Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy Systems, Strategies, and Skills, 4th Edition By Linda Seligman , Lourie Reichenberg
CONTENTS Part One: Providing Effective Counseling and Psychotherapy Chapter 1: Contexts of Effective Treatment ....................................................................................1 Part Two: Treatment Systems Emphasizing Background Chapter 2: Overview of Background-Focused Treatment Systems .................................................7 Chapter 3: Sigmund Freud and Classic Psychoanalysis ..................................................................9 Chapter 4: Alfred Adler and Individual Psychology .....................................................................14 Chapter 5: Post- and Neo-Freudians: Analytical Psychology, Ego Psychology, Object Relations, and Self Psychology .....................................................................................................19 Chapter 6: Brief Psychodynamic Therapy .....................................................................................23 Part Three: Treatment Systems Emphasizing Emotions and Sensations Chapter 7: Overview of Emotion-Focused Treatment Systems ....................................................26 Chapter 8: Carl Rogers and Person-Centered Counseling .............................................................30 Chapter 9: Existential Therapy ......................................................................................................34 Chapter 10: Gestalt Therapy ..........................................................................................................37 Chapter 11: Emerging Approaches Emphasizing Emotions and Sensations .................................41 Part Four: Treatment Systems Emphasizing Thoughts Chapter 12: Overview of Thought-Focused Treatment Systems ...................................................44 Chapter 13: Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy ...............................................46 Chapter 14: Aaron Beck and Cognitive Therapy ...........................................................................49 Part Five: Treatment Systems Emphasizing Actions Chapter 15: Overview of Action-Focused Treatment Systems .....................................................53 Chapter 16: Behavior Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy ..............................................57 Chapter 17: Reality Therapy ..........................................................................................................61 Part Six: Other Treatment Approaches Chapter 18: Family Systems Approaches ......................................................................................65 Chapter 19: Integrative Therapies ..................................................................................................70 Part Seven: Understanding Treatment Systems Chapter 20: Solidifying Understanding of Treatment Systems .....................................................75 ANSWER KEY…………………………………………………………………………79 Chapter 1………………………………………………………………………………....79 Chapter 2 and 3…………………………………………………………………..………80 Chapter 4…………………………………………………………………………………81 Chapter 5…………………………………………………………………………………82 Chapter 6…………………………………………………………………………………83 Chapter 7 and 8………………………………………………………………………..…84 Chapter 9…………………………………………………………………………………85 Chapter 10………………………………………………………………………………..86 Chapter 11, 12, and 13…………………………………………………………………...87 Chapter 14………………………………………………………………………………..88 Chapter 15………………………………………………………………………………..89 Chapter 16 and 17………………………………………………………………………..90 Chapter 18………………………………………………………………………………..91 Chapter 19………………………………………………………………………………..92 Chapter 20………………………………………………………………………………..93 iii
Chapter 1 Contexts of Effective Treatment MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.
Research on counseling effectiveness (a) shows that counseling is usually effective. (b) is difficult to apply to unique situations. (c) tends to be biased in favor of counseling. (d) shows that short-term therapy is more effective than long-term therapy.
2.
The “B” in the BETA model represents change theories that emphasize (a) behavior. (b) biology. (c) background. (d) biofeedback.
3.
The “E” in the BETA model represents change theories that emphasize (a) empowerment. (b) emotions. (c) environment. (d) exploration.
4.
The “T” in the BETA model represents change theories that emphasize (a) trust. (b) training. (c) transference. (d) thoughts.
5.
The “A” in the BETA model represents change theories that emphasize (a) actions. (b) analysis. (c) adaptation. (d) actualization.
6.
A counselor who believes that a thorough understanding of a client’s childhood is necessary for successful treatment might exemplify_________________ theory. (a) existential (b) humanistic (c) cognitive (d) psychodynamic
7.
Replacing negative thoughts with positive ones would most likely be the goal of a/an ____________________ therapist. (a) behavioral 1
(b) cognitive (c) psychodynamic (d) existential 8. Which of the following is NOT a common factor implicit in almost every form of successful therapy? (a) Provides a collaborative therapeutic alliance between client and clinician. (b) Instills hope and optimism. (c) Promotes clinician’s sense of mastery and expertise. (d) Improves coping, impulse control, stress reduction, and promotes behavioral change. 9.
