar operations were opened before and after the Second World War. These mines were exceedingly small by modern standards, the biggest being Upper Ridges with a total production of 2.9 tonnes over eighteen years. Open cut mining was conducted at Golden Ridges mine between 1932 and 1941, and other pits yielded gold in the Namie area both before and after the war. Most were small and short-lived; the richest was Golden Peaks, producing about six and half tonnes of gold between 1962 and 1977. The Golden Peaks mill also processed ore brought to it by an aerial ropeway from new workings at Upper Ridges. Bulolo Gold Dredging (BGD) began operations at the sister town of Bulolo in 1932 and was responsible for the bulk of pre-war gold production: about forty tonnes in total. Seven of the eventual eight dredges worked the Bulolo Valley gravels; one only, No. 6, worked in the Wau Valley. Large operations ceased to be attractive after WWII, partly due to pegging of the gold price at pre-war prices and the last dredge ceased operating in 1965. Source Wikipedia.

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One of two hotels in Wau8. Note Mt Kaindi in the background. 1930’s. Source PNGAA.

One of the richest goldmining leases on the Edie Creek goldfields. Source PNGAA. General view of New Guinea Goldfield's Edie Creek (called Mt Kaindi) HQ.

A gold-mining lease on the Edie Creek. Source PNGAA. Cliffside - a goldmining lease Bulolo River, between Wau and Bulolo. (Home of Doris Booth OBE).

No 6 Gold dredge based in Wau Valley 1963. Source PNGAA. At the Battle of Wau in January 1943, the Australian Army stopped an advance by the Japanese.

Eminent TPNG Forester Peter Eddowes 1961-1981. We were involved in a major ‘burn-off’ in the Wau valley in 1963. Frank Coppock oversaw the operation, and a whole day was spent in a successful ‘burn’. After that, we all retreated to the old Wau Pub for a few ales where caution had to be observed due to the presence of ‘termites’ in the floorboards! 8

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25/2/1944 The top portion of the Wau airstrip which is unique in that it runs up the slope of a hill requiring pilots to use judgment in landing. The aircraft are, from left to right, a CAC Wirraway of 4 Squadron RAAF (coded QE-L), a Douglas A-24 Banshee 41-15801 of the USAAF and a Stinson L-5 Sentinel 42-98060 of the 25th Liaison Squadron USAAF. Source Australian War Memorial. Wau Airstrip 1976. Photo credit Ian Whyte.

A road was established soon after World War II to Lae and this fostered the further development of local timber and agricultural industries that were originally established in support of the mining industry. While much of the mineral reserves have been extracted, industrial gold mining continues at Edie Creek and at the newly established Hidden Valley Gold Mine operated by Morobe Goldfields (a subsidiary of Harmony Gold - South Africa). Timber mills in Wau were started by Roy Hyde in 1935, who arrived with his wife, two sons and a daughter. Timber was floated down the Bulolo river to the coast, which was used for house building in Lae and other resorts along the coast. Natives would guide the rafts to their destinations. NGG Ltd sawmill at the mouth of the Binatang Creek Wau. September 1941. Photo Credit Jim Cavanaugh.

Notable people who were born in Wau included – e.g., John Laws Australian radio personality, born in Wau 8 August 1935 or lived in Wau – e.g., eminent TPNG forester Gary Archer9 .

Eminent TPNG Forester Gary Archer 1963-1973 - In 1948 we moved to Bulolo, where my father worked as a sawyer at the Golden Pines sawmill, just outside Bulolo. From 1949 I attended primary school at Bulolo and later at Wau, where my father worked for New Guinea Goldfields (NGG) as a gold miner and later as foreman at their sawmill. One of my schoolmates was Marybeth Owers, the daughter of NGG surveyor Noel ("Jerry") Owers, who located the road to the Kokoda Trail during the Second World War and after whom Owers' Corner is named (Aust. War Memorial, 2003). 9

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Long term resident Gary Archer provided the following early photos10 of Wau courtesy of the publication taim bipo. Gary Archer doing the pays at Bulolo, 1963. (Photo credit Chris Borough).

Road to Edie Creek from Wau. Wau Airstrip. Photo post World War 2. Source taim bipo.

Photos showing the construction of the goldfields road Wau to Edie Creek late 1920’s early 30’s. Source taim bipo.

Source taim bipo-a selection of old photographs from Papua New Guinea 1880-1960’s by Michael Coutts 1990 Publisher South Pacific Magazine ISBN -998085880X. 10

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Gold dredge 12th August 194811.

Gold dredges 12th August 1948.

Abandoned Gold Dredge after 1948.

Source taim bipo-a selection of old photographs from Papua New Guinea 1880-1960’s by Michael Coutts 1990 Publisher South Pacific Magazine ISBN -998085880X. 11

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Booth, Doris Regina (1895–1970) by Susan Gardner Doris Booth 1939 Wikipedia Doris Regina Booth OBE (1 October 1895 – 4 November 1970) was an Australian nurse and goldminer. She was the first female member of the Legislative Council of Papua and New Guinea. This article was published: ▪ in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 7 ,

