Issuu

AUSTRALIAN FORESTERS in PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1922-1975

PNGAF MAGAZINE ISSUE # 9D4E of 5th April 2022 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PNG’s FOREST MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS A history of plantation development globally, especially in tropical rainforest areas as pertinent to PNG’s forest tree plantation development. PNGAF MAG 94E. PNG’s Timeline of Forest Tree Plantation Development. Editor R B McCarthy1 2022. The wharf at Samarai in 1927. Source. Samarai Views 1927. Collection John Oxley Library Brisbane. Wau Anderson’s Plot (planted c.1940) surrounded by 1950’s plantations. Photo credit Des Harries 1960.

Klinkii Bulolo, Hoop Wau, Bulolo Plantation Establishment. Photo credit Cliff Southwell.

1948 E deglupta (Kamarere) Kerevat ENB by Bill Heather. Photo credit John Davidson 1972. TPNG Forests HQ Port Moresby till 1971. Photo credit Cliff Southwell.

Dick McCarthy District Forester TPNG 1963-1975.

TABLE OF CONTENTS “FORWOOD”

page 3

PNG PLANTATION TIMELINE (taim belong diwai) page 6 Road to Development of a PNG Forest Tree Plantation Estate

page 15

PNG can grow anything. Humorous Trivia

page 77

References for Plantation PNGAF Mag Series 9D4

page 94

Acronyms

page 120

Department of Forests 1973 Bulolo Forestry College Bulolo. Photo Credit Murray Day.

“FORWOOD” The timeline of PNG’s forest tree plantation development mirrors government policy of the day. 2FAO

reported that the TPNG Department of Forests developed forest plantations of indigenous and exotic species in selected areas since 1950, following the concept that permanent centres of population and existing industry, required a perpetual supply of raw materials. • • • • •

Bulolo Wau plantation area commenced in 1949/50. Kerevat plantation (near Rabaul) commenced in 1951. Mt Lawes (Brown River) plantation near Port Moresby 1955. Asaro (near Goroka) plantation commenced in 1963. Wahgi Valley (near Mt Hagen) commenced in 1965.

The objective of the TPNG Department of Forests was for forest plantation development in PNG to augment the supplies of logs from the natural forest This policy recognized that plantation forests were seen as complementary to natural forests, never able to replace all the values associated with the natural forests, but where appropriately developed, helping to divert some of the pressures away from them. For PNG’s natural forests, this was based on the premise of a 35-year harvesting cycle. Given the issue of land ownership in PNG, behind the PNG forest tree plantation development timeline there is a history of a series of ‘difficulties’ or ‘challenges’ through land tenure conflicts, sometimes between government and landowners, but more often between various groups of landowners. Over this period, the plantation complexes of Kerevat in New Britain and Brown River (Mt. Lawes) via Port Moresby has succumbed to land tenure conflicts. Bob Tate3 of PNG Forest Industries Association advised that further projects due to land issues, oil palm conversion and other factors had been discontinued. They included Gogol Valley, Madang North Coast (including JANT and its associated wood chip mill no longer operating), Fayantina, Kaut, Lapegu, Whagi Valley and Ulamona. However, to this day, government authorities view the benefits of plantation development to represent a major opportunity for growth in PNG’s long-term wood supply and a significant contributor to regional economic development by value adding locally to primary production and generating downstream processing jobs. Between 1937 (McAdam4 commenced duties in 1938 as TPNG’s Chief Forester) and 2000, PNG had established some 62,000 hectares5 of forest plantations. The major species planted 2

FAO UNASYLVA. Bob Tate PNGFIA personal Communication 27th July 2018 4 PNGAF Magazine Issue # 3 of 30th Oct 2020 – Jim McAdam first Director TPNG Forests. 5 PNGAF Magazine Issue # 9D4F PNG Plantation Statistics of 10th March 2022. 3

include Araucaria cunninghamii (Hoop pine), Araucaria hunsteinii (Klinkii pine), Tectona grandis (Teak), Eucalyptus deglupta (Kamarere), Pinus sp as P caribaea; P merkusii; P patula, Ochroma lagopus (Balsa) and Acacia mangium. Minor species planted include, Eucalyptus robusta; Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus saligna, Anthocephalus cadamba (Labula), Terminalia species as T. brassii, Calophyllum sp and Octomeles sumatrana (Erima). TABLE 6 INDICATIVE STATUS PLANTATION AREAS 1974 & 1996 PROJECT LANDS SPECIES START AREA AREA YEAR 1968/69 1974 hectares hectares Brown River C/G Tg 1955 850 1510 Bulolo/Wau C/G Arc, Arh, 1949/50 6162 7919 P Gogol/Madang C/G/P Ek, Am, 1973 75 Te 1988-92 0 Fayantina EH C/G P Ialibu SH G P, E 1977-90 0 Kainantu EH G P 1976-83 0 Kaut N I G/C Ek, C 1986-90 0 Kerevat ENB C/G Ek, Tg, O, 1951 1340 1807 Te Kuriva Cent G Tg 1973-91 0 Lapegu EH G P 1964-93 945 Open Bay P Ek, Te, 1970’s 0 Am Stettin Bay P Te, Am, 1976 0 O, A Ulabo G/C Ek, Am 1980’s 0 Wahgi Valley G E, P 1965 0 Ulamona P Ek 1970’s 0 Total (ha) 8352 12256 Legend. Ownership C-customary; G- government; P private Species Arc Arh Tg Ek P E Am E E A O Te C

AREA 1996 hectares 1200 12000 9500 900

400 250 1000 1900 600 3200 11,000 9500 1500 2100 900 55,950

Araucaria cunninghamii. Hoop pine. Bulolo/Wau. Araucaria hunsteinii. Klinkii pine. Bulolo/Wau. Tectonia grandis. Teak Kerevat; Brown River; Kuriva. Eucalyptus deglupta. Kamarere Kerevat, Gogol, Kaut, Open Bay, Ulabo, Ulamona. Pinus sp as P caribaea, P merkusii, P patula Bulolo/Wau, Fayantina, Kainantu, Lapegu, Ialibu. Eucalyptus robusta, Wahgi Valley. Acacia mangium Gogol. Stettin Bay, Ulabo. Eucalyptus grandis. Wahgi Valley. Eucalyptus saligna. Wahgi Valley. Anthocephalus cadamba. Labula, Stettin Bay. Ochroma lagopus. (Balsa) Kerevat. Terminalia species as T. brassii Kerevat, Gogol, Stettin Bay, Open Bay. Calophyllum sp. Kaut.

Data from internal PNGFIA files

Initially, the TPNG Department of Forests through its Division of Silviculture established two sections – Forest Research and Forest Plantation Management. (Future PNGAF magazines will address the individuals involved and the work undertaken within the PNG Forest Research and PNG Plantation Management Sections of past times). Early research into Araucaria hunsteinii (Klinkii Pine) silviculture7 was undertaken by Joe Havel which was completed by 1959 and published in 1965. 8

Much of the early silvicultural pioneering research work to grow PNG Species in plantation format is detailed in the first silvicultural publication Silvicultural Techniques in Papua New Guinea Plantations. Division of Silviculture Bulletin No 1 by K J White & Alan Cameron. This publication detailed the development of silvicultural techniques to grow PNG species in plantation format both for industrial plantations as well as individual landowners through extensive extension programs.

9Silviculture

of Pinus in PNG Bulletin # 5 by JEN Smith in 1970 describes silvicultural techniques to grow Pinus species in PNG. At the same time, the Department of Forests ran an extensive forest extension program with over forty extension nurseries which annually distributed over one million trees per annum which were planted by small holders for fuelwood, shelter wood and to augment future sawlog supplies. 10

Interesting publications produced included PLANIM DIWAI YAR - Grow Casuarina by the Dept. of Forests 1967 where extensive community plantings of Casuarina in the Highlands were undertaken especially for fuel wood and shelter requirements.

As part of this PNG Plantation series, Dr Bob Thistlethwaite in his paper Further domestication of PNG’s indigenous forest species11 described the work undertaken in PNG re indigenous and exotic species until 1975.

Havel J J 1965 Plantation establishment of klinkii pine (Araucaria hunsteinii) in New Guinea. Common Forestry Review 44 (3) 172-87 8 White KJ, Cameron AL 1966 Silvicultural Techniques in Papua New Guinea Forest Plantations. Silviculture Bulletin No 1 Dept of Forests Publication now in its third printing in January 1972 9 Smith JEN 1970 Silviculture of Pinus in PNG Silviculture Bulletin No 5 10 Department of Forests 1967 Planim Diwai Yar 11 REF PNGAF Mag 9D4I of 22/2/22

PNG PLANTATION TIMELINE (taim belong diwai)

Date

Details

Reference

3000 BC

The oldest record of oil palm use date from 3,000 BC when in the late 1800s archaeologists discovered several kegs of palm oil in a tomb located in Abydos, Egypt. It is believed that Arab traders had brought the oil to Egypt. According to legend, the coffee plant was discovered in Ethiopia by a goat herder named Kaldi who observed increased activity in his goats after they consumed coffee beans. The first coffee plant was found in the mountains of Yemen. The genus Coffea) is of about 125 species of flowering plants of the family Rubiaceae, mostly native to tropical Africa. Two species are of major economic importance as the source of coffee. Coffee beans first exported out of Ethiopia to Yemen by Somali Merchants, then exported to the rest of the World through the port of Mocha, Yemen. Sufi monasteries in Yemen employed coffee as an aid to concentration during prayers. It soon spread to Mecca and Medina. Coffee reached the rest of the Middle east, South India, Persia, Turkey, India, Northern Africa. Coffee then spread to the Balkans, Italy, rest of Europe and Southeast Asia. Coffee first cultivated in India (Chikmagalur).

Wikipedia

FRA 2000

1885

Myanmar. A plantation of teak is reported to have been established around the year 1700 in the Paletwa area of Chin State. European-run oil palm plantations were set up in Central Africa and Southeast Asia. Steps taken to cultivate cinchona trees (Cinchona ledgeriana) for its bark containing quinine. Dutch production in Indonesia till World War 2. Speculative exploitation of Cedar, Sandalwood, New Guinea Walnut, bird of paradise. Sir Henry Wickham took viable seedlings rubber tree seedlings (Hevea brasiliensis) to Kew Gardens. Nine seedlings rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) from Kew Gardens planted in Malaysia in Kuala Kangsar. German settlers established coconut plantations in East New Britain. The first missionaries took one pound of coffee seed into Papua. Father Paul Fastre missionary Sacred Heart Mission Yule Island letter to Pacific Island Monthly May 1947. German New Guinea coffee plantings Finschhafen.

1886/87

German New Guinea coffee plantings New Britain.

Sinclair

1880’s

Several teak plantations were inspected, including the original Teak area near Madang, where the Germans had introduced the species to PNG in the 1880’s. The purpose was to assess the more desirable trees that could be used to establish “Seed Orchards.” This program commenced in

Cameron

850 AD

15th century 1400-1500

16th Century 1500-1600 1600 1700 Early 1800’s 1850 Till 1940’s 1876 1877 1884 1885

Wikipedia

FAO

McAdam Turnbull Malayan Forest Record # 38

Sinclair

1963 at Brown River and Kerevat with a couple of Forest Officers and a few local staff involved. 1890

Frank Lawes advised Sir William McGregor Administrator of British New Guinea (1888-1898) that a small botanical garden of some 3 acres had been fenced and laid out near Government House. It was planted with certain fruit trees, coffee, jute, millet, ground nuts, maize, and several species of vegetables. The Kerevat plantations were based on the performance of early introductions of Teak in the late 19 th and early 20th centuries by the Germans from Burma for trial plantings at Alexishafen near Madang and Kokopo near Rabaul. Between 1890 and 1900 by German New Guinea Administration • First entry provinces were Madang and Rabaul Provinces • Seeds of Burmese origin • Recommended for reforestation and afforestation plantations in PNG in 1925. • Teak plantation commenced in 1950 at Keravat in East New Britain and 1955 at Brown River near Port Moresby.

Sinclair

1894-95

The Germans were the first to plant oil palm in 189495 on the Rai Coast of Papua New Guinea. The Germans also established additional experimental plantings in the early 1920s near Popondetta in Northern (Oro) Province (Landell Mills 1991). Commercial plantings were established in 1967 following a World Bank recommendation that oil palm on a nucleus estate-smallholder system be introduced to New Britain or Bougainville to diversify the agricultural economy and increase the export income of Papua New Guinea.

(Sack and Clark 1979, quoted in Grieve 1986) (IBRD 1965; Grieve 1986). Koczberski, G., Curry, G.N. & Gibson, K. (2001). Improving Productivity of the Smallholder Oil Palm Sector in Papua New Guinea. RSPAS, ANU

1895

Sir Henry Wickham arrives in PNG- planter in Conflict group. German New Guinea government botanical garden started at Kokopo New Britain including coffee plantings. German New Guinea - Cocoa plantings.

Lewis

1903

Commercial rubber was first planted in PNG in 1903. Most production was in the Australian Territory of Papua (now the Southern Region of PNG). In German New Guinea, attempts to build a rubber industry were based on assam rubber (Ficus elastica), which is inferior to para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). Consequently, very little rubber was produced in German New Guinea. In Papua, plantations were first developed at Galley Reach, Sogeri and Cape Rodney in Central Province and in the Kerema area of Gulf Province. They subsequently expanded into the Kokoda area of Oro Province and parts of New Ireland Province. The principal exports from Papua in the 1930s and 1940s were copra and rubber, and rubber contributed almost 30% by value in the 1930s.

Tok pisin Lewis

1904

German New Guinea started Rabaul botanical gardens with planting materials from Botanische Zentralstelle, Netherlands East Indies etc. Seeds and plants issued free to planters and government bodies. Plants included fodder plants, grasses,

Sinclair

1890/1900

1899 1900

ACIAR

Sinclair Ryan

1913-1928

tropical and sub-tropical cereals and legumes, rice, maize, castor oil, Robusta coffee. Galley Reach Holdings Rubber Plantations Central Province. The former German Administration had established Teak trials prior to 1914 at Kokopo. Those few Australian foresters who got to see these post-1945, must have been impressed enough by the species as an investment worth trying. Rattan (Calamus spp) planting in mangrove forests.

1916

Indonesia (Pinus merkusii) in Sumatra.

FRA 2000

1918-1974

History of E. deglupta as a plantation species and planting has until recently been experimental or on a pilot scale. The earliest introductions of seed were from the indigenous stands which occur in the Cotabato area of Mindanao to other islands in the Philippines, e.g., to Baguio in northwest Luzon in 1918 and 1926. The first introduction into Cebu Island was in 1954 (Lizardo, 1956). Similarly, the first major plantings on the main island of Papua New Guinea were made in 1948 from seed collected at Keravat on the neighbouring island of New Britain. Outside Southeast Asia, the first small-scale introductions were made in the late 1950s or in the 1960s, e.g., the Ivory Coast and Solomon Islands 1958, the Congo 1961, Sri Lanka 1967. The Philippines had about 7 000 ha planted by 1974, mainly by the Paper Industries Corporation of the Philippines (PICOP). Papua New Guinea recorded 736 ha planted to 1973. The Congo reported 170 ha planted mainly between 1961 and 1966. The Ivory Coast reported 50 ha of trials. Teak Recommended for reforestation and afforestation plantations in PNG. The Australian Commonwealth Institute of Science and Industry formed the Forest Products Laboratory. Charles Edward Lane Poole was appointed the Commonwealth’s adviser on forestry for a period of three years. The Commonwealth Forestry Bureau was established under an Inspector-General to advise the Commonwealth government on forestry in Australia, to provide higher education in forestry for the State forestry services and to conduct research. Charles Edward Lane Poole was appointed Inspector-General. The Australian Forestry School, which had been established on a temporary basis in Adelaide in March 1926, moved to permanent quarters at Westridge, now Yarralumla, in the FCT and was placed under the Commonwealth Forestry Bureau. Charles Lane Poole, the Commonwealth’s Inspector-General of Forests and Forestry Adviser, was appointed Acting Principal of the school. Establishement Wau Agricultural station (DASF) including planting of coffee ex Jamacia in 1929. Jacobs resigned to join the Commonwealth Forestry Bureau and C.R. (Cyril) Cole was appointed sole Forestry Officer in the FCT to replace both Rodger and Jacobs

FAO/Jacobs

1906 Prior 1914

1925 1919 1923

1927

1928 1929

Lewis Harries

Malay Forest Record # 38

Rodgers ACT Forests

Roche/Dargavel

Rodgers

Sinclair Roche/Dargavel

1929

Division of Forest Products, CSIR .

Rodgers

Before 1938

Seed of balsa was imported to PNG in the late 1930s, 1946 seed imported by Milner’s Balsawood (renamed Australia balsa) with further introductions made between 1948 and 1961, mostly to East New Britain Province (ENB). The Forest Service established in New Guinea with appointment of Jim McAdam accepted a permanent position in the mandated Territory of New Guinea as a Forestry Officer together with Jim Cavanaugh. Commencement Bulolo Wau land and forest timber rights puchases for plantation complex. Jim McAdam made Chief forester of New Guinea J McAdam & J Cavanaugh war service PNG 1939-45 McAdam/Cavanaugh/Reay Weidenhofer sign up NGVR

Anon 1938

Smith

1940

McAdam in Wau established a small planting of Pinus elliottii, Pinus taeda, Pinus kesiya, Agathis palmerstonii and other hardwoods.Mycorrhiza was furnished from innoculum brought from Berrwah Nursery of Qld State Forestry. experimental planting Wau Hoop Pine.