Which of the following is a common ingredient of successful treatment strategies? (a) An average of 10-15 counseling sessions. (b) The use of affect-based techniques. (c) Matching counselor and client based on gender and culture. (d) Improved client ability to modify thoughts.
10.
The most powerful factor in change appears to be (a) clients’ experiences and inner resources. (b) client optimism. (c) clinician expertise. (d) the techniques and interventions utilized.
11. Which of the following is a problem you would NOT expect to be presented by the Diaz family? (a) Edie’s excessive use of alcohol (b) Edie’s overprotection of her daughter (c) Ava’s acting out (d) Roberto’s over involvement in his work 12.
Which of the following statements is false? (a) Some clients can benefit from treatment more than others regardless of theoretical approach. (b) The therapeutic alliance is an important determinant of treatment outcome. (c) Client motivation is an important determinant of treatment outcome. (d) Clients who do better in therapy attribute it to the techniques and interventions used.
13. Which of the following is NOT an outcome of establishing a positive therapeutic alliance? (a) It prevents ruptures from occurring in the future. (b) It lets the client know that the clinician is listening empathically. (c) It encourages clients’ self-esteem, congruence, and self-disclosure. (d) It encourages client’s positive expectations of change.
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14.
The acronym ADDRESSING is important because: (a) It can improve the clinician’s cultural competence. (b) It helps clinicians understand the effect of their client’s address on their personality. (c) ADDRESSING provides an all-inclusive treatment modality. (d) About 25% of therapists describe themselves as being culturally challenged.
15. Which of the following people is strongly associated with the third force in counseling and psychotherapy? (a) Sigmund Freud (b) Martin Seligman (c) Albert Ellis (d) Carl Rogers 16.
Which client characteristic seems unrelated to outcome? (a) intelligence (b) age (c) education (d) socioeconomic level
17.
The most powerful predictor of treatment outcome is the (a) nature of the relationship between clinician and client. (b) theoretical orientation of the clinician. (c) client’s sense of self-efficacy. (d) number of counseling sessions.
18.
A 30-year-old African American female says she would feel most comfortable with a clinician of similar age and background. To enhance the therapeutic alliance, it would be best to (a) pair her with an older African American counselor to minimize transference. (b) assign her to a clinician who specializes in her presenting problem, regardless of other factors. (c) assign her to a clinician who is very different than she to gently challenge her assumptions and stereotypes. (d) honor her request as closely as possible.
19.
A distinguishing characteristic of a sound therapeutic alliance is (a) shared goals created in collaboration with the client. (b) client’s access to an extensive support system. (c) an emphasis on personal growth and spirituality. (d) a clinician who uses caring confrontations.
20.
As predictors of positive treatment outcome, techniques and interventions (a) have little predictive value. (b) are not as important as the clinician-client relationship. (c) are not as accurate as the clinician’s level of education. 3
(d) are not as accurate as client age.
21.
Which theoretical orientation is the most effective overall? (a) behavior modification in combination with cognitive therapy (b) solution-focused brief therapy (c) any treatment as long as it incorporates mindfulness (d) While some treatment methodologies work better for specific problems, no single treatment approach has been found to be the most effective overall.
22.
Which of the following is true of ethical guidelines for counselors? (a) Most professional associations have a code of ethics. (b) The guidelines address confidentiality issues. (c) Belonging to professional organizations and following established guidelines can help to protect counselors from lawsuits. (d) All of the above.
23.
Wayne, a mental health therapist, was convinced that his client intended to assault a co-worker. Wayne alerted the co-worker that he may be in danger. Ethically, Wayne (a) had the option of maintaining confidentiality. (b) was required to consult a supervisor before taking this action. (c) was required to take this action. (d) had no basis for his action.
24. Paul, a talented carpenter, agreed to build bookcases for his therapist’s office. Is this agreement ethical? (a) Yes, because the therapist will not be present when the bookcases are installed. (b) Yes, because the therapist is paying fair market value. (c) No, because it constitutes a dual relationship. (d) Possibly, depending on Paul’s therapeutic goals. 25.