1979 ▪ online in 2006 Doris Regina Booth (1895-1970), nursing volunteer and goldminer, was born at South Brisbane on 1 October 1895, daughter of Henry Wilde, clerk, and his wife Minna Christina, née Gerler. After a state school education, she enrolled as a trainee nurse at Brisbane General Hospital but met Captain Charles Booth, a shell-shocked soldier who had prospected in Papua before the war; she discontinued her training when they married on 14 May 1919. After twelve penurious months at Mitchell in western Queensland, Booth became a plantation manager for the New Guinea Expropriation Board at Raniolo near Kokopo. When he was discharged late in 1923, his wife took a share in four trade-stores and broke local convention by becoming a licensed recruiter of labour. Financed by Burns Philp & Co. Ltd, they went surreptitiously to Salamaua in 1924 following rumour of gold. Booth went ahead to the Bulolo valley while his wife secured her own miner's right, refused earlier in Rabaul; single-handed, she then spent five weeks taking a line of carriers from Salamaua to Bulolo. There, while her husband prospected, she was employed by William ('Sharkeye') Park to 'man' his lease. Booth pegged a lease in his wife's name, then left her as the only resident white woman at Bulolo to work it while he prospected at Edie Creek. From September 1926 to January 1927 she also organized and managed a racially segregated bush hospital to control a dysentery epidemic, treating over 32 patients at one time and more than 130 all told. For this work she received the O.B.E. in 1928 and became known locally as 'the Angel of Bulolo'. One of their leases was sold in April 1927 to Morobe Guinea Gold Ltd and Mrs Booth became a director of the firm. While Mrs Booth went to Australia for her health and for business between 1927 and 1930, the marriage began to collapse. Nevertheless, the couple travelled to the United States of America and England and while in London in 1928, with M. O'Dwyer as ghost-writer, she published Mountain Gold and Cannibals, a popularized version of her experiences. After her return to New Guinea in March 1929 she slowly wrested control over the family business affairs from her husband, whom she left early in 1932. Booth sued in the Central Court of the Territory of New Guinea in August 1933 for restitution of property. Since no Mandated Territory law explicitly safeguarded married women's property rights, it was a test case. Judge F. B. Phillips held that British and Australian Acts passed before 1921 superseded the common law notion of male control of joint property and gave Mrs Booth the verdict. When Booth appealed this particularly acrimonious case to the High Court of Australia, the judgment was upheld and territorial law was amended by the Status of Married Women Ordinance 1935-36. There is no evidence that the couple were ever formally divorced; Booth returned to prospecting while his wife became a successful mine-manager and company director. Settling in Brisbane in July 1938, she worked for the Mothercraft Association until after 1945 when she was involved in rebuilding her business from war-damage insurance. Appointed as the sole woman member of the first and second Legislative Councils of Papua-New Guinea in 1951-57, she supported mining interests, public health, secondary education for black and white, land and housing loans for Europeans and the sexual protection of native women. Doris Booth was a strong opponent of the

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liquor (natives) bill of 1955, and of a section in the public service bill (1953) restricting married women to temporary or exempt positions. She represented the women of Papua-New Guinea at the Pan-Pacific Women's Conference of 1955 in Manila. She retired to Brisbane in 1960, did volunteer work with the Methodist Blue Nursing Service, and died of coronary vascular disease at St Andrew's War Memorial Hospital on 4 November 1970.

Select Bibliography ▪ L. Rhys, High Lights and Flights in New Guinea (Lond, 1942) ▪ Commonwealth Law Reports, 53 (1935), 1-32 ▪ Pacific Islands Monthly, June 1954, Dec 1970 ▪ Rabaul Times, 8 Dec 1933 ▪ High Court of Australia, Transcript of proceedings, 1934, annotated by C. Booth,

manuscript 5669 (National Library of Australia)

▪ A518: AJ/824/1, AC836/3, A846/l/66, 81 (National Archives of Australia) ▪ private information.

Citation details Susan Gardner, 'Booth, Doris Regina (1895–1970)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/booth-doris-regina-5289/text8921, published first in hardcopy 1979, accessed online 12 February 2022. This article was published in hardcopy in Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 7, (Melbourne University Press), 1979

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Mrs. Doris Booth's gold mine "Cliffside", on the Wau, New Guinea, 1933 [picture] / Sarah Chinnery Creator Chinnery, Sarah Johnston, 1887-1970 Call Number PIC/11131/219 LOC Album 1116/6a Created/Published 1933 Extent1 photograph : b&w ; 16.1 x 21.4 cm.Physical ContextPIC/11131/1-329, 1759-1762 LOC Album 1116/1-4, 6-8-Sarah Chinnery photographic collection of New Guinea, England and Australia [picture]/Mrs. Doris Booth's gold mine "Cliffside", on the Wau, New Guinea, 1933 [picture] View Catalogue Image: 249 Up a level Down a level

Cliffside - a goldmining lease Bulolo River, between Wau and Bulolo. (Home of Doris Booth OBE). Source PNGAA

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1960 Doris Booth’s property Cliffside. Photo credit Des and June Harries.

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FORESTRY IN WAU by Des Harries12 Wau must be accorded some significance in the record of forestry in Papua New Guinea because it was the base for the first forester appointed to the Australian Mandated Territory, as it was titled at this time. He was James Bannister McAdam and his appointment as Forest Officer was made in January 1938. (Ref. 1) Des Harries 1971. Photo Credit Des Harries. 1971. At the time of McAdam’s appointment, it is significant to note that the Administration of the Mandated Territory of New Guinea was conducted as a separate organization to that of the Australian Territory of Papua. The Headquarters of the former was in Rabaul. McAdam, born at Lancaster, U.K. in 1910, had migrated to Queensland with his parents and attended school in Toowoomba. He gained a Queensland Forest Service Cadetship in 1929 and completed his forestry training at the University of Queensland and the Australian Forestry School, Canberra, where 1933 was his final year. He then undertook field work with Queensland Forestry until his New Guinea appointment. It is not known if McAdam first lived in Rabaul, however, if so, he soon moved to Wau where the Territory’s major gold resource was being exploited (Note1) and large-scale utilization of the forests and reforestation were being considered. As we know all progress came to a sudden end in 1942 with the Japanese invasion during World War II. The Influence of Lane Poole13 The work in the 1920’s by C.E. Lane Poole (Ref. 2) initially carried out for the Administration of the Territory of Papua, then for Administration of the Mandated Territory of New Guinea, was a significant landmark for forestry in this country. Its primary objective was to locate and evaluate forest resources which could form the basis of profitable export-oriented businesses. In this he was unsuccessful, although he recognized potential for paper making and minor forest products. In 1923 and 1924, Charles Lane Poole completed a survey of Papua and New Guinea and recommended the establishment of a forest service. By the time a forerunner to a forest service was established in 1938, with the appointment of J B McAdam and J Cavanaugh, several Europeans had commenced sawmilling operations.