1944/45

Experimental planting Cinchona Wau and the Highlands

L Cavanaugh Manning

1946

Balsa seed imported by Milner’s Balsawood (renamed Australia balsa) with further introductions made between 1948 and 1961, mostly to East New Britain Province (ENB). The Commonwealth’s Forestry Bureau became the Forestry and Timber Bureau, still within the Department of the Interior. G.J. Rodger was appointed Director-General of the Bureau. Forestry Bureau was reconstituted as the Forestry and Timber Bureau under a director-general incorporating the timber planning and co-ordinating responsibilities of the wartime organization of Commonwealth Timber Control, which lapsed 31 December 1946. Bill Heather Forester (graduate AFS 1943/44) Regional Forest Officer Rabaul; in late 1940’s and early 1950’s; started Kerevat plantations with WR Fryar in 1948; afterwards, Heather was a lecturer at AFS. PNG - An important point is that there has been a long history of installation of trials for a wide range of intents and outcomes. Caribbean pine introduced from Honduras and trial plantings began at Beerwah and Tuan Creek near Maryborough 1948 C.S.I.R.O. began experimental work near Beerwah on converting wallum to pasture to allow for grazing to coincide with forestry 1950s Tuan and Toolara State Forests planted with slash pine. Fifth British Empire Forestry Conference UK

Howcroft

Trail planting Kerevat 10 acres (4 ha) of Kamerere (E deglupta with locally collected seed with Bill Heater and Ken Fraser. The original kamarere plot of about 10 acres established four years ago (1948) is now over 60 feet high and ready for its first thinning. Some of these thinnings will be going

Womersley

1938

1939 1939 1940 1940

1946

1947

1947 1948

Howcroft

TPNG

Turia TPNG TPNG

Womersley

Rodgers

TPNG

FAO

Kowald

CFA

McAdam

1948/49 1948/49

1948 1950

1950 1950

1950/51

1952

to the Division of Forest Products for testing for pulping and other purposes. Commencement Bulolo Wau plantation complex Bulolo plantations. Development of 18.4 m2 of nursery capacity was undertaken at Bulolo. 1949-1950 Plantations Bulolo Hoop Pine 44 acres. 1950-1951 Hoop (Araucaria cunninghamii) and Klinkii pine (A. hunsteinii) plantations 16.6 ha 1951-1952 Bulolo Hoop Pine 97 acres 1952-1953 Bulolo Hoop Pine 166 acres 1953-1954 bulolo Hoop Pine 188 acres 1954-1955 Bulolo Hoop Pine 475 acres 1955-1956 Bulolo Hoop Pine 430 acres 1956-1957 Bulolo Hoop Pine 590 acres 1950-55 hoop Bulolo 695 ac, Klinkii 15.5 ac 1955-60 hoop Bulolo 3164 ac, klinkii 162 ac 1960-65 hoop Bulolo 2227 ac, klinkii 1345 ac 1965-66 hoop Bulolo 522 ac, klinkii 316 ac 1966-68 hoop Bulolo 772 ac, klinkii 792 ac Start TPNG forestry cadetship scheme. Teak plantation commenced at Keravat in ENB established with seed obtained from areas planted by the Germans at Namatanai in 1910. Plantations Bulolo Hoop Pine 44 acres. 1950-1955 Wau Hoop 3.5 ac 1955-1960 Wau Hoop 757 ac 1960-1965 Wau Hoop 1061 ac, klinkii 445 ac 1965-1966 Wau Hoop 496 ac 1966-1968 Wau hoop 605 ac, klinkii 182 ac Plantations Kerevat 26 acres of Kamerere (E deglupta). For 1951‐1952, specific details are available of the conversion of 52.6 ha of logged coastal rainforest by planting 24.2 ha of Teak, 12.1 ha of Kamarere, 6.1 ha of Balsa (Ochroma legopus – now O. pyramida) and 2.0 ha of trials (including Nedum ‐ Pericopsis moniana; Damara mahogany – Xylocarpus granatum; Cedrela Mexicana – a native species of tropical America). 1951-1952 Eucalyptus deglupta 108 acres 1952-1953 Eucalyptus deglupta 108 acres 1953-1954 Eucalyptus deglupta 150 acres 1954-1955 Eucalyptus deglupta 208 acres 1955-1956 Eucalyptus deglupta 161 acres 1956-1957 Eucalyptus deglupta 160 acres 1951-1955 Eucalyptus deglupta 71.9 ha 1956-1960 Eucalyptus deglupta 154.9 1961- 1965 Eucalyptus deglupta 80.1 ha 1966-1970 Eucalyptus deglupta 54.2 ha But at Kerevat, by 1971, the onset of local land ownership claims curtailed further planting A modern plywood manufacturing industry will be established for processing the pines of the Bulolo Valley. It is expected that within three years the output will reach 30 million square feet of plywood on a 3/16-inch basis. Already a start has been made on reforestation with the same species. (Hoop and Klinkii). The future plantings will be about 600 to 700 acres per year. At the end of the rotation (50 years), it is calculated that the annual cut will exceed 60 million super feet of logs as against the rationed cut of 10 million super feet from the virgin stands. There

TPNG C of A Womersley

DOF Notes Bulolo Wau 1968 Silviculture Bulletin # 3

TPNG McAdam

Womersley DOF Notes Bulolo Wau 1968 Silviculture Bulletin # 3

Womersley

Srivastava

Harries

McAdam

1954

will be a great volume of early thinnings from the plantations in about ten years and this may well lead to the establishment of the first pulp factory in the Territory. Start Brown River plantations. (Mt Lawes territorial forest) 1955 Teak plantations commenced at Brown River near Port Moresby which were attacked by deer 1955-1956 Brown River teak and kamerere trials 10 acres 1956-1957 Brown River trial E torelliana By 1971, teak planting program of 200 ha per year

Womersley

1950’s

Teak plantations Malaysia

Harries FAO

1951/52

Plantations Bulolo Hoop Pine 97 acres

Womersley

1951/52

Plantations Kerevat 108 acres Kamerere (E deglupta)

Womersley

1952/53

Plantations Bulolo Hoop Pine 166 acres

Womersley

1950’s

Teak plantations Malaysia

FAO

1951/52

Plantations Bulolo Hoop Pine 97 acres

Womersley

1951/52

Plantations Kerevat 108 acres Kamerere (E deglupta)

Womersley

1952/53

Plantations Bulolo Hoop Pine 166 acres

Womersley

1952

A modern plywood manufacturing industry will be established for processing the pines of the Bulolo Valley. It is expected that within three years the output will reach 30 million square feet of plywood on a 3/16-inch basis. Already a start has been made on reforestation with the same species. (Hoop and Klinkii). Last year, 45 acres were planted. This year, 100 acres are being planted and, in the nursery, there is stock for 300 acres of plantation next year. It is expected that the future plantings will eb about 600 to 700 acres per year. At the end of the rotation (50 years), it is calculated that the annual cut will exceed 60 million super feet of logs as against the rationed cut of 10 million super feet from the virgin stands. There will be a great volume of early thinnings from the plantations in about ten years and this may well lead to the establishment of the first pulp factory in the Territory. At Kerevat, the Department has commenced silvicultural research work on the coastal stands. Kamarere, teak and balsa are being established on about 100 acres this year. The original kamarere plot of about 10 acres established four years ago (1948) is now over 60 feet high and ready for its first thinning. Some of these thinnings will be going to the Division of Forest Products for testing for pulping and other purposes. The teak, which is established from seed obtained from areas planted by the Germans at Namatanai forty years ago is showing promising growth and may provide the answer to a durable timber for local construction. Sixth British Empire Forestry Conference Canada

McAdam

FAO Eucalyptus study tour in Australia, and extensive species trials with Eucalyptus spp. Plantations Kerevat 108 acres, Kamarere (E deglupta) and Balsa IUFRO World Congress Italy

FAO

1952 1952 1952/53 1953

CFA

Womersley Johnann et al

1953

FAO

1953/54

FAO Eucalypt Study tour Australia Unasylva Vol 7 No 1 March 1953 Plantations Bulolo Hoop Pine 188 acres

1953/54

Plantations Kerevat 150 acres Kamerere (E deglupta)

Womersley

1954/55

Plantations Bulolo Hoop Pine 475 acres

Womersley

1954

Start Brown River plantations. (Mt Lawes territorial forest)

TPNG

1954

At the Fourth World Forestry Congress (1954) in India, it was recommended that an international commission be set up on the use of exotic species for planting in the tropics. The increasing importance of eucalypts for plantations was indicated by the publication by FAO in 1954 of the first edition of Eucalypts for Planting and Plantations Kerevat 208 acres Kamerere (E. deglupta)

FAO

Plantations Bulolo Hoop Pine 430 acres Plantations Kerevat 161 acres Kamerere (E .deglupta) Brown River teak and kamerere trials 10 acres Plantations of Pinus taeda,P pinaster,P patula, P carribaea, Cupresus lusitanica near the old Police Barracks Watut Road Bulolo. Plantings suffered form boron deficinecy for many years. FAO World Eucalypt Conference Rome

Womersley Womersley Womersley Smith J 1968

Plantations Bulolo Hoop Pine 590 acres Experimental work Klinkii Plantations Bulolo Brown River trial E. torelliana Plantations Kerevat 160 acres Kamerere (E. deglupta) Seventh British Commonwealth Forestry Conference in Australia resolved that a book be published about experience with exotic species in the Commonwealth (Streets, 1962). During 1957 a fifty-year-old teak tree was cut from the Kokopo plantation (established by the German administration prior to 1914) and sawn into planks at the Kerevat mill. The result was the commencement in the early 1950s of the plantations at Kerevat and Brown River (Mt. Laws). At Kerevat, Teak, Tectona grandis and Kamarere, Eucalyptus deglupta, were grown on neighbouring blocks on the river flats, mostly in pure stands but also in admixture, with the faster grown, Kamarere being tried as a sort of “cover crop,” soon to be abandoned. At the Brown River, by 1971, the planting program had steadied at about 200 ha per year. But at Kerevat, the onset of local land ownership claims curtailed further planting. Initially seed for the Kerevat plantation was collected from old German plantings near Kokopo and on New Ireland. In 1957 this was being organised by Regional Forest Officer, Alex Richardson and Regional staff officer, Ms. Lorraine Taylor. The seed, sown in small nurseries, was allowed to grow into small plants which, at the time of planting out were cut into “stumps.” The planted “stumps” were protected from attack by the plague of giant African snails with cardboard rings soaked in snail deterrent.

Womersley Womersley Womersley Womersley FAO

1954

1954/55 1955/56 1955/56 1955/56 1955/56

1956 1956/57 1956/57 1956/57 1956/57 1957

1957

Womersley

FAO

Womersley

FAO

Harries

1958 1959/60 1961

1961

1962

1962/63

1962/63 1964 -1983

1965

1965-1985

1966

1967

Some years later a seed orchard was established at Kerevat in an area isolated from the main plantations. Empire forestry conference tour PNG. Pinus spp plantings Taun Creek LA Bulolo First importation of Pinus seedlings from Australia found to have abundant short dichotomously branched mycorrhizal roots. In early 1961, the Australian Government made a nationwide recruiting drive (in Australia) to interview and enlist six (6) potential Assistant Forest Rangers, as part of ten (10) students, to be the first intake for the Bulolo Forestry College. The new recruits included Bruce Anderson, Tony Crompton, Rod Hall, Tony Brown, Heiner Streimann, and Peter Eddowes. However, as the Forestry College Buildings had not been started, at this time, the BFS did not start up until 1962. The first Principal of the school was Joe Havel with Bill Finlayson, followed by Leon Clifford, Robin Angus, and later John Godlee. The students were all housed together, into one (old) wooden building opposite the old forestry office. A classroom was established inside the forestry office building. The first course ended in 1963. The part-time lecturers included Kevin White, Alan Cameron, Eric Hammermaster, Greg McDonald, Phil Ainsworth, Alan Ross, and John Womersley. The establishment of the Bulolo Forestry College in 1962 was the commencement of formal technical training for Papua New Guineans. Joe Havel the inaugural Principal described Forest Education in PNG. Four courses were offered at Bulolo Forestry College. They included Forestry Diploma (3-year course); Higher Certificate in Forestry (2-year course); Lower Certificate in Forestry (6 months course) and a Diploma of Cartography (3-year course). Initially, it began with two-year certificate course and the three-year diploma course was added in 1967 (the first graduates started their field work in 1970). Plantations established Asaro Eastern Highlands with Pinus kesiya, (from Assam), Pinus patula (from Queensland) Plantations Pinus kesiya Wau Mixed Pinus spp plantings Bulolo of P ayacahuite, cubensis, tropicalis, kesiya, patula, pseudostrobus, montezumae, michaocana, radiata, oocarpa, caribaea. Opening of Papua New Guinea Forestry College Bulolo by the Minister for Teritories, The Hon. C.E.Barnes MP on the 3rd of August 1965. It was then known as the Papua and New Guinea Forestry School Bulolo. Wahgi Valley Plantations Western Highlands Planting 1966-70 E. robusta/grandis 205.1 ha Planting 1971-75 E. robusta/grandis 576.1ha Planting 1976-80 E. robusta/grandis 1002.9 ha Planting 1981-85 E. robusta/grandis 157.9 ha Kunjingini East Sepik 1966-1970 E. terticornis 0.5 ha 1973-1977 E. grandis 13.4 ha 1978-1982 E. terticornis 16 ha FAO World Symposium on Man-Made Forests and their Industrial Importance in Canberra

CFA Smith J 1968 Wright 1968

TPNG

TPNG Havel Eddowes

Smith J 1968

Smith J 1968 Smith J 1968

TPNG

Srivastava Howcroft

Srivastava

FAO

1968

First PNG Silvicultural Research Conference Bulolo

TPNG – White KJ

1968

Wright reported that a Pinus insularis tree established at Wau for many years had mycorrhiza association reprte on soil brought from Australai before quarentine restricitons imposed and used around the tree. Soil from around this tree was used to innocualte ebdsof varoius Pinus species brought in from Australia. Wahgi Valley Plantations Western Highland

Wright 1968

DOF AR1971 Srivastava

1971

Gogol Valley Plantations Baku forest station 1973-1977 E. deglupta plantings 78 ha 1978-1983 E. deglupta plantings 1628.2 ha 1983-1987 E. deglupta plantings 1300.6 ha 1988-1993 E. deglupta plantings 660.5 ha Kagamuga Forest Station Southern Highlands Province.

1973

Kuriva Plantation Central Province

TPNG

1973

Yambi East Sepik 1973-1977 E. deglupta plantings 0.7 ha 1978-1982 E terticornis plantings 0.9 ha Nompia Eastern Highlands 1973-1977 Eucalyptus robusta/grandis 27.3 ha 1978-1982 Eucalyptus robusta/grandis 22.3 ha Open Bay Plantations East New Britain 1978-1982 E. deglupta plantings 150.8 ha 1983-87 E. deglupta plantings 1108.6 ha 1988-1993 E. deglupta plantings 3653.3 ha Stennin Bay Plantations West New Britain 1973-1977 E. deglupta plantings 135 ha 1978-1982 E. deglupta plantings 329.2 ha 1983-1987 E. deglupta plantings 1518.1 ha 1988-1993 E. deglupta plantings 1546.0 ha

Srivastava

Kainantu Plantations Eastern Highlands Lalibu Basin plantations Southern Highlands Ulamona Plantations West New Britain Province Norikori Eastern Highlands 1978-1982 Eucalyptus robusta/grandis 13.7 ha Ulabo Sagari Milne Bay Province 1983-1987 E. deglupta plantings 93.8 ha 1988-1993 E. deglupta plantings 266.5 ha Madang North Coast Madang Province 1983-1987 E. deglupta plantings 207.3 ha 1988-1993 E. deglupta plantings 176.3 ha IUFRO World Congress Yugoslavia Kaut New Ireland Province 1983-1987 E. deglupta plantings 10 ha 1988-1993 E. deglupta plantings 148 ha

PNG PNG FIA PNG Srivastava

1988-1992

Fayantina plantations Eastern Highlands

PNG

1988

Manus 1988-1993 E. deglupta plantings 2.4 ha Bulolo Morobe Province 1988-1993 Mixed Euc spp. Plantings 18.8 ha

Srivastava

1968-1985 1970

1973 1970’s

1976

1976 -1983 1977-1990 1970’s 1978 1980’s

1985-1990

1986 1986-1990

1988

TPNG

TPNG - DOF AR1971

Srivastava

Johnann et al Srivastava

Srivastava

On the Road to Development of a PNG Forest Tree Plantation Estate 12

Ref: PNGAF Mag # 2 of 7/10/20 p 18. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5 of 21/4/21 p 7. 1885 An expedition preparing to set out from Port Moresby in 1885 for the crest of the Owen Stanley Ranges. Source 1959 Commonwealth Dept. of Territories.

1897 Burns Philp wharf Port Moresby with 1067-gauge railway. Source PNG National Archives.

Cartoon from Bob Brown’s Grass Roots Guide to PNG Pidgin South Pacific Post.

1902 to 1928. REF: PNGAF Mag # 2 of 7/10/20 p 2. SACRED HEART MISSION NEW BRITAIN13 Toiru River to Kurindal NB The first Catholic missionaries from the French Most Sacred Heart of Jesus order, arrived at Matupit Island in Simpsonhafen in September 1882 and established a mission station at Vunapope near Herbertshoehe (Kokopo) in 1889. They actively sought commercial ventures establishing plantations, sawmilling, and investigated starting a brewery. They dominated the sawmilling industry in the Islands region for the next seventy years. Saw milling operations by the Sacred Heart Mission began on the Gazelle Peninsular in 1902 at Toriu River and then in 1917 moved to Kuriendal and finally to Ulamona in 1928. Source Mandated Territory of New Guinea Annual Report 1921 1922 p 69 – 70. Their Toriu River Sawmill with a 700 mm gauge timber logging railway timber sawn was operational by 1902. It supplied sawn timber for their base at Vunapope near Kokopo.

Sacred Heart Catholic Mission (Vunapope) sawmill at Toriu River 1906 to 1913. Source Michael Pearson.

End of the Line - A History of Railways in Papua New Guinea Bob McKillop & Michael Pearson UPNG Press 1997.

Mission labourers hauling a record Eucalyptus deglupta log on the Toriu River logging railway around 1910 with German missionaries supervising. Source PNG National Library photo 314 Historishes Bildmaterial our dem Archives des staatlichen Museums fur Volkerkunda Dresden.

Source. Der Transport zum Sagewerk; Das grobe Gatter; Arbeiter im Sagewerk; Das Sagewerk am Toriu.