During their first session, Malia explained the expectations and responsibilities of both the client and clinician to her client. This is an example of (a) role induction. (b) initiation. (c) boundary setting. (d) modeling.
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SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS
1.
Describe the emphasis of each of the four “forces of psychotherapy.” If possible, provide at least one example of a theorist associated with each approach.
2.
Define empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence. How are they important in developing a positive therapeutic alliance?
3.
What are the salient psychological issues for each member of the Diaz family?
4.
Clients attribute a large portion of the change they experience in treatment to extratherapeutic factors. Explain the meaning of this statement and discuss its implications for clinicians.
5.
List and define five important aspects of people’s lives which can serve as areas for assessment.
6.
Name three ways that a clinician can maximize the positive influence of client background and personal qualities.
7.
Define the mnemonic ADDRESSING. Describe how the concepts can be applied in the counseling setting.
8.
Jose, 32, arrived in the United States from Ecuador about six months ago. He is seeking therapy at this time because he is having difficulty adjusting to American culture and finding suitable employment. He has been assigned to a 23-year-old therapist who emigrated with his parents from Iran at the age of 18. Although their backgrounds are quite different, consider the ADDRESSING acronym and which “locations” or components of identification are similar and which are different. How can the clinician use the ADDRESSING model to build a cohesive therapeutic alliance with Jose?
9.
Identify five characteristics of effective therapeutic relationships and briefly define each.
10.
List the five interpersonal characteristics you believe are most essential in an effective clinician. Explain why you chose these five.
11.
Discuss important considerations of these ethical topics and provide an example of each: (1) do no harm, (2) confidentiality, (3) duty to warn, (4) dual relationships.
12.
Describe the purpose of role induction and list five topics you would address in this process. Provide a brief statement illustrating how you as a clinician would present each of the five topics. 5
13.
Identify at least five procedures or interventions that a clinician might use to promote rapport.
14.
Describe three aspects of cultural competency.
15.
Describe five specific areas of clinician competency from those listed on pages 1415 that you would like to develop in yourself. Explain why you chose each of these five areas, drawing on information from the text, your career goals, and your knowledge of yourself.
16.
Identify at least six areas that might be covered in an intake interview.
17.
Name at least four considerations clinicians should address when formulating questions.
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Chapter 2 Overview of Background-Focused Treatment Systems MULTIPLE CHOICE/TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS 1.
Addressing clients’ past problems and issues (a) usually has little impact since no change can occur in the past. (b) is an emphasis of the psychodynamic approach. (c) is correlated positively with successful treatment. (d) usually alienates clients because it does not focus on immediate concerns.
2.
Which of the following is NOT true about classic psychoanalysis? (a) Its goal is to make the unconscious conscious. (b) Clients participated in analysis 3 to 4 times a week, for years. (c) Clients would lie on a couch and the therapist would sit outside their field of vision. (d) Classic psychoanalysis continues to be a leading form of treatment.
3.
Psychodynamic theories include all but which one of the following? (a) Alfred Adler’s individual psychotherapy. (b) Carl Jung’s analytical psychology. (c) Solution-focused brief therapy (d) Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy
4.
Carl Jung is responsible for all but which one of the following concepts in psychology? (a)the collective unconscious. (b) integrating spirituality and psychology (c)personality preferences that form the basis of the Myers-BriggsType Indicator (d) the Oedipal complex 5. Alfred Adler developed an approach that focused on (a) Birth order, self interest, and lifestyle assessment. (b) Birth order, social interest, and lifestyle assessment. (c) Birth order, social interest, and myth. (d) None of the above.
For questions 6 - 10, mark “a” if the statement is true and mark “b” if the statement is false. 6. Psychodynamic therapy has turned away from sexual drive theory and toward attachment theory. (a) true (b) false 7.
Relational theory focuses on the relationship between the client and clinician. 7
(a) true (b) false 8.
Harry Stack Sullivan is considered to be the founder of attachment theory. (a) true (b) false
9.
Karen Horney focused on sexual drives as the cause of pathology. (a) true (b) false
10.
Anna Freud, a respected child therapist, was Sigmund Freud’s daughter. (a) true (b) false
SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.
Name five basic assumptions shared by psychodynamic psychotherapy models. Explain each assumption and whether you agree with the assumption or not.