Eminent TPNG Forester Des Harries TPNG Forests 1955-1976. OIC Wau Plantations 1960’s. Cover page C E Lane Poole 1925 Report on Forest Resources of the Territories of Papua and New Guinea Government Printer Melbourne 209 pp. 12 13

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These operations serviced the domestic market in addition to copra plantation owners in the Islands Region exporting logs and processed timber to the American veneer market. Charles Lane Poole at Madang, 1924, showing the remains of a radio damaged in the raid at Kohu. Note his gaunt appearance after the rigours of his expedition to Mt Otto. Source: C. E. Lane Poole, Forest Resources (1925), facing p. 198, courtesy of the National Archives of Australia. At the time of his project, the discoveries of the Wau/Bulolo goldfields were just being made. Although he must have heard of the presence of the stands of Araucaria associated with the goldfields, he did not on this occasion get to see them. Their presence there tied into his discovery of the conifer belt at this altitude, and he had seen examples of these forests in other areas. (Note 2). River of mud. The Bulolo River below Koranga Creek gold sluicing, 1960. Photo Credit Des Harries. In fact, the mining operations at Wau which commenced in about 1922 had created a demand for sawn timber. With its isolation, the goldmines at Wau needed local timber supplies. These were readily available on site, and free, as their harvesting would have been effectively a non-issue for the Administration of the Mandated Territory. The Administration was certainly mindful of the value of royalty payments on extracted mineral resources. Yet the matter of land tenure seems to have remained a non-issue. If considered at all it is likely to have been placed in the ‘too hard basket.’ Only in recent years has this legality been addressed, and compensation paid to the landowners. The gold miners, including Mrs. Doris Booth OBE, were aware of the valuable timber resources. In her 1929 biography, Mrs. Doris Booth described the stands in the Bulolo valley with some enthusiasm. She suggested that after the gold mining ceased, they could utilize the valuable timber in the area. (Ref. 4) As it happened however, most of the best stands of Red Cedar were destroyed to make way for the gold dredging. Gold dredge at Bulolo, 1960. Photo Credit Des Harries. The scale of gold extraction had accelerated during the 1930s, and access improved with the development of air transport between Lae, Wau and Bulolo in particular. Lane-Poole, then Inspector-General for Forests for the Commonwealth, was asked in 1935 to further 16

investigate timber industry potential in the area for the Mandated Territory Administration, based in Rabaul. (Ref. 3). Lane Poole14 in his report on the forests of the goldfields of Bulolo Wau in 1935 stated: that the only asset that he could see to replace the wasting product gold, was timber. The region is purely a forest one, and its climate is decidedly a forest climate – in short it is proven forest country. In contrast to the emphasis placed on industry use – values by miners and government officials in the mining office, government forestry officials emphasized the potential for an industry and the wastefulness of the mining community. In his 1935 survey of timber in the Morobe goldfields, Lane Poole was concerned with value of timber and overly critical that the timber was not being used appropriately by mining companies. For example, cedar was used as an all-purpose resource when durability was necessary. He quoted the use of cedar for a water race when the cedar would have been put better to use in the production of fine cabinetry. Evan Shield demonstrated this point with a photograph below of a bridge made from cedar15 over the Bulolo River above the confluence with the Watut River before World War 2. Cedar1 Bridge over Bulolo River above confluence with the Watut River before World War 2. Photo Credit Evan Shield. Lane Poole, as the then Commonwealth Inspector General of Forests for the colony charged with making recommendations on the use of the forest resources found in the colony, enforced a set of values that sought to match grain and strength with products. He argued that the mining community needed to put to better use the resources available to them. They were too wasteful, knowing nothing of timber’s value. Jensens Bridge Bulolo Valley. Photo credit Evan Shield.

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Lane Poole, C.E., 1935. ‘Report on the Forests of the Goldfields of New Guinea: Together with Recommendations Regarding a Forest Policy for the Whole Territory.’ Unpublished TS, 1935. NAA. 15 Evan Shield Personal Comm 21/4/2020 “the misuse of timber species referred to by Lane Poole in 1935”.