View of the Toriu River Sawmill around 1902-1917. Source Michael Pearson PNG National Library photo 313. Source: Pioniere der Sudsee Werden und Wachsen der Herz = Jesu Mission von Rabaul zum Goldenen Jubilaum 1882 - 1932. p117, 118, 132 & 177.

In 1917 the mill moved to Kurindal a few miles north. There was a small saw milling area of Nambung Saw Milling Company owned by Bolten Bros near Massava. Source: Mandated Territory of New Guinea Annual Report 1923 - 1924 p 80 In 1928, the application for a timber lease by the Catholic Mission of Most Sacred Heart of Jesus for 2010 hectares at Ulamona was successful. They closed their mill at Kuriendal and established a new mill at Ulamona. 17

1905 ALEXISHAFEN SAWMILLING14 German New Guinea’s most ambitious industrial enterprise was established in 1905 by the SVD Mission at Alexishafen on Sek Harbour. A large steam powered sawmill was in operation by the end of 1905. At first the logs were cut within the immediate area of the mill, but it was soon necessary for a 700 mm gauge railway to be constructed some 4 km into the forest to haul logs to the mill. There were several substantial bridges including a roofed bridge spanning the Bigges River.

Donkey tram pulling logs over cover bridge. at Bigges River. Source SME Wagner ELC PNG Butaweng SM.

End of the Line - A History of Railways in Papua New Guinea Bob McKillop & Michael Pearson UPNG Press 1997

1905 Ref: PNGAF Mag # 6 of 8/1/21 p 5. Botanical Gardens Rabaul Ref PMG Mag A section of the botanical gardens in Rabaul established during the German administration around 1905. (M. von Hein Collection). Later volcanic eruptions destroyed the gardens.

1906. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 2 of 7/10/20 p 20; Ref: PNGAF Mag # 4 of 21/11/20 p 51. Royal Commission Samarai – Jim Belford’s relative. Seated left to right W.E. ParryOkeden; Col. J.A.K Mackay, C E Herbert Standing Left George Belford15 government guide and on right E Harris (source Mitchell Library) The Royal Commission was asked by the Commonwealth Government to inquire into “the present conditions, including the methods of government of the territory now known as Papua and the best means for their improvement.” The report of the Commission published in 1907 said that the policy should be to encourage enterprise and to pursue economic expansion. 1908. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5 of 21/4/21 p 7. Gilbert Burnett. The Australian administrators of Papua and New Guinea first attempted to survey the timber potential of parts of Papua in 1908. By arrangement with the Queensland Government, a Queensland Forest Inspector Mr Gilbert Burnett went to Papua to report on its timber resources. He stayed there for seven months and visited various places along the coast from the Purari Delta to Samarai and in the vicinity of Buna Bay to the north-east. Mr Burnet16 reported he had some difficulty in penetrating into the country, but he produced a report of an optimistic nature and a list of about 120 species, mostly indicated by their native names.

George Belford is related to PNG Forester Jim Belford

1908 Gilbert Burnett Timber Trees of the Territory of Papua Reports and catalogue 19

1911 Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9A 0f 15/3/21 p 20. James Mann In 1911, James Mann17 (1857-1921), presented a paper of his work on six Papuan timber species titled 18Papuan timbers - some of the properties of six specimens, by James Mann, 1911.

17 18

Entry in Encyclopedia of Australian Science https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/itemdetails/33805 Vol 24 of 1912 pages 20-45

1913 MARIENBERG SAWMILL AND RAILWAY19 SVD missionaries established a station at Marienberg on the lower Sepik River in 1913. Another SVD photo, caption German. M Pearson. This from the Fryer Collection. lifting a log from a raft on the Sepik River.

Log on rail truck. Source Office of Information and Extension Services, National Library and Archives at Waigani.

End of the Line - A History of Railways in Papua New Guinea Bob McKillop & Michael Pearson UPNG Press 1997

1920 REF: PNGAF Mag # 9A of 15/3/71 p22. Lack Wood Preservation Treatments. As noted earlier, throughout PNG’s history, there were no long-standing timber structures. This was because the sapwood of all PNG timbers and the heartwood of some PNG timbers are liable to attack by wood destroying fungi, boring insects, and termites. In addition, all untreated timber placed in saltwater is liable to attack by a variety of organisms collectively known as marine borers. There was an enormous need to develop wood preservation methods for PNG timbers. Back in 1920, the problems of a lack of timber preservation treatment were highlighted in the 1918-19 PAPUA Annual Report.

In an extract of W R Smith’s Acting Director of Public Works, Public Works Department. Annual Report for the year ended 30th June 1919 (pages 67 to 70), the problems of the lack of timber preservation treatment are described.

1920/21 Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5 of 21/4/21 p 8. Ref PNGAF Mag # 9A of 15/3/21 p 37. The Commonwealth Government commissioned the Commonwealth New Guinea Expedition who presented an interim report titled Reporting on the Natural Resources of the Mandated Territory. May 1922.

Page 8 Interim Report Commonwealth New Guinea Expedition 9/12/20-14/11/21. During the military occupation of the Territory, no organised effort was made to ascertain its actual and potential resources. Casual reports occasionally came through from the Administrator to the Minister of Defence and were based for the most part on observations by police masters, Deputy District Officers etc. or sometimes through the Rabaul Lands Department. Just before the introduction of the New Guinea Bill, the Prime Minister decided that an expedition suitably equipped for the purpose be sent to New Guinea. The writer had a conference with him, and the Minister of Defence and the Expedition was outlined in several official memorandum submitted and approved by Mr Hughes. Lane Poole’s PNG ForesttoResource Investigations 1922 to 1935 General instructions that thebeen expedition should not costMag more 10,000 pounds2021 and Lane Poole’s work haswere previously described in PNGAF # 9than A of 15th March should notAfter be absent for more than be under the sole control Prime Minister’s page 37 on. his resignation froma year, the Western Australian Serviceofinthe 1921, he was Department and a roving commissioninwithin thereport Territory. commissioned by the Commonwealth 1922 to on the forest resources of Papua. This The main purpose of the Expedition was to conduct investigations regarding natural resources along every possible avenue which would yield reliable information helpful to the Federal Government. The Territory had a land area of 72,000 square miles and it was not part of the objects of the expedition to attempt to explore such an area. The main object in making a voyage was to gain information at first hand relating to general questions such as land, manpower, trading, recruiting, waterways and power, anchorages etc. and to visit the more remote and little-known parts away from the shipping routes and in uncharted waters. During its currency, provision was made for conducting the customary observations of a scientific expedition such as meteorological work, mapping rivers, reefs, mountains, measuring potential power of waterfalls, determining latitudes and longitudes, measuring altitudes, taking soundings, recording natural phenomena such as earthquakes, geysers etc. A boat was purposefully built called The Wattle.

1921 Aropokina Sawmill CM Sawmill Photo National Library of Australia Frank Hurley

1921 Ononghe Sawmill National Library of Australia Frank Hurley

1923-1935. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5 of 21/4/21 p 9. Ref PNGAF Mag # 9A of 15/3/21 p37 Charles Lane Poole at Madang, 1924, showing the remains of a radio damaged in the raid at Kohu. Note his gaunt appearance after the rigours of his expedition to Mt Otto. Source: C. E. Lane Poole, Forest Resources (1925), facing p. 198, courtesy of the National Archives of Australia. In 1925, Lane Poole presented his Report Forest Resources of the Territories of Papua and New Guinea to Federal Parliament. In 1923 and 1924, Charles Lane Poole completed a survey of Papua and New Guinea and recommended the establishment of a forest service. . In 1935, Lane Poole presented a report title 20Report on the Forests of the Goldfields of New Guinea: Together with recommendations regarding a forest policy for the whole Territory. The history of PNG Forestry is intrinsically linked to the development of the Bulolo Wau valleys gold fields and their natural stands of Araucarias. Readers need to refer to separate authors as James Sinclair who have described in detail the history of the Bulolo Wau goldfields. Lane Poole in his report on the forests of the goldfields of Bulolo Wau in 1935 stated: that the only asset that he could see to replace the wasting product, gold was timber. The region is purely a forest one, and its climate is decidedly a forest climate – in short proven forest country. In contrast to the emphasis placed on industry use – values by miners and government officials in the mining office, government forestry officials emphasise the potential for an industry and the wastefulness of the mining community. In his 1935 survey of timber in the Morobe goldfields, Lane Poole was concerned with value of timber and overly critical that the timber was not being used appropriately by mining companies. For example, cedar was used as an allpurpose resource when durability was necessary. He quoted the use of cedar for a water race when the cedar would have been put better to use in the production of fine cabinetry.

Cedar Bridge over Bulolo River above confluence with the Watut River before World War 2. Photo Credit Evan Shield.

Unpublished TS, 1935. NAA A11938/802

1928 – Present. SACRED HEART MISSION NEW BRITAIN21 In 1928, the application for a timber lease by the Catholic Mission of Most Sacred Heart of Jesus for 2010 hectares at Ulamona was successful. They closed their mill at Kuriendal and established a new mill at Ulamona. Source: Mandated Territory of New Guinea Annual Report 1928 - 1929 p 94 pg. 280. Source: Pioniere der Sudsee - Werden und Wachsen der Herz = Jesu Mission von Rabaul zum Goldenen Jubilaum 1882 - 1932. p117, 118, 132 & 177.Yumi Pipel Bilong God – Histori bilong lotu katolik long Arsdaiasis bilong Rabaul 1982.

Ulamona Sawmill Jetty Sacred Heart Mission. Source Michael Pearson.

Ulamona sawmill. Source Ulamona Sawmill OIES Office of Information and Extension Services. Taken 1960s.

Sawn timber at Ulamona Mission sawmill in the shadow of Mount Ulawan (“The Father”) an active volcano. Source Michael Pearson 1960.

End of the Line - A History of Railways in Papua New Guinea Bob McKillop & Michael Pearson UPNG Press 1997

Ulamona sawmill with large solid Kamarere log. Source John Davidson 1978.

Timber stacks and railway yard Ulamona Sawmill, c.1960 .PNG National Archives Source Michael Pearson.

At Ulamona, a 700 mm gauge logging railway was constructed from the sawmill inland for approximately 10 kilometres. A line of lighter construction was laid over 100 metres from the mill down to the jetty to carry the sawn timber for loading onto ships. A steam locomotive was imported in 1928. A second steam locomotive reported to be Arn.Jumng Locomotivfabrick B/No 8644/1938 arrived in 1938/39. It was converted to diesel and was still in service at Ulamona in 1986.

Photos Ulamona sawmill WNB. Diesel 0-6-0 locomotive built on frame of Arn Jung steam locomotive and logging trucks C. 1960 PNG National Archives. Source Alan Bovelt/Michael Pearson Em Jung locomotive Ulamona sawmill 1980’s which had been operating since WW2.

VUNAPOPE HEADQUARTERS NEW BRITAIN22 The Sacred Heart Mission at Vunapope established a sawmill and dressing facilities where timber from Tori River, Kurindal and Ulamona operations was prepared for the domestic market. It was in operation by 1921.

General layout. Source OIES 1960’s.

From New Guinea Annual Reports. Sacred Heart Mission Headquarters Vunapope. Source OIES 1960s.

Vunapope Timber yard looking to joinery and warehouse. Source: Michael Pearson 1980. Passing loop between Office and warehouse, joinery and timber yard are behind the photographer. Source Michael Pearson 1980.

Pier, sawmill, and slipway. Source Michael Pearson 1980. Warehouse, office, jointly and timber yard. Source Michael Pearson 1980. Branch to joinery and to mill and slip way. Source Michael Pearson 1980

End of the Line - A History of Railways in Papua New Guinea Bob McKillop & Michael Pearson UPNG Press 1997

1930’s Tinputz Catholic Mission Sawmill Bougainville. Part Stationary Steam Engine. Photo credit Michael Pearson 197423 Catholic Mission sawmill at Tinputz. A half-mile 2ft gauge tramway was constructed for the transport of logs and timber. It was later used as a tramway from the wharf to store. 1930’s. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9D-4H of 22/2/22. Des Harries Wau p 1-63. Bulolo Wau Goldfields. One of two hotels in Wau. Note Mt Kaindi in the background. 1930’s. Source PNGAA. One of the richest goldmining leases on the Edie Creek goldfields. Source PNGAA. . A gold-mining lease on the Edie Creek. Source PNGAA.

Cliffside - a gold-mining lease Bulolo River, (home of Doris Booth OBE). Photo credit Des and June Harries 1960.

No 6 Gold dredge based in Wau Valley 1963. Source PNGAA.

Michael Pearson personal communication 3 June 2020

194124 Ref: PNGAF Mag # 3 of 3/11/20 p 12.

NGG Limited mouth Binatang Creek Sept 1941 (courtesy Jim Cavanaugh) Wau.

Ref PNGAF Mag # 9B of 25/2/21 p2 Pit sawing PNG. Source Ken Granger.

Personal communication Ken Granger 8/3/19

1942-1945. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 2 of 7/10/20 p 27; Ref: PNGAF Mag # 3 of 3/11/20 p 40. SAWMILLING IN WORLD WAR 11 AND ANGAU. Base Camp New Guinea Photo Credit State library of South Australia. In the forests near Lae, they erected a sawmill in less than six weeks, equipped with seven saw benches, taking logs up to 5 feet in diameter and giving an output of 100,000 feet of sawn timber a week for use by the Australian and American forces.

Photo 1. Australian Sawmill Lae Photo Credit State library of South Australia. Photo 2. 2/2 Forestry Company in Lae in 1944 Photo credit Australian War Memorial. Photo 3. Barking logs Lae Photo Credit PNGAA Frances Laker Collection.

Photo 1. Sawing logs in New Britain presumably at Jacquinot Bay Photo Credit Aust War Memorial. Photo 2. John Henry (Jack) Meagher from Karragullen driving a bulldozer in Torokina Bougainville. Photo credit Australian War Memorial. Photo 3. 2/2 Forestry Company Bougainville Photo Credit Australian War Memorial.

1942. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 3 of 3/11/20 p 1-116. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5 of 21/4/21 p 11. Jim Cavanaugh, Geoff Archer & Jim McAdam (NGVR) taken by war photographer Damien Parer near Mubo in March 1942. Photo Credit Australian War Memorial.

Salamaua isthmus after capture by the 5th Division on 11 September 1943. Source Australian War Memorial.

Observation Tree Mubo. Photo Credit Australian War Memorial 1942.

“JB” James Bannister McAdam MM 1910-1959. Jim McAdam was a graduate of University of Queensland and Australian Forestry School. In 1932/33 he was dux winning the Schlick Medal. In 1934, he joined Queensland Forestry. In 1938 he joined the TPNG administration and made Chief Forester 1939. With the threat of war in the Pacific, McAdam enlisted in the Australian Military Forces on 19 September 1940 at Wau. He began full-time duty with the New Guinea Volunteer Rifles on 22 January 1942 and was promoted sergeant within a fortnight. After the Japanese invaded Salamaua in March, he led a party of scouts which established an observation post within a mile (1.6 km) of enemy positions. The intelligence which the team gathered was crucial to the success of the Australian raid on the town in June. McAdam acted as a guide in the foray. He was awarded the Military Medal for his outstanding service at Salamaua. From 1944/45 he was Lt Col 1 Aust CRE (New Guinea Forests). In 1946 he became Director of Forests TPNG. He died in 1959

194325 Ref: PNGAF Mag # 3 of 3/11/20 p 13.

Ken Granger provided the attached extract from the US Strategic Bombing Survey of the campaign against Rabaul 1942-5. The report has a map of the location of the 29 sawmills they operated (unable to obtain a clear reproduction). It is likely that they operated sawmills in most of the areas they occupied such as Wewak and Madang.

Personal communication Ken Granger 10/5/18

1945 Ref: PNGAF Mag # 3 of 3/11/20 p 31. Yalu

Photo 1. Yalu sawmill 30/7/1945 Headquarters Platoon 2/1 Forestry Coy. Photo credit Australian. War Memorial. Photo 2. Officers outside mess of 2/3 Forestry Coy. Lae NG 21/12/1944. #1 Capt. G Brown; # 2 Lt E J Bates; #3 Lt D H Munro (TPNG Forests); # 4 Capt. J Saxton; # 5Lt K L Ross; # 6 Lt C L Cameron; # 7 Major HR Parke Officer Commanding. Photo credit Aust War Memorial. Photo 3. Doug and Dulcie Munro Photo credit Cliff Southwell. Lae 6/8/1944. The portable sawmill unit of the 2/3rd Forestry Unit. Photo credit Australian War Memorial (maybe a Saxton mill but unsure).

Yalu26 had no houses after the war and these houses were built from scratch with timber from the local area. 4-5 houses and a singles quarter. TPNG Dept of Forests Housing Yalu after World War 2. Photo credit Cheryl/Norma Collis 1946.

1946 TPNG Dept of Forests Sawmill crew Yalu after World War 2. Although unclear personnel included Ted Collis; Alan and Ken Fraser; Col Pittaway; John Thompson; Eric Dobson; Bill Jenkin; George Barrcroft; Darby Munro. Photo credit Cheryl/Norma Collis.

Personal communication Cheryl and Norma Collis

1946 Ref: PNGAF Mag # 3 of 3/11/20 p 73, 103. Kerevat Sawmill New Britain Jim Cavanaugh visited New Guinea in 1938 and joined the New Guinea Public Service in 1940. In 1941, he enlisted and served - first with the New Guinea Volunteer Riflemen (NGVR) and later with the 2nd Australian Forest Survey Company. He also conducted intelligence work with the Central Bureau. He spent almost all the war years outside Australia often behind Japanese lines. He was a commissioned officer and was demobilised in December 1945. Linda Cavanaugh Manning reported that in January 1946, Jim returned to Papua New Guinea as a forester and was put in charge of the Northern Region. He was based in Kerevat near Rabaul, and he set himself the task of getting the sawmill at Kerevat working to produce timber to rebuild the town of Rabaul after the ravages of the war. When he needed engines and gearboxes, Jim converted abandoned Japanese motors and gearboxes to power the mill. He initially ran a team of Chinese labourers that had been abandoned in Rabaul by the Japanese army and later a team of Papuan New Guineans. Pat, his wife, did the books. #1 Derelict Kerevat Sawmill as at 1967-68. # 14 Remnants of the old sawdust heap from the mill. Photo credit J D Davidson.