2.
Define transference and countertransference. How do they impact therapy?
3.
Discuss Maroda’s six guidelines for therapist self-disclosure. Do you agree or disagree?
8
Chapter 3 Sigmund Freud and Classic Psychoanalysis MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.
According to Freud, people struggle to find a balance (a) between Oedipal and Electra complexes. (b) between sexual drives and socially acceptable behavior. (c) between neurotic and psychotic defense mechanisms. (d) between self-expression and the expectations of authority figures.
2.
Which statement accurately reflects Freud’s perspective on biology? (a) People are generally the victims of their biological characteristics. (b) Biology is an important determinant of human behavior. (c) Biology has more influence on the ego than on the id of superego. (d) None of the above.
3. The pursuit of pleasure and gratification as embodied by the “pleasure principle” is the goal of the (a) ego. (b) id. (c) superego. (d) unconscious. 4.
Coughing and blinking are examples of (a) reflex actions. (b) defense mechanisms. (c) abreactions. (d) neurotic disorders.
5.
The term “libido” refers to (a) conscience. (b) rational thought. (c) energy and vitality. (d) the death instinct.
6.
Despite its self-defeating quality, Gabe had been unsuccessful in eliminating his use of alcohol because of the pleasure it brought him. In Freudian terms, which personality system was dominating his behavior? (a) ego (b) superego (c) libido (d) id
7.
Primary process allows people to 9
(a) form a wish fulfillment image. (b) utilize defense mechanisms. (c) subjugate the id to the ego. (d) relive experiences from early childhood. 8.
The _______________ can be thought of as the opposite of the id. (a) ego (b) unconscious (c) libido (d) superego
9.
Jared felt guilty about sleeping late on Sunday morning instead of going to church. To which personality system would Freud attribute Jared’s feelings? (a) superego (b) ego (c) libido (d) id
10.
Which two of the following are most likely to be in conflict with each other? (a) the conscience and the superego (b) the life instinct and the libido (c) the superego and the id (d) the id and the libido
11.
Rasheed wanted to go fishing with his friends Saturday morning, but he knew that his daughter would be disappointed if he didn’t attend her soccer game. Rasheed decided to compromise by attending the soccer game and joining his friends later in the day. The personality system most likely to be responsible for Rasheed’s decision is the (a) id. (b) ego. (c) superego. (d) libido.
12. Issues of dependency and trust are particularly important during the ________ stage. (a) latency (b) oral (c) genital (d) anal 13.
According to psychoanalytic theory, parents who reward and praise children for appropriate bowel and bladder control are likely to (a) spoil their children. (b) predispose their children to sexual promiscuity. (c) predispose their children to academic difficulties. 10
(d) foster creativity. 14.
Julianne was extremely vulnerable to practical jokes because she believed anything that anyone told her. How would Julianne’s vulnerability best be explained using Freudian theory? (a) She probably had developmental problems in the oral stage. (b) Her ego is not properly differentiated from her superego. (c) She is in the genital stage. (d) Her superego is excessively rigid.
15.
Anna had been married and divorced three times and stated that she never had a really satisfying relationship with a partner. According to psychoanalytic theory, she most likely did not resolve the ______________ stage. (a) genital (b) anal (c) phallic (d) latency
16.
Issues of shame and doubt arise during the ______________ stage. (a) oral (b) latency (c) phallic (d) anal
17. Successful resolution of the _________ stage typically results in feelings of empowerment. (a) latency (b) genital (c) oral (d) anal 18.
The phallic stage described by Freud is most strongly related to the development of __________ . (a) inappropriate feelings about the body (b) self-esteem, sexuality, need for love (c) gullibility, argumentativeness, and overeating (d) penis envy
19.
An Oedipus or Electra complex is typically resolved through (a) a child’s identification with the same sex parent. (b) treatment for oral stage conflicts. (c) abreaction. (d) increasing children’s comfort with their own sexuality.
11
20.
Kiara complained of feeling inferior to almost everyone and felt that she could not be successful at anything. Freudians would suspect that she had difficulty in the ______ stage. (a) latency (b) anal (c) oral (d) phallic
21.