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From the discovery of gold at Koranga Creek near Wau by William “Shark eye” Park in 1922, the development of the Wau Bulolo valleys for gold mining with roads, townships and airstrips enabled a flourishing timber industry to be developed including large scale plantation development which continues to this day. Pre-war forestry The first saw-milling business to have been established in Wau may have been in 1935. According to the source under reference, Mr. Roy Hyde arrived in Wau that year with his wife, two sons and a daughter and started mills (sic.). This reference says that timber was floated down the Bulolo River in rafts to the coastal town of Lae where it was used for house building. (Ref. 5) (Note 3). The expected Administration revenue from exploitation of the Wau/Bulolo forest resources would have been a significant stimulus to it accepting the 1935 recommendations made by Lane-Poole. This evidently led to recruitment action being initiated and the appointment of the Territory’s first forest officer, J.B. McAdam, in January 1938 as already noted. Anderson’s Plot (planted c.1940) surrounded by 1950’s plantations. Photo Credit Des Harries. In the few years that remained before the onset of World War II work was commenced on Hoop Pine planting. This was conducted in the Kauli Creek area near to Kaisenik Village and five miles out of Wau. This plantation of not more than an acre became known as Anderson’s Plot. When forestry operations at Wau resumed in 1956 the locality was known as Anderson’s Logging Area. Mr. Anderson appears to have been an assistant engaged by McAdam. A forestry base and nursery had been established adjacent to the southern bank of the Bulolo River approximately one mile upstream from the No 6 gold dredge. This happened to be opposite the site of the new 1960 Forest Station. McAdam’s nursery site was approximately two miles in a direct line from the first plantation (Anderson’s Plot) and approximately five miles from the centre of the Wau mining locality. (Note 4) Post-war Forestry The war wiped out Wau. As a mining town its renewal depended upon startup of operations which took little time. However, the policy of ‘burnt earth’ which had been adopted by Australia’s military forces meant a complete rebuilding of the town and its infrastructure was required. Obviously, the saw-milling facility was essential in this process. No road yet existed linking the area with the coast, which retarded recovery. However, the wartime

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Administration under the Military with operational District Management by ANGAU, saw the inevitable combination of the administrative efforts in the two Territories. Mt. Missim from Wau, 1960. Photo Credit Des Harries. With McAdam leading the Australian Forestry companies during the latter years of the war, the groundwork for a combined post-war Department of Forests was laid. This was particularly important in two key aspects of a national forestry effort resource survey and saw-milling. In the former, McAdam had secured Territory-wide aerial photography at a scale amenable to forest resource survey and mapping. In the latter, the Forestry Companies’ sawmills at Lae and Kerevat provided immediate timber supplies for reconstruction in two major centres and developed a core of staff with a good degree of forestry aptitude and loyalty. The Bulolo Gorge between Wau and Bulolo 1960. Photo Credit Des Harries. Probably the largest project undertaken by the post-war Department of Forests was the marking of the survey reference points, trigonometrical stations, on the land allocated in the Wau/Bulolo valleys for forestry. The completed survey was shown on the map produced by the Department of Forests entitled Bulolo-Wau Valley, Area of Forestry Interest, C390, 10-1-64. The establishment of the trig stations allowed the detailed surveying required for roading and plantation establishment to tie in with the overall survey network. These surveys continued as required into the future. In Wau the available land suitable for plantation establishment in the Kauli Creek area, and initially named Anderson’s Logging Area, was planted up over a period of four years commencing in 1956-57 and completed in 1959-60. On the map C390, this area was called Kauli Creek Territory Forest. Forest Ranger Mike Kazakoff supervised this area of plantations establishment. The senior foreman was Bai from Kaiapit Village in the Markham River Valley.

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In 1960 supervision of Wau forestry was passed to Des Harries. On Edie Creek Road. June Harries and friends botanising, 1960. Photo Credit Des Harries.

In 1960 the Kauli base was abandoned, and a permanent Forest Station established on the Northern side of the Bulolo River. This was to be accessed via the Pine Creek Road, and a new concrete bridge was constructed crossing the Bulolo River. However, before the bridge could be used, floods washed out the temporary road approaches. For several months access was limited to vehicles capable of fording the river or by walking. Flood damage at new Bulolo River Bridge site, 1960. Photo Credit Des Harries.

The Forestry Labour Force In the post-war period the workforce at Wau was provided almost solely through the system of indentured labour organized by the Administration. The source of this labour force was the Eastern Highlands, commonly from Kainantu. The so-called ‘lines’ of thirty young men were recruited for two-year periods. Usually they selected their own ‘boss boi,’ who thereby gave his name to the ‘line.’ Working at Wau was probably the best locality for highlanders in terms of healthiness. The risk of serious lowland tropical disease was less than at coastal locations although malaria was still a major problem. In terms of working conditions, with regular diet, housing, and clothing issues as well as health care, very few recruits did not return to their village in a healthier state than when they had left. Many wanted to return, although this rarely happened.

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Scrub clearing Wau plantations 1960. Photo Credit Des Harries.

Planting at Wau. Photo Credit Des Harries.

In 1960 Forestry at Wau obtained its own ‘lik lik doctor’. His name was Maupa, from Salamaua. As one of the very few local staff who was literate, Maupa also gained the additional duty of meteorological observer at the Wau Forest Station. The Environment The contrast of philosophies of the introduced industries practiced in Wau was extreme. On one end of the spectrum was that of gold mining. The allure of this mineral created a drive which seemed to justify, or indeed negate, all detrimental side effects of the extraction process. The Administration, through its Mining Laws, sought only to protect individual leases and ensure that leases paid their royalty on extracted mineral. No requirement was imposed on leases to restore their leases or to mitigate damage to off-site areas. In the Wau/Bulolo minefield the damage done was extreme on both counts. The prime valley flats, with impressive stands of Red Cedar and many other hardwoods, were converted to rock piles. The large-scale sluicing operations on Koranga and Edie Creeks in particular, washed tons of silt into the Bulolo River for decades. The extraction of gold involved pollution from mercury and cyanide. Tailings from underground mining were dumped on the most convenient location. And for all this disaster, most of the profits went offshore. Agricultural endeavor in the Wau Valley was directed to two forms of cropping. Firstly, coffee plantations became the dominant feature of the Wau Valley on its southern side. These plantations had been amongst the first coffee grown in Papua New Guinea, and in the Wau environment were extraordinarily successful. Vegetable growing for sale into the major centres of Port Moresby and Lae was the other significant agricultural operation. It relied on airfreight of fresh vegetables, e.g., lettuce and other leaf and root crops, to the European food retailers of these centres. One small dairy herd supplied fresh milk for local consumption. The environmental impact of these crops and grazing was relatively benign. Forestry operations, through the plantation program, was largely restorative. It is true that the preliminary harvesting of sawlogs and the pre-plantation clear falling and burn off caused short term erosion and disruption of the pristine forest. But under forestry control these scars were healed in a few years. In particular, the network of retained forest cover between plantation compartments, along creek lines and on slopes deemed too steep for plantations, 21