Old sawmill 1995. Photo Dick McCarthy.

Kerevat Sawmill 1946 Pat Cavanaugh standing near one of the stacks of sawn timber. Photo credit Linda Cavanaugh Manning One of the saws in Kerevat Sawmill 1946. Photo credit Linda Cavanaugh Manning

Part of the sawmill equipment Kerevat Sawmill 1946. Photo credit Linda Cavanaugh Manning. Jim and Pat Cavanaugh’s retirement from Dept of Forests in 1972. Director Don McIntosh is standing behind Pat. Photo Credit Linda Cavanaugh Manning.

1946. NUMA NUMA SAWMILL Bougainville. This sawmill operated just out of Numa Numa on east coast Bougainville after WW2.

Source OIES dated 1960s. Michael Pearson. 1947 History of Research Work in Forestry and Forest Products in Australia and PNG. (Extracts article by G Rodger Unasylva Vol 1 # 3 Nov-Dec 1947 FAO) Research in forestry may be said to have been carried out from the earliest days of Australia's settlement, although in the beginning it consisted largely of systematic botanical investigations and experiments in the development of exotic trees. Future Work of the Various Organizations in 1947. Forest Products Division, CSIR New Guinea Timbers. - Acting in close co-operation with the New Guinea Forests Department, the Division proposes to continue and extend the work on the examination of physical and mechanical properties of New Guinea timbers.

Division of Forest Products, CSIR. The following summary indicates the main types of work carried out by the various sections of the Division. Wood Structure Section. - This Section has made a comprehensive study of the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of Australian timbers and has applied the results of its work to identification keys on the one hand and to certain features of investigation of other sections on the other. During World War II, card-sorting keys developed for the timbers of the Pacific Islands were of considerable aid to the Allied forces fighting in that zone. Wood Chemistry Section. – continues the work of the pulp and paper investigations initiated by the old Forest Products Laboratory. Timber Physics Section. - In addition to purely fundamental research into the physical properties of timber, this Section has carried out valuable work in connection with the selection of suitable timbers for such specialty uses as battery separators. Timber Mechanics Section. - Its earlier work on the mechanical properties of various Australian timbers made it possible, when World War II began, for this Section to suggest species worthy of further test for such critical uses as aircraft construction, and during the war the whole of its effort was devoted to mechanical tests of timber and plywood for such uses. Other major projects include a study of the bending properties of Australian timbers and, more recently, projects designed to meet the need of materials for housing. Seasoning Section. – Major activity was developing a high standard of kiln drying in Australia. In 1929, timber-drying kilns in this country were relatively few and, for the most part, inefficient. Mainly because of the activities of the Timber Seasoning Section, kiln drying is established practice throughout the Commonwealth and most kilns been built to designs provided by the section. Further, many kiln operators have either been trained in the Section or have taken its correspondence course in kiln operation. The section has years undertaken several major projects related to utilization problems, the most important of these being sawmill studies and investigation of sawdust-cement and wood-wool-cement mixtures. Preservation Section. - Some of the earliest projects of the Division were concerned with field tests of poles, sleepers, and fence posts treated with various preservatives. These are still in progress, but some valuable information has been obtained already, The Section was responsible for the boric acid treatment of lyctus-susceptible timbers, a process which has now been adopted in both Queensland and New South Wales and is made compulsory for certain timbers in the latter State. Original work towards a systematic study of wood-destroying fungi was interrupted by the war but is now being resumed. Veneer and Gluing Section. - Assistance in the peeling, drying, and gluing of Australian timbers. Work on adhesives is taking an increasingly important place in its program. Utilization Section. - Dealing with production problems in general, this section applies information obtained by the other sections and gives advice to the industry in accordance with the data so gathered.

Ref: PNGAF Mag # 3 of 3/11/20 p 30. Dr Eric Dadswell Yalu Forest Resource Workshop July 1944 photo credit Linda Cavanaugh Manning.

An example below of a card sorting system similar to what Dadswell produced for timbers of New Guinea and neighbouring islands in 1940’s.

1948 FAO in Unasylva Vol 2 # 6 1948 New Guinea and Papua The article viewed the territories as under the administration of the Department of Forests of the Territories in conjunction with the Commonwealth Forestry and Timber Bureau of Australia. They have a land area of over 46 million hectares (115 million acres) about equally divided between Papua and New Guinea. Together they are 60 to 70 percent forested. The population is in the neighbourhood of a million. Forest types include the lowland rain forest from sea level up to about 700 meters (2,000 ft.) elevation. The midmountain forest consists of Araucaria and oak; and the mossy forest at 2,300 to 3,500 meters (7,000 to 11,000 ft.) elevation is composed of Nothofagus, Phyllocladus, Dacrydium, Libocedrus, and Podocarpus. There are also some swamp forests and savannah types of little economic value except for mangrove. The lowland rain forest resembles the mixed dipterocarps of Indonesia, the Philippines, Indochina, and Malaya. The Araucaria resembles that of northeastern Australia, and the mossy forest is similar to the indigenous type of New Zealand. The ownership of forest land remains with the inhabitants either as individuals or as village groups. Government ownership must be obtained through purchase from the inhabitants before territorial forest reserves can be established. There has been extensive coverage of the territories by aerial photographs taken during the war. There has also been considerable botanical collection and classification work by the Australian Forest Products Laboratory of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research at Melbourne, and by the State botanist of Queensland in Australia. There are, however, only very rough estimates of the volume of timber in the territories. Such estimates place the rain forests at 38 to 114 m3 log volume per hectare (640 to 1,630 cu. ft. per acre) and the Araucariaoak forest is said to carry about 1.1 million m3 (40 million cu. ft.) over a total area of 15,000 hectares (37,000 acres). During the war, U. S. Army sawmills produced considerable quantities of lumber. There are now 11 sawmills operating which in 1947 produced about 21,000 m3 (740,000 cu. ft.) of lumber. The Australian government operates a sawmill to train local sawyers and some skilled labourers. As production expands, Australia hopes to meet not only the present annual requirements of the territories, but to obtain considerable quantities of hardwoods for Commonwealth use. Although pre-war annual consumption of timber in the territories was not great, it is estimated that rehabilitation requirements will need almost 23,600 m3 (830,000 cu. ft.) a year for the next five or six years. Minor forest products include sago from the Metroxylon palm, nipa palm leaves for thatching, mangrove bark for tannin, dammar gum, canes, and bamboos. Among the problems facing any forestry program in the territories, one of the most urgent is the control of shifting cultivation. Territorial forest reservations will have to be made to meet local demands and expanded export industries. A comprehensive inventory should be made, taking advantage of the excellent aerial photographs that are available. It will be necessary to secure trained foresters, and such training is being provided at the Australian Forestry School at Canberra. Plans are under way for a research program in silviculture through the Commonwealth Forestry and Timber Bureau, and in products through the C.S.I.R. at Melbourne. 39

1948-1963 REF: Part A Australian Foresters TPNG p173-175 AUSTRALIAN TPNG FORESTRY CADETSHIP SCHEME After the Second World War, a cadetship scheme was undertaken by the Australian Department of Territories to train Australian Forest Scientists to ensure sufficient professional staff for the purposes of creating a functional Forest Department for TPNG Surname Edward Charles Gordon Gray (NG) Alexander John Hart (NG) Donald Henry McIntosh (NG) Kevin Joseph White (Q) Robin Levingston (NSW) Jaroslav Joseph Havel (WA) Robin Bilbrough Morwood (NG) Frank Harry Coppock (NG) Elliot Carby Tuckwell (NG) John Godlee (NG) Ian Grundy (NG) Eric Hammermaster (Q/NG) Des Harries (NG) Gerry Vickers (NG) Alan Cameron (Q) John Smith (NG) Brian O’Hagen (NG) Neil Brightwell (NSW) Alan White (NG) Leon Clifford (NSW) Evan Shield (NG) John Lake (NG) Ian Currie (NG) John Harrison (NG) Medi vac out Chris Borough (NG) field year Bob Bruce (NG) no field year Rex Grattidge (NG) no field year John Davidson (NG) Paul Ryan (NG) Rod Holesgrove (NG) Jim Belford (C) Dick McCarthy (NG) Dave Num (C) Bob (R G) Lyons (NG) Gary Archer (NG) Chris Done (NG) Ken Hart (NG) Ian Whyte (C)

Positions

TPNG Cadetship 1948 1946 1946 Qld 1953 1952 1953 1953 1954 1955 1955 1955 1955 1956 1956 1956 1960 1960 1958 1958

Last field year for cadets

1961 1960 1961 1961 1962 1962 1963 1966 1963 1965 1965 1966 1966 1963 1966

AFS 1950/51 1950/51 1950/51 1950/51 1952/53 1953/54 1955/56 1956/57 1956/57 1957/58 1958/59 1958/59 1958/59 1958/59 1959/60 1959/60 1959/60 1960/61 1960/61 1961/62 1961/62 1962/63 1963/64 1964/65 1964/65 1964/65 1964/65 1965/66 1965/66 1965/66 1966/67 1966/67 1966/67 1966/67 1967/68 1967/68 1967/68 1967/68

Year graduation 1952 1952 1952 1952 1954 1955 1957 1958 1958 1959 1960 1960 1960 1960 1961 1961 1961 1962 1962 1963 1963 1964 1965 1966 1966 1966 1966 1967 1967 1967 1968 1968 1968 1968 1969 1969 1969 1969

Footnotes. TPNG Territory of Papua New Guinea; NG New Guinea, Q – Qld. WA – Western Australia; NSW New South Wales; C Commonwealth. AFS Australian Forestry School; BFC - Bulolo Forestry College

1951 Ref: Bill Heather Part B A-L Australian Foresters in TPNG p 384-386. W A Heather (Bill) was a Regional Forest Officer at Rabaul New Britain in the late 1940’s and early 1950’s in Papua New Guinea. Bill Heather was born in Ashfield NSW in 1923 and buried on 29 Dec 2004 Gungahlin. He attended the Australian Forestry School in 1943 with foresters as Hugh Bell and Alan McArthur. He undertook plant collections from Sogeri (Papua) and New Britain in the NGF series (CF New Guinea Forces Lae after 1945.) He and forest ranger W R Fryar of Kerevat forest plantations started the plantation program with Eucalyptus deglupta (Kamarere) at Kerevat New Britain in 1948. Bill married Norma in 1951 in Narrandera. It was reported in the Narrandera Argus and Riverina Advertiser (NSW: 1893 - 1953), Monday 25 June 1951, page 1. On the 16th of June they sailed on the 'Bulolo' for Rabaul, their future homeland.

HMS Bulolo Source Wikipedia. MV Bulolo owned by Burns Philp Shipping Company carried passengers and mail service from Australia to Papua New Guinea. Builder was Barclay, Curle & Company Limited (Glasgow, Scotland). HMS Bulolo was a 6,267-ton passenger and cargo ship operating in the South Pacific. In 1939 she was converted into an Armed Merchant Cruiser, then a Landing Ship Headquarters (LSH) in 1942. She directed the landings in North Africa, Sicily, Anzio, and Normandy during World War II.

1951. Ref PNGAF Mag # 9A of 15/3/21 p 9. Cutch Factory,27 Aird Hills, Papuan Gulf. The steamer 'Narani' was used to transport processed cutch to Port Moresby in the early 1950s. Photo credit National Library of Australia. In 1951 Narani was sold to the New Guinea Borneo Mangrove Company and taken to Aird Hills in the Kikori River Delta, Papua. Her role was to transport cutch (bark harvested and processed) from mangrove trees Port Moresby. The cutch factory had a railway line to transport bark to the processing plant and processed cutch back to the Narani. In 1951 the Narani was purchased by the New Guinea Borneo Mangrove Co., Port Moresby. The Australian Women's Weekly Wednesday 27 June 1951 published this account: "English couple Charles and Phyllis Cook left Sydney in the old N.S.W. coaster Narani recently, counting the days till they are back in the jungle. Mr. and Mrs. Cook are on their way to a river delta at Perome, 300 miles from Port Moresby, in Papua, where they will establish a factory to make a bark extract from native trees. The Cooks like jungle life. Before coming to Sydney, where their ship took on six months' supplies and equipment, they lived in Borneo. In Borneo Mr. Cook was managing a factory producing bark extract, which is called cutch, and is used to dye materials khaki and to preserve fishing nets. The bark extract, then made from a type of wattle in India, was used to colour British military uniforms khaki last century after the War Office had decided that the resplendent redcoats were too easily spotted by the enemy. Mr. Cook will use mangrove bark to make the extract in his Papuan factory. It is claimed that this type of bark produces the best dye."

Michael Pearson28 described PNG’s Great Train Robbery: "The Borneo New Guinea Mangrove Company established a pioneer factory in the swamps of the Kikori River Delta at Aird Hills to extract cutch (a tanning fluid from mangrove bark). A short tramline (about 1300 metres) was built from the wharf to the factory. It carried firewood and the bark inwards, and cutch out for shipment. There was a small IC-engined locomotive which hauled flat trucks and hopper wagons over the line. By 1958 the venture had failed, and the equipment was abandoned. Mr. Keith Tetley, a local trader, collected rails to build a wharf and copra drier. Steamships Trading Company (STC) eventually purchased the assets of the Borneo New Guinea Mangrove Company from receivers with the intention of using them at their Baimuru Sawmill. On arrival to collect their bounty, STC crews discovered its disappearance. Whereabouts of the railway equipment was soon discovered, and the company took Mr Tetley to court, thus commencing the case of PNG's Great Railway Robbery. Mr Tetley eventually won the case as there was no caretaker at the site and the rails were not on land belonging to the company, and therefore, they could be considered abandoned. He is reported to have arrived at the Kerema Hall for the annual Christmas party pulling a toy train, much to the delight of those present. STC lost out badly, not only losing the rails and the money paid for them but also having to pay court costs.

27 28

Personal communication Chris Borough Pearson M, McKillop B “End of the Line” A history of railways in Paua New Guinea UPNG Press 1997

1954 Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4R1 of 26/8/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Paul Ryan p 150.

Qantas Sandringham flying boat that Paul Ryan flew on from Moresby to Sydney for secondary studies at Bowral in 1954. Photo credit Paul Ryan.

Aerial view of Port Moresby taken in 1963ish with a Catalina moored in the harbor – they were withdrawn from service in PNG in 1965. Photo credit Ken Granger.

1954. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 4 of 21/11/20 p 44. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9A of 15/3/21 p 29 The history of PNG Forestry is intrinsically linked to the development of the Bulolo Wau valleys gold fields and their natural stands of Araucarias. Readers need to refer to separate authors as James Sinclair29 who have described in detail the history of the Bulolo Wau goldfields. From the discovery of gold at Koranga Creek near Wau by William “Shark eye” Park in 1922 the development of the Wau Bulolo Valleys for gold mining with roads, townships and airstrips enabled a flourishing timber industry to be developed including large scale plantation development which continues to this day One of two hotels in Wau 1930 Note Mt Kaindi in the background. Photo credit PNGAA.

PNG Forest Products evolved from Bulolo Gold Dredging Limited that commenced operations in large scale alluvial mining in 1932. The Bulolo region was at the time one of the largest gold fields in the world. Bulolo Gold Dredge (1960.) Photo Credit PNGAA. A total of 7 dredges scoured the valley floor, dredging thousands of tons of high-grade gold bearing ore long before roads had been built into the interior of the Territory, the development of almost inaccessible regions was pioneered with air transport. With the stimulation of gold discoveries, airfields for example were opened in the 1920’s at Salamaua, Wau and alter Lae. Aircrafts used ranged from Super Constellations on the external routes and DC.3’s on major internal routes to small easily manoeuvrable aircrafts on small strips in rugged countryside. Timber baulks being flown out of Bulolo Wau. Source Department of Territories 1959. As the mining operation for gold production declined in the Wau Bulolo area, interest developed in nearby stands of Klinkii pine. Restricted cutting of these valuable softwoods and a reforestation program ensured that the timber cut out will be replaced. The plywood factory and sawmill were constructed by Commonwealth New Guinea Timbers Ltd. In collaboration with the then government, the pine plantations were also established as part of a large-scale post-mining reforestation program by the Departments of Forests. In 1954 plywood production and the export of product to overseas destinations commenced and for the past 50 years the company has been involved in the conversion of both hardwood and plantation resource to high value end products.

James Sinclair’s Book “Up the Creek. Edie Creek and the Morobe Goldfields”

1954 CNGT PLYWOOD MILL Bulolo. Source PNGAA.

FAO Unasylva 1955 Vol 9 No 2 news of the world reported: that a major development in Australian New Guinea has been the establishment of the plywood factory at Bulolo, which commenced operations in January 1954 and id now producing substantial quantities of first-cl ass plywood, the bulk of which is being exported to America and Australia. Markham Bridge. The longest bridge in the Territory, 1690 feet long spans the Markham River near Lae. Completed in 1955, it made possible the passage of heavy motor transport between Lae and the gold and timber producing area of Bulolo and Wau. Source Department of Territories 1959.

Logs for the mill at Bulolo. Source Dept of Territories 1959. Transporting Logs Bulolo 1962 Photo credit PNGAA.

Unloading logs CNGT Plywood Mill. Source PNGAA.

Peeling logs for Commonwealth New Guinea Timbers ply mill 1960. Photo credit PNGAA.

Source. Annual Report to the UN re New Guinea 1/7/1933 to 30/6/1934.

Interior view of the Commonwealth-New Guinea Timbers Limited (CNGT) plywood factory at Bulolo. Source Department of Territories 1959. CNGT was formed by an agreement, signed in 1952 between the Commonwealth Government and Bulolo Gold Dredging Limited. The 1,300,000 Australian pound mill was opened in 1954 to produce high grade plywood veneer – about 30 million square feet annually, calculated on a 3/16th inch basis. In 1957-58 over 27 million square feet of plywood valued at over 1 million pounds was exported.