Which statement about ego defense mechanisms is NOT true? (a) Ego defense mechanisms are triggered by anxiety. (b) Everybody uses some form of unhealthy defense mechanisms. (c) Ego defense mechanism can be categorized by developmental stage. (d) Ego defense mechanisms help to channel inappropriate desires into acceptable actions.
22.
The Freudian position on repressed memories would most likely be that (a) they are contrary to Freudian thought. (b) they are plausible. (c) they reside in the preconscious. (d) they are more likely to occur in females.
23.
In psychoanalysis, therapist neutrality is important in order to foster (a) a strong therapeutic alliance. (b) countertransference. (c) interpretations. (d) transference.
24.
Freud’s approach is most effective with those clients who (a) have psychotic disorders. (b) are emotionally fragile. (c) have neurotic disorders. (d) have relationship problems.
25.
Which of the following is not true of psychoanalytic theory? (a) It is a lengthy form of treatment. (b) It has little influence on current clinicians. (c) It does not provide guidelines for healthy adult lifestyles. (d) Research substantiating its value is limited.
For questions 26-45, match the item on the left with the item on the right that most accurately defines or illustrates it. __26. conscious a. not part of current awareness, but can be readily accessed __27. preconscious b. reflect(s) the most important rule of psychoanalysis __28. unconscious c. help(s) people cope with strong emotional reactions to past events 12
__29. __30. __31. __32.
dreams Freudian slips, errors defense mechanisms splitting
d. e. f. g.
phobias reflect(s) latent or symbolic meaning include(s) depressive and anxiety disorders usually entail(s) preoccupation with cleanliness and ritualized behavior __33. hysteria h. suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, jealousy __34. transference i. protect(s) people from anxiety __35. countertransference j. reflect(s) a loss of contact with reality __36. free association k. material in awareness, always available __37. abreaction l. highly charged memories which have been repressed __38. analysis m. fulfill(s) wishes or impulses that could not be allowed into awareness __39. interpretation n. viewing people as all good or all bad __40. psychoses o. conversion disorder __41. neuroses p. projection onto the therapist of characteristics of another person __42. anxiety states q. clinician’s projection onto a client of characteristics of important people __43. obsessional disorders in the r. exploration and understanding of unconscious clinician’s past __44. paranoid attitudes s. elucidating the repressed meaning of symbols in clientrepresentations __45. reflex actions material t. coughing or blinking
SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS
1.
Define and discuss eros (life instinct) and thanatos (death instinct). Do you agree with Freud’s dualistic model? How does it help explain the development of personality?
2.
List the four ways of categorizing defense mechanisms.
3.
Discuss the strengths, contributions, and limitations of psychoanalytic theory.
4.
Define and discuss the importance of each of the following in psychoanalytic treatment: transference, countertransference, free association, abreaction.
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Chapter 4 Alfred Adler and Individual Psychology MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.
Which statement most accurately reflects Adler’s view of human nature? (a) Goal-directed behavior mitigates the influence of biological factors. (b) Sexual drive and libido provide the motivation for most human behavior. (c) Individuals are basically egocentric and must be taught to have social interest. (d) Early childhood experiences determine our destiny.
2.
“Family constellation” refers to (a) who is in the family. (b) the roles that each person plays in the family. (c) the nature of the interactions and transactions in the family. (d) all of the above.
3.
According to Adler, we are most influenced by siblings who (a) are older than we are. (b) are protective of us. (c) allow us to assume a parental role. (d) are most different from the way we are.
4.
Maryam is dependable, responsible, and achievement-oriented. She has always been extremely well behaved. Maryam is typical of a/an ______________ child. (a) oldest (b) second (c) middle (d) youngest
5.
Zak is extremely talented in mathematics and represents his school at many math competitions. He has never been very good at or interested in art. His brother Thomas, however, enjoys art and has created cover designs for school programs. He has gone to great lengths to avoid math-related activities. Thomas is most likely (a) a second child. (b) a middle child. (c) the youngest child. (d) a pampered child.
6.
Dora was having difficulty deciding whether or not to change jobs. She said that she also had a hard time deciding where to live, what furniture to buy, and whether to buy a new car. Her Adlerian counselor was not surprised to learn that Dora was a/an ___________ child. 14
(a) oldest child (b) middle (c) youngest (d) second 7.