ensured wildlife refuge and the preservation of all native forest values. The plantations themselves were initially all native conifers. The area of Kauli Creek cleared at the time of establishing Anderson’s Plot (approximately 1940) was probably more extensive than the area actually planted. This may explain the severe grass infestation in the neighbouring 1956-57 plantation known as Compartment 1, Anderson’s Logging Area. (Note 5). Grass infested Hoop Plantation near Anderson’s Plot, c.1961. Photo Credit Des Harries. Because of its age, and despite its small size, Anderson’s Plot remained of interest during the post-war years. Growth plots were installed for regular measurement. The most damaging feature of the forest plantation program was undoubtedly the construction and maintenance of access roads. In this climate and on the slopes of the valley, land slips were a continuing problem. During the Battle of Wau, which took place in 1943, this area was occupied by Japanese forces. Significant numbers of unused mortar bombs were found during planting and tending of the post-war plantations. Harvesting and Marketing In 1960 New Guinea Goldfields Pty. Ltd. held a Permit to take logs from the Wau forestry area. This amounted to two million super feet per month. These logs were for conversion at their local sawmill. The logging crew operated with one truck, one bulldozer and the small crew was supervised by Mr. ‘Taffy’ Evans, who knew the area well. Forestry required the logging operation to be coordinated with its reforestation program, and for this purpose regular liaison was essential. Pine stands were of scattered distribution in small to moderate stands which made harvesting to the Permit quota tricky. Apart from Pine (both Hoop and Klinkii) considerable volumes of prime hardwoods were also available, but less sought after by NGG. Monthly harvesting returns were submitted by NGG to the Regional Forest Office for the area and were not sighted by the local Forest Officer responsible for overall supervision. The harvesting system required that the logging crew marked logs taken from the forest. These should have been measured for royalty purposes at the log ramp. Obviously, this messy system had the potential for many failings including the theft of timber. With the staff available, adequate supervision and checking of log harvesting was impossible, and remained a source of irritation. Despite this, relations between the Wau Forestry staff and NGG’s logging crew generally remained relaxed, and with the state of roads, mutual assistance was frequent.

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The final logging operation in the Kauli Creek area in 1960 was about as disastrous as it ever was, with the NGG tractor operator inadvertently (we trust) knocking out a few trees from Anderson’s Plot and leaving a main road in a non-accessible condition after its use as a log loading ramp. The ancient and huge Araucarias, towering over the understory and often growing in precarious ridge-top locations, were valuable trees. To fell them was dangerous work, even for a skilled tree-faller. The cutting tools available for this work in 1960 were axes and crosscut saws. In the case of New Guinea Goldfields’ crew, the fallers were New Guineans paid no more than a few dollars a month plus keep. Some trees were lost irretrievably by slipping into deep valleys, yet although these were unaccounted for, the number lost was relatively small. So was the number of accidents in the logging crews. For all its difficulties in this most uninviting environment, the saw-milling operation in Wau as operated in 1960 was probably a commercial success. It would only have been better to have been run by the Forestry Department, which at that time had the surplus staff capacity to do so as its Lae and Kerevat saw-mills closed. Post-1960 Forestry Forest plantations burn at Bulolo seen from Wau forest station, c.1961. Photo Credit D Harries. The first plantation burn on the northern site of the Bulolo River took place on 29 September 1960. It was a tricky compartment to burn as it was spread around three sides of the new Forest Station site, known as Cedar Creek. It was known as Compartment 1, Izzy Dizzi Creek Logging Area. Wandumi land adjoined this area on the eastern side, and south of the Forest Station site. The vehicle road to Wandumi ran along this southern boundary and crossed Cedar Creek at a fossiliferous site. Plantations burn in Beenleigh Creek, seen from Wau 1961. Photo Credit D Harries. Bulolo forestry burn seen from Wau forest station, c.1962. Photo Credit Des Harries.

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A five-chain wide belt of rainforest was retained around the nursery/forest station clearing, and additional land set aside on the western side to provide gardening sites for the labour lines (up to three, i.e., ninety men, were initially housed here).

Wau Forestry Office and Nursery 1960. Photo credit Des Harries

Wau Nursery and temporary store building. Photo credit Des Harries.