Pine Lodge Hotel Bulolo 1990. Photo credit www.pinelodgebulolo.com

1957 Ref: PNGAF Mag # 4 of 21/11/20 p 34. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 3 of 3/11/20 p 82. L-R Jim McAdam MD 1946-1959; Bill Suttie Managing Director 1959-1970 and Dave Dun Bulolo Plantations. Approximately 1957. Photo credit Linda Cavanaugh Manning.

1957 Sir Paul Hasluck. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 4 of 21/11/20 p 15 Minister for Territories 1951 – 1963 The Right Honourable Sir Paul Hasluck. Photo credit Wikipedia.

Forest Policy Statement by the Minister for Territories Hon P Hasluck MP 1957 1

3 4 5 6 7

Acquisition and reservation of an adequate permanent forest estate of 4 million acres (1.6 million hectares) estate within 10 years and 10 million acres in 20 years (4 million hectares.) Establishment of formal forestry education at a forest training school at Bulolo about 1960 for training recruits for the Auxiliary and Third Division. Establishment of a forest research institute to be established at Lae in conjunction with the Herbarium. A re-afforestation program including expenditure in the Highlands for grassland reclamation. Timber utilisation research into natural durability and preservation treatments. Botanical collections and identifications. Encouragement of a timber industry. 47

1958. REF: March, E. W. “THE SEVENTH BRITISH COMMONWEALTH FORESTRY CONFERENCE: PRE-CONFERENCE TOUR OF PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA.” Empire Forestry Review, vol. 37, no. 1 (91), 1958, pp. 103–108. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/42600444. Accessed 9 Mar. 2020.

1960 Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9D-4H of 22/2/22. Des Harries Wau p 1-63. Wau.

Photos L to R Des Harries, view Wau plantations, planting Wau, burn Wau, office/nursery Wau Station, kunai infestation Hoop pine plantation Wau. Photo credit Des Harries. 1961 Ref: Part B L-Z Aust Foresters in TPNG. Cliff Southwell p167-171

1961 Kerevat plantation establishment Cliff Southwell. Photo credit Cliff Southwell.

1961 Bulolo plantation establishment. Photo credit Cliff Southwell.

The Department of Forests PNG Division of Silviculture 1971. Notes on Wau Bulolo Activities Bulletin No 3 with accompanying photographs.

Forest Station Offices, storerooms, and nursery stand-out beds. 1970.Photo credit Barry Gray.

Bulolo airstrip and the “su sus” in background 1979. Photo Credit Ian Whyte.

1963 Assessment of PNG’s Forest Resources. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5A of 8/6/21 p 1-86. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4A1 of 4/7/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Gary Archer p 1-13. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4A1 of 4/7/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Gary Archer p 1-13. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4B1 of 12/7/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Jim Belford p 1-17. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4B3 14/7/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Chris Borough p 1-21. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4C2 20/7/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Jim Cavanaugh p 1- 19. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4D1 20/7/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Chris Done p 1-19. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4E1 of 20/7/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Norm Endacott p 1-12. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4G1 of 20/7/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Ken Granger. p 1-60. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4H2 of 25/7/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Alex Hart p 1-9. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4G3 of 25/7/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Ted Gray p 1-14. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4M2 of 27/7/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Don McIntosh p1-24. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4H1 of 31/7/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Eric Hammermaster p 1-19. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4J3 of 3/8/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Bill Jenkin p1-15. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4L2 of 5/8/21. Eminent TPNG Forester John Lake p1-11. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4R2 of 12/8/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Alan Ross p 1-8. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4M1 of 21/8/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Dick McCarthy p 1-49. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4B2 of 19/8/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Neil Brightwell p 1-23. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4R1 of 26/8/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Paul Ryan p 1-50. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5BS1 of 25/8/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Evan Shield p 1-25. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4W1 of 29/8/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Alan White p 1-15. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4G1 of 20/7/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Ian Grundy p 1-7. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4W2 of 2/9/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Ian Whyte p 1-25.

1963

Year 1964 1970 1967 1966 1944

Location Derembat Manus Tiauru Pandi Survey Camp HQ Ioma

1944

Lae

1967

Kumsi

1970 1970 1963 1964

Vanimo Pual River Vanimo Gogol Bougainville

1963

Gogol

1967 1970 1968 1963

Ramu Gogol Kassam Pass area First helicopter Survey. Gogol TA

1970 1970 1970

Tiauru Pandi Bialla Ossima Vanimo Vanimo

1968

Tabibuga Patrol Post Jimi Valley Survey

Lae

Characters Going ashore. Dick McCarthy, Bob McKeowen, Francis Tigi. Communicating by field radio to base at Ioma. Bill Wallace helicopter pilot. Lt J S Talbot surveyor; WO 2, W Spencer, draughtsman, and Sgt H M Crossley outside drawing office of 1 Forest Survey Coy 1944. Warrant Officer 2 W Spencer using stereoscope on aerial photographs 1 Forest Survey Coy. Eric Hammermaster, Gary Flegg, John Davidson, Bill Wallace. Vanimo Survey. Essential item. Crossing Gogol River. Advance party Roading toward Toimonapu Plantation. Bougainville. Evan Shield, John Lowien, Eric Hammermaster, Bill Jenkin, Norm Endacott, Kevin White. A typical cleared heli pad. Bush Survey Camp. Alick and Molly Dockrill. Gogol Survey Boss Boys 1963 L to R Norm Endicott, Johnny Lowien, David “dokka” Reid, Eric Hammermaster, Jim Cavanaugh, Evan Shield, Peter Eddowes, Pilot Hurrell, Don McIntosh, Bill Jenkin, unknown, unknown, Kevin White, unknown. Found a tree or two. Ceremonial burning haus pek pek. Weighing wood samples Evan Shield, Dick McCarthy. Villagers clustered around the helicopter.

Photo credit Ken Granger Dick McCarthy Chris Borough Ken Granger Aust War Memorial

Aust War Memorial Ken Granger Ian Whyte Mike Jones Mary Jenkin Peter Eddowes Mary Jenkin Ken Granger Ian Whyte Mark Coode Mary Jenkin

Dick McCarthy Ian Whyte Ian Whyte Paul Ryan

PNGAF magazine issue # 9B-5A of th 8th of June 2021, described the history of assessment of PNG’s Forest Resources till 1975. What of tomorrow? Up until 1963 forest surveys were ground based but to complete the comprehensive coverage of PNG’s forest resources to meet the Commonwealth Government’s timeframe, helicopter transport was introduced. This was documented30 by Don McIntosh and Eric Hammermaster in 1968. Major surveys then undertaken included timber areas as Vanimo; Empress Augusta Bay; Open Bay; Wanigela; West New Britain; Middle Ramu; Bulolo Wau; Ioma -Kumusi; Sagarai Gadaisu; Cape Rodney; Tonolei Harbour etc. From 1963 -69 approximately 3,600,000 ha were assessed when helicopter techniques of inventory were introduced.

Gogol Survey 1963 Evan Shield, John Lowien, Eric Hammermaster, Bill Jenkin, Norm Endacott, Kevin White. Photo Credit Mary Jenkin.

Gogol Survey Boss Boys 1963 L to R Norm Endacott; Johnny Lowien, David “dokka” Reid, Eric Hammermaster; Jim Cavanaugh, Evan Shield, Peter Eddowes, Pilot, Don McIntosh, Bill Jenkin, Greg McDonald, unknown, unknown, Kevin White, unknown. Photo Credit Mary Jenkin.

McIntosh DH and Hammermaster ET 1968 Forest Resource Assessment using Helicopter Transport 9th Commonwealth Forestry Conference 1968. 30

1963 to Present. – REF: Part A Australian Foresters TPNG p166-197. TPNG Department of Forests Training Initiatives. Bulolo Forestry College Bulolo. Photo Credit Murray Day Department of Forests 1973. In early 1961, the Australian Government made a nationwide recruiting drive (in Australia) to interview and enlist six (6) potential Assistant Forest Rangers, as part of ten (10) students, to be the first intake for the Bulolo Forestry College. The new recruits included Bruce Anderson, Tony Crompton, Rod Hall, Tony Brown, Heiner Streimann, and Peter Eddowes. However, as the Forestry College Buildings had not been started, at this time, the BFS did not start up until 1962. The first Principal of the school was Joe Havel, a very dedicated forester to the task ahead. The students were all housed together, into one (old) wooden building opposite the old forestry office. A classroom was established inside the forestry office building. Four other personnel were recruited locally (from PNG) however, the latter four personnel, did not stay on to complete the course that ended in 1963. Pictured. Tony Crompton (standing) & Peter Eddowes (seated) & local field assistants. Training in forest survey work. Lower Montane Forest Bulolo 1963. Photo credit Peter Eddowes. REF: Part B A-L Australian Foresters TPNG. Peter Eddowes p 161-177. Pictured: Crossing the Markham River. First intake of students heading back to Bulolo after field trip to Lae 1963. Photo credit Peter Eddowes.

The establishment of the Bulolo Forestry College in 1962 was the commencement of formal technical training for Papua New Guineans. Joe Havel with students studying botanical specimens at the PNG Forestry College Bulolo. Photograph 1964 Dept. of Forests Port Moresby.

Norma Collis, Arthur Ramsay, Joe Havel the inaugural Principal, Bill Finlayson, Heiner Streimann, and Albert. Photo credit Norma and Cheryl Collis. Initially, a two-year certificate course and the three-year diploma course was added in 1967 (the first graduates started their field work in 1970). The first Principal was Joe Havel with Bill Finlayson, followed by Leon Clifford, then Robin Angus and later John Godlee. The College was opened by the Minister for Teritories, The Hon. C.E.Barnes MP on the 3rd of August 1965. It was then known as the Papua and New Guinea Forestry School Bulolo. Ref: Heiner Streimann PNGAF Mag # 6 of 8/1/21 p 49.

Professor John Davidson(left) with the first forestry graduates on the day of graduation. From the left Joseph Ben, Diki Kari, Alec Chang (Fiji), Jack Noah and Oscar Mamalai. (Not in the photograph is Samson Gaviro Solomons). UNITECH 1976. Photo Credit Gloria Davidson. The end of 1976 saw the graduation ceremony for the first students. Two of the original students, Jack Noah and Joseph Ben are deceased31. RE: Part B Australian Foresters TPNG. John Davidson p132-137.

Oscar Mamalai personal communication 8 May 2019 Part B page 365-366

Source Post Courier April 1 of 1975.

1964. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 8 of 1/2/21 p 88. “The MONEY IN THE SWAMP” photo Ken Granger assessment in Terminalia brassii swamp forests Empress August Bay Bougainville Survey Sept-Oct 1964. Photo published in November 1964 Courier Mail and New Guinea Times Courier .Photo credit Ken Granger September 1964.

1964, Ref: Part B L-Z Aust Foresters in TPNG. Cliff Southwell p167-171

Plantation Establishment Kunjingini East Sepik. Photo credit Cliff Southwell. 1965 Evan Shield REF: PNGAF Mag Issue # 9B-5B of 30th June 2021 Part A. Forest

Mensuration PNG till 1975 p 25-32 Based on 1965 Thesis, Evan Shield1 completed his dissertation into PNG forests volume tables titled The Application of New Sampling Methods to Previously Inaccessible Tropical Forest Areas, with Reference to Papua New Guinea. Commonwealth Forestry Review vol 55 No 1 March 1976. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:56c8977d-af05-40d4-9d3a-54959ffcfe00

It formed part of the ensuing commercial wood tree volume tables for mixed species in PNG. Based on V=80.31549 +2.18592G² - 1.15235H + 0.64224G²H Where V = log volume under bark in super feet true measure Where G = girth over bark above buttress in feet Where H = log length in feet (log height above buttress height) and a Bark allowance 3inch off girth.

Professor Phil West Southern Cross University described the Thesis as a classic mensuration piece of its era. But, at the same time it reflected on the development of forest mensuration methodology in PNG.

1965. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 6 of 8/1/21 p 1-105.

1966. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 4 of 21/11/20 p36. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 3 of 3/11/20 p 40. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4M2 of 27/7/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Don McIntosh p1-24.

Don McIntosh TPNG Forests 19461973. Third Managing Director TPNG Forests 1970-1973.

1967. Ref: Chris Borough Personal Communication 20/4/20 Chris Borough details hand felling and pit sawing of logs at Ioma in 1967. Photo 1 Logs that have been felled by axe and a handle left so that the log can be tied to a hand-made hole, “rope” attached and floated down the river before being hauled out manually and then pit sawn. Photo 2 Logs being pit sawn with the top dog and bottom dog (the latter continuously showered in sawdust). Photo credit Chris Borough Ioma 1967. 1967. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4G1 of 20/7/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Ken Granger. p 1-60.

Photo1 Alan Cameron and Ken Granger on the Brown River burn, October 1967. Photo 2 Notes on the Mount Lawes Territorial Forest some 50 kilometres from Port Moresby established to provide long term forest resources for the capital Port Moresby. Brown River burn under way. Photo credit Ken Granger.

Department of Forests PNG 1968 Notes on the Mount Lawes Territorial Forest.

1967 Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4W2 of 2/9/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Ian Whyte p 1-25. Kerevat Plantation Establishment

New plantings teak and terminalia Ranalit Kerevat. Photo credit Ian Whyte. Planting Ian Whyte Kerevat. Photo credit Ian Whyte 1967.

Planting teak with anti-snail collar Ranalit Kerevat 1968. Photo credit Ian Whyte Snail left. Photo Ian Whyte. Snail shell, right. Photo Ken Granger. Giant African Snail (Achatina fulica) shell trouble it caused in establishing the plantations at Keravat. The snails had come into Rabaul in packing cases for military hardware transported to the Japanese garrison from Malaya in 1942 and had flourished. They planted out and the only way to overcome the problem was to surround each seeding with a tube on malthoid that had been soaked in metaldehyde. The Giant African Snails were a problem around Rabaul because some of the big ones were so tough that they could puncture a car tire. They eventually spread all over coastal PNG – my specimen came from my garden in Port Moresby.KG

1968 RE: Part B Australian Foresters TPNG.

Photo credit John Davidson.

1969 RE: Part B Australian Foresters TPNG. Barry Gray p 275-318.

Post Courier Friday 1 August 1969 Barry Gray’s Mt Dayman Holiday On one expedition in 1969 with Andy Gillison and Henry Ivagai we were stranded on Mt. Dayman for 11 days instead of 5 and we had run out of food and had no means of communication with headquarters. It was bitterly cold at night and ice formed in the nearby stream and extraordinarily strong gales. The helicopter booked to pick us up was instead posted to Rabaul to assist with the pending riots. In view of this we tried walking out but failed. I lost several toenails as a result. Then Andy bravely took off by himself and notified the authorities of our plight which by then was news in Australia and overseas. On our return to Moresby the paper had the headline “These boots were not made for walking.”

Ref: PNGAF Mag # 4 of 21/11/20 p 36. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 3 of 3/11/20 p 85. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 6 of 8/1/21 p 45. Kevin White Assistant Director till 1977 at Brown River Plantation 1970 with Evo Vai.

1970 Ref: PNGAF Mag # 5 of 28/11/20 p 1. “Beer time” COOKBOOK PNG Forest Inventory Survivor Recipes. Pual River Area 1970. Photo Credit Mike Jones.

1970. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5B4M1 of 21/8/21. Eminent TPNG Forester Dick McCarthy p 1-49. The relative emphasis to be given to agricultural and industrial development. The place of the forest (whether permanent or temporary) in relation to the picture of rural development, not only re soil conservation and land capability but also as affected by practices as shifting cultivation.

Hoskins Oil Palm development New Britain 1995. Photo credit Dick McCarthy. Tiauru Pandi September to November 1971. Areas to be converted to Oil Palm. 68

Bialla Dick McCarthy 1971 We did find a tree or two at Bialla. Photo Credit DOF PNG.

Dick McCarthy, Bob McKeowen33, and Francis Tigi, Tiauru Pandi Resource Survey 1971. Photo Credit Dept of Forests PNG 1971.

Tiauru Pandi Land Use Plan New Britain by DASF and Dept of Forests 1971.

Mount Ulawun Volcano. Photo credit John Davidson34. Map by Bob McKeowen Senior Draftsman DOF Tiauru Pandi Vegetation Types 1971.

33 34

Bob McKeowen TPNG Forests 1967-1976. John Davidson TPNG Forests 1962-1980.

1971 Ref: 1971 TPNG Dept of Forests Annual Report. New Forest Headquarters Hohola Port Moresby.

1971 Port Moresby National Botanical Gardens Ref: Andre Millar -PNGAF Mag # 6 of 8/1/21 p 55. “Trees For Survival” PNG National School Nursery Project Nursery Manual 2005. Sponsors included Port Moresby Rotary Club; PNG Forest Industries Association; Galley Reach Holdings; Dept of Environment and Conservation; National Botanical Gardens POM.

1971. Ref: 1971 TPNG Dept of Forests Annual Report Kagamuga

1971. Ref: 1971 TPNG Dept of Forests Annual Report Banz

1971 REF: Part B Australian Foresters TPNG. Barry Gray p 275-318. Beetle fights back Barry Gray reported that it was decided to undertake spray trails against Hylurdrectonus in 1971 using a HUSS bucket which was slung beneath a helicopter as suggested to me as a possibility by the US Forestry Service on a visit to the USA. This technique was novel at the time as it had only been previously used to spray oil spills. A HUSS bucket was in southern Victoria. It was being used by ESSO to spray spills in the Bass oil fields. Gray travelled to Sale and conducted some trial runs over the Pinus plantations in the Gippsland area; it was quite exhilarating flying just above the canopy. However, the experience of flying above the hoop pine trees in the Bulolo plantations was downright scary and bloody dangerous in the very hilly terrain. This was the primary reason for evaluating the HUSS bucket as it could be released on hitting a tree and not lose the helicopter. Photograph courtesy John Davidson. This shows the operation of the HUSS bucket (HUSS = Helicopter Underslung Spray System) at Bulolo. This was quite a saga at the time, for which only Barry Gray could tell the story!