Feeling that the other children get more love and attention, having difficulty finding a way to be special, and being discouraged easily all are typical pitfalls of being a/an ______________ child. (a) oldest (b) middle (c) youngest (d) second 8. According to Adler, the major influence on the development of lifestyle is (a) the composition and interaction of a person’s family. (b) biology. (c) birth order. (d) the degree to which unconscious material can be made conscious.
9.
Individual psychology focuses away from disease and pathology and instead i.views problems as resulting from negative thinking. ii.focuses on childhood behavior as the cause of problems. iii.provides a social focus that recognizes the client’s needs for power and belonging are not being met. iv.allows the person to find his or her own solutions.
10.
Which of the following does not play a major role in Adlerian psychology? (a) libido (b) feelings of inferiority (c) lifestyle (d) goal directedness
11.
“Private logic” refers to (a) internal self-talk that convinces us that we are being rational. (b) Adler’s rationale for departing from Freudian thought. (c) the route from feelings of inferiority to the development of a self-ideal lifestyle. (d) the cognitive development of children during the first five years of life which eventually determines their fictional goals.
12.
Freud identified two important life tasks; work and love. The third task which Adler added is (a) leisure. (b) parenting. (c) friendship. (d) generativity. 15
13.
Adler’s theory is described as “phenomenological” meaning that (a) it is concerned with external phenomena. (b) it is concerned with a person’s inner reality. (c) it emphasizes reliving traumatic events. (d) it is goal-directed.
14.
According to Adler, feelings of pain and inadequacy are caused primarily by (a) faulty logic. (b) disappointing relationships. (c) neurological imbalances. (d) failure at life tasks.
15.
Adler’s model for the client-clinician relationship can be described as (a) similar to Freud’s. (b) paternalistic. (c) collaborative. (d) based on a medical model.
16.
A client states: “I am so excited because I finally passed the bar exam!” According to the Adlerian model, which would be the most encouraging response? (a) You sound very happy. (b) You must feel great satisfaction knowing that all of your studying paid off. (c) Where will this lead you? (d) Now you can start making some money.
17.
A client arrived at a counseling session irate because a parking attendant had made him move his car. The client stated, “Even though the sign said NO PARKING, there was no reason why the attendant couldn’t let me park there.” The clinician helped the client to see that, although he criticized others for ignoring rules and laws, he believed that he was special and did not have to abide by the rules and laws that pertained to others. The technique which the clinician employed is called (a) confrontation. (b) immediacy. (c) pushing the button. (d) spitting in the client’s soup.
18.
When using the technique of confrontation, the clinician points out (a) when a client is irresponsible. (b) when a client is irrational. (c) how clients are causing their own problems. (d) discrepancies in client statements.
19.
People with which of the following disorders are most likely to lack the ability to engage in the self-examination required by Adlerian therapy? (a) impulse control disorders 16
(b) psychotic disorders (c) personality disorders (d) anxiety disorders 20.
Avery, a clinician, asked his 14-year-old client to imagine how proud and happy he would be when he passed algebra and how frustrated and embarrassed he would be if he failed and had to repeat the subject in summer school. This technique (a) is not an effective therapeutic practice. (b) is known as “catching oneself.” (c) is not suitable for a client of this age. (d) is known as “pushing the button.”
SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.
Discuss the Adlerian perspective on the significance and impact of feelings of inferiority.
2.
Describe how Adler would characterize the healthy, well-functioning adult.
3.
Describe the roles of an Adlerian therapist.
4.
List at least five ways in which an Adlerian therapist might provide encouragement to clients.
5.
Provide a more encouraging alternative for each of the following interventions: • Did you make any goals in the soccer game? • You are a great actor! • Sounds like you are hoping that you’re good enough to win the tennis tournament. • You passed! Now your parents won’t ground you. • Once again, you find yourself in a relationship with many problems.
6.
Identify the four stages of treatment in the Adlerian approach and the primary goals for each stage.
7.
Explain the purpose and procedure for each of the following interventions. Provide an example of each • Immediacy • catching oneself • pushing the button • spitting in the client’s soup Peter and Shiraz sought counseling because of constant arguing over financial matters. Peter believes that Shiraz is too stingy and won’t allow them to enjoy their
8.