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Commonwealth Department of Works undertook the construction of the permanent Forest Station structures. The first of these was the office building, followed by the tubing shed and the building used as the store and vehicle garage. A year later the residence for the Wau Forest Officer was built on this site as well as three married quarters for local officers. Des and June Harries with arrival of daughter Julia were the first occupants with no electricity. Electricity was connected to this site in 1962.Photo Credit Ian Whyte 1976. Road works continued to the west over the ensuing several years, providing eventually an alternative route from Wau to Bulolo to that of the old gorge road. Sandy Creek Road crossing construction, 1961. Photo Credit Des Harries. The progress of this roading program suffered a severe setback when it reached Sandy Creek. This problem was complicated by issues associated with so-called ‘native mining’

Work on the Sandy Creek Crossing, c.1961. Photo Credit Des Harries. A well-constructed pre-war water-race existed on the western side of Sandy Creek. It had been recently reactivated for the purpose of small-scale alluvial gold extraction at the junction of Sandy Creek and the Bulolo River.

Native mining operation near Sandy Creek, Wau, 1961. Photo Credit Des Harries. In addition, a miner had decided to live at the Sandy Creek end of the Forestry Road. The road location which would have been shortest and cheapest to construct would have meant the destruction of the water-race. This was ruled as unacceptable. The Sub-District Officer also ruled that the miner should not be asked to relocate. The resulting solution involved cutting the road bench for the full distance along the

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eastern bank of Sandy Creek until a crossing could be made upstream of the water-race. The road location then ran down-stream above the water-race on the western bank. The problem of construction of the road bench was exasperated by the fact that the location ran into granitic rock. This required extensive pneumatic drilling and blasting. Expatriate Staff at Wau With its Sub-district status, Wau office and its operations depended extensively on the resources of the Bulolo office. This resulted in considerable interaction of staff, and this increased in the early 1960s. The roadwork program, with a large component of maintenance and repair work, relied for some years on one Wau based tractor operator until late 1960 when he returned to Australia. This was Alan (Red) Harrison. There was regular support from Bulolo based tractor operators Bob Cattanach and Bill Jenkins. Then with the relocation of the Lae Sawmill staff, Peter Woolcot was transferred to Wau. On the silviculture side, support came from short term stays by Cadet Forest Officers, firstly Evan Shield followed by Neil Brightwell. The Fraser brothers, Ken and Alan moved up from the Lae Sawmill and took over roles in supervising the labour lines involved in plantation establishment. To provide support in the office, Mrs. Best, a resident of Wau was engaged. The fact that the forest office was located five miles out of town placed an additional burden on motor vehicles held at Wau, with Mrs. Best, Alan Fraser and Peter Woolcot requiring transport to and from the office each day. Without the expatriate residence constructed at the Forest Station, which had been a contentious issue at the start, operations at Wau would have been calamitous, because so much had to be organized early each morning at the Forest Station.

TAA Domestic Service, Wau. Photo credit Des Harries.

The Kauli Lake Amenity Once the labour line compound and forestry store had been removed from the former nursery site at Kauli lake, the decision was made to turn this location into an amenity for the community of Wau. 26

The existence of this small lake on the ridge near Kauli Creek had always been an intriguing natural feature. It also benefitted from having a magnificent view over the Wau Valley. As part of the site cleanup, it was decided to clear and burn some surrounding regrowth and to poison the extensive kau kau (sweet potato) gardens using herbicide. An unfortunate occurrence during the burn-off was that a spot fire in the neighboring Hoop plantation not being noticed in time and about an acre of plantation was destroyed. Extensive effort was put into the establishment of ornamentals, pathways, etc. around the lake. Some planting material was even flown in from Port Moresby. The resulting efforts were quickly appreciated by Wau townspeople, who used the site for family picnics. One family even had a small sailing boat brought up to use on the lake. The McAdam Memorial In late 1960 the Department of Forests sent draftsman Laurie Edwards to Wau to develop a plan for a permanent Memorial to its first Director. The site chosen was close to Kauli Lake but on its own grassland knoll. A massive concrete slab shaped as a stylized arrowhead was designed. This imposing memorial is visible from the air. It points true north across the Wau Valley and the site of Jim McAdam’s first Forest Station, and towards the imposing mass of Mt. Missim which lies between Wau and Salamaua on the North Coast. All these areas had played a significant part in Jim McAdam’s life. We hope he would have approved of what came after.

Plaque to Jim McAdam Memorial Park 1968. Left Chris Borough and right John Smith. Photo credit John Davidson.

J B McAdam Memorial Park Wau 1968. Photo credit John Davidson.

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RAAF Dakota crash Wau16, Saturday 22 October 1960

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Information provided by RAAF historian and TPNG forester John Davidson.

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RAAF aircraft which met with disaster whilst landing, Wau Airstrip. Fortunately, all crew escaped. These photos were taken from our town house in Wau in 1960. ! Photo credit June and Des Harries. 29