In one incident Forests lost the HUSS bucket. Fortunately, Forests were able to retrieve the damaged bucket and conduct repairs before returning it to ESSO in Australia. Jim Belford assisted Gray on the project. Badly damaged HUSS bucket after retrieval. Photo Credit Barry Gray. Repairs were conducted by the company and Jack Bayley (Forests workshop supervisor mechanic) As a prelude to the spray trials numerous items were required including balloons as markers. The pesky Clerk at the regional office in Lae promptly wrote back seeking to know whether Gray wanted party hats and whistles.

L-R 1971. Goroka Nursery, Bulolo Nursery, Bulolo Klinkii stand out beds. Photo credit Dept of Forests TPNG. 1972 Ref: PNGAF Mag # 9B-5 of 21/4/21 p 100. Gary Archer. Archer, G.R. 1972. A simple tree height converter [for measuring tree heights in steep topography with poor visibility]. Commonwealth Forestry Review 51(3): 246-25

Photo Opposite Gary Archer doing pays Bulolo 1963. Photo credit Chris Borough. Photo right, the Archer wheel.

Brendan Bailey – a fitting gift new-fangled pocket calculator for retiring Executive Officer of TPNG Forests in 1974. It is still functioning in 2022.

1972. Ref: PNGAF Mag # 8 of 1/2/21 p 1-112.

Department of Forests Drawing Office April 197235 Photo Credit Phil Ainsworth Dept of Forests Photo 2175 April 1972. Back Row (left to Right) Carl Smith, Ralph Ernst, Fred Hainsworth, Mike Jones, Bob McKeowen, Lother Jelinek, Dave White Second Back Row Francis Tigi, Ranu Nihara, Ginate Guhuna, Merere Kare, Issac Passingan, Morea Sere, Randal Treasure Second Front Row Tom Ravu, Val Booth, John Van As, Phil Ainsworth, Gerd Strehler, Cynthia Heah, Kerry Rowley Front Row Matthew Mobutana, Mugadang David, Daure Managa, Baurani Guiouku, BIll, Omani Rei, Nose Absent Col Roach Leave; Avae Hailai (field); Jim Otte (arrived after photo taken) Ref: Phil Ainsworth PNGAF Mag # 8 of 1/2/21 p 67. Ref: Bob McKeowen PNGAF Mag # 8 of 1/2/21 p 105. Ref: Mike Jones PNGAF Mag # 8 of 1/2/21 p 96. Ref: Murray Day PNGAF Mag # 8 of 1/2/21 p 76. Ref: Keith Cullen PNGAF Mag # 8 of 1/2/21 p 73.

Phil Ainsworth personal communication 31st July 2020

1974 Ref: PNGAF Mag # 6 of 8/1/21 p 89. Living National Treasure Neville Howcroft. During the 1970s, at Bulolo, Neville Howcroft carried out a lot of work on grazing under the araucaria and pine plantations, including making several new legume introductions. This work was written up in the Forest Research Note series at the time, but the most important outcome was a field day held at Bulolo held in the mid-1970s with participants from all over and attendance of the radio media. Neville with his signature pipe getting ready to say something for the recorder. Kevin White, Bob Thistlethwaite, Neville Howcroft, and Dick McCarthy. Legume Field Day Bulolo 1974. Photo Credit John Davidson.

Howcroft Collection – cattle grazing; hoop pine firebreak.

Fields stop near Rd 35 Geshes, showing Stylosanthes suppressing kunai in a young pine plantation. Photo credit John Davidson. The third John Davidson photograph shows some wellknown identities of the time on the excursion. And no, since this is the mid-1970s, Kevin White is not texting on his Iphone!! L to R Dick McCarthy, Ted Collis, and Kevin White Mid 1974s Bulolo Plantations. Photo credit John Davidson. Ted Collis -Ref: PNGAF Mag # 3 of 3/11/20 p 79. 75

L-R Baku Forest Station. Gogol TA. New and 1 year old E deglupta plantings 1974.

L to R 2.5-year-old E deglupta on flood plan Baku Forest station Gogol TA. Photo credit Ian Whyte. Vanimo teak plantings 1974. Photo credit Ian Whyte.

Extension Nursery Mumeng. Photo credit I Whyte 1977. Thinning out seedling seed orchard/ progeny trial of Balsa Neville Howcroft Collection.

36Humorous

Trivia

Photo credit Dick McCarthy. Paul Ryan -The TO who was handy with a chain saw during the Wau/Bulolo survey (1967)who, with a little help from me carved out a canoe with a chain saw by lamp light while we were camped by some lake at the back of Wau doing defect and decay felling and analysis, he also carved a metre and a half long wooden spoon which was presented to Neil Brightwell as chief stirrer during our Morobe survey (1967). Paul Ryan - the kiap at Ioma (1967) who considered himself a little tin god. Our base camp was adjacent to his office and in the morning, he would line up his police and others on parade. So, one morning, Bill Wallace, our ex-RAF Canberra bomber pilot cum helicopter pilot, decided as we were finishing breakfast to hold our own parade. All of us present then lined up and Wallace proceeded in true British swagger stick style to inspect us, much to the chagrin of the kiap, and the mirth of local bystanders. Paul Ryan - the same base camp, I think it was Tony who decided to clean out/sanitize the pit toilet, which was located next to the kiap’s office. He got together a gallon or so of av gas dregs from used drums, poured it down the hole, lit a taper and threw it in. There was a bit too much av gas as a mighty roar erupted, blew the roof of the dunny and sent shit everywhere. Paul Ryan with Jimi Valley people on the road constructed by them to allow “the cargo” to come. Photo credit Paul Ryan. Paul Ryan - On the Mt Giluwe inventory, we had, as usual, ordered our beer and spirits to be delivered by charter aircraft. This was a Caribou coming from Madang and for the first time that I know some Treasury officer went out to check on how the chartered aircraft was being used. He objected to some100 cases of beer and liquor going on such a flight despite my explaining it was part of our food ration requirement without which we would not survive. It took severe persuasion from higher up to allow it to happen. Paul Ryan - On that inventory, I left all the field books behind by the runway, after the Caribou, which came in to take out much of the gear and personnel closed the airstrip after heavy rain. Those of us left got out on empty return charter flights for the station or mission, using baggage allowance or freight vouchers that I had, but there was no room for the tin box

Cartoon from Bob Brown’s Grass Roots Guide to PNG Pidgin South Pacific Post

with the survey books. I was given a thick ear back in Moresby by Eric, though, thankfully, we got the books back on a charter a day or two later. Paul Ryan/Dick McCarthy - Sagari and Milne bay is that the plantation manager was ex RAAF. He had crashed one of their good fighter planes and when he got out of hospital he walked out on the RAAF and ended up in PNG managing the Sagari plantation. The other thing was all the silver ware at the plantation so that when you had a meal, he (the manager) would call for the potatoes Boi then the carrot Boi then the steak Boi etc. who brought each dish on separate silver platters. Chris Borough. - The funniest occurrence at Keravat was when a new trainee typist was being appointed. She duly typed up the material given her. About 4 months later a huge truck full of chairs, desks, bookshelves, bush knives etc all appeared. We worked out that the trainees’ typing test had worked its way through to Gov. Stores and lo and behold we had a wonderful office full of all the latest gear – and it was new bush knives all around. Chris witnessing signature of Traditional owners with Bob Willis Open Bay TRP Matanakunai Sept/Oct 1967.Photo credit Chris Borough. Chris Borough recalled a funny experience with Dave Num. He came to our place in Gordons to go to a Ball. He was dressed in a dinner suit – black of course. Our dog “Saturday” had been regularly taunted by local squatters to the point when he became vicious to anyone black. Poor D Num was attacked when he turned up at our back door dressed in black. We had to re-home “Saturday” to a Chinese Trade Store owner who wanted a guard dog – perfect match. “Brighteyes.” Neil Brightwell - Dick, I’m not sure what you are up to. It

seems to me to be a plan for severe self-flagellation. Did the military teach you nothing? NEVER VOLUNTEER||| John Davison - Toilet Instructions which once graced a PNG Forests Noticeboard

John Davidson crack shot seed collection NB.

A 3½-inch (about 90 mm) diameter branch brought down with three shots.

Chris Done/Alan White - the Port Moresby Motor Sport Club, into the “wilds” of Papua. During our celebrated careers, Alan and I swapped roles, he became the ultimate navigator, and I tried to point the car in the right direction as much as possible. Alan and Chris enjoying a quiet coldie, after the presentation for the Papuan Rally 1973. Photo credit Chris Done. If we take this shortcut here, we should be able to get ahead of the field. Photo credit Chris Done.

Perhaps that short cut was not a good idea after all.

Ross Lockyer - We would often sit on the steps of the old house in the Museum compound (Wau Ecology Institute) where they lived, drinking SP, and catching up on the local gossip. Bulolo Department of Forests’ lik-lik doctor, Peter Woolcott, and his pet kokomo. Bulolo. Photo credit Ross Lockyer. 1968. The kokomo would hear us from somewhere in the depths of the house and come hopping out in its most peculiar way, which was a bit like a wallaby leaping along. It would park itself on the top step and stare at us with one beady red eye and its head cocked to one side and wait. Peter usually had a big jar of ripe red coffee beans at hand, and he would throw one up to the bird, which would catch it neatly with the tip of its long beak, flick it back, and swallow it. Then we would start the count-down, and before we could count to a hundred—plop—the coffee bean, minus its outer red coating, would drop out of the bird’s rear-end onto the floor. This trick would be repeated ad nauseam until either the bird got bored and hopped off somewhere else or we ran out of beer or coffee beans. This, of course, was all done in the cause of science. We concluded that the kokomo had a straight pipe with no baffles.

Ross Wylie - Near Wau was a Bernice P. Bishop Museum (BPBM) field station whose parent body was in Hawaii and had the charter of collecting, documenting, and storing the biodiversity, culture, and history of the Pacific. 16-foot python at the Bishop Museum compound at Wau. L-R. Peter Shanahan, Museum scientist, Ross Lockyer, Phil Colman, Ross Wylie. 1968. Photo credit Ross Lockyer. At that field station I met giants of the field in their day, people like Lindsey Gressitt, Joe Szent-Ivany, Joe Sedlacek and Al Samuelson, all world experts in entomology or zoology. It was heady stuff for a new biology graduate. Apart from having their own collectors, the Museum also paid money for specimens brought in by local villagers. For snakes, it was at that time a dollar per foot (length) of snake. Our Forestry Research Station at Bulolo was a sort of branch office of the BPBM and we often received all sorts of specimens from locals looking to make some money. On one such occasion, a large amethystine python in a box turned up on our doorstep; it had apparently been taking chickens at a local village. These pythons are one of the sixth largest snakes in the world and can measure up to 8 m. This one was on the larger end of the scale. Brenton Peters (great friend and colleague) volunteered with me to take the snake to the Museum, and we set off for Wau in Brenton’s VW. En route the snake decided to void its stomach contents and there was this horrendous stench in the car; we drove with the windows open the rest of the way. At the Museum, the usual practice was to weigh such specimens and Peter volunteered. He stood on the scales to establish his weight and then the python was draped around his shoulders while he held its head. The idea of course was that he would then step back on the scales and by subtracting his weight, the weight of the snake could be established. The snake had other ideas. It is a constrictor so of course it began tightening its coils and Peter began to go red and struggled for air. Four of us rushed to grab the tail of the snake and gradually began to unwind it from Peter and eventually returned it to a holding pen. I do not think the weight was ever recorded. Ken Granger recalls at Fulleborn in 1965 John (Puddles) Lake, caught a large python that had recently devoured a small pig or a sikau (wallaby). He took it with him when they moved on to Awul and then to Rabaul where Puddles stayed at the Comworks mess. Puddles released the python in the ablutions block. All was well until one of the other residents was taking a shower and looked up to come eye to eye with the snake. It was said that he streaked back to his room with a rapidly diminishing foam of soap as his only covering! Alan Cameron - McAdam had offered anyone who found a Hoop pine greater than 307 feet high a box of expensive whiskey. A couple of us carefully measured a felled Hoop and got to 298 feet, but the top was missing as it was broken off and caught in the crown of the forest. The diameter at the break point was about 8 inches and we were sure the full height would have exceeded 307 feet. However, without real proof we decided not to make a claim. 80

Alan Cameron - Hoop and Klinkii pine seed collection was interesting, as people from Buka Island were incredible climbers. At a height of about 200 feet one climber jumped from one tree to one nearby so he did not have to climb the next one. I think I nearly had a heart attack. It was interesting that they are classed as the darkest skinned people in the world. Climber going up a small tree before crossing to klinkii. Photo credit Chris Borough. 1963. Alan Cameron - Kerevat was an interesting place as there were frequent “gurias.” On one occasion I saw “guria waves” approaching me as I drove a land cruiser along the road north of Kerevat. I just drove on carefully, riding the waves. We were instructed that if a guria hit the house it was essential to hold the refrigerator to make sure the kerosene system was not turned over as it would probably result in the house burning down. Alan Cameron - Returned to PNG in January 1961. Based at the Brown River forest station. Controlled forest plantation operations and logging. One interesting experience was a visit by men who claimed to be missionaries. A full sun eclipse was predicted, and they called and told the workforce that it was the end of the world. If they donated any money, they had to the missionaries they would go the heaven, failure to do so they would go to hell. The “Bossboi” told me about it, and I organized a reception. The “bois” held spears and I had a rifle, and I told the fake “missionaries” to get out or I would have them attacked. It worked. Later I met a plantation owner near Rabaul who had similar experience. He ordered the conmen off his property. They went outside the fence and continued to ask for money, and they refused to leave. He flattened one of them. They reported that to the police and he was tried for assault by a magistrate (ex-Kiap) who had no option but to find him guilty. He was sentenced to jail until the “rising of the court.” The magistrate banged the gavel about a second later and the court rose. Shortest sentence I have ever heard about. Alan Cameron Brown River burn, October 1967.Photo credit Ken Granger. - Late 1961 I had first ride in a “flying boat” to gain appreciation of a forest area I was to assess in 1962. Went along the south coast and up the Fly River, over the area later turned into a major mining operation. Landed in a couple of places in the river. Alan Cameron - Went to West Papua for forest assessment. The team consisted of Forestry, Agricultural and Native Affairs officers. We were to assess forest, agricultural potential and 81

the land use and value. We had been told not to go to the Great Papuan Plateau as we could be killed and eaten. No “expat” had been in that area since 1937. The Kiap was killed and eaten before he got to the Plateau. That happened about 200 miles NW of where we were going. The program was scheduled to last nearly 6 months. We had been given very old wirelesses to enable communication with our head offices but could not contact anyone. Oddly one of the crew found we could listen to a news session at night. It was spoken in English but was sent from China. At least we did have some idea of what was happening in the world even if the opinions were biased. Initially we camped near an old oil/gas exploration site on a river east of the Fly. The forest looked very promising. After a while part of the crew went up the river and left the Ag officer and me to finish our job where we were. One of the labour crew had a medical problem and we considered that he needed a penicillin injection. The medical equipment had been split up and we only had very small diameter needles. It took about an hour to apply the injection and I think my hand was tight for a long time. The injection worked after a couple of days. We then went up the river. We spent some months in that area, including canoe trips about 100 miles up the river. In the area up to the base of the steep land in the north I assessed forest areas and we drilled soil to assess its condition. Late in the period the Agricultural officer and I moved up towards the Great Papuan Plateau. We did not know where the “boundary” was, so we may have gone too far. I suspect we did. One morning we were closing our camp when I thought some people were in the forest looking at us. We sat down for nearly an hour before 3 men emerged. They had bows and arrows and spears. They slowly came towards us and obviously wondered what we were. Slowly one came up to me. He carefully touched my nose then my cheek, my hair, and my shirt. From the expression on his face, he obviously wondered what we were. I later learned that they probably believed we were returned bodies of locals who had died in the past. I was not worried that they might attack us as I had a loaded and cocked rifle on a table where I had been sitting. I did not plan to kill them, just fire a few shots to confuse them. We finished giving them a few bush knives and showed them how to use them and sharpen them. Of course, they had never seen metal objects before. We were sure they had never seen white people before and were convinced they had never heard of white people. Alan Cameron - In 1964 I had a minor role in organizing better training for local employees. I proposed to an Officer of the Administers Department (who I knew reasonably well) that the rules for technical training of local staff should be revised and better rules prepared. A meeting, involving about 10 government Departments was set up. The Administrator declared that we did not have the authority to write new rules. My response was, “I have not seen the rules written in the Old Testament so do not believe they were the words of God. People had written the rules, so there was no reason that we could not rewrite them.” He called me a heretic and closed the meeting. However, about a week later I got a call from the 82

Officer who congratulated me for my approach, as it had been decided that we could now rewrite the rules. Dick McCarthy - my TPNG forest colleagues, led by best friend Rumpole of the Bailey attempted to stop this by dispatching me off to Indonesia in a coffin. AND then at my buck’s night, destroyed my best hat by filling it with wet cow manure from 14 mile.