17
money. Shiraz believes that Peter has no sense of household expenses and doesn’t appreciate her efforts to maintain a budget. Design three task assignments that you believe would be helpful to Peter and Shiraz. As an Adlerian therapist, how would you approach the process of suggesting a task assignment? 9.
Discuss the contributions, strengths, and limitations of Adler’s treatment approach.
10.
Describe the four-step process for eliciting, analyzing, and interpreting early memories.
18
Chapter 5 Post- and Neo-Freudians: Analytical Psychology, Ego Psychology, Object Relations, and Self Psychology MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.
According to Jung, two attitudes are present in the conscious mind. They are (a) positive and negative. (b) extraversion and introversion. (c) anima and animus. (d) thinking and feeling.
2.
The opposite of the thinking function is (a) sensation. (b) intuition. (c) introversion. (d) feeling.
3.
The opposite of the sensing function is (a) introversion. (b) intuition. (c) thinking. (d) feeling.
4.
People tend to interact with the world through their (a) inferior function. (b) favorite attitude. (c) shadow function. (d) primary function.
5.
People tend to have the greatest difficulty in managing which function? (a) dominant (b) inferior (c) intuition (d) feeling
6.
According to Jungian theory, psychic well-being is evidenced through (a) equal skill in using all functions. (b) balance between personality opposites. (c) equal skill in using all attitudes. (d) sufficient ability to extravert.
19
7.
The side of ourselves that we show to the outside world is the (a) ego (b) persona. (c) dominant function. (d) dominant attitude.
8.
Jung attributed such reactions as fear of the dark to (a) the personal unconscious. (b) an early negative experience in the dark. (c) frightening dreams. (d) the collective unconscious.
9.
Which of the following is not true of the self? (a) It generally emerges during the first half of life. (b) It is the rarely reached goal of personality development. (c) It is the regulating center of the personality. (d) It can emerge through dreams, symbols, and perceptions.
10.
Lynn found dishonesty reprehensible and was suspicious of the honesty of many people with whom she interacted. In Jungian theory, Lynn’s reaction can be attributed to the (a) animus. (b) inferior function. (c) intuition. (d) shadow.
11.
A person’s unique memories of thoughts, feelings, and experiences are stored in the (a) personal unconscious. (b) shadow. (c) collective unconscious. (d) conscious mind.
12.
In Jungian theory, a person’s lifelong movement toward greater balance, harmony, and equilibrium is known as (a) integration. (b) individuation. (c) catharsis. (d) resolution.
13.
Jungian terms for the direction of energy movement are (a) sensing and intuition. (b) thinking and feeling. (c) introversion and extraversion. (d) positive and negative.
14.
Jung believed that the easiest access to the unconscious was through 20
(a) dreams. (b) the ego. (c) the self. (d) the anima or animus. 15.
According to Horney, the most powerful human drive is (a) security. (b) sex. (c) aggression. (d) love.
16.
Sullivan believed that pathology resulted from (a) poor attachment to caregivers. (b) the inability to resolve differences in the selves. (c) faulty interpersonal processes. (d) a weak ego.
17.
Which of the following most conflicts with the beliefs of Ann Freud? (a) A hospital which allows parents to stay overnight with child patients. (b) A law which requires that all wards of the state be placed in an institution for homeless children. (c) A parent who believes that her teenager just needs to “outgrow” the turmoil of those years. (d) A psychiatrist who diagnoses regressive behavior in a child as a maturation problem.
18.
Object relations theorists believe that development and individuation depend on (a) the nature of early relationships. (b) biological predispositions. (c) compatibility between the self and the ideal self. (d) the ability to develop positive self-esteem.
19.
Which of the following statements is not consistent with object relations theory? (a) A positive therapeutic alliance is more important to object relations. (b) The therapist becomes the “good enough” mother. (c) Resistance is a reflection of rigid transference. (d) Countertransference is avoidable.
20.
Kohut’s “selfobject” refers to (a) an internalized image of a mother figure. (b) our intrapsychic experiences of others. (c) our self-images. (d) an internalized image of our ideal selves.
21.
In self-psychology, the clinician’s role is to (a) remain neutral. 21