Notes for Forestry at Wau. Note No. 1. P.N.G. Forest Products Brochure (2004). (?) Extracts: P.N.G. Forest Products evolved from Bulolo Gold Dredging Limited that commenced operations in large scale alluvial mining in 1932. As the mining operation scaled down the plywood factory and sawmill were constructed by Commonwealth New Guinea Timbers Ltd. This was a collaboration between Bulolo Gold Dredging and the then government of Australia (New Guinea Timber Agreement Act, No. 40 of 1952). “In 1954 plywood production and the export of product to overseas destinations commenced and for the past 50 years the company has been involved in the conversion of both hardwood and plantation (conifer)resources to high value end products. The pine plantations were also established as part of a large-scale post-mining reforestation program by the Department of Forests. Note No. 2. Lane-Poole had determined through his systematic classification of floral zones that the coniferous forests occurred in what he called the Mid- Mountain belt, between one and two thousand metres in altitude. Note No. 3. The location of these mills (sic) in Wau is not known, but one may have been on the site subsequently used for a sawmill by New Guinea Goldfields Pty. Ltd. Machinery would have been flown in as were components of the No. 6 Gold dredge at this time. A suitable rafting site would have been at the site of the subsequent road crossing of the Bulolo River to Crawford’s farm on the northern side of the river. This was adjacent to the eastern extremity of the No. 6 dredging site. Note No. 4. The location of the first forestry operations in Wau at a distance of five miles, may have related to a clause in The Timber Ordinance (Consolidated) 1909, an adaptation of the old Queensland Act. This Ordinance, among other things, provided: - For the declaration of timber reserves on any Crown land, except within 5 miles of a mine shaft. The above Ordinance was replaced (possibly following the recommendation of Lane-Poole) with The Forestry (New Guinea) Ordinance 1936. It is not known, however, if the 5-mile clause was still invoked in 1938 when it was known that McAdam commenced forestry operations at Wau. Note No. 5. During April and May 1960, the risk of fire damage in the plantations adjacent to Anderson’s Plot became severe, with clearing and burning being conducted on the forestry side of Magnetic Creek near Kaisenik Village. This was in the vegetation left as a firebreak. The perpetrators here and in other locations at around this time were generally native miners. 30

It required considerable cooperation and assistance from officers of the Mining Wardens Office and the police to redress this risk to government forestry plantations. Native miners did not require an official license to operate but were granted leases and were assisted by an officer assigned to this task, in this case Mr. Ray Frazer. A similar fire risk also resulted from employees of leaseholders with forestry boundaries in the Kauli Creek area extending their gardening into forestry land left as “green breaks.” Fire lookouts equipped with knapsack sprays were maintained in the Kauli Creek area at this time. Note No. 6. The first buildings constructed at the Cedar Creek Forest Station were of native materials. These included a compound building, a store, and a shade house structure. The shade house was intended to hold orchids salvaged from the crowns of trees during the plantation site clearing. This was an arrangement with the Division of Botany in Lae. However, the shock of removal to ground level appeared too great and this project failed.

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References Reference No. 1 Carron, L.T., McAdam, James Bannister (Jim) (1910-1959) Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hard copy 2000. Reference No. 2 Lane-Poole, C.E. Report, The Forest Resources of the Territories of Papua and New Guinea,’ 1925. The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia. Reference No. 3. Lane-Poole, C.E. ,1935 A report on the forests of the goldfields of New Guinea, together with recommendations regarding forest policy for the whole Territory. Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, Canberra. Reference No. 4. Booth, Doris R., 1929, Mountains, Gold and Cannibals, Cornstalk Press, Australia. Reference No. 5 Wikipedia: Wau, Papua New Guinea.

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ACRONYMS AAD ACT ACIAR ACLMP ACP ADB AEC AFAP ADB AFLEGT AFPNG AFS AFTA AIF AMF ANBG ANGAU ANU APEC APMF APPM ARD ASEAN ASIO ASOPA ATIBT ATL ATO AusAID BA BCOF BDV “Beer Time” BFC BGD BNGD BUC C cm CALM CBD CDM CEFACT CEPT CERFLOR CFA CFE

Australian Antarctic Division Australian Capital Territory Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research AusAid funded World Bank Land Mobilisation program. African, Caribbean and Pacific States Asian Development Bank Administrators Executive Committee Australian Foundation for the Peoples of Asia & the Pacific Ltd. African Development Bank African Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Association of Foresters of PNG Australian Forestry School Asean Free Trade Area Australian Infantry Forces Australian Military Forces Australian National Botanical Gardens Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit Australian National University Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Australian Paper Manufacturers Forestry Pty Ltd Australia Paper and Pulp Manufacturers Afforestation, Reforestation and avoided Deforestation Association of South East Asian Nations Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Australian School of Pacific Administration Association Technique Internationale des Bois Tropicaux Accelerated Tariff Liberalization African Timber Organization Australian Aid Agency basal area British Commonwealth Occupational Force 1945-52 Brussels Definition of Value Any time. Bulolo Forestry College Bulolo Gold Dredging Company British New Guinea Development (Company Limited) Bulolo University College Commonwealth centimetre Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management Convention on Biological Diversity Clean Development Mechanism United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Common Effective Preferential Tariff Certificate of Origin of Forest Raw Material, Brazil Commonwealth Forestry Association Community forestry enterprise 58

CGTM CIF CIFOR CITES C&I CNGT CO2 COC COP CPF CRE CRE

CSIRO CHAH C&I C&L CSD CTE DASF DBH/ dbh DEPT DESA DIES DIY DPI DOF DSB EC ECE ECOSOC EEA EFI EIA EMAS EMS ENB e.g. ENGO Etc EU EVSL FAO F &TB FIM FMA

Cintra for Global Trade Model cost, insurance, freight Centre for International Forestry Research Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Criteria and indicators Commonwealth New Guinea Timbers Bulolo carbon dioxide chain of custody Conference of Parties Collaborative Partnership on Forests Commander Royal Engineers CRE is a term inherited by RAE from RE and is the term for the Commanding Officer of a RAE unit which is headed by a Lt Col. Although the officer is called the CRE the name is also used for the name of his unit. E.g., CRE Aust Forestry Group or 1(NG Forests). Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria Criteria and Indicators Certification and Labelling Commission on Sustainable Development (United Nations) Committee on Trade and Environment Dept of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries Diameter at breast height Department United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Department of Information and Extension Services Do-it-yourself Department of Primary Industry Department of Forests Dispute Settlement Body European Commission ECA Export credit agency Economic Commission for Europe Economic and Social Council of the United Nations European Economic Area European Forest Institute Environmental Investigation Agency Eco-Management and Audit Scheme of European Union Environmental Management System East New Britain Province. For example Environmental Non-governmental Organisation et cetera (more of the same) European Union Early Voluntary Liberalisation Food and Agriculture Organisation Forest and Timber Bureau Canberra Forest Information System Forest Management Agreement 59