Chief instigator

Jim Riley - In 1968, I was Fire officer at the Bulolo Forest Station. I took my fire crew and Fire Engine to an area 4-5 kilometres east of Wau, to burn off a plateau area of Themeda grassland in preparation for planting in Pinus species. There was a deep, steep sided flat-bottomed gully immediately adjacent to the site, on its western side, the side closest to the Wau airstrip. There were some scattered shrub/tree species throughout the area. It became obvious that the area had not been burnt off since the Second World War. The area had a track of sorts around its perimeter. The fire crew were all locals, who as we know are pyromaniacs! Once I set them off ring firing around the edge of the track, there was no stopping them. The fire had not long got underway when small arms ammunition started exploding. I was standing on the edge of the plateau when a cartridge exploded near to me. When something struck my ankle, I realized that because the projectile (bullet) is heavy and the cartridge case much lighter, the case flies and the projectile does not go too far. But standing there feeling very exposed and having heard that unexploded bombs had detonated during cutover burn-offs in preparation for Hoop and Klinkii plantings, I decided to scurry off the edge of the plateau into a more sheltered position, just in case. I think Neville Howcroft must have been supervising the Pinus planting on the area, as a few days later he told me that bones had been brought to the surface, by the mattocks of the tree planters, so we went up to have a look around. We found many foxholes dug along the edge of the plateau above the deep gully. There was much Japanese Arisaka 6.5 mm ammunition lying around, some 7.7mm "Woodpecker" (Jap machine gun) ammo in a brass horizontal clip (I still have some in my cartridge collection, along with a Japanese grenade without the guts in it!), a couple of Arisaka rifles with the wood rotted off. Jap helmets full of bullet holes. Aussie/American grenades pushed into the ground with the levers held in place by very crumbly/ rusty pins. Interesting 3-inch diameter 83

holes going down vertically about 18 inches into the ground where no doubt unexploded mortar bombs resided! By this time, we were tiptoeing around the site! Also, many .303, .45 ACP (Tommy gun) and 9mm (Owen gun) empty cases lying around. There were Japanese graves there as the bones attested. The planting gang's boss-boi was using an unexploded mortar bomb as a pillow in his compound hut! All this piqued my interest. I endeavored to find out exactly what happened there although the signs made it obvious! Tom Lega was the BGD/ CNGT town manager at Bulolo. I knew he had been a DredgeMaster before and after the War and had spent the war in the area. Tom was a man of few words. I explained to him what had happened. He only said that there had been a bit of a stoush there during the war. A few evenings later, Tom arrived up at my Donga with an Australian War Bulletin that explained all about the "Battle for Wau". He opened a bit then and I found his story combined with the War Bulletin fascinating. So, with the fear of boring you all I will tell what I learned! Tom was in the 2/3rd independent Co., which seemed to be a Commando type unit. He was stationed at Salamaua when the Japs landed there. Salamaua is a long narrow isthmus that had a row of houses along it then, where the Aussie troops lived. There was a sentry stationed at a house, at the end farthest from the hills. There was an old Austin car there that was extremely hard to start. Someone in this house went outside for a pee and pointed out to the sentry some shadowy shapes out on the water. They ascertained it was Japanese ships unloading troops. The old Austin started first go and they barreled along the road raising the alarm. As the first Jap came in the front door of the last house, the last Aussie went out the back door and they all took to the hills. They set up Observation Posts and had ambushes set on both the "Black Cat" and "Skin Diwai" tracks, which were used for the 3-day trek to the Wau goldfields. Tom said that he and another chap captured a Jap who was working in a quarry there and took him to Wau for interrogation. Tom was a big man that I would not argue with! The Japs sent troops inland along the tracks and were ambushed. The Aussie troops counted 161 Japanese killed and wounded being carried back to Salamaua. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation kindly broadcast this information on the radio, "by troops from inland bases"! So, the Japs decided they should wipe out these inland bases. They sent 5,000 troops in along the two tracks but knew there would be ambushes set on them somewhere. They had an old German map of the area and nearing Wau, it showed a survey line running down a ridge and through the village of Wandumi, so took this route. (There is a monument situated at the northeastern corner of the Wau airstrip, commemorating the troops that died at Wandumi.) The army knew these 5,000 troops were on their way but had minimal troops at Wau. The army had all its men and equipment and planes at Port Moresby, but the weather had been clogged in for 3 days and could not get them across. There was an Australian Company of 100 troops dug in, in ambush at Wandumi. This company held up the Japanese advance for a day, before they were surrounded and wiped out to the last man. The next day, the Japanese attacked the Wau airstrip on two sides. (They had intended to surround it completely) They opened the attack at 9 am. The weather was still clogged in, but at 9:20 the weather lifted and the DC3's started landing and kept taxing as the troops jumped out and ran to the edge of the field, then took off for more troops. 84

(In 1975 or 1976, an AusAid Representative to PNG executive was at the Forestry College. He asked to be taken up to Wau. I ran him up and as we drove up the road on the eastern side of the strip, he said he was there during the battle, pointed out where he jumped out of the DC3 and where he ran to and started shooting at the Japs! Interesting.) At 1:30 in the afternoon, DC3's brought in 25 pounder artillery pieces, the Engineers assembled them while under fire, wheeled them to the perimeter and they started shelling the Japs over open sights at 200 yards! These turned the tide of the battle, and the japs were pushed back to the plateau and dug in for a last stand, where I burnt the area off. The War Bulletin mentioned an area they called "The slaughter yards". The 25 pounders zeroed in on a concentration of troops, which may have been a field hospital. As far as I could determine it may have been in the deep gully adjacent to the burn-off area. Some interesting facts were that 254 DC3's landed at Wau over 4 days and there were 28 parked on the strip at one time! For those that know the strip, where the hell would you put 28 of them? For those that do not know the strip, it is on a considerable slope. I never measured the angle or took the percentage slope, but I know you must be in 2nd gear in a Series 2A Land Rover to drive up the road beside it. Jim Riley BFC. Photo Credit Philip Pope. In PNG one used to get little "happening" that piqued one's interest! In 1975 an Australian Aid to PNG executive visited BFC and before he left, asked to be taken up to Wau. I took him up in a Toyota and as we drove up the road beside the strip, he suddenly pointed and said, "That’s where the DC3 I was in landed and I ran over to that spot there, and stared shooting at the Japs over there”. Was quite interesting. In 1973 I was working for Groome and Associates, Forestry Consultants, looking at the Kumusi Export Logging area. I met Chris Done at Popondetta and we took a party of Japs in two vehicles around the Kumusi forest area. We ended up at Kokoda and had a look at the Museum, etc. As usual with Jap parties only one appeared to speak English. Coming down the road from Kokoda, one old fellow in the back suddenly said; "This is a lot different to the last time I came down this Road!" In Madang I cannot recall when, asked a Jap Forestry type if he had been to Madang before? There was a long pause before he said "once, many years ago!" Enough said, but interesting at the time. Jim Riley - For something to do while there and because of my interest in sawmilling I did a mill study on Wewak Timber's mill that had been recently set up there and was milling only Kwila. The operation was so new the skidder was pulling directly to the mill! I know someone in the Survey team one day said, "I've found it, the only big tree in the valley that we did the TRP for." Everyone may know this, but I'll reiterate what I found out. Both times in 1897 and 1937, after 3-year droughts, when the Gogol River completely dried up (normally 180-200 inches a year) and the locals had to shift to the hills for water. That's "Believe it or not " territory, bush fires ravaged most of the valley, killing the forests. So, at 85

the time of the 1970 Survey the regenerated forest trees were only 33 years old. No wonder most trees were of a smaller diameter. The skidder was not just pulling in freshly felled trees. It was also pulling in Kwila logs that had been on the ground for at least 33 years, (if not 73 years!) The interesting thing was that the sapwood had completely rotted off the logs that had been on the ground all those years. The heartwood was as sound as the day they died. These logs had less "shake" in them than the freshly felled trees. The main factor of interest was without the sapwood there was no "tension" in the flitches as they came off the horizontal breakdown chainsaw. The first flitches to come off freshly felled, complete sapwood logs with tension, imitated bananas, with the remaining baulks moving in the opposite direction. The net result was about 50% recovery from the "old dead logs" and an average of about 33% off freshly felled ones! Jim Riley - In 1982, Wewak Timbers engaged Fletcher Consulting Services to do a Harvesting Plan for their North Coast Export Logging Operation. I did the Consultancy for them. I stayed at a motel near the lighthouse in Madang. Cannot recall the motel name. (Maybe Lighthouse Motel.) They also took diving charters to a shot down American plane that was accessible to divers on a reef at 100 feet. The plane still had the skeleton of the pilot at the controls, with his Thermos and other gear with him. The site was by then whatever they call what is prohibited to touch in PNG. The plane's identification Number. was visible and I presume the American Military had been notified of its existence and location. They told me they had recently had an American guest who wished to visit the site. After the dive he thanked them very much and said he had always wondered where his father had ended up! Must have been an emotional experience! Jim Riley - Huxley Street Bulolo was named after a man Huxley, in a tent, killed by the only bomb dropped on Bulolo. Did you ever see the RSJ power pole, near the bakery 50 yards or so from where it landed, where the shrapnel from the bomb went through it? Several holes through the 1/2-inch steel. The smallest is about 1/16th of an inch diameter. I always wondered how such a small bit of metal could go through such a thick piece of steel! Was not till Hermann Kloeti and I joined an explosive course the Diploma students did that I found out why. Cortex and TNT burn (explode) at a rate of 23,500 feet a second, 10 times faster than a.303 bullet travels! As the Ministry of Transport says. Speed kills! Ross Lockyer – Bob Lyons and I sunk many beers together and "Master Kunda" as he was known by the locals, while he was a Kiap in the Highlands, was an interesting bloke to talk to. He was a master at cooking rice, as I guess he lived on it as a Kiap for four years. He obviously got sick of the soggy rice mess I would serve up and after a visit or two he said, "I'll cook the rice"! I was extremely impressed. Did not wash the rice. Put it in a pot, put water up to the first finger joint, put it on the stove with the lid on. When he heard it boil, he tuned the stove down and we retied to the veranda and sunk another SP or two. He suddenly said, "the rice is cooked" and took it off the stove without looking at it. Of course, it tumbled out of the pot in individual cooked grains!

Bob Lyons camped out in the jungle somewhere north of Bulolo in 1969 for about a week wandering about through miles of bush surveying for klinkii pine and other hardwood resources. He was Forestry Dept from Lae. Photo credit Ross Lockyer Bush Boss at CNGT Bob Thistlethwaite - But in all the travel I did during my time there and subsequently as a consultant, only once when I was really concerned on a flight from Moresby to Madang on a Fokker, when in the Okapa area the pilot realised he was flying up the wrong valley for his approach to Goroka. A cliff appeared ahead and disturbingly close. He stood the plane almost on its tail, hung on the props and side-slipped out of danger. We exited the aircraft at Goroka a bit white around the gills, decided we would stay in Goroka for the night and forget flying on to Madang. I did not know that the Fokker was so versatile but subsequently learned that it was originally designed for military operations. The pilot was of course feted by all but fit enough to fly on to Madang in the morning. Bob Thistlethwaite - There was a pilot strike, and we were stranded on Daru Island and lucky to get a small room at the Daru Hotel which was adequate, with good plain food and a congenial host. There was not much to see on Daru then except it is massive tarmac, and after a morning sampling liquid refreshment we searched for the plug which in our state we were told existed to keep Daru Island afloat. But no luck! Our publican had a strong focus on the till during this bonanza for him as many people were trapped. The influx was such that the stock in the private bar was rapidly depleted, and when all the beer was gone, we gradually worked our way through all other offerings on the bar shelves. Rum and Scotch disappeared quickly, and anything else, with one lone survivor on Sunday, a bottle of Tullamore Dew, which delighted KJ as an emblem of Ireland. We cuddled that for as long as a small bottle takes and then were forced to turn to the wine collection in the public bar, and a most impressive collection of wine labels were displayed. Wine, at least the cheaper variety, was not really our tipple, but when in Rome…! The Daru Pub was locally called the Cerberus Arms, because all the crockery and cutlery were branded with “HMAS Cerberus.” How, we did not ask. I decided to do a little exploration of the hotel and in a shed tucked away under a couple of trees at the back I found a hotel employee beavering away filling bottle. He had two huge casks from which to choose, both branded with Portuguese markings, one containing red wine and the other white – perhaps emulating Mateusz Rose and Casals Inhos – but unfortunately not the same calibre. The bottles were already labelled with what they had originally contained, and it was interesting to see a white wine in a bottle labelled Beaujolais. To feed the thirsty throng in the public bar, waiters moved through selling fried fish heads, some with backbones attached. A roaring trade and the kina were rolling in. Tuesday came, the strike was off, and we gratefully boarded the flight to Moresby.

Ross Wylie - Every trip I made in New Guinea was a bit of an adventure but none with so many twists and turns as the work trip to Kui on the Morobe coast in 1970. Part of my job was to conduct surveys of timber borers at various logging areas in forests and at sawmills around the country. In February 1970, Brenton who had joined our forest entomology unit the previous December, Neil Gough who was working at the Bishop Museum Field Station at Wau, Teng Arang a labourer with our section, and myself set out on a trip to Kui to collect insects in a logging area there. We took a lugger out of Lae and set off. All went well until we were just off Salamaua and then the rudder seized, and the boat began to go around in circles. A couple of the crew went below to make repairs but after a few hours of hammering and banging there was no progress, and we began to make escape plans. One was to use the foamfilled seat cushions to float and paddle our way to the beach at Salamaua which seemed so close. What gave us pause was when a crewman who was fishing to while away the time pulled in an exceptionally large fish but the head only – the rest had been taken by a shark. So, we waited. Eventually, repairs were made, and we resumed our journey with no further drama. Kui was a great success in terms of insects caught. The most spectacular find was a fallen tree with scores of the giant longicorn Batocera wallacei crawling on its surface. We filled all our collecting jars and containers and then wrapped up more of the beetles in our handkerchiefs and Brenton’s terry-towelling hat. Most of these beetles made it back to the lab intact and I still have a few in my personal collection at Kenmore. Then came the return journey from Kui to Lae. Given our experience on the lugger down, we decided to get a speedboat back and made the booking via the logging company’s radio at Kui. The speedboat duly arrived complete with captain and mate who both looked a little worse for wear; they had been partying the night before in Lae apparently. We loaded our gear and set off. The waves were larger than usual, and the captain informed us there was a cyclone heading our way. The speedboat was meant to plane over the water and the captain tried to get it to lift but we kept slapping into the waves not over them. We were all hanging on for grim death with our arms nearly jolting out of their sockets every time we hit a wave. I remember my feet left the floor of the boat several times as I was jerked upward. Mercifully, it stopped when the motor gave up the ghost, with something shaken loose or broken. The mate opened a hatch under one of the seats, crawled beneath and started tinkering with the motor. All we could see of him was the lower half of his body protruding from beneath a seat. The boat bobbed around at the mercy of the waves, a recipe for seasickness. Sure enough, the captain ran to the side and was extremely ill, no doubt a hangover from yesterday’s big night out. He took no further part in proceedings until towards the end. So, we bobbed around in the boat, trying not to be seasick and endeavouring to protect ourselves from sunburn as well by putting our shirts over our heads. We were constantly scanning for other boats and saw a freighter in the distance; we signalled frantically, waving shirts and white insect nets but it sailed serenely by. Bummer, to say the least. In the meantime, the mate was still under the seat and there had been no movement for quite a while. We prodded him gently but no reaction, like the captain he was sleeping it off. So, here we were, drifting in the Huon Gulf and a cyclone on the way and no help in sight. It was 12th February 1970, my 25th birthday. Then we saw a timber barge, making its way to Lae and not too far away from us. Neil dipped a rag into the petrol tank and draped it around his rubber foot thong, attached it to the pole of a long-handle insect net and set it alight. It sent up a plume of smoke which thankfully was seen, and the barge altered its course. Our captain at this stage suddenly woke up and decided to take charge. When the barge got close, he threw over a tow rope and then tied it to the transom of our boat. Big mistake. When the barge took up the slack it tore off the transom and then the tow had to be re-established. Prudently, we transferred across to the barge and completed our journey back to Lae with no further drama. 88

Ross Wylie - Prior to the establishment of the forest entomology research unit at Bulolo in 1966, only five species of pinhole and shot hole borers (Platypodinae and Scolytidae), which are important pests of trees and log timber, had been named in the Bulolo area. Since then, another 403 species have been discovered during studies by those in the unit. In 1973-1974 alone, 201 species were recorded in the Sticky trap No.3 and billet study at Upper Manki Logging Area, Bulolo by Barry, Peter, and me. When combined, the number of Platypodinae and Scolytinae species (408) in the Bulolo area probably makes it the richest for such a small area on earth. A very youthful Ross Wylie at a “sticky trap” flying insect sampling site in a hoop pine plantation at Bulolo. There were four panels oriented in cardinal directions, the ones on the left and right are edge on and the one at the rear is hidden in shadow and foliage. Photo credit John Davidson.

Gary Archer - While working as a Technical Assistant in 1964 I had noticed that in steep country the actual number of trees planted per hectare was often more than prescribed. This was because planting crews often laid their measuring rods along the slope rather than holding them horizontally when spacing the seedlings. While working on the Bulolo plantation inventory I compared results calculated from the tree counts along the rows with results calculated from the known-area sample plots alone. I discovered that applying tree counts based on the assumed rather than actual tree spacing led to an overall 5 percent underestimate in stocking. The Bulolo District Forest Officer John Godlee was very happy to adjust the inventory results upwards by 5 percent based on this finding. Jim Riley - My first visit to the Gogol valley was in 1970. At the BFC, I had trained a group of Technical Assistants in Forest Mensuration specifically for the Gogol TRP Forest Survey. I accompanied them to the base camp. While there, I flew up the valley by helicopter, where survey crews were operating to check on the effectiveness of the personnel I had trained. We overflew a twin-engine American bomber (a Boston?), that appeared to be in perfect condition. The stars were faded but still visible on the wings. We flew low over it but did not find a suitable landing place. It looked in perfect condition and appeared to have landed on a flat area that must have been recently burnt off by the locals at the time. I discussed it with the Madang DFO Docca Reid. He visited it during the Timber Rights Purchase and said the Guns were all still cocked, and it was completely undamaged. He said a local mission had recently (then) taken the wheels off it. WW 2 Bomber NW Gogol in Gogol TA. 1972/ Photo credit Ian Whyte.

John Davidson (RAAF historian) provided the following information re the above wreck. It is a Douglas A-200G-DO Havoc. Below is an RAAF photograph of the wreck taken not long after it force-landed. The aircraft with wheels up remained intact and the crew of three survived and escaped through the open hatches (two hatches - pilot and navigator from the long front hatch, and gunner from the hatch behind the gun turret). It was a Douglas A-20G-20-DO Havoc serial 42-86786 of the US 312th Bomb Group, 388th Bomb Squadron with nose art “The Hell’n Pelican II” that was forced down due to bad weather on 16 April 1944 during a raid mounted from Nadzab to Japanese targets in Hollandia (now Jayapura in the Indonesian Province of Papua). It was one of 37 USAAF aircraft lost or crashed that one Sunday afternoon during a severe New Guinea weather front as they tried to return from Hollandia to Nadzab. None was lost to enemy action during the raid! The story has been told only relatively recently in a book “Black Sunday” (Michael Claringbould 2000).