FPRC FRA FRG FRI Forkol FSP/PNG FCCC FD FDI FIELD FLEGT FLEG FLONAS FOB FSC FTAA GAB Gbhob Gubab GIS G8 GATT GDP GEF GFTN GFPM GHG GIS GMO GNP GPA GSP GTZ ha IBRD IEA IFA IFY IADB IBAMA ICA ICCI IDB IEA IEC IFC IFF IHPA IIED

Forest Products Research Centre Hohola Forest Resource Assessment Forest Red Gum Forest Research Institute Lae Bulolo Forestry College Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific See UNFCCC Forest department Foreign direct investment The Foundation for International Environmental Law and Development Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Forest Law Enforcement and Governance National Forest logging concessions, Brazil free on board Forest Stewardship Council Free Trade Area of the Americas Girth above buttress Girth breast height over bark Girth under bark above buttress Geographic Information Systems Group of Eight (leading economies) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gross Domestic Product Global Environment Facility Global Forest and Trade Network Global Forest Products Model greenhouse gas Geographical information system genetically modified organism Gross National Product Plurilateral Government Procurement Agreement Generalized System of Preferences Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit hectare International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Energy Agency Institute of Foresters of Australia International Year of the Forest Inter-American Development Bank Amazon Environmental Institute, Brazil International Commodity Agreement International Conference on C&I for Sustainable Forest Management Inter-American Development Bank International Environmental Agreement International Electrical Commission International Finance Corporation Intergovernmental Forum on Forests International Hardwood Products Association International Institute for Environment and Development 60

IMF INGO IPC IPCC IPF ISO ITC ITTA ITTC ITTO IUCN IWPA JICA L of N LRRS LCA LEEC LEI LULUCF m3 MCCAF MHA MM MUS MEA MFN MIGA MOU MTTC n.a. NAA NARI NB NAFTA NGO NHLA NRRP NT NTB NTCC NTFP NTM NWFP NDS NFCAP NGM no. NG NGF NGIB

International Monetary Fund International Non-Governmental Organisations Integrated Programme for Commodities Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Intergovernmental Panel on Forests International Organization for Standardisation International Trade Centre International Tropical Timber Agreement International Tropical Timber Council International Tropical Timber Organization The World Conservation Union International Wood Products Association Japanese International Cooperation Agency League of Nations Land Resource Soils Survey (branch of CSIRO) Life Cycle Analysis London Economic and Environmental Centre Indonesian Ecolabelling Institute Land Use, Land Use Change and Forests cubic metre McCarthy & Associates (Forestry) Pty. Ltd. Member of House of Assembly PNG Military Medal Malayan Uniform System Multilateral Environmental Agreement Most Favoured Nation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Memorandum of Understanding Malaysian Timber Certification Council not available National Archives Australia National Agriculture Research Institute New Britain North American Free Trade Agreement Non-Governmental Organisation National Hardwood Lumber Association Natural Resources and Rights Program National Treatment non-tariff barrier National Timber Certification Council non-timber forest product non-tariff measures non-wood forest product Northern District Sawmills PNG National Forestry and Conservation Action Plan New Guinea Mainland number New Guinea New Guinea Forces (relates to plant collection of Lae Herbarium) New Guinea Infantry Battalion 61

NGI NGO NGVR NZ NSW NTSC OECD OTO OIC OISCA OTML P or p PEFC PIB PIR PNG PNGAA PNGAF PNGFA PNGFIA PNGRIS PNGUT POM P&C PEFC PGA PPM PPP QLD QF RAE RPC RRA RIIA RIL RFE RTA RWE SAP SPS SFM SGS SMS SP SPWP sq m TAG TSS TBT

New Guinea Islands Non-Government Organisation New Guinea Volunteer Rifles New Zealand New South Wales National Tree Seed Centre PNG Bulolo Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Office of Trade and Investment Ombudsman Officer in Charge Organisation for Industrial, Spiritual and Cultural Advancement International Japan. Ok Tedi Mining Ltd page Pan European Forest Certification Scheme Papuan Infantry Battalion Pacific Islands Regiment Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Australia Association Papua New Guinea Australian Foresters Magazine Series Papua New Guinea Forest Authority PNG Forest Industries Association Papua New Guinea Resource Information System PNG University of Technology Port Moresby Principles and Criteria Pan-European Forest Certification Framework Plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement production and processing method Polluter Pays Principle (other meaning Purchasing Power Parity) Queensland Queensland Forestry Royal Australian Engineers/Australian Army Royal Papuan Constabulary Rapid Resource Appraisal Royal Institute of International Affairs reduced impact logging Russia Far East Regional Trade Agreement roundwood equivalent structural adjustment programme Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Sustainable Forest Management Société General de Surveillance Selective Management System Malaysia South Pacific Secondary Processed Wood Products square metres Trade Advisory Group of ITTO Tropical Shelterwood System Technical Barriers to Trade 62

TFF TFRK TNC TRAINS TREM TRIM TRIP UK UN Unasylva UNCCD UNCED UNCSD UNCTAD UNESCO UNDP UNECE UNEP UNFCCC UNFF USTR UNE UNEP UNI UNITECH UNRE UPNG UQ US USA USD TPNG TUBL TA TA TRP Vol VSF WA WB WCMC WCO WSSD WTO WWF

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