Though not an RAAF aircraft, Douglas A20-G Havoc 42-86786 was among several wrecks recovered from PNG in 1984 and restored at RAAF Amberly, Queensland. Although owned by PNG (by agreement reached to allow its recovery, and eventually to be returned to PNG) it is currently on display at the RAAF Amberly Aviation Heritage Centre. Douglas Havoc 42-86786 was separated into manageable parts (engines, horizontal tailplanes, outer wing panels, nose) and lifted out in several flights by RAAF Chinook A15-005 on 1 October 1984. This was the final lift of the remaining stripped fuselage section. (Photograph RAAF).

The restoration was completed in 1996. This is the restored aircraft at the RAAF Amberly Aviation Heritage Centre. (Photograph RAAF).

Ken Granger Aircraft Wreck on a Coral Reef near Arawe 1965. Photo credit Ken Granger. John Davidson (RAAF historian) The aircraft in your photograph is an A-20G-10-DO Havoc tail serial no 42-54088 (the first and last digit are missing; the 4 (first digit of year of manufacture “42") because it was on the fabric covering of the rudder and long since decayed, which is unlikely, as tail serials were usually not painted on the moveable surfaces because these were often replaced in service, or more usually not painted on at the aircraft at all, and the 8 towards the leading edge may have been cut off by souvenir hunters). Only “54088 (89th BS, 3rd BG) shot down Jan 7, 1944, Arawe” fits your location given for the wreck pictured. From the diary of Sgt Adrian S. Bottge, 3rd BG, 89th SQ: “Friday - 7 January 1944 … One of our planes crash-landed in the sea up north. At first it was reported that our Navy shot him down, but actually he lost his bearings in the smoke screen that indicated the area to be strafed and hit a treetop.;” PNG Museum Aircraft Status Card - A20G Havoc 7 January 1944 (date matches but does not mention pilot or serial number). Joe Havel - Not all my second term was equally exciting. I combined the supervision of work in the plantations with research into the early stages of klinkii silviculture and made good progress. It was during this term that the Director Jim McAdam died of a heart attack. His replacement was Bill Suttie, who was a Queenslander of similar vintage to McAdam, but of different management style. He had a strong belief in the “in vino veritas” (there is truth in the vine) Roman style of management, that is that when drunk, people say things they would not say when sober. As a non-drinker I had nothing to fear from it, as I was still sober at the end of the parties when he was not, but I used to be quizzed by him the next morning as to 91

what he had said. Towards the end of the term, Mr Suttie informed me that I would be sent for a limited period to Rabaul as acting Regional Officer for the Islands Region. Joe Havel with students studying botanical specimens at the PNG Forestry College Bulolo. Photograph 1964 TPNG Forests. On one occasion I dined on pork and sauerkraut at a Roman Catholic mission’s Ulamona sawmill at the foot of the Father Volcano whilst solving the mysteries of negative log volumes caused by the high degree of utilisation of hollow kamarere logs. The net volume was arrived at by deducting the squared volume of the hollow from the round volume of the log.so that if the hollow was big enough, the net volume was negative. We agreed to ignore such logs. Because I would not share the German monks’ homebrew beer brew, I was suspected of being an Irishman, which did not match up with Irishmen’s reputation in Australia. Another stress source was a major lease proposed for the Cape Hoskins area. Because of its size and international potential, it was largely dealt with by the Head Office, but I did inspect the area briefly with the assessment crew. I mentioned to the Director my experience with hollow logs utilised by the Ulamona sawmill, because like that area, the kamarere stands at Cape Hoskins were also on volcanic ashes and likely to have the same problems. The director replied that he worked in the area during the war and did not share my fears. The Deputy Director did share those fears and when he took over the project during the Director’s long service leave, he sent a utilisation crew that felled a lot of the kamarere trees and found them hollow. The project was downgraded. Joe Havel - On another occasion, after having inspected a lease on Bairiman River, on the south coast of New Britain I slept in a house kiap built on the banks of the river. It had extremely high posts and difficult access via a precarious ladder. I was woken up at dawn by a yelp under the house and a big splash in the river. I later found out from the lululai (village headman) that a man had come to get water from the river and ran into a crocodile that was coming to feast on village pigs. They both turned back to where they came from. The evening before I had cooked my meal right on the banks of the river where the croc came out of the water. Until then, I believed that crocs did not like running rivers with clear water. The high house posts and steep ladders made a lot more sense in the morning. Ken Granger advised that life was never dull in the survey camp. John (Puddles) Lake was fond of catching snakes and anything else that he could get a reaction from us with. He had caught a small snake that he put in the empty 44-gallon drum we used for catching rainwater and the next day he caught a baby crocodile that also went into the drum. It was said that there were no venomous snakes on Bougainville, and it was a bit of a surprise the next morning when both reptiles were found dead. Gerd did a fine job of skinning the little croc and when he got back to Port Moresby taxidermizing it in a very realistic way. Puddles liklik pukpuk, Jaba River September 1964.Photo credit Ken Granger.

John Lake thanks Ken Granger for his fantastic photos and his still more incredible memory. John has similar recollections to the fishing at that camp. John caught a bigger fish than the Butbut. It was a 4 to 5 ft Barracuda. Not only did John have to contend with the fish but he had to argue with his companion (Keith Pearson) who did not want him to bring it into the boat. Da Fish in question. Photo credit Ken Granger. Ken Granger described the Arawe camp was very well set up for the shower and fishing. L to R. Granger’s mackerel. Puddles butbu, the flash shower. Photo credit K Granger. Ken Granger recalls being told that Puddles was in the cohort at the Forestry College in Canberra that substituted the street sign for Constitution Avenue to “Constipation Avenue.” It was still in place a week later until someone tipped off the “Canberra Times.” Some plantings worked.

E deglupta (kamarere) Kerevat.

A. hunsteinii (klinkii) Bulolo.

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International Symposium of Biology and Management of Mangroves, 8–11 October 1974 – Hawaii WOOD P. J., (1967). Teak planting in Tanzania. In: Proceedings of the “World symposium on man-made forests and their industrial importance,” Canberra, Australia, 14-25 April 1967. FAO Section II silviculture, 1 631-1 643. World Bank (1990). Papua New Guinea the Forestry Sector: A Tropical Forestry Action Plan Review. Washington D.C., World Bank. World Bank (2000). Project Appraisal Document: Forestry and Conservation Project. Washington, D.C., World Bank. World Bank (2002). Draft -Project Implementation Plan for the Independent State of Papua New Guinea: Forestry and Conservation Project. Washington, D.C., World Bank. Wormald T J (1975) Pinus patula. Dept of Forestry Oxford University xii, 172, (28) p, (7) Tropical forestry paper # 7 Bib ID 4578957 S 634.92850913 FAS Wormald, TJ. (1992). Mixed and pure forest plantations in the tropics and subtropics. FAO Forestry Paper 103. 152 p. WRI (1991) Colloquium on sustainability in natural tropical forest management summary report. World Resources Institute, Washington D.C. (U.S.A.). Wright P (1968) Mycology and Forest Pathology. Paper presented Dept of Forests PNG 1968. First Papua New Guinea Silvicultural Research Conference Bulolo. Reprint 1976. Wyatt-Smith J. (1963) Manual of Malayan Silviculture for Inland Forests Vol 1 & Vol 2. Malaysia Forest Record 23. Forestry Dept Malaysia. Wycherley P. R. (1966), Teak problems in North Thailand. Malay. For., April 1966: 64-68. Zheng Haishui (1987) The role of Eucalyptus plantations in southern China. pp79-85 In: Withington, D., MacDicken, K.G., Sastry, C.B. and Adams, N.R. (ed.) Multipurpose Tree Species for Small-farm Use. Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, USA, and International Development Research Centre of Canada. Zobel, B. (1988) Eucalyptus in the forest industry. Tappi Journal (December):42-46. Zhu, S, Tomberlin, D, and Buongiorno, J, (1998), I, Global Forest Products Outlook Study Working Paper No GFPOS/WP/01, FAO. :http://www.fao.org/forestry/FON/FONS/outlook/global/gfpswp-e.stm.

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ACRONYMS AAD ACT ACIAR ACLMP ACP ADB AEC AFAP

Australian Antarctic Division Australian Capital Territory Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research AusAid funded World Bank Land Mobilisation program. African, Caribbean and Pacific States Asian Development Bank Administrators Executive Committee Australian Foundation for the Peoples of Asia & the Pacific Ltd. ADB African Development Bank AFLEGT African Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade AFPNG Association of Foresters of PNG AFS Australian Forestry School AFTA Asean Free Trade Area AIF Australian Infantry Forces AMF Australian Military Forces ANBG Australian National Botanical Gardens ANGAU Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit ANU Australian National University APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APMF Australian Paper Manufacturers Forestry Pty Ltd APPM Australia Paper and Pulp Manufacturers ARD Afforestation, Reforestation and avoided Deforestation ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ASIO Australian Security Intelligence Organisation ASOPA Australian School of Pacific Administration ATIBT Association Technique Internationale des Bois Tropicaux ATL Accelerated Tariff Liberalization ATO African Timber Organization AusAID Australian Aid Agency BA basal area BCOF British Commonwealth Occupational Force 1945-52 BDV Brussels Definition of Value “Beer Time” Any time. BFC Bulolo Forestry College BGD Bulolo Gold Dredging Company BNGD British New Guinea Development (Company Limited) BUC Bulolo University College C Commonwealth cm centimetre CALM Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEFACT United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business CEPT Common Effective Preferential Tariff 120

CERFLOR CFA CFE CGTM CIF CIFOR CITES C&I CNGT CO2 COC Coillte COP CPF CRE CRE

CSIRO CHAH C&I C&L CSD CTE DASF DBH/ dbh DEPT DESA DIES DIY DPI DOF DSB EC ECE ECOSOC EEA EFI EIA EMAS EMS ENB e.g. ENGO Etc EU

Certificate of Origin of Forest Raw Material, Brazil Commonwealth Forestry Association Community forestry enterprise Cintra for Global Trade Model cost, insurance, freight Centre for International Forestry Research Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Criteria and indicators Commonwealth New Guinea Timbers Bulolo carbon dioxide chain of custody (Irish pronunciation: [ˈkəilʲtʲə], meaning "forests"/"woods") is a commercial forestry business in Ireland, owned by the state, Conference of Parties Collaborative Partnership on Forests Commander Royal Engineers CRE is a term inherited by RAE from RE and is the term for the Commanding Officer of a RAE unit which is headed by a Lt Col. Although the officer is called the CRE the name is also used for the name of his unit. E.g., CRE Aust Forestry Group or 1(NG Forests). Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria Criteria and Indicators Certification and Labelling Commission on Sustainable Development (United Nations) Committee on Trade and Environment Dept of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries Diameter at breast height Department United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Department of Information and Extension Services Do-it-yourself Department of Primary Industry Department of Forests Dispute Settlement Body European Commission ECA Export credit agency Economic Commission for Europe Economic and Social Council of the United Nations European Economic Area European Forest Institute Environmental Investigation Agency Eco-Management and Audit Scheme of European Union Environmental Management System East New Britain Province. For example Environmental Non-governmental Organisation et cetera (more of the same) European Union 121

EVSL FAO F &TB FIM FMA FPRC FRA FRG FRI Forkol FSP/PNG FCCC FD FDI FIELD

Early Voluntary Liberalisation Food and Agriculture Organisation Forest and Timber Bureau Canberra Forest Information System Forest Management Agreement Forest Products Research Centre Hohola Forest Resource Assessment Forest Red Gum Forest Research Institute Lae Bulolo Forestry College Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific See UNFCCC Forest department Foreign direct investment The Foundation for International Environmental Law and Development Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Forest Law Enforcement and Governance National Forest logging concessions, Brazil free on board Forest Stewardship Council Free Trade Area of the Americas Girth above buttress Girth breast height over bark Girth under bark above buttress Geographic Information Systems Group of Eight (leading economies) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gross Domestic Product Global Environment Facility Global Forest and Trade Network Global Forest Products Model greenhouse gas Geographical information system genetically modified organism Gross National Product Plurilateral Government Procurement Agreement Generalized System of Preferences Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit hectare International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Energy Agency Institute of Foresters of Australia International Year of the Forest Inter-American Development Bank Amazon Environmental Institute, Brazil International Commodity Agreement International Conference on C&I for Sustainable Forest

FLEGT FLEG FLONAS FOB FSC FTAA GAB Gbhob Gubab GIS G8 GATT GDP GEF GFTN GFPM GHG GIS GMO GNP GPA GSP GTZ ha IBRD IEA IFA IFY IADB IBAMA ICA ICCI Management IDB Inter-American Development Bank 122

IEA IEC IFC IFF IHPA IIED IMF INGO IPC IPCC IPF ISO ITC ITTA ITTC ITTO IUCN IWPA JICA L of N LRRS LCA LEEC LEI LULUCF m3 MCCAF MHA MIA MM MUS MEA MFN MIGA MOU MTTC n.a. NAA NARI NB NAFTA NGO NHLA NRRP NT NTB NTCC NTFP NTM NWFP

International Environmental Agreement International Electrical Commission International Finance Corporation Intergovernmental Forum on Forests International Hardwood Products Association International Institute for Environment and Development International Monetary Fund International Non-Governmental Organisations Integrated Programme for Commodities Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Intergovernmental Panel on Forests International Organization for Standardisation International Trade Centre International Tropical Timber Agreement International Tropical Timber Council International Tropical Timber Organization The World Conservation Union International Wood Products Association Japanese International Cooperation Agency League of Nations Land Resource Soils Survey (branch of CSIRO) Life Cycle Analysis London Economic and Environmental Centre Indonesian Ecolabelling Institute Land Use, Land Use Change and Forests cubic metre McCarthy & Associates (Forestry) Pty. Ltd. Member of House of Assembly PNG mean annual increment in cubic metres/hectare/year Military Medal Malayan Uniform System Multilateral Environmental Agreement Most Favoured Nation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Memorandum of Understanding Malaysian Timber Certification Council not available National Archives Australia National Agriculture Research Institute New Britain North American Free Trade Agreement Non-Governmental Organisation National Hardwood Lumber Association Natural Resources and Rights Program National Treatment non-tariff barrier National Timber Certification Council non-timber forest product non-tariff measures non-wood forest product 123

NDS NFCAP NGM no. NG NGF NGIB NGI NGO NGVR NZ NSW NTSC OECD OTO OIC OISCA OTML P or p PEFC PFDB PIB PIR PNG PNGAA PNGAF PNGFA PNGFIA PNGRIS PNGUT POM P&C PEFC PGA PPM PPP QLD QF RAE RPC RRA RIIA RIL RFE RTA RWE SAP

Northern District Sawmills PNG National Forestry and Conservation Action Plan New Guinea Mainland number New Guinea New Guinea Forces (relates to plant collection of Lae Herbarium) New Guinea Infantry Battalion New Guinea Islands Non-Government Organisation New Guinea Volunteer Rifles New Zealand New South Wales National Tree Seed Centre PNG Bulolo Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Office of Trade and Investment Ombudsman Officer in Charge Organisation for Industrial, Spiritual and Cultural Advancement International Japan. Ok Tedi Mining Ltd page Pan European Forest Certification Scheme FAO planted forest database Papuan Infantry Battalion Pacific Islands Regiment Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Australia Association Papua New Guinea Australian Foresters Magazine Series Papua New Guinea Forest Authority PNG Forest Industries Association Papua New Guinea Resource Information System PNG University of Technology Port Moresby Principles and Criteria Pan-European Forest Certification Framework Plurilateral Agreement on Government Procurement production and processing method Polluter Pays Principle (other meaning Purchasing Power Parity) Queensland Queensland Forestry Royal Australian Engineers/Australian Army Royal Papuan Constabulary Rapid Resource Appraisal Royal Institute of International Affairs reduced impact logging Russia Far East Regional Trade Agreement roundwood equivalent structural adjustment programme 124

SPS SFM SGS SMS SP SPWP sq m TAG TSS TBT TFF TFRK TNC TRAINS TREM TRIM TRIP UK UN Unasylva UNCCD UNCED UNCSD UNCTAD UNESCO UNDP UNECE UNEP UNFCCC UNFF USTR UNE UNEP UNI UNITECH UNRE UPNG UQ US USA USD TPNG TUBL TA TA TRADAC TRP Vol VSF WA

Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Sustainable Forest Management Société General de Surveillance Selective Management System Malaysia South Pacific Secondary Processed Wood Products square metres Trade Advisory Group of ITTO Tropical Shelterwood System Technical Barriers to Trade Tropical Forest Foundation traditional forest-related knowledge Transnational corporation Trade-Basic Indicators of UNCTAD trade-related environmental measures Trade Related Investment Measures Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights United Kingdom United Nations Journal of FAO of UN United Nations Programme to Combat Desertification United Nations Conference on Environment and Development United Nations Committee on Sustainable Development United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Economic and Social Council United Nations Development Programme United Nations Economic Commission for Europe United Nations Environment Programme Framework Convention on Climate Change of United Nations United Nations Forum on Forests US, Office of the US Trade Representative University of New England Armidale NSW United Nations Environment Program University University of Technology Lae PNG University of Natural Resources and Environment University of Papua New Guinea University of Queensland United States United States of America United States dollar Territory of Papua and New Guinea Territory United Brewery Ltd Timber Area Timber Authority Timber Research & Development Advisory Council Qld. Timber Rights Purchase volume Victorian School of Forestry Western Australia 125

WB WCMC WCO WSSD WTO WWF Yr.

World Bank World Conservation Monitoring Centre World Customs Organisation World Summit for Sustainable Development World Trade Organization World Wide Fund for Nature year